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<mods:title id="C032BF72D62F83918086D8303A459DFB">Evolution and phylogeny of glass-sponge-associated zoantharians, with a description of two new genera and three new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E9993AA986540E12CC2CAB1631BBDFFB">Hoeksema, Bert W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="814333A9B363946ABEA5D86CE8ECC1A9">Ise, Yuji</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03B5B03F6B57FFFA17F7FEF1A909FAF3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5799618" ID-GBIF-Taxon="191713708" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5799618" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B5B03F6B57FFFA17F7FEF1A909FAF3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B5B03F6B57FFFA17F7FEF1A909FAF3" lastPageNumber="333" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">
<subSubSection id="C30652A26B57FFFA17F7FEF1A877FEA7" box="[936,1297,276,301]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA301296B57FFFA17F7FEF1A877FEA7" blockId="10.[809,1426,276,407]" box="[936,1297,276,301]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">
<heading id="D0EBB6456B57FFFA17F7FEF1A877FEA7" box="[936,1297,276,301]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" reason="2">
GENUS
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B57FFFA17A0FEF1A9F5FEA7" ID-CoL="9DN2M" authority="Kise &amp; Montenegro &amp; Santos &amp; Hoeksema &amp; Ekins &amp; Ise &amp; Higashiji &amp; Fernandez-Silva &amp; Reimer, 2022" authorityName="Kise &amp; Montenegro &amp; Santos &amp; Hoeksema &amp; Ekins &amp; Ise &amp; Higashiji &amp; Fernandez-Silva &amp; Reimer" authorityYear="2022" box="[1023,1171,276,300]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Churabana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">CHURABANA</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B57FFFA10C5FEF2A877FEA7" bold="true" box="[1178,1297,276,300]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25B60406B57FFFA10C5FEF2A877FEA7" box="[1178,1297,276,300]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" rank="genus">GEN. NOV.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C30652A26B57FFFA1048FEDFA8F6FE1C" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA301296B57FFFA1048FEDFA9C4FED8" blockId="10.[809,1426,276,407]" box="[1047,1186,314,339]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">
(
<figureCitation id="13271DAC6B57FFFA107FFEDFA9FFFED8" box="[1056,1177,314,339]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[161,242,1291,1313]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,194,1252]" captionTargetId="figure-212@11.[163,1443,194,1252]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. Images of external and internal morphology of Churabana kuroshioae (A, paratype: NSMT Co-1754; BI, holotype: RUMF-ZG-04447). A, living polyps on Pararete sp.1 in situ at Nanpo Trough, Kikaijima Island; B, living polyps on Pararete sp.2 in an aquarium at Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium, Motobu, Japan; C, close-up image of preserved polyp; DF, longitudinal section of polyp; G, cross-section of polyp; H, close-up image of cyclically transitional marginal musculature; I, drawing of cteniform endodermal marginal musculature. Abbreviations: A, actinopharynx; Dd, dorsal directives; Cemm, cteniform endodermal marginal musculature; Ec, ectoderm; En, endoderm; M, mesoglea; S, siphonoglyph; O, oral disk; 5th, fifth mesentery from dorsal directives. Scales: 5 mm (A, B), 2 mm (CH)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5799602" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5799602/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">FIG. 4AH</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA301296B57FFFA1776FE81A8F6FE1C" blockId="10.[809,1426,276,407]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">
<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B57FFFA1776FE81A911FEF2" box="[809,1143,355,377]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n:</emphasis>
u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org:act:
<uuid id="FFBA3BFC6B57FFFA1729FE64A8EAFE1C" box="[886,1420,385,407]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">EACFCC05-EA56-4F04-94A2-FB716F22004C</uuid>
.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C30652A26B57FFFA1776FE24A972FE7E" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8BA301296B57FFFA1776FE24A972FE7E" blockId="10.[809,1424,448,501]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">
<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B57FFFA1776FE24A865FE5D" box="[809,1283,448,470]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">
<typeStatus id="54A7BF8B6B57FFFA1776FE24AE39FE5D" box="[809,863,449,470]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B57FFFA178CFE25A865FE5D" ID-CoL="9DYCQ" authority="Kise &amp; Montenegro &amp; Santos &amp; Hoeksema &amp; Ekins &amp; Ise &amp; Higashiji &amp; Fernandez-Silva &amp; Reimer, 2022" authorityName="Kise &amp; Montenegro &amp; Santos &amp; Hoeksema &amp; Ekins &amp; Ise &amp; Higashiji &amp; Fernandez-Silva &amp; Reimer" authorityYear="2022" box="[979,1283,448,470]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Churabana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kuroshioae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B57FFFA178CFE25A865FE5D" bold="true" box="[979,1283,448,470]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">Churabana kuroshioae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25B60406B57FFFA1153FE25A80BFE5E" box="[1292,1389,448,469]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
by original designation.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C30652A26B57FFFA1776FDC1A949FD3F" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BA301296B57FFFA1776FDC1A949FD3F" blockId="10.[809,1425,547,692]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">
<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B57FFFA1776FDC1AEC3FDB2" box="[809,933,548,569]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B57FFFA17ECFDC6A909FDB2" authorityName="Delage &amp; Herouard" authorityYear="1901" box="[947,1135,547,569]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Parazoanthidae</taxonomicName>
with obligate symbiotic relationship with massive hexasterophoran sponges. Preserved polyps 3.04.0 mm in height, 2.84.0 mm in diameter. Azooxanthellate. Cteniform endodermal marginal musculature.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C30652A26B57FFFA1776FD39AE92FB35" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA301296B57FFFA1776FD39AE92FB35" blockId="10.[809,1425,732,1214]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">
<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B57FFFA1776FD39A956FD7A" box="[809,1072,732,753]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">
Remarks:
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B57FFFA17F7FD39A956FD7A" authorityName="Kise &amp; Montenegro &amp; Santos &amp; Hoeksema &amp; Ekins &amp; Ise &amp; Higashiji &amp; Fernandez-Silva &amp; Reimer" authorityYear="2022" box="[936,1072,732,753]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Churabana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Churabana</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and other already described sponge-associated zoantharian genera can be easily distinguished from each other by their host sponges (
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B57FFFA176EFCDDAE84FCC5" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[817,994,824,846]" class="Hexactinellida" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" phylum="Porifera" rank="class">Hexactinellida</taxonomicName>
sponges vs.
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B57FFFA1022FCDDA84DFCC5" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1885" box="[1149,1323,824,846]" class="Demospongiae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" phylum="Porifera" rank="class">Demospongiae</taxonomicName>
sponge) and depths; the former can be found at&gt;
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, while the latter are found in shallow coral reefs. Although
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B57FFFA1776FC71AED6FC22" authorityName="Kise &amp; Montenegro &amp; Santos &amp; Hoeksema &amp; Ekins &amp; Ise &amp; Higashiji &amp; Fernandez-Silva &amp; Reimer" authorityYear="2022" box="[809,944,916,937]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Churabana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B57FFFA1776FC71AED6FC22" box="[809,944,916,937]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">Churabana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and several species within
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B57FFFA115DFC71A8F6FC22" box="[1282,1424,916,937]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B57FFFA115DFC71A8F6FC22" box="[1282,1424,916,937]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">Isozoanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B57FFFA1702FC56AE96FC43" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[861,1008,947,968]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B57FFFA1702FC56AE96FC43" box="[861,1008,947,968]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">Epizoanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are associated with
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B57FFFA10BAFC56A8F6FC42" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[1253,1424,947,969]" class="Hexactinellida" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" phylum="Porifera" rank="class">Hexactinellida</taxonomicName>
sponges, these three genera can be distinguished from each other by their hosts: the latter two genera are associated with species within the subclass
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B57FFFA1776FBCBAE99FBCF" box="[809,1023,1070,1092]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" rank="subClass" subClass="Amphidiscophora">Amphidiscophora</taxonomicName>
, while species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B57FFFA1088FBCBA806FBC8" authorityName="Kise &amp; Montenegro &amp; Santos &amp; Hoeksema &amp; Ekins &amp; Ise &amp; Higashiji &amp; Fernandez-Silva &amp; Reimer" authorityYear="2022" box="[1239,1376,1070,1091]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Churabana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B57FFFA1088FBCBA806FBC8" box="[1239,1376,1070,1091]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">Churabana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are associated with sponge species within the subclass
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B57FFFA1776FB8EAE83FB0A" box="[809,997,1131,1153]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" rank="subClass" subClass="Hexasterophora">Hexasterophora</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B57FFFA17B0FB8EA915FB0B" authorityName="Kise &amp; Montenegro &amp; Santos &amp; Hoeksema &amp; Ekins &amp; Ise &amp; Higashiji &amp; Fernandez-Silva &amp; Reimer" authorityYear="2022" box="[1007,1139,1131,1152]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Churabana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B57FFFA17B0FB8EA915FB0B" box="[1007,1139,1131,1152]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">Churabana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a unique deletion of 15 bp (from position
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our alignment) in its 16S-rDNA region.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30652A26B57FFFA1776FB02A909FAF3" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BA301296B57FFFA1776FB02A909FAF3" blockId="10.[809,1424,1255,1400]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">
<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B57FFFA1776FB02AEC9FB77" box="[809,943,1255,1276]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">Etymology:</emphasis>
The generic name is derived from the Ryukyuan language words
<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B57FFFA10DAFAE3A9AAFA90" box="[1157,1228,1286,1307]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">chura</emphasis>
, beautiful, and
<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B57FFFA1776FAC1AE00FAB2" box="[809,870,1316,1337]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">bana</emphasis>
, flower, referring to the appearance of this species. Gender feminine. The Japanese name is 'Chura-tama-sunaginchaku'.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>