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<mods:title id="E4F773D1676F9CB307C80D7A8D2D1F8B">Ultrastructure of attachment specializations of hexapods (Arthropoda): evolutionary patterns inferred from a revised ordinal phylogeny</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="149217DDA6B2CEF860A336135D531BE3">R. G. Beutel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7E29CDD54B301C6B9A813A64AFEA9EBC">S. N. Gorb</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="AAFFEB27C7F0B6EDBFBA7803A04E0596">J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Research</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="E4DC88016824A941A7FC00782E41EAEF">2001</mods:date>
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33
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<paragraph id="8B82124F2F618E180107FE4BFACFFDAF" blockId="5.[813,1451,365,533]" pageId="5" pageNumber="182">
An arolium is absent in boreids and notiothaumids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC6FBE2F618E18076DFE4BFCE1FE07" author="Mickoleit, G." journalOrPublisher="Z. Morph. Tiere" pageId="5" pageNumber="182" pagination="318 - 362" part="69" refId="ref15321" refString="Mickoleit, G., 1971: Das Exoskelet von Notiothauma reedi McLachlan. Ein Beitrag zur Morphologie und Phylogenie der Mecoptera (Insecta). Z. Morph. Tiere 69, 318 - 362." title="Das Exoskelet von Notiothauma reedi McLachlan. Ein Beitrag zur Morphologie und Phylogenie der Mecoptera (Insecta)" type="journal article" year="1971">Mickoleit 1971</bibRefCitation>
), but present in other mecopterans (
<figureCitation id="13060ECA2F618E1806FAFE66FAA3FE07" box="[1232,1314,423,445]" captionStart="Fig. 6" captionStartId="7.[144,177,1503,1522]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,190,1470]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1431,190,1470]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 6. Details of hexapod tarsi and pretarsi. (A, B) Urocerus gigas (Hymenoptera), hindleg, tarsus, lateral aspect. (C) Abia seriacea (Hymenoptera), hindleg, ventro­lateral aspect of the single attachment thorn. (D) Panorpa communis (Mecoptera), midleg, pretarsus, ventrolateral aspect. (E) Tipula sp. (Diptera), midleg, pretarsus, ventro­lateral aspect. (F) Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera), midleg, tarsus, ventral aspect. AR, arolium; ARC, arculus; HS, hairy soles; PLN, planta; TAR, tarsal segments; TH, specialized tarsal adhesive thorns; UN, claw; UT, unguitractor plate" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2360351/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="182">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC6FBE2F618E180707FE66FA21FE07" author="Byers, G. W." box="[1325,1440,423,445]" journalOrPublisher="The Insects of Australia, Vol. 2. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press" pageId="5" pageNumber="182" pagination="696 - 716" refId="ref11315" refString="Byers, G. W., 1991: Mecoptera (Scorpion-flies, hanging flies). In: CSIRO (ed.), The Insects of Australia, Vol. 2. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. 696 - 716." title="Mecoptera (Scorpion-flies, hanging flies)" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="CSIRO" year="1991">Byers 1991</bibRefCitation>
). Other specific adhesive structures are lacking. Paired claws are present in members of all groups with the exception of
<taxonomicName id="4C3D69CC2F618E180107FE3EFC15FDAF" authorityName="Handlirsch" authorityYear="1906" box="[813,916,511,533]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Bittacidae</taxonomicName>
which posses single­clawed raptorial tarsi.
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