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<mods:title id="B7EE20ECF353AC1498E4ADB938EC0B93">Morphological and molecular characteristics of Geocenamus longus and the first report of G. brevidens from a karst cave (Nematoda: Merliniidae Siddiqi, 1971)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C82826AF59E1D5D0AE59F3D9946F86BA">Sikora, Grzegorz</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="13DDC6E6A8ACEB54EDEF8267DFDD5240">Kubicz, Magdalena</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03A087819C73FF9AC3D8FB76FDC8F800" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6539337" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195298862" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6539337" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A087819C73FF9AC3D8FB76FDC8F800" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087819C73FF9AC3D8FB76FDC8F800" lastPageNumber="390" pageId="7" pageNumber="390">
<subSubSection id="C313651C9C73FF9AC3D8FB76FB20FB1F" box="[151,1208,1228,1255]" pageId="7" pageNumber="390" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB636979C73FF9AC3D8FB76FB20FB1F" blockId="7.[151,1208,1228,1255]" box="[151,1208,1228,1255]" pageId="7" pageNumber="390">
<heading id="D0FE81FB9C73FF9AC3D8FB76FB20FB1F" bold="true" box="[151,1208,1228,1255]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="390" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B97DEA859C73FF9AC3D8FB76FB20FB1F" bold="true" box="[151,1208,1228,1255]" pageId="7" pageNumber="390">
Identification of
<taxonomicName id="4C094D149C73FF9AC227FB76FCBEFB1F" authority="(Allen, 1955)" baseAuthorityName="Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[360,806,1228,1255]" class="Secernentea" family="Belonolaimidae" genus="Geocenamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="7" pageNumber="390" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="brevidens">
<emphasis id="B97DEA859C73FF9AC227FB76FD18FB1E" bold="true" box="[360,640,1228,1255]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="390">Geocenamus brevidens</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B669C73FF9AC1C0FB76FC86FB1F" author="Allen, M. W." box="[655,798,1228,1254]" pageId="7" pageNumber="390" pagination="129 - 66" refId="ref7887" refString="Allen, M. W. (1955) A review of the genus Tylenchorhynchus. University of California Publications in Zoology, 61, 129 - 66." type="journal article" year="1955">Allen, 1955</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
in the Piekło pod Skibami Cave
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C313651C9C73FF9AC3D8FAB5FDC8F800" pageId="7" pageNumber="390" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB636979C73FF9AC3D8FAB5FB64F9F8" blockId="7.[151,1437,1295,2041]" pageId="7" pageNumber="390">
After the extraction from the sediment obtained from the Piekło pod Skibami Cave, and subsequent preparation of the permanent slides and microscopic observations, the nematodes were identified as representatives of
<taxonomicName id="4C094D149C73FF9AC643FA89FE39FA8B" authority="(Allen, 1955)" baseAuthorityName="Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1955" class="Secernentea" family="Belonolaimidae" genus="Geocenamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="7" pageNumber="390" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="brevidens">
<emphasis id="B97DEA859C73FF9AC643FA89FE9BFA88" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="390">Geocenamus brevidens</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B669C73FF9AC25DFAEDFE01FA8B" author="Allen, M. W." box="[274,409,1367,1394]" pageId="7" pageNumber="390" pagination="129 - 66" refId="ref7887" refString="Allen, M. W. (1955) A review of the genus Tylenchorhynchus. University of California Publications in Zoology, 61, 129 - 66." type="journal article" year="1955">Allen, 1955</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
by use of the morphological keys (
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B669C73FF9AC062FAEDFC52FA88" author="Brzeski, M. W." box="[813,970,1367,1393]" pageId="7" pageNumber="390" refId="ref8346" refString="Brzeski, M. W. (1998) Nematodes od Tylenchina in Poland and temperate Europe. Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii Polska Akademia Nauk, Warszawa, 397 pp." type="book" year="1998">Brzeski, 1998</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B669C73FF9AC74EFAEDFB07FA88" author="Geraert, E." box="[1025,1183,1367,1393]" pageId="7" pageNumber="390" pagination="107 - 130" refId="ref8891" refString="Geraert, E. (2011) The Dolichodoridae of the World. Identification of the family Dolichodoridae. Academia Press, Gent, pp. 107 - 130." type="book chapter" year="2011">Geraert, 2011</bibRefCitation>
). The morphology and morphometry (
<figureCitation id="13322A129C73FF9AC20FFAC1FE1BFA6C" box="[320,387,1403,1429]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1939,1963]" captionTargetBox="[241,1347,967,1916]" captionTargetId="figure-195@9.[241,1347,967,1916]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Light microscopy images of Geocenamus brevidens, female and male. Female: A) Entire body; B) Pharyngeal region; C) Vulval region; D) Lateral field; E) Tail region; Male: F) Entire body; G) Pharyngeal region; HI) Tail region with visible spicules and bursa. Scale: 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6538173" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6538173/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="390">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
and
<tableCitation id="C68B032C9C73FF9AC2F4FAC1FD9AFA6C" box="[443,514,1403,1429]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetBox="[166,1181,263,907]" captionText="TABLE 4. Morphometric measurements of Geocenamus brevidens from fixed individuals mounted in glycerine, from Piekło pod Skibami Cave population, from Poland.All measurements except for percentage ratios and annuli numbers are given in µm and in the form, mean ± stdv (range)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF76661F9C7DFF94C3D8FF2DFD35FF01" pageId="7" pageNumber="390" tableUuid="DF76661F9C7DFF94C3D8FF2DFD35FF01">Tab. 4</tableCitation>
) of this population were in agreement with the literature as well as with the most recent publications about this species (
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B669C73FF9AC107FA25FC81FA40" author="Bharti, L. &amp; Bhat, A. H. &amp; Chaubey, A. K. &amp; Abolafia, J." box="[584,793,1439,1465]" pageId="7" pageNumber="390" pagination="1477 - 1498" refId="ref8178" refString="Bharti, L., Bhat, A. H., Chaubey, A. K. &amp; Abolafia, J. (2020) Morphological and molecular characterisation of Merlinius brevidens (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1970 (Nematoda: Rhabditida: Merlinidae) from India. Journal of Natural History, 54 (23 - 24), 1477 - 1498. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2020.1810352" type="journal article" year="2020">
Bharti
<emphasis id="B97DEA859C73FF9AC1D8FA1AFD50FA40" box="[663,712,1439,1465]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="390">et al</emphasis>
., 2020
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B669C73FF9AC06BFA25FB80FA40" author="Munawar, M. &amp; Yevtushenko, D. P. &amp; Castillo, P." box="[804,1048,1439,1465]" pageId="7" pageNumber="390" refId="ref10260" refString="Munawar, M., Yevtushenko, D. P. &amp; Castillo, P. (2021) Integrative taxonomy, distribution, and host associations of Geocenamus brevidens and Quinisulcius capitatus from southern Alberta, Canada. Journal of nematology, 53, e 2021 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.21307 / jofnem- 2021 - 015" type="book" year="2021">
Munawar
<emphasis id="B97DEA859C73FF9AC0D8FA1AFC50FA40" box="[919,968,1439,1465]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="390">et al</emphasis>
., 2021
</bibRefCitation>
; at most to
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B669C73FF9AC7D4FA25FA09FA40" author="Shokoohi, E. &amp; Iqbal, E. &amp; Mashela, P. W. &amp; Kazi, N." box="[1179,1425,1439,1465]" pageId="7" pageNumber="390" pagination="167 - 180" refId="ref10726" refString="Shokoohi, E., Iqbal, E., Mashela, P. W. &amp; Kazi, N. (2022) Observations of Merlinius brevidens associated with the cultivated cherry in Balochistan, Pakistan. Biologia, 77 (1), 167 - 180. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11756 - 021 - 00929 - 0" type="journal article" year="2022">
Shokoohi
<emphasis id="B97DEA859C73FF9AC642FA1AFAA7FA40" box="[1293,1343,1439,1465]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="390">et al</emphasis>
., 2022
</bibRefCitation>
). The herein reported
<taxonomicName id="4C094D149C73FF9AC2CAFA79FD8FFA24" baseAuthorityName="Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[389,535,1475,1501]" class="Secernentea" family="Belonolaimidae" genus="Geocenamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="7" pageNumber="390" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="brevidens">
<emphasis id="B97DEA859C73FF9AC2CAFA79FD8FFA24" box="[389,535,1475,1501]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="390">G. brevidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
population was for the first time localized in a cave and consisted mostly of females (9 of them were analyzed morphologically and morphometrically) and
<specimenCount id="9D0FFD1E9C73FF9AC75EFA5DFBE0F9F8" box="[1041,1144,1511,1537]" pageId="7" pageNumber="390" type="male">two male</specimenCount>
specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB636979C73FF9AC388F9B1FDC8F800" blockId="7.[151,1437,1295,2041]" pageId="7" pageNumber="390">
Due to a quite difficult origin (cave sediment mixed with plant roots) and the possible presence of some PCR inhibiting substances within the sampled material, of the eight
<taxonomicName id="4C094D149C73FF9AC012F995FC74F9B0" baseAuthorityName="Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[861,1004,1583,1609]" class="Secernentea" family="Belonolaimidae" genus="Geocenamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="7" pageNumber="390" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="brevidens">
<emphasis id="B97DEA859C73FF9AC012F995FC74F9B0" box="[861,1004,1583,1609]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="390">G. brevidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
individuals, all genes were sequenced from a single specimen. Multiple 18S and 28S rDNA (
<accessionNumber id="945AAB749C73FF9AC1ABF9E9FCFFF994" box="[740,871,1619,1645]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/OM618609" pageId="7" pageNumber="390">OM618609</accessionNumber>
and
<accessionNumber id="945AAB749C73FF9AC0D6F9E9FB84F997" box="[921,1052,1619,1646]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/OM618607" pageId="7" pageNumber="390">OM618607</accessionNumber>
) sequences were obtained from the same DNA whereas mtCOI sequencing failed several times, therefore, only a single mtCOI sequence was obtained in the present study (
<accessionNumber id="945AAB749C73FF9AC2C7F921FD88F94F" box="[392,528,1691,1718]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/OM615894" pageId="7" pageNumber="390">OM615894</accessionNumber>
). Since various attempts were made to obtain mtCOI sequence, we recommend verification and confirmation of this genetic marker in future studies. Additionally, from each of the other seven nematodes at least one part of the 18S rDNA fragment was acquired. Neither 28S rDNA nor mtCOI additional data was gained from those nematodes. There was no intraspecific variability observed within the independently obtained 18S rDNA sequences except two indels (1 and 2 nucleotide) within one 18S-II sequence (
<accessionNumber id="945AAB749C73FF9AC73DF891FB62F8BF" box="[1138,1274,1835,1862]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/OM618610" pageId="7" pageNumber="390">OM618610</accessionNumber>
). The obtained full length 18S rDNA sequence (nearly 1,7 kb) showed the highest percent identity (99,88%; 1 nt difference) with the
<taxonomicName id="4C094D149C73FF9AC38DF8C9FE3BF874" authorityName="Siddiqi" authorityYear="1970" baseAuthorityName="Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[194,419,1907,1933]" class="Chromadorea" family="Telotylenchidae" genus="Merlinius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="7" pageNumber="390" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="brevidens">
<emphasis id="B97DEA859C73FF9AC38DF8C9FE3BF874" box="[194,419,1907,1933]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="390">Merlinius brevidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<accessionNumber id="945AAB749C73FF9AC2FCF8C9FDABF874" box="[435,563,1907,1933]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KX789708" pageId="7" pageNumber="390">KX789708</accessionNumber>
) sequence from
<collectingCountry id="F31E76079C73FF9AC1BEF8C9FCBAF874" box="[753,802,1907,1933]" name="Iran" pageId="7" pageNumber="390">Iran</collectingCountry>
. Both sequences were of similar length. The 28S rDNA (1 kb)
<taxonomicName id="4C094D149C73FF9AC3ADF82DFEE8F848" authorityName="Siddiqi" authorityYear="1970" baseAuthorityName="Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[226,368,1943,1969]" class="Chromadorea" family="Telotylenchidae" genus="Merlinius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="7" pageNumber="390" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="brevidens">
<emphasis id="B97DEA859C73FF9AC3ADF82DFEE8F848" box="[226,368,1943,1969]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="390">G. brevidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from this study showed the highest percent identity to the
<taxonomicName id="4C094D149C73FF9AC74FF82DFB16F848" authorityName="Siddiqi" authorityYear="1970" baseAuthorityName="Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[1024,1166,1943,1969]" class="Chromadorea" family="Telotylenchidae" genus="Merlinius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="7" pageNumber="390" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="brevidens">
<emphasis id="B97DEA859C73FF9AC74FF82DFB16F848" box="[1024,1166,1943,1969]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="390">G. brevidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<accessionNumber id="945AAB749C73FF9AC7D3F82DFABFF848" box="[1180,1319,1943,1969]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/MW029449" pageId="7" pageNumber="390">MW029449</accessionNumber>
) sequence from
<collectingCountry id="F31E76079C73FF9AC39AF801FEB1F82C" box="[213,297,1979,2005]" name="Canada" pageId="7" pageNumber="390">Canada</collectingCountry>
(100% identity, 71% query coverage), a population which was suggested as the reference population for this species (
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B669C73FF9AC201F865FDDCF800" author="Munawar, M. &amp; Yevtushenko, D. P. &amp; Castillo, P." box="[334,580,2015,2041]" pageId="7" pageNumber="390" refId="ref10260" refString="Munawar, M., Yevtushenko, D. P. &amp; Castillo, P. (2021) Integrative taxonomy, distribution, and host associations of Geocenamus brevidens and Quinisulcius capitatus from southern Alberta, Canada. Journal of nematology, 53, e 2021 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.21307 / jofnem- 2021 - 015" type="book" year="2021">
Munawar
<emphasis id="B97DEA859C73FF9AC28DF85AFE6BF800" box="[450,499,2015,2041]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="390">et al</emphasis>
., 2021
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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