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<mods:title id="ABF3211097129D8A117661D1788841F0">Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9CB5490CE8483D7E415C7E7F124EC41D">Masson, Didier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="090F6D6329680016B94F154DADC03C0C">Magain, Nicolas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0CB3A4DFA7109C7F0BD1CD4254E4655A">Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium nicolas. magain @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5409 - 9518</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="DAA8526973B6AF19582AD4CBC4823795">Sérusiaux, Emmanuël</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="AAB1A70ABD175FD492E37E7B432B0EB5">Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 &amp; Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium e. serusiaux @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0456 - 0131 * Corresponding author &amp; Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472</mods:affiliation>
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<subSubSection id="C34964D3FF842F76FF1AFAECFBD7FA66" box="[136,1096,1384,1411]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FF842F76FF1AFAECFBD7FA66" blockId="28.[136,1452,1384,1590]" box="[136,1096,1384,1411]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<heading id="D0A48034FF842F76FF1AFAECFBD7FA66" box="[136,1096,1384,1411]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" reason="5">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB431076FF842F76FF1AFAECFBD7FA66" box="[136,1096,1384,1411]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<treatmentCitation id="0AF21149FF842F76FF1AFAECFC56FA66" author="Streimann, H." box="[136,969,1384,1411]" page=")" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="1986">
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF842F76FF1AFAECFC56FA66" ID-CoL="763BV" authority="(Rasanen) Streimann (1986: 93) MycoBank" authorityName="Streimann" authorityYear="1986" baseAuthorityName="Rasanen" box="[136,969,1384,1411]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="clavuliferum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF842F76FF1AFAECFE48FA67" bold="true" box="[136,471,1384,1411]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF842F76FF1AFAECFE86FA66" bold="true" box="[136,281,1384,1410]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Parmotrema</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF842F76FED1FAECFE48FA67" bold="true" box="[323,471,1384,1411]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">clavuliferum</emphasis>
</emphasis>
(Räsänen) 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF842F76FDC5FAECFCD9FA66" author="Streimann, H." box="[599,838,1384,1410]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 145" refId="ref130993" refString="Streimann, H. (1986) Catalogue of the lichens of Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 22: 1 - 145." type="journal article" year="1986">Streimann (1986: 93)</bibRefCitation>
MycoBank
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no 129346
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</heading>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEC3758FF842F76FF1AFA14FD7DFA42" blockId="28.[136,1452,1384,1590]" box="[136,738,1424,1446]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB431076FF842F76FF1AFA14FD7DFA42" box="[136,738,1424,1446]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<treatmentCitation id="0AF21149FF842F76FF1AFA14FDE9FA42" author="Rasanen, V." box="[136,630,1424,1446]" page=")" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="1944">
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF842F76FF1AFA14FDE9FA42" ID-CoL="4DNND" authority="Rasanen (1944: 4) MycoBank" authorityName="Rasanen" authorityYear="1944" box="[136,630,1424,1446]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmelia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="clavulifera">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF842F76FF1AFA14FED0FA41" box="[136,335,1424,1445]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Parmelia clavulifera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF842F76FEC7FA14FD9AFA41" author="Rasanen, V." box="[341,517,1424,1445]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 34" refId="ref129507" refString="Rasanen, V. (1944) Lichenes novi I. Annales Botanici Societatis Zoologicae Botanicae Fennicae Vanamo 20 (3): 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="1944">Räsänen (1944: 4)</bibRefCitation>
MycoBank
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no 368556
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</paragraph>
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Type:— 
<collectingCountry id="F34477C8FF842F76FF44FA30FEA6FA2D" box="[214,313,1460,1481]" name="France" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">FRANCE</collectingCountry>
. Tahiti, ad corticem arboris, 1868, 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF842F76FD1BFA30FC5AFA2D" box="[649,965,1460,1481]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF842F76FD1BFA30FD47FA2D" box="[649,728,1460,1481]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="med">Dr. med</taxonomicName>
. Bouffon vel E. Vieillard
</emphasis>
(H, 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF842F76FC63FA30FB8CFA2D" box="[1009,1043,1460,1481]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">n.v.</emphasis>
, 
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; designated by 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF842F76FA82FA30FAA2FA2E" box="[1296,1341,1460,1482]" genus="Hale" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Hale</taxonomicName>
&amp; Fletcher 1990)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FF842F76FF1AFA78FCC1F9F6" blockId="28.[136,1452,1384,1590]" box="[136,862,1532,1554]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
≡ 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF842F76FF0EFA78FD73F9F6" authority="(Rasanen) Kurok. (1991: 158) MycoBank" baseAuthorityName="Rasanen" box="[156,748,1532,1554]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Rimelia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="clavulifera">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF842F76FF0EFA78FECBF9F5" box="[156,340,1532,1553]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Rimelia clavulifera</emphasis>
(Räsänen) Kurok. (1991: 158) MycoBank
</taxonomicName>
no. 128246
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FF842F76FF1AF998FF74F9D2" blockId="28.[136,1452,1384,1590]" box="[136,235,1564,1590]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
(
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFF842F76FF02F998FF7DF9D2" box="[144,226,1564,1590]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="29.[136,229,1353,1374]" captionTargetBox="[162,1433,502,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-172@29.[151,1434,500,1328]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 12. Parmotrema cf. clavuliferum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.4027); D: Sorediate lobes with soralia mainly capitate at the apex of laciniae, and lower surface with ivory-white marginal zone (Masson 974.4027). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217498" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217498/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FF842F77FF1AF9E0FE2BFE3C" blockId="28.[136,1452,1636,2059]" lastBlockId="29.[136,1452,158,472]" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF842F76FF1AF9E0FF43F99A" box="[136,220,1636,1662]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Thallus</emphasis>
foliose, loosely to moderately adnate, membranaceous to subcoriaceous, up to 18 × 
<quantity id="4CAB9ABDFF842F76FB3CF9E0FB73F99B" box="[1198,1260,1636,1663]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="cm" value="9.0">9 cm</quantity>
. 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF842F76FB6BF9E0FAA3F99A" box="[1273,1340,1636,1662]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Lobes</emphasis>
irregular, contiguous to imbricate, irregularly branched, 
<quantity id="4CAB9ABDFF842F76FD07F90CFC9EF947" box="[661,769,1672,1699]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="6.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="2.0">2–10 mm</quantity>
wide, ± rounded axils, round to subtruncate apices; margins dentate to laciniate, ± ciliate (
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFF842F76FE46F928FDA3F922" box="[468,572,1708,1734]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="29.[136,229,1353,1374]" captionTargetBox="[162,1433,502,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-172@29.[151,1434,500,1328]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 12. Parmotrema cf. clavuliferum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.4027); D: Sorediate lobes with soralia mainly capitate at the apex of laciniae, and lower surface with ivory-white marginal zone (Masson 974.4027). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217498" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217498/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 12C</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF842F76FDDDF928FD18F922" box="[591,647,1708,1734]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Cilia</emphasis>
black, rare to abundant at the margin of the peripheral lobes, rare at the margin of the central sorediate lobes; simple, rarely slightly squarrose, up to 
<quantity id="4CAB9ABDFF842F76FC4AF954FBB2F90F" box="[984,1069,1744,1771]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
long. 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF842F76FBE0F955FA8EF90E" box="[1138,1297,1744,1770]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Upper surface</emphasis>
pale greenish grey, ± conspicuously reticulate white-maculate, occasionally hypermaculate (sensu 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF842F76FBC5F970FA00F8EA" author="Spielmann, A. A. &amp; Marcelli, M. P." box="[1111,1439,1780,1806]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="403 - 508" refId="ref130675" refString="Spielmann, A. A. &amp; Marcelli, M. P. (2020) Type studies on Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) with salazinic acid. Plant and Fungal Systematics 65 (2): 403 - 508. https: // doi. org / 10.35535 / pfsyst- 2020 - 0028" type="journal article" year="2020">Spielmann &amp; Marcelli 2020</bibRefCitation>
), ± finely reticulate cracked along the maculae; sorediate, very rarely sorediate-isidiate, lacking schizidia, pustules, dactyls and phyllidia. 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF842F76FE18F8B8FE43F8B2" box="[394,476,1852,1878]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Soralia</emphasis>
mainly capitate at the apex of laciniae (
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFF842F76FC24F8B8FBBEF8B2" box="[950,1057,1852,1878]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="29.[136,229,1353,1374]" captionTargetBox="[162,1433,502,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-172@29.[151,1434,500,1328]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 12. Parmotrema cf. clavuliferum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.4027); D: Sorediate lobes with soralia mainly capitate at the apex of laciniae, and lower surface with ivory-white marginal zone (Masson 974.4027). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217498" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217498/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 12D</figureCitation>
), sometimes spreading marginally and/or submarginally. 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF842F76FE14F8E4FE43F89E" box="[390,476,1888,1914]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Soredia</emphasis>
subgranulose, (30)– 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF842F76FD54F8E4FD68F89E" box="[710,759,1888,1914]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">44,5</emphasis>
–(70) µm in diameter (n = 120, from 
<specimenCount id="9D55FCD1FF842F76FB35F8E4FAA9F89E" box="[1191,1334,1888,1914]" count="4" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="generic">4 specimens</specimenCount>
, SD = 7.2 µm). 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF842F76FF5BF800FE96F87A" box="[201,265,1924,1950]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Isidia</emphasis>
normally absent, but some present on two thalli from the same high elevation locality (no. 974.0234 and 974.0235), marginal and submarginal, simple, cylindrical to inflated, brown tipped, sometimes laterally ciliate, rapidly dissolving into soredia. 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF842F76FE79F849FDD2F802" box="[491,589,1997,2022]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Laciniae</emphasis>
common, marginal, initially flat, ± dichotomously branched, then frequently developing digitate expansions soon bearing ± globose soralia; up to 
<quantity id="4CAB9ABDFF842F76FC12F875FC20F7EF" box="[896,959,2033,2059]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
long, 
<quantity id="4CAB9ABDFF842F76FB91F874FBECF7EF" box="[1027,1139,2032,2059]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="1.25" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5–2 mm</quantity>
wide, ciliate or not. 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF842F76FAC1F874FA33F7EE" box="[1363,1452,2032,2058]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Lobules</emphasis>
occasional, marginal, up to 2 × 
<quantity id="4CAB9ABDFF852F77FE78FF1AFDB2FF5D" box="[490,557,158,185]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
, ciliate or not. 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF852F77FD46FF1AFCAEFF5C" box="[724,817,158,184]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Medulla</emphasis>
white throughout, occasionally orange-tinged due to the alteration of salazinic acid. 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF852F77FE2DFF47FDFFFF38" box="[447,608,194,220]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Lower surface</emphasis>
smooth to punctate, ± shiny, duller in the central part, black to the margin, or with a brown marginal zone (ca. 
<quantity id="4CAB9ABDFF852F77FD8BFF62FDE9FEE5" box="[537,630,230,257]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="1.0">1–4 mm</quantity>
wide), often mottled or fully ivory white at the tip of sorediate lobes and laciniae (
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFF852F77FF7DFE8EFEC7FEC0" box="[239,344,266,292]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="29.[136,229,1353,1374]" captionTargetBox="[162,1433,502,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-172@29.[151,1434,500,1328]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 12. Parmotrema cf. clavuliferum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.4027); D: Sorediate lobes with soralia mainly capitate at the apex of laciniae, and lower surface with ivory-white marginal zone (Masson 974.4027). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217498" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217498/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 12D</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF852F77FEF9FE8EFE55FEC0" box="[363,458,266,292]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Rhizines</emphasis>
black, numerous, ± evenly distributed, often extending to lobe margins, simple, rarely ± squarrosely-branched, up to 
<quantity id="4CAB9ABDFF852F77FE51FEAAFD9CFEAD" box="[451,515,302,329]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
long. 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF852F77FDD5FEAAFD26FEAC" box="[583,697,302,328]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Apothecia</emphasis>
rather rare (fertile thalli found in four localities), submarginal, more rarely laminal, sessile to shortly stipitate, up to 
<quantity id="4CAB9ABDFF852F77FD0DFED6FD70FE89" box="[671,751,338,365]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
in diameter, disc perforate or imperforate, margin crenate and soon sorediate. 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF852F77FEA9FEF3FE25FE75" box="[315,442,375,401]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ascospores</emphasis>
(13)13.5– 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF852F77FDBDFEF2FDFFFE74" box="[559,608,374,400]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">15.8</emphasis>
–(18) × (7.5)– 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF852F77FC90FEF2FCBAFE74" box="[770,805,374,400]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">9.1</emphasis>
–(10) µm, Q =(1.40)– 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF852F77FB8CFEF2FBD0FE74" box="[1054,1103,374,400]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">1.75</emphasis>
–(2.13,) epispore (1)–(1.5) µm thick, n = 30, from a single specimen (no. 974.4857). 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF852F77FD76FE1EFCD7FE50" box="[740,840,410,436]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Pycnidia</emphasis>
submarginal towards apices, black. 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF852F77FB4CFE1EFAA7FE50" box="[1246,1336,410,436]" class="Arthoniomycetes" family="Arthoniaceae" genus="Conidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Fungi" order="Arthoniales" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF852F77FB4CFE1EFAA7FE50" box="[1246,1336,410,436]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Conidia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
not found (20 pycnidia investigated).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEC3758FF852F77FF1AFACDFBD8FA2F" blockId="29.[136,1452,1353,1483]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF852F77FF1AFACDFE94FABA" bold="true" box="[136,267,1353,1374]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF852F77FE81FACEFDB2FABA" box="[275,557,1353,1375]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="clavuliferum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF852F77FE81FACEFE14FABB" box="[275,395,1354,1375]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Parmotrema</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF852F77FE26FACDFDB2FABA" box="[436,557,1353,1374]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">clavuliferum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF852F77FDA9FACDFDD3FABA" bold="true" box="[571,588,1353,1374]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">A</emphasis>
: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF852F77FBE2FACDFB1FFABA" bold="true" box="[1136,1152,1353,1374]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">B</emphasis>
: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF852F77FBA6FAE9FA1EFA66" author="Rivas-Martinez, S. &amp; Rivas-Saenz, S. &amp; Penas, A." box="[1076,1409,1389,1411]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 634" refId="ref129604" refString="Rivas-Martinez, S., Rivas-Saenz, S. &amp; Penas, A. (2011) Worldwide bioclimatic classification system. Global Geobotany 1: 1 - 634 + 4 maps." type="book chapter" year="2011">
Rivas-Martínez 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF852F77FB42FAEAFB65FA66" box="[1232,1274,1389,1411]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al</emphasis>
. 2011: 17–18
</bibRefCitation>
); 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF852F77FA01FAE9FA3BFA67" bold="true" box="[1427,1444,1389,1411]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">C</emphasis>
: Gross morphology of thallus (
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF852F77FE35FA16FDCEFA42" box="[423,593,1425,1447]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Masson 974.4027</emphasis>
); 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF852F77FDF7FA15FDE9FA42" bold="true" box="[613,630,1425,1446]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">D</emphasis>
: Sorediate lobes with soralia mainly capitate at the apex of laciniae, and lower surface with ivory-white marginal zone (
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF852F77FE57FA32FDEFFA2E" box="[453,624,1461,1483]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Masson 974.4027</emphasis>
). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FF852F77FF2FFA7DFD4AF9B8" blockId="29.[136,1452,1529,2060]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF852F77FF2FFA7DFEA4F9F7" bold="true" box="[189,315,1529,1555]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Chemistry</emphasis>
:— 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF852F77FECDFA7EFD06F9F0" box="[351,665,1530,1556]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Spot tests and fluorescence</emphasis>
: upper cortex K+ yellow, UV−; medulla K+ yellow then dark red, 
<collectionCode id="ED42AF9DFF852F77FF1AF99AFF32F9DC" box="[136,173,1566,1592]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">C−</collectionCode>
, P+ orange, UV−. 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF852F77FE15F99AFD18F9DC" box="[391,647,1566,1592]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Secondary metabolites</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode id="ED42AF9DFF852F77FD0AF99AFD4CF9DC" box="[664,723,1566,1592]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">TLC</collectionCode>
): upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with salazinic acid (major) and consalazinic acid (minor).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34964D3FF852F77FF2FF9E1FB14F7E8" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FF852F77FF2FF9E1FA8AF8D0" blockId="29.[136,1452,1529,2060]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF852F77FF2FF9E1FE6BF99B" bold="true" box="[189,500,1637,1663]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
:—It is difficult to properly determine the global distribution of this lichen due to the uncertainty of its taxonomic status. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF852F77FD9EF90EFD4FF940" author="Kurokawa, S." box="[524,720,1674,1700]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="721 - 738" refId="ref124620" refString="Kurokawa, S. (2006) Phytogeographical elements of the lichen flora of Japan. The Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 100: 721 - 738." type="journal article" year="2006">Kurokawa (2006)</bibRefCitation>
considered it as a pantemperate element. It seems to be widespread in Asia (e.g. Breuβ &amp; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF852F77FE11F92AFDD4F92C" author="Brunnbauer, W." box="[387,587,1710,1736]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="727 - 735" refId="ref116712" refString="Breuβ, O. &amp; Brunnbauer, W. (1997) Flechten aus Sri Lanka. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 99 B: 727 - 735." type="journal article" year="1997">Brunnbauer 1997</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF852F77FDC5F92AFC82F92C" author="Moon, K. H. &amp; Kurokawa, S. &amp; Kashiwadani, H." box="[599,797,1710,1736]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="97 - 106" refId="ref128134" refString="Moon, K. H., Kurokawa, S. &amp; Kashiwadani, H. (2000) A list of Thailand species of Parmelia (sens. lat.) preserved in the National Science Museum. National Science Museum Monographs 18: 97 - 106." type="journal article" year="2000">
Moon 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF852F77FD33F92AFD4CF92C" box="[673,723,1710,1736]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al</emphasis>
. 2000
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF852F77FCBBF92AFBB3F92C" author="Kurokawa, S. &amp; Lai, M. J." box="[809,1068,1710,1736]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="225 - 284" refId="ref124649" refString="Kurokawa, S. &amp; Lai, M. J. (2001) Parmelioid lichen genera and species in Taiwan. Mycotaxon 57: 225 - 284." type="journal article" year="2001">Kurokawa &amp; Lai 2001</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF852F77FBA4F92AFACCF92C" author="Aptroot, A. &amp; Sparrius, L. B." box="[1078,1363,1710,1736]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="358 - 371" refId="ref115441" refString="Aptroot, A. &amp; Sparrius, L. B. (2006) Additions to the lichen flora of Vietnam, with an annotated checklist and bibliography. The Bryologist 109 (3): 358 - 371." type="journal article" year="2006">Aptroot &amp; Sparrius 2006</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF852F77FACFF92AFE91F908" author="Ahn, C. &amp; Moon, K. H." pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="254 - 260" refId="ref114985" refString="Ahn, C. &amp; Moon, K. H. (2016) Parmotrema clavuliferum and P. reticulatum are independent species. Journal of Species Research 5: 254 - 260." type="journal article" year="2016">Ahn &amp; Moon 2016</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF852F77FE89F956FD8CF908" author="Bawingan, P. A. &amp; Lardizaval, M. P. &amp; Rosuman, P. F. &amp; Fajardo, W. T. &amp; Azuelo, A. &amp; Elix, J. A. &amp; Hur, J. S." box="[283,531,1746,1772]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="145 - 158" refId="ref115833" refString="Bawingan, P. A., Lardizaval, M. P., Rosuman, P. F., Fajardo, W. T., Azuelo, A., Elix, J. A. &amp; Hur, J. S. (2017) Philippine species of Parmotrema (Ascomycota, Parmeliaceae). Philippine Journal of Science 146 (2): 145 - 158." type="journal article" year="2017">
Bawingan 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF852F77FE07F956FE57F908" box="[405,456,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
), but it is also reported from Pacific islands (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF852F77FB87F956FB50F908" author="Kurokawa, S." box="[1045,1231,1746,1772]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="125 - 150" refId="ref124392" refString="Kurokawa, S. (1979) Enumeration of species of Parmelia in Papua New Guinea. In: Kurokawa, S. (Ed.) Studies on Cryptogams of Papua New Guinea. Academia Scientific Book Inc., Tokyo, pp. 125 - 150." type="book chapter" year="1979">Kurokawa 1979</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF852F77FB4EF956FAC4F908" author="Elix, J. A." box="[1244,1371,1746,1772]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="34 - 37" refId="ref120559" refString="Elix, J. A. (2001 b) Additional lichen records from Oceania 7. Parmeliaceae from Fiji. Australasian Lichenology 48: 34 - 37." type="journal article" year="2001">Elix 2001b</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF852F77FAFAF956FE9CF8F4" author="Moon, K. H. &amp; Kurokawa, S. &amp; Kashiwadani, H." pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="321 - 328" refId="ref128183" refString="Moon, K. H., Kurokawa, S. &amp; Kashiwadani, H. (2001) The genus Rimelia (Lichens) from the Hawaiian Islands. Journal of Japanese Botany 76 (6): 321 - 328." type="journal article" year="2001">
Moon 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF852F77FF1AF972FF25F8F4" box="[136,186,1782,1808]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al</emphasis>
. 2001
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF852F77FE9DF972FDCAF8F4" author="Bungartz, F. &amp; Spielmann, A. A." box="[271,597,1782,1808]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="173 - 231" refId="ref116811" refString="Bungartz, F. &amp; Spielmann, A. A. (2019) The genus Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, Lecanoromycetes) in the Galapagos Islands. Plant and Fungal Systematics 64: 173 - 231. https: // doi. org / 10.2478 / pfs- 2019 - 0018" type="journal article" year="2019">Bungartz &amp; Spielmann 2019</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry id="F34477C8FF852F77FDFAF972FD50F8F4" box="[616,719,1782,1808]" name="Australia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF852F77FD4FF972FCC1F8F4" author="Elix, J. A." box="[733,862,1782,1808]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="27 - 33" refId="ref120532" refString="Elix, J. A. (2001 a) Additional lichen records from Australia 46. Parmeliaceae. Australasian Lichenology 48: 27 - 33." type="journal article" year="2001">Elix 2001a</bibRefCitation>
), Central Africa (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF852F77FBB2F972FAD8F8F4" author="Killmann, D. &amp; Fischer, E." box="[1056,1351,1781,1808]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="193 - 204" refId="ref123804" refString="Killmann, D. &amp; Fischer, E. (2005) New records for the lichen flora of Rwanda, East Africa. Willdenowia 35: 193 - 204." type="journal article" year="2005">Killmann &amp; Fischer 2005</bibRefCitation>
), Europe (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF852F77FF02F89EFEF4F8D0" author="Ahn, C. &amp; Moon, K. H." box="[144,363,1818,1844]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="254 - 260" refId="ref114985" refString="Ahn, C. &amp; Moon, K. H. (2016) Parmotrema clavuliferum and P. reticulatum are independent species. Journal of Species Research 5: 254 - 260." type="journal article" year="2016">Ahn &amp; Moon 2016</bibRefCitation>
), as well as South America (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF852F77FD3AF89EFC5FF8D0" author="Marcelli, M. P. &amp; Benatti, M. N. &amp; Elix, J. A." box="[680,960,1818,1844]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="235 - 248" refId="ref127193" refString="Marcelli, M. P., Benatti, M. N. &amp; Elix, J. A. (2008) New species of Parmotrema containing protocetraric or stictic acids from the coast of Sao Paulo State, southeastern Brazil. Mycotaxon 105: 235 - 248." type="journal article" year="2008">Benatti &amp; Marcelli 2008</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF852F77FC59F89EFA96F8D0" author="Spielmann, A. A. &amp; Marcelli, M. P." box="[971,1289,1818,1844]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="551 - 595" refId="ref130627" refString="Spielmann, A. A. &amp; Marcelli, M. P. (2009) Parmotrema s. l. (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) from Serra Geral slopes in central Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Hoehnea 36: 551 - 595." type="journal article" year="2009">Spielmann &amp; Marcelli 2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FF852F77FF2FF8BAFB14F7E8" blockId="29.[136,1452,1529,2060]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
Concerning 
<collectingCountry id="F34477C8FF852F77FEDAF8BAFE4EF8BC" box="[328,465,1854,1880]" name="Madagascar" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, the material published by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF852F77FC90F8BAFC7EF8BC" author="des Abbayes, H." box="[770,993,1854,1880]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="81 - 121" refId="ref118844" refString="des Abbayes, H. (1961) Lichens recoltes a Madagascar et a la Reunion (mission H. des Abbayes, 1956). I. Introduction, II. Parmeliacees. Memoires de l'Institut scientifique de Madagascar, Serie B 10 (2): 81 - 121." type="journal article" year="1961">des Abbayes (1961)</bibRefCitation>
under the name 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF852F77FB0DF8BAFEEDF898" authority="Abbayes" authorityName="Abbayes" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmelia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="variety" species="reticulata" variety="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF852F77FB0DF8BAFAE4F8BC" box="[1183,1403,1854,1880]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Parmelia reticulata</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF852F77FF1AF8E6FE96F898" box="[136,265,1890,1916]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">corniculata</emphasis>
Abbayes
</taxonomicName>
may refer to 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF852F77FD9CF8E6FCAEF898" box="[526,817,1890,1916]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="clavuliferum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF852F77FD9CF8E6FCAEF898" box="[526,817,1890,1916]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Parmotrema clavuliferum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but we could not examine the specimens. On the other hand, we checked three collections made by J. Bosser, including two from the same localities as those cited by des Abbayes, whose thallus morphology is consistent with 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF852F77FD61F82EFC02F820" box="[755,925,1962,1988]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="clavuliferum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF852F77FD61F82EFC02F820" box="[755,925,1962,1988]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">P. clavuliferum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In 
<collectingCountry id="F34477C8FF852F77FC5BF82EFBB4F820" box="[969,1067,1962,1988]" name="Réunion" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Réunion</collectingCountry>
, eleven localities, in 10 UTM 1× 
<quantity id="4CAB9ABDFF852F77FA32F82EFF33F80C" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
grid cells (or 10 UTM 2× 
<quantity id="4CAB9ABDFF852F77FE5DF84AFD96F80C" box="[463,521,1998,2024]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
grid cells, 
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFF852F77FD17F84AFD73F80C" box="[645,748,1998,2024]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="29.[136,229,1353,1374]" captionTargetBox="[162,1433,502,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-172@29.[151,1434,500,1328]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 12. Parmotrema cf. clavuliferum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.4027); D: Sorediate lobes with soralia mainly capitate at the apex of laciniae, and lower surface with ivory-white marginal zone (Masson 974.4027). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217498" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217498/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 12A</figureCitation>
), are known to host this taxon. They are distributed in both the Piton des Neiges and Piton de la Fournaise massifs, between 1330 and 
<quantity id="4CAB9ABDFF852F77FC36F876FC66F7E8" box="[932,1017,2034,2060]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.18" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="2180.0">2180 m</quantity>
in elevation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34964D3FF862F75FF2FFF1AFB4AFE18" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FF862F74FF2FFF1AFC3DFE18" blockId="30.[136,1452,158,2093]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FF2FFF1AFE83FF5C" bold="true" box="[189,284,158,184]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Ecology</emphasis>
:—On Réunion, 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FE41FF1BFC8AFF5C" box="[467,789,158,184]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="clavuliferum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FE41FF1BFDFFFF5C" box="[467,608,159,184]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Parmotrema</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FD15FF1AFC8AFF5C" box="[647,789,158,184]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">clavuliferum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found in cloud forests (windward and leeward montane rainforests, 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FE9EFF47FEC5FF39" box="[268,346,195,221]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FE9EFF47FEC5FF39" box="[268,346,195,221]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Acacia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
montane forest) and subalpine shrubland. It grows on trees (
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FB96FF47FAAAFF38" authority="Willd." authorityName="Willd." box="[1028,1333,194,221]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heterophylla">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FB96FF47FB79FF38" box="[1028,1254,194,221]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Acacia heterophylla</emphasis>
Willd.
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FAD2FF46FF35FEE4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Dombeya" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FAD2FF46FA34FF38" box="[1344,1451,194,220]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Dombeya</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
), shrubs (
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FE84FF63FDE3FEE4" authority="E. G. H. Oliv." authorityName="E. G. H. Oliv." box="[278,636,230,256]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Erica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="reunionensis">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FE84FF63FE77FEE4" box="[278,488,231,256]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Erica reunionensis</emphasis>
E.G.H. Oliv.
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FD14FF62FC3CFEE4" authority="Bory" authorityName="Bory" box="[646,931,230,256]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Hubertia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ambavilla">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FD14FF62FCFEFEE4" box="[646,865,230,256]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Hubertia ambavilla</emphasis>
Bory
</taxonomicName>
), tree fern (
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FBB3FF62FB4FFEE4" box="[1057,1232,230,256]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Cyatheaceae" genus="Cyathea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cyatheales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glauca">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FBB3FF62FB4FFEE4" box="[1057,1232,230,256]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Cyathea glauca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), or volcanic rocks. When growing on trees, it was collected significantly more frequently on branches than on trunks (eight collections on branches, none on trunks, Fisher’s exact test, 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FD10FEABFD0CFEAC" box="[642,659,303,328]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P</emphasis>
= 0.038). The bioclimate of the localities (
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFF862F74FBFDFEAAFB4DFEAC" box="[1135,1234,302,328]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="29.[136,229,1353,1374]" captionTargetBox="[162,1433,502,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-172@29.[151,1434,500,1328]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 12. Parmotrema cf. clavuliferum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.4027); D: Sorediate lobes with soralia mainly capitate at the apex of laciniae, and lower surface with ivory-white marginal zone (Masson 974.4027). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217498" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217498/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 12B</figureCitation>
) is pluvial tropical, with thermotype belts = from lower mesotropical to lower supratropical (294 ≤ It ≤ 470) and ombrotype belts = from lower humid to ultrahyperhumid (8.8 ≤ Io ≤ 38.8). On Réunion, 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FCE4FEF3FBD6FE74" box="[886,1097,374,400]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="clavuliferum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FCE4FEF3FC13FE74" box="[886,908,375,400]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P.</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FC29FEF2FBD6FE74" box="[955,1097,374,400]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">clavuliferum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears hardly thermophilous, clearly ombrophilous, and probably rather photophilous. Its elevational distribution is quite comparable to that observed in 
<collectingCountry id="F34477C8FF862F74FF37FE3AFE96FE3C" box="[165,265,446,472]" name="Thailand" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Thailand</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF862F74FE85FE3AFE42FE3C" author="Moon, K. H. &amp; Kurokawa, S. &amp; Kashiwadani, H." box="[279,477,446,473]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="97 - 106" refId="ref128134" refString="Moon, K. H., Kurokawa, S. &amp; Kashiwadani, H. (2000) A list of Thailand species of Parmelia (sens. lat.) preserved in the National Science Museum. National Science Museum Monographs 18: 97 - 106." type="journal article" year="2000">
Moon 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FEF1FE3BFE0AFE3C" box="[355,405,446,472]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
. 2000
</bibRefCitation>
) and in 
<collectingCountry id="F34477C8FF862F74FDAAFE3AFD15FE3C" box="[568,650,446,472]" name="Taiwan" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF862F74FD0BFE3AFC9BFE3C" author="Lai, M. J." box="[665,772,446,472]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="39 - 46" refId="ref124839" refString="Lai, M. J. (2001) Parmelioid lichen biodiversity and distributional ecology in Taiwan. Fungal Science 16 (3, 4): 39 - 46." type="journal article" year="2001">Lai 2001</bibRefCitation>
), but in Hawaiian (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF862F74FC48FE3AFB00FE3C" author="Moon, K. H. &amp; Kurokawa, S. &amp; Kashiwadani, H." box="[986,1183,446,473]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="321 - 328" refId="ref128183" refString="Moon, K. H., Kurokawa, S. &amp; Kashiwadani, H. (2001) The genus Rimelia (Lichens) from the Hawaiian Islands. Journal of Japanese Botany 76 (6): 321 - 328." type="journal article" year="2001">
Moon 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FBB4FE3BFBC7FE3C" box="[1062,1112,446,472]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
. 2001
</bibRefCitation>
) and Galapagos Islands (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF862F74FF02FE66FE48FE18" author="Bungartz, F. &amp; Spielmann, A. A." box="[144,471,482,508]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="173 - 231" refId="ref116811" refString="Bungartz, F. &amp; Spielmann, A. A. (2019) The genus Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, Lecanoromycetes) in the Galapagos Islands. Plant and Fungal Systematics 64: 173 - 231. https: // doi. org / 10.2478 / pfs- 2019 - 0018" type="journal article" year="2019">Bungartz &amp; Spielmann 2019</bibRefCitation>
), the species also occurs in the lowlands.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FF862F74FF2FFD82FC9AFAB9" blockId="30.[136,1452,158,2093]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FF2FFD82FE9FFDC4" bold="true" box="[189,256,518,544]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Notes</emphasis>
:—With its upper surface strongly reticulate maculate, the presence of soralia, and a medulla with salazinic acid as major extrolite, 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FE17FDAFFD3BFDA0" box="[389,676,554,580]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="clavuliferum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FE17FDAFFD3BFDA0" box="[389,676,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Parmotrema clavuliferum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belongs to the 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FCD1FDAFFC43FDA0" box="[835,988,554,580]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="reticulatum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FCD1FDAFFC43FDA0" box="[835,988,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P.reticulatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
aggr. Within this complex, 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FA97FDAFFA33FDA0" box="[1285,1452,554,580]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="clavuliferum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FA97FDAFFA33FDA0" box="[1285,1452,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. clavuliferum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a controversial status. On the basis of phenotypic traits (capitate soralia on short laciniae, black mottled white lower surface below the sorediate lobes), it was either considered to be a distinct species (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF862F74FBF7FDF6FA83FD68" author="Kurokawa, S." box="[1125,1308,626,652]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="125 - 150" refId="ref124392" refString="Kurokawa, S. (1979) Enumeration of species of Parmelia in Papua New Guinea. In: Kurokawa, S. (Ed.) Studies on Cryptogams of Papua New Guinea. Academia Scientific Book Inc., Tokyo, pp. 125 - 150." type="book chapter" year="1979">Kurokawa 1979</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF862F74FABBFDF7FF5CFD54" author="Moon, K. H. &amp; Kurokawa, S. &amp; Kashiwadani, H." pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="321 - 328" refId="ref128183" refString="Moon, K. H., Kurokawa, S. &amp; Kashiwadani, H. (2001) The genus Rimelia (Lichens) from the Hawaiian Islands. Journal of Japanese Botany 76 (6): 321 - 328." type="journal article" year="2001">
Moon 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FAE1FDF7FA3AFD68" box="[1395,1445,626,652]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
. 2001
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF862F74FF5CFD12FED4FD54" author="Elix, J. A." box="[206,331,662,688]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="27 - 33" refId="ref120532" refString="Elix, J. A. (2001 a) Additional lichen records from Australia 46. Parmeliaceae. Australasian Lichenology 48: 27 - 33." type="journal article" year="2001">Elix 2001a</bibRefCitation>
, b; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF862F74FEE3FD12FD1AFD54" author="Marcelli, M. P. &amp; Benatti, M. N. &amp; Elix, J. A." box="[369,645,662,688]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="235 - 248" refId="ref127193" refString="Marcelli, M. P., Benatti, M. N. &amp; Elix, J. A. (2008) New species of Parmotrema containing protocetraric or stictic acids from the coast of Sao Paulo State, southeastern Brazil. Mycotaxon 105: 235 - 248." type="journal article" year="2008">Benatti &amp; Marcelli 2008</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF862F74FD02FD12FC56FD54" author="Spielmann, A. A. &amp; Marcelli, M. P." box="[656,969,662,688]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="551 - 595" refId="ref130627" refString="Spielmann, A. A. &amp; Marcelli, M. P. (2009) Parmotrema s. l. (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) from Serra Geral slopes in central Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Hoehnea 36: 551 - 595." type="journal article" year="2009">Spielmann &amp; Marcelli 2009</bibRefCitation>
) or it was synonymized with 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FA82FD13FEC1FD30" authority="(Taylor) M. Choisy" authorityName="M. Choisy" baseAuthorityName="Taylor" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="reticulatum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FA82FD13FA34FD54" box="[1296,1451,662,688]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. reticulatum</emphasis>
(Taylor) M. Choisy
</taxonomicName>
(e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF862F74FE08FD3EFDAAFD30" author="Awasthi, D. D." box="[410,565,698,724]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="155 - 229" refId="ref115700" refString="Awasthi, D. D. (1976) Lichen genus Parmelia in India. I - Subgenera Parmelia and Amphigymnia. Biological Memoir, Lichenology Series 1 (1 &amp; 2): 155 - 229." type="journal article" year="1976">Awasthi 1976</bibRefCitation>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FDADFD3EFDEBFD30" box="[575,628,698,724]" genus="Hale" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" rank="genus">Hale</taxonomicName>
&amp; Fletcher 1990, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF862F74FCA9FD3EFBDEFD31" author="Divakar, P. K. &amp; Upreti, D. K." box="[827,1089,698,725]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref119200" refString="Divakar, P. K. &amp; Upreti, D. K. (2005) Parmelioid Lichens in India (A revisionary study). Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, 488 pp." type="book" year="2005">Divakar &amp; Upreti 2005</bibRefCitation>
). Recent molecular phylogenetic studies produced somewhat contradictory results. In the study by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF862F74FCF6FD5AFBC1FD1D" author="Divakar, P. K. &amp; Blanco, O. &amp; Hawksworth, D. L. &amp; Crespo, A." box="[868,1118,734,761]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="55 - 65" refId="ref119238" refString="Divakar, P. K., Blanco, O., Hawksworth, D. L. &amp; Crespo, A. (2005 a) Molecular phylogenetic studies on the Parmotrema reticulatum (syn. Rimelia reticulata) complex, including the confirmation of P. pseudoreticulatum as a distinct species. The Lichenologist 37 (1): 55 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0024282904014586" type="journal article" year="2005">
Divakar 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FC57FD5BFC69FD1C" box="[965,1014,734,760]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
. (2005a)
</bibRefCitation>
, specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FA91FD5BFA33FD1C" box="[1283,1452,734,760]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="clavuliferum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FA91FD5BFA33FD1C" box="[1283,1452,734,760]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. clavuliferum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
morphology and those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FE3CFC87FDD4FCF8" box="[430,587,770,796]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="reticulatum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FE3CFC87FDD4FCF8" box="[430,587,770,796]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. reticulatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
morphology did not 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FCAFFC86FC39FCF9" box="[829,934,770,797]" form="two" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" rank="form">form two</taxonomicName>
independent monophyletic groups. In 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF862F74FACFFC86FE80FCA4" author="Ahn, C. &amp; Moon, K. H." pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="254 - 260" refId="ref114985" refString="Ahn, C. &amp; Moon, K. H. (2016) Parmotrema clavuliferum and P. reticulatum are independent species. Journal of Species Research 5: 254 - 260." type="journal article" year="2016">Ahn &amp; Moon (2016)</bibRefCitation>
, specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FE54FCA3FDEFFCA4" box="[454,624,806,832]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="clavuliferum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FE54FCA3FDEFFCA4" box="[454,624,806,832]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. clavuliferum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
morphology formed a well-supported monophyletic group while those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FF1AFCCFFEBBFC80" box="[136,292,842,868]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="reticulatum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FF1AFCCFFEBBFC80" box="[136,292,842,868]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. reticulatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
morphology split into three clades. On the other hand, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF862F74FC04FCCEFB0BFC80" author="Del-Prado, R. &amp; Divakar, P. K. &amp; Crespo, A." box="[918,1172,842,869]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="569 - 583" refId="ref118419" refString="Del-Prado, R., Divakar, P. K. &amp; Crespo, A. (2011) Using genetic distances in addition to ITS molecular phylogeny to identify potential species in the Parmotrema reticulatum complex: a case study. The Lichenologist 43 (6): 569 - 583. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0024282911000582" type="journal article" year="2011">
Del-Prado 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FB83FCCFFBDCFC80" box="[1041,1091,842,868]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
. (2011
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF862F74FB32FCCEFB45FC80" author="Del-Prado, R. &amp; Divakar, P. K. &amp; Lumbsch, H. T. &amp; Crespo, A. M." box="[1184,1242,842,868]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref118483" refString="Del-Prado, R., Divakar, P. K., Lumbsch, H. T. &amp; Crespo, A. M. (2016) Hidden genetic diversity in an asexually reproducing lichen forming fungal group. PloS ONE 11 (8): e 0161031. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0161031" type="journal volume" year="2016">2016</bibRefCitation>
) showed that their sampled specimens of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FE3EFCEBFDD9FC6C" box="[428,582,878,904]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="reticulatum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FE3EFCEBFDD9FC6C" box="[428,582,878,904]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. reticulatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
aggr. (without distinction of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FC1AFCEBFBAFFC6C" box="[904,1072,878,904]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="clavuliferum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FC1AFCEBFBAFFC6C" box="[904,1072,878,904]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. clavuliferum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) belonged to at least eight distinct species-level lineages. In our phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequences (
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFF862F74FC28FC16FC60FC48" box="[954,1023,914,940]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="17.[136,229,1553,1575]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,216,1510]" captionTargetId="graphics-18@17.[149,1438,191,1527]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 4. Global tree (best scoring maximum likelihood tree) of Parmotrema based on the fungal ITS barcoding marker. Figure can be enlarged for a better reading of labels. Accessions in black are those retrieved from GenBank on June 2023. Those in red are those produced by the authors for this study. Bootstrap support is indicated on branch when ≥ 70%." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217482" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217482/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
), 
<specimenCount id="9D55FCD1FF862F74FB86FC16FB5EFC48" box="[1044,1217,914,940]" count="9" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="generic">nine specimens</specimenCount>
of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FA82FC17FA34FC48" box="[1296,1451,914,940]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="reticulatum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FA82FC17FA34FC48" box="[1296,1451,914,940]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. reticulatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
aggr. from 
<collectingCountry id="F34477C8FF862F74FE95FC32FEF9FC34" box="[263,358,950,976]" name="Réunion" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Réunion</collectingCountry>
were recovered in two groups: seven were mixed with samples belonging to ‘species 2’ of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF862F74FAE8FC32FEC0FC10" author="Del-Prado, R. &amp; Divakar, P. K. &amp; Lumbsch, H. T. &amp; Crespo, A. M." pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref118483" refString="Del-Prado, R., Divakar, P. K., Lumbsch, H. T. &amp; Crespo, A. M. (2016) Hidden genetic diversity in an asexually reproducing lichen forming fungal group. PloS ONE 11 (8): e 0161031. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0161031" type="journal volume" year="2016">
Del-Prado 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FF43FC5FFE9CFC10" box="[209,259,986,1012]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
. (2016)
</bibRefCitation>
, and two (no. 974.4027 and 974.4857) with samples belonging to their ‘species 3’ [= clade A 
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF862F74FF1AFC7AFE0FFBFC" author="Del-Prado, R. &amp; Divakar, P. K. &amp; Crespo, A." box="[136,400,1022,1049]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="569 - 583" refId="ref118419" refString="Del-Prado, R., Divakar, P. K. &amp; Crespo, A. (2011) Using genetic distances in addition to ITS molecular phylogeny to identify potential species in the Parmotrema reticulatum complex: a case study. The Lichenologist 43 (6): 569 - 583. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0024282911000582" type="journal article" year="2011">
Del-Prado 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FE90FC7BFEABFBFC" box="[258,308,1022,1048]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
. (2011)
</bibRefCitation>
], as well as the specimens identified as 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FCDCFC7BFC67FBFC" box="[846,1016,1022,1048]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="clavuliferum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FCDCFC7BFC67FBFC" box="[846,1016,1022,1048]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. clavuliferum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF862F74FBB3FC7AFA92FBFC" author="Ahn, C. &amp; Moon, K. H." box="[1057,1293,1022,1049]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="254 - 260" refId="ref114985" refString="Ahn, C. &amp; Moon, K. H. (2016) Parmotrema clavuliferum and P. reticulatum are independent species. Journal of Species Research 5: 254 - 260." type="journal article" year="2016">Ahn &amp; Moon (2016)</bibRefCitation>
. Furthermore, our phylogenetic tree based on 3-locus and the Stacey and bPP analyses show that these two groups are clearly distinct (
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFF862F74FF02FBC2FF4AFB84" box="[144,213,1094,1120]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="16.[136,229,1876,1898]" captionTargetBox="[210,1381,204,1846]" captionTargetId="figure-20@16.[197,1389,191,1850]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 3. Phylogeny of the Parmotrema species studied. Best ML tree resulted from a RaxML analysis of three loci (EF1-α, ITS, mtSSU) and 102 specimens. Punctelia toxodes was selected as the outgroup. Bootstrap values are represented above the branches, and thick branches have bootstrap support value ≥ 70. Results of the species delimitation analyses are summarized to the right of the terminal labels of the tree. The first column corresponds to the results of the Stacey analysis, while the second column corresponds to the results of the bPP analysis. Specimens attributed the same colour were reconstructed as part of the same putative species by the species delimitation analysis. Major medullary extrolites are also shown for each specimen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217480" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217480/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). Our 
<specimenCount id="9D55FCD1FF862F74FE8FFBC3FE5CFB84" box="[285,451,1094,1121]" count="2" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
from ‘species 3’ share the white, or mottled white, zone on the lower surface at the tip of numerous sorediate laciniae or lobes, a diagnostic character of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FCDCFBEFFC67FB60" box="[846,1016,1130,1156]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="clavuliferum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FCDCFBEFFC67FB60" box="[846,1016,1130,1156]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. clavuliferum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
according to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF862F74FB01FBEEFAC3FB60" author="Kurokawa, S." box="[1171,1372,1130,1156]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="125 - 150" refId="ref124392" refString="Kurokawa, S. (1979) Enumeration of species of Parmelia in Papua New Guinea. In: Kurokawa, S. (Ed.) Studies on Cryptogams of Papua New Guinea. Academia Scientific Book Inc., Tokyo, pp. 125 - 150." type="book chapter" year="1979">Kurokawa (1979)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF862F74FAFAFBEFFE8AFB4C" author="Moon, K. H. &amp; Kurokawa, S. &amp; Kashiwadani, H." pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="321 - 328" refId="ref128183" refString="Moon, K. H., Kurokawa, S. &amp; Kashiwadani, H. (2001) The genus Rimelia (Lichens) from the Hawaiian Islands. Journal of Japanese Botany 76 (6): 321 - 328." type="journal article" year="2001">
Moon 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FF1AFB0BFF25FB4C" box="[136,186,1166,1192]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
. (2001)
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF862F74FEB3FB0AFDABFB4C" author="Kurokawa, S. &amp; Lai, M. J." box="[289,564,1166,1192]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="225 - 284" refId="ref124649" refString="Kurokawa, S. &amp; Lai, M. J. (2001) Parmelioid lichen genera and species in Taiwan. Mycotaxon 57: 225 - 284." type="journal article" year="2001">Kurokawa &amp; Lai (2001)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF862F74FDADFB0AFCB6FB4C" author="Ahn, C. &amp; Moon, K. H." box="[575,809,1166,1193]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="254 - 260" refId="ref114985" refString="Ahn, C. &amp; Moon, K. H. (2016) Parmotrema clavuliferum and P. reticulatum are independent species. Journal of Species Research 5: 254 - 260." type="journal article" year="2016">Ahn &amp; Moon (2016)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24AA9FF862F74FCF3FB0AFB2DFB4C" author="Spielmann, A. A. &amp; Marcelli, M. P." box="[865,1202,1166,1192]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="403 - 508" refId="ref130675" refString="Spielmann, A. A. &amp; Marcelli, M. P. (2020) Type studies on Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) with salazinic acid. Plant and Fungal Systematics 65 (2): 403 - 508. https: // doi. org / 10.35535 / pfsyst- 2020 - 0028" type="journal article" year="2020">Spielmann &amp; Marcelli (2020)</bibRefCitation>
. The 
<specimenCount id="9D55FCD1FF862F74FB7DFB0BFA33FB4C" box="[1263,1452,1166,1193]" count="7" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="generic">seven specimens</specimenCount>
of the ‘species 2’ group, on the other hand, have a black or brown marginal underside, the ivory-white mottled areas being totally absent or, very rarely, sporadic under some lobes. We did not find any clear differences in the location and morphology of the soralia between these two groups. Therefore, and pending a thorough taxonomic study of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FF1AFA9BFEB7FADC" box="[136,296,1310,1337]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="reticulatum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FF1AFA9BFF06FADC" box="[136,153,1311,1336]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FF3AFA9AFEB7FADC" box="[168,296,1310,1336]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">reticulatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
aggr., we assign all Reunionese specimens of this complex with numerous sorediate lobes (or lacinia) mottled white on the lower surface to 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FDA3FAC7FD60FAB8" box="[561,767,1346,1372]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="clavuliferum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FDA3FAC7FDD8FAB8" box="[561,583,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P.</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FDE3FAC6FD60FAB8" box="[625,767,1346,1372]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">clavuliferum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FF862F74FF2FFAE2FDE8F9D0" blockId="30.[136,1452,158,2093]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FF2FFAE2FD33FA64" bold="true" box="[189,684,1382,1408]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Specimens with molecular data examined</emphasis>
:— 
<collectingCountry id="F34477C8FF862F74FD5FFAE2FCDDFA64" box="[717,834,1382,1408]" name="France" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">FRANCE</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion id="4997F9BAFF862F74FCDFFAE2FC2FFA64" box="[845,944,1382,1408]" country="France" name="Reunion" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Réunion</collectingRegion>
: Le Tampon, le Volcan, près du rempart de la Rivière des Remparts, entre le Nez de Boeuf et le Piton de Sable, ca. 
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, 
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, 
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, recreational area in subalpine shrubland with 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FE66FA2AFD5EFA2C" box="[500,705,1454,1480]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Sophora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="denudata">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FE66FA2AFD5EFA2C" box="[500,705,1454,1480]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Sophora denudata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FD67FA2BFB9EFA2C" box="[757,1025,1454,1480]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hypericaceae" genus="Hypericum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lanceolatum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FD67FA2BFB9EFA2C" box="[757,1025,1454,1480]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Hypericum lanceolatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, on vertical face of a volcanic rock, 
<date id="FFED1198FF862F74FA1DFA2AFE86FA09" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" value="2015-08-24">24 August 2015</date>
, 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FEB0FA57FD97FA08" box="[290,520,1490,1516]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">D. Masson 974.4857</emphasis>
(LG); Sainte-Rose, sentier du Fond de la Rivière de l’Est, elev. 
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, 
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, 
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, in grazed 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FE1BFA73FE48F9F5" box="[393,471,1527,1553]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FE1BFA73FE48F9F5" box="[393,471,1527,1553]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Acacia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
montane forest, in overall NNE orientation, on bark of a branch of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FB56FA73FA3BF9F4" box="[1220,1444,1526,1553]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heterophylla">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FB56FA73FA3BF9F4" box="[1220,1444,1526,1553]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Acacia heterophylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FFED1198FF862F74FF1AF99EFEA3F9D0" box="[136,316,1562,1589]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" value="2012-08-25">25 August 2012</date>
, 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FED5F99FFDAEF9D0" box="[327,561,1562,1588]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">D. Masson 974.4027</emphasis>
(LG).
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FF2FF9BAFD77F9BC" bold="true" box="[189,744,1598,1624]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Specimens with no molecular data examined</emphasis>
:— 
<collectingCountry id="F34477C8FF862F74FC9BF9BAFCE1F9BC" box="[777,894,1598,1624]" name="France" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">FRANCE</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion id="4997F9BAFF862F74FC1FF9BAFC6FF9BC" box="[909,1008,1598,1624]" country="France" name="Reunion" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Réunion</collectingRegion>
: La Possession, 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FB27F9BAFA38F9BD" authority="Montagne" authorityName="Montagne" box="[1205,1447,1598,1625]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Lantana" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grande">la Grande Montagne</taxonomicName>
, sentier des Lataniers, près du Piton Ravine à Marquet, elev. 
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, 
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, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE67519FFF862F74FBA7F9E6FB21F999" box="[1077,1214,1634,1661]" degrees="55" direction="east" minutes="23" orientation="longitude" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" precision="15" seconds="38" value="55.39389">55°23’38”E</geoCoordinate>
, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall NW orientation, on bark of a branch of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FCE9F903FBCDF944" box="[891,1106,1671,1696]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Erica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="reunionensis">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FCE9F903FBCDF944" box="[891,1106,1671,1696]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Erica reunionensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FFED1198FF862F74FBF6F902FABFF945" box="[1124,1312,1670,1697]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" value="2015-08-19">19 August 2015</date>
, 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FABCF903FF6EF920" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">D. Masson 974.4739</emphasis>
(Hb. DM); Saint-Benoît, Piton de Bébour, elev. 
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, 
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, 
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, in windward montane rainforest, on bark of a dead branch fallen from an undetermined tree, 
<date id="FFED1198FF862F74FC26F94AFBC9F90C" box="[948,1110,1742,1768]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" value="2003-04-07">07 April 2003</date>
, 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FBF1F94BFACEF90C" box="[1123,1361,1742,1768]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">D. Masson 974.0013</emphasis>
(REU), 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FF1AF976FF6EF8E8" box="[136,241,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">974.0024</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FE92F976FEF6F8E8" box="[256,361,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">974.5224</emphasis>
(Hb. DM); 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FE63F976FD82F8E8" box="[497,541,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">ibid</emphasis>
., forêt de Bébour, small paved road from the main road to Échelles (Takamaka), elev. 
<quantity id="4CAB9ABDFF862F74FF51F892FE85F8D5" box="[195,282,1814,1841]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3699999999999999" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="m" value="1370.0">1370 m</quantity>
, in windward montane rainforest, on 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FD2EF892FCCFF8D5" box="[700,848,1814,1841]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Dombeya" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FD2EF892FCB8F8D4" box="[700,807,1814,1840]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Dombeya</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FFED1198FF862F74FCCEF892FC6BF8D4" box="[860,1012,1814,1841]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" value="2008-06-08">08 June 2008</date>
, 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FC6DF893FADCF8D4" box="[1023,1347,1814,1841]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
P. &amp; 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FBA5F893FBE1F8D4" box="[1079,1150,1815,1840]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="van">B. van</taxonomicName>
den Boom 40897
</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FAC0F892FA34F8D5" box="[1362,1451,1814,1841]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="van">Hb. van</taxonomicName>
den Boom); Saint-Denis, Plaine d’Affouches, elev. 
<quantity id="4CAB9ABDFF862F74FD47F8BEFCB1F8B1" box="[725,814,1850,1877]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.71" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="m" value="1710.0">1710 m</quantity>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE67519FFF862F74FCAEF8BEFC5CF8B1" box="[828,963,1850,1877]" degrees="20" direction="south" minutes="59" orientation="latitude" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" precision="15" seconds="15" value="-20.987501">20°59’15”S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE67519FFF862F74FC43F8BEFBC5F8B1" box="[977,1114,1850,1877]" degrees="55" direction="east" minutes="25" orientation="longitude" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" precision="15" seconds="58" value="55.432777">55°25’58”E</geoCoordinate>
, in 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FB14F8BFFB4BF8B1" box="[1158,1236,1851,1877]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FB14F8BFFB4BF8B1" box="[1158,1236,1851,1877]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Acacia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
montane forest, at the base of a stipe of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FEE5F8DAFDB8F89C" box="[375,551,1886,1912]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Cyatheaceae" genus="Cyathea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cyatheales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glauca">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FEE5F8DAFDB8F89C" box="[375,551,1886,1912]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Cyathea glauca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FFED1198FF862F74FDA4F8DAFD75F89C" box="[566,746,1886,1912]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" value="2012-08-18">18 August 2012</date>
, 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FD67F8DBFC40F89C" box="[757,991,1886,1912]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">D. Masson 974.3890</emphasis>
(Hb. DM); Saint-Joseph, haut de la forêt de la Crête, elev. 
<quantity id="4CAB9ABDFF862F74FED9F806FE3DF879" box="[331,418,1922,1949]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.01" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="m" value="2010.0">2010 m</quantity>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE67519FFF862F74FE3CF806FDABF878" box="[430,564,1922,1948]" degrees="21" direction="south" minutes="17" orientation="latitude" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" precision="15" seconds="37" value="-21.293612">21°17’37”S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE67519FFF862F74FDD2F806FD56F879" box="[576,713,1922,1949]" degrees="55" direction="east" minutes="41" orientation="longitude" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" precision="15" seconds="04" value="55.684444">55°41’04”E</geoCoordinate>
, in 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FD63F807FCA0F879" box="[753,831,1923,1949]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FD63F807FCA0F879" box="[753,831,1923,1949]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Acacia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
montane forest, in an overall SSW orientation, on bark of a branch of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FEA1F823FD89F824" box="[307,534,1958,1985]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heterophylla">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FEA1F823FD89F824" box="[307,534,1958,1985]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Acacia heterophylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FFED1198FF862F74FDB5F822FD40F824" box="[551,735,1958,1984]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" value="2012-08-23">23 August 2012</date>
, 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FD7EF823FC46F824" box="[748,985,1958,1984]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">D. Masson 974.3991</emphasis>
(Hb. DM); 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FBF7F822FB0EF824" box="[1125,1169,1958,1984]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">ibid</emphasis>
., le Petit Mapou, sentier de la Rivière des Remparts, elev. 
<quantity id="4CAB9ABDFF862F74FD9EF84EFDFAF801" box="[524,613,1994,2021]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="m" value="1700.0">1700 m</quantity>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE67519FFF862F74FDE1F84EFD65F800" box="[627,762,1994,2020]" degrees="21" direction="south" minutes="12" orientation="latitude" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" precision="15" seconds="01" value="-21.20028">21°12’01”S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE67519FFF862F74FC9AF84EFC0FF801" box="[776,912,1994,2021]" degrees="55" direction="east" minutes="37" orientation="longitude" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" precision="15" seconds="54" value="55.631664">55°37’54”E</geoCoordinate>
, in windward montane rainforest, in an overall SSE orientation, on bark of a branch of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF862F74FDDAF86BFCB6F7EC" box="[584,809,2030,2057]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heterophylla">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FDDAF86BFCB6F7EC" box="[584,809,2030,2057]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Acacia heterophylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FFED1198FF862F74FCAAF86AFC72F7ED" box="[824,1005,2030,2057]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" value="2015-08-24">24 August 2015</date>
, 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF862F74FC6AF86BFB7DF7EC" box="[1016,1250,2030,2056]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">D. Masson 974.4852</emphasis>
(Hb. DM); Saint-Paul, Le Maïdo, elev. 
<quantity id="4CAB9ABDFF862F74FE17F796FE41F7C9" box="[389,478,2066,2093]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.18" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="m" value="2180.0">2180 m</quantity>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE67519FFF862F74FE7EF796FDECF7C8" box="[492,627,2066,2092]" degrees="21" direction="south" minutes="04" orientation="latitude" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" precision="15" seconds="18" value="-21.071667">21°04’18”S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE67519FFF862F74FD12F796FC96F7C9" box="[640,777,2066,2093]" degrees="55" direction="east" minutes="23" orientation="longitude" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" precision="15" seconds="14" value="55.387222">55°23’14”E</geoCoordinate>
, in subalpine shrubland, on volcanic rocks and on the bark of a stunted 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF872F75FE80FF1BFE6CFF5C" box="[274,499,158,185]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heterophylla">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF872F75FE80FF1BFE6CFF5C" box="[274,499,158,185]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Acacia heterophylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FFED1198FF872F75FD90FF1AFD3EFF5C" box="[514,673,158,184]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="2003-04-10">10 April 2003</date>
, 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF872F75FD3EFF1BFC09FF5C" box="[684,918,158,184]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">D. Masson 974.0225</emphasis>
(REU), 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF872F75FC64FF1AFBC0FF5C" box="[1014,1119,158,184]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">974.0234</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF872F75FBFFFF1AFB49FF5C" box="[1133,1238,158,184]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">974.0235</emphasis>
(Hb. DM); Sainte-Marie, Plaine des Fougères, entre la Ravine Sèche et la Ravine Mère Canal, elev. 
<quantity id="4CAB9ABDFF872F75FBB4FF46FBE1FF39" box="[1062,1150,194,221]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.275" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="m" value="1275.0">1275 m</quantity>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE67519FFF872F75FB19FF46FA8DFF39" box="[1163,1298,194,221]" degrees="20" direction="south" minutes="58" orientation="latitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" precision="15" seconds="42" value="-20.978334">20°58’42”S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE67519FFF872F75FA8CFF46FA39FF39" box="[1310,1446,194,221]" degrees="55" direction="east" minutes="30" orientation="longitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" precision="15" seconds="58" value="55.51611">55°30’58”E</geoCoordinate>
, in windward montane rainforest, in an overall NE orientation, on mossy bark of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF872F75FB98FF62FB79FEE4" box="[1034,1254,230,256]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Hubertia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ambavilla">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF872F75FB98FF62FB79FEE4" box="[1034,1254,230,256]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Hubertia ambavilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FFED1198FF872F75FB61FF62FA38FEE4" box="[1267,1447,230,256]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="2012-08-30">30 August 2012</date>
, 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF872F75FF1AFE8FFEEFFEC0" box="[136,368,266,292]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">D. Masson 974.5229</emphasis>
(Hb. DM); Salazie, Bélouve, sentier de l’École Normale, elev. 
<quantity id="4CAB9ABDFF872F75FBBEFE8EFB1DFEC1" box="[1068,1154,266,293]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.47" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="m" value="1470.0">1470 m</quantity>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE67519FFF872F75FB1FFE8EFA8CFEC0" box="[1165,1299,266,292]" degrees="21" direction="south" minutes="04" orientation="latitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" precision="15" seconds="04" value="-21.06778">21°04’04”S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE67519FFF872F75FA8CFE8EFA38FEC1" box="[1310,1447,266,293]" degrees="55" direction="east" minutes="33" orientation="longitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" precision="15" seconds="07" value="55.551945">55°33’07”E</geoCoordinate>
, in managed 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF872F75FE82FEABFEC1FEAD" box="[272,350,303,329]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF872F75FE82FEABFEC1FEAD" box="[272,350,303,329]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Acacia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
montane forest, on bark of a branch of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF872F75FC84FEABFC69FEAC" box="[790,1014,302,329]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heterophylla">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF872F75FC84FEABFC69FEAC" box="[790,1014,302,329]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Acacia heterophylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FFED1198FF872F75FB96FEAAFB27FEAC" box="[1028,1208,302,328]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="2012-08-24">24 August 2012</date>
, 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF872F75FB51FEABFA34FEAC" box="[1219,1451,302,328]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">D. Masson 974.4008</emphasis>
(Hb. DM).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FF872F75FF2FFEF2FB4AFE18" blockId="31.[136,1452,158,509]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<materialsCitation id="3B3B3D05FF872F75FF2FFEF2FC70FE50" collectingDate="1957-04" collectionCode="REN" country="Madagascar" location="Analamanga" municipality="Ambatovory" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" specimenCode="REN 000081" specimenCount="1">
<collectingCountry id="F34477C8FF872F75FF2FFEF2FE17FE74" box="[189,392,374,400]" name="Madagascar" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">MADAGASCAR</collectingCountry>
. 
<location id="8E8C6183FF872F75FE03FEF2FDBCFE74" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FA864EFF842F75FF1AFAECFB4AFE18:8E8C6183FF872F75FE03FEF2FDBCFE74" box="[401,547,374,400]" country="Madagascar" municipality="Ambatovory" name="Analamanga" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Analamanga</location>
: environs 
<collectorName id="26A6528EFF872F75FD06FEF2FCFDFE75" box="[660,866,374,401]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">de Tananarive, PK</collectorName>
26 de la route 
<collectorName id="26A6528EFF872F75FB9AFEF2FB07FE75" box="[1032,1176,374,401]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">de Tamatave</collectorName>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="6B88AD22FF872F75FB33FEF2FAAFFE74" box="[1185,1328,374,400]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Ambatovory</collectingMunicipality>
, sur rocher dans une plantation d’ 
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFF872F75FE12FE1EFE63FE50" box="[384,508,410,436]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF872F75FE12FE1EFE63FE50" box="[384,508,410,436]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Eucalyptus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FFED1198FF872F75FD9AFE1EFD1AFE51" box="[520,645,410,437]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="1957-04">
<collectingDate id="EFA9E870FF872F75FD9AFE1EFD1AFE51" box="[520,645,410,437]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="1957-04">April 1957</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF872F75FD02FE1FFCDFFE50" box="[656,832,410,436]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<collectorName id="26A6528EFF872F75FD02FE1FFD68FE50" box="[656,759,411,436]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">J. Bosser</collectorName>
11011
</emphasis>
(
<specimenCode id="DBF59F23FF872F75FCDCFE1EFC77FE50" box="[846,1000,410,436]" collectionCode="REN" country="France" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35038" name="Culture Scientifique et Technique (CST) Université de Rennes 1" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="Herbarium">REN 000081</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B3B3D05FF872F75FC68FE1EFCE6FE3C" collectingDate="1959-04" collectionCode="REN" collectorName="J. Bosser" country="Madagascar" elevation="1300" location="Tananarive" municipality="Tsimbazaza" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" specimenCode="REN 000089" specimenCount="1">
<location id="8E8C6183FF872F75FC68FE1EFBE6FE50" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FA864EFF842F75FF1AFAECFB4AFE18:8E8C6183FF872F75FC68FE1EFBE6FE50" box="[1018,1145,410,436]" country="Madagascar" municipality="Tsimbazaza" name="Tananarive" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Tananarive</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="6B88AD22FF872F75FB11FE1EFA95FE50" box="[1155,1290,410,436]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Tsimbazaza</collectingMunicipality>
, elev. 
<quantity id="4CAB9ABDFF872F75FAC2FE1EFA39FE51" box="[1360,1446,410,437]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="m" value="1300.0">
<elevation id="007ED06BFF872F75FAC2FE1EFA39FE51" box="[1360,1446,410,437]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="m" value="1300.0">1300 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, sur rocher ensoleillé, 
<date id="FFED1198FF872F75FEECFE3AFE61FE3D" box="[382,510,446,473]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="1959-04">
<collectingDate id="EFA9E870FF872F75FEECFE3AFE61FE3D" box="[382,510,446,473]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="1959-04">April 1959</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF872F75FD99FE3BFD5CFE3C" box="[523,707,446,472]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<collectorName id="26A6528EFF872F75FD99FE3BFDEBFE3C" box="[523,628,447,472]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">J. Bosser</collectorName>
12709
</emphasis>
(
<specimenCode id="DBF59F23FF872F75FD46FE3AFCEFFE3C" box="[724,880,446,472]" collectionCode="REN" country="France" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35038" name="Culture Scientifique et Technique (CST) Université de Rennes 1" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="Herbarium">REN 000089</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="3B3B3D05FF872F75FC16FE3AFB4EFE18" collectionCode="REN" collectorName="J. Bosser" country="Madagascar" county="Manjakatompo" elevation="2200" location="Vakinankaratra" municipality="Ankaratra" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" specimenCode="REN 000082" specimenCount="1">
<location id="8E8C6183FF872F75FC16FE3AFBADFE3C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FA864EFF842F75FF1AFAECFB4AFE18:8E8C6183FF872F75FC16FE3AFBADFE3C" box="[900,1074,446,472]" country="Madagascar" county="Manjakatompo" municipality="Ankaratra" name="Vakinankaratra" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Vakinankaratra</location>
: 
<collectingMunicipality id="6B88AD22FF872F75FBAFFE3AFB2FFE3C" box="[1085,1200,446,472]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Ankaratra</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingCounty id="628D4FD4FF872F75FB2CFE3AFAF4FE3C" box="[1214,1387,446,472]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Manjakatompo</collectingCounty>
, elev. 
<quantity id="4CAB9ABDFF872F75FF1AFE66FF40FE19" box="[136,223,482,509]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="m" value="2200.0">
<elevation id="007ED06BFF872F75FF1AFE66FF40FE19" box="[136,223,482,509]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="m" value="2200.0">2200 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, en lisière de forêt ombrophile d’altitude, sur tronc, 1957, 
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFF872F75FCFFFE67FBBEFE18" box="[877,1057,482,508]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<collectorName id="26A6528EFF872F75FCFFFE67FC4BFE18" box="[877,980,483,508]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">J. Bosser</collectorName>
10713
</emphasis>
(
<specimenCode id="DBF59F23FF872F75FBBDFE66FB56FE18" box="[1071,1225,482,508]" collectionCode="REN" country="France" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35038" name="Culture Scientifique et Technique (CST) Université de Rennes 1" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="Herbarium">REN 000082</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>