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<document id="92CEF81D027C9A60391995A40603024B" ID-DOI="10.5070/P9371050859" ID-ISSN="0031-0298" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1726019095505" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Marsh, Adam D. &amp; Parker, William G." docDate="2022" docId="038C8F41F820096E62B1D5F1FAF58F37" docLanguage="en" docName="PaleoBios.37.50859.pdf" docOrigin="PaleoBios 37" docStyle="DocumentStyle:2D14AFDE223D5FD9EB1703D6A63DEF6C.1:PaleoBios.2018-2021.journal_article" docStyleId="2D14AFDE223D5FD9EB1703D6A63DEF6C" docStyleName="PaleoBios.2018-2021.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Archosauria COPE, 1869 SENSU NESBITT, 2011 AVEMETATARSALIA BENTON 1999" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="9" masterDocId="FFB5F739F82A09646206D72CFFC88C26" masterDocTitle="New dinosauromorph specimens from Petrified Forest National Park and a global biostratigraphic review of Triassic dinosauromorph body fossils" masterLastPageNumber="56" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="9" updateTime="1726078387551" updateUser="felipe" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0">
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<mods:title id="AB8FC64A44756366C90AE1C8638A97F1">New dinosauromorph specimens from Petrified Forest National Park and a global biostratigraphic review of Triassic dinosauromorph body fossils</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3CBD357B108781580518620B0844FA88">Marsh, Adam D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="827A592C4CD4ADE9D4E8670D2A3F6D76">Parker, William G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="B28D723B170B5CE7C8267BF012BBE219">PaleoBios</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="9F40C66B0A4B051176F62480822F3C94">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="F08B8D23C83D10EA354795C8E1D7C7B4">37</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="EBE5C355ED571ED8B748754270F5C047" type="DOI">10.5070/P9371050859</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="136F621DBC8E3BCF0C3486EE45BC72AC" type="ISSN">0031-0298</mods:identifier>
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<subSubSection id="C33F6DDCF820096E62B1D5F1FCD18F73" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9A3E57F820096E62B1D5F1FCC38F33" blockId="10.[119,793,733,853]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
<heading id="D0D2893BF820096E62B1D5F1FCC38F33" allCaps="true" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C2545D4F820096E62B1D5F1FCC08F33" authority="COPE, 1869 SENSU NESBITT, 2011 AVEMETATARSALIA BENTON, 1999 SENSU NESBITT ET AL." authorityName="COPE, 1869 SENSU NESBITT, 2011 AVEMETATARSALIA BENTON" authorityYear="1999" class="Archosauria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">
ARCHOSAURIA COPE, 1869
<emphasis id="B951E245F820096E63E8D5F1FDF88ED2" box="[494,560,733,756]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">SENSU</emphasis>
NESBITT, 2011 AVEMETATARSALIA BENTON, 1999
<emphasis id="B951E245F820096E6010D5D1FD908F32" box="[534,600,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">SENSU</emphasis>
NESBITT ET AL.
</taxonomicName>
,
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9A3E57F820096E63ACD431FCD18F73" blockId="10.[119,793,733,853]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
2017 ORNITHODIRA GAUTHIER, 1986
<emphasis id="B951E245F820096E63E2D411FDEE8F72" box="[484,550,829,852]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">SENSU</emphasis>
NESBITT ET AL., 2017
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33F6DDCF820096E6390D44BFE318F59" box="[406,505,871,895]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9A3E57F820096E6390D44BFE318F59" blockId="10.[406,505,871,895]" box="[406,505,871,895]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
<figureCitation id="131E22D2F820096E6390D44BFE318F59" box="[406,505,871,895]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[112,183,1791,1813]" captionTargetBox="[769,1416,205,1767]" captionTargetId="figure-230@11.[808,1105,863,1764]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. AE. Left ornithodiran metatarsal I, PEFO 34741 in lateral (A), dorsal (B), medial (C), proximal (D), and distal (E) view. FJ. Right ornithodiran metatarsal I, PEFO 44217 in lateral (F), dorsal (G), medial (H), proximal (I), and distal (J) view. KO. Right dinosauromorph tibia, PEFO 44476 in medial (K), medial (L), proximal (M), posterior (N), and distal (O) view.P. Right dinosauriform scapula, PEFO 26678 in lateral view.Q. Right dinosauriform scapulocoracoid, PEFO 46207 in lateral view. Abbreviations: cc, cnemial crest; cf, coracoid foramen; co, coracoid; cs, cross-section; de, distal end; gl, glenoid; lc, lateral condyle; lp, lip; mc, medial condyle; pe, proximal end; r, ridge; sc, scapula. Scale bars=1 cm, arrows point in anterior direction (note that PEFO 44476 is broken in two pieces within the block, that those are perpendicular to one another in the block, and the written arrow on the matrix in L is a preparation mark and does not indicate direction)." pageId="10" pageNumber="9">FIG. 4AJ</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33F6DDCF820096E6296D4BFFE4B883E" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B9A3E57F820096E6296D4BFFE4B883E" blockId="10.[112,801,915,1950]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B951E245F820096E6296D4BFFDAB8F8B" bold="true" box="[144,611,915,942]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Referred specimens and localities</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F820096E6079D4B8FD0C8F88" box="[639,708,916,942]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7x98-r3em" name="Petrified Forest" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">PEFO</collectionCode>
36741 (
<figureCitation id="131E22D2F820096E627FD49BFF3B8FF7" box="[121,243,951,977]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[112,183,1791,1813]" captionTargetBox="[769,1416,205,1767]" captionTargetId="figure-230@11.[808,1105,863,1764]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. AE. Left ornithodiran metatarsal I, PEFO 34741 in lateral (A), dorsal (B), medial (C), proximal (D), and distal (E) view. FJ. Right ornithodiran metatarsal I, PEFO 44217 in lateral (F), dorsal (G), medial (H), proximal (I), and distal (J) view. KO. Right dinosauromorph tibia, PEFO 44476 in medial (K), medial (L), proximal (M), posterior (N), and distal (O) view.P. Right dinosauriform scapula, PEFO 26678 in lateral view.Q. Right dinosauriform scapulocoracoid, PEFO 46207 in lateral view. Abbreviations: cc, cnemial crest; cf, coracoid foramen; co, coracoid; cs, cross-section; de, distal end; gl, glenoid; lc, lateral condyle; lp, lip; mc, medial condyle; pe, proximal end; r, ridge; sc, scapula. Scale bars=1 cm, arrows point in anterior direction (note that PEFO 44476 is broken in two pieces within the block, that those are perpendicular to one another in the block, and the written arrow on the matrix in L is a preparation mark and does not indicate direction)." pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4AE</figureCitation>
), left metatarsal I,
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F820096E63D5D49BFDCD8FF7" box="[467,517,951,977]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">PFV</collectionCode>
215: Zuni Well Mound,
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F820096E6276D4F6FF638FD2" box="[112,171,986,1012]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">PFM</collectionCode>
;
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F820096E62B2D4F6FF3F8FD2" box="[180,247,986,1012]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7x98-r3em" name="Petrified Forest" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">PEFO</collectionCode>
44217 (
<figureCitation id="131E22D2F820096E635FD4F6FE0D8FD2" box="[345,453,986,1012]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[112,183,1791,1813]" captionTargetBox="[769,1416,205,1767]" captionTargetId="figure-230@11.[808,1105,863,1764]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. AE. Left ornithodiran metatarsal I, PEFO 34741 in lateral (A), dorsal (B), medial (C), proximal (D), and distal (E) view. FJ. Right ornithodiran metatarsal I, PEFO 44217 in lateral (F), dorsal (G), medial (H), proximal (I), and distal (J) view. KO. Right dinosauromorph tibia, PEFO 44476 in medial (K), medial (L), proximal (M), posterior (N), and distal (O) view.P. Right dinosauriform scapula, PEFO 26678 in lateral view.Q. Right dinosauriform scapulocoracoid, PEFO 46207 in lateral view. Abbreviations: cc, cnemial crest; cf, coracoid foramen; co, coracoid; cs, cross-section; de, distal end; gl, glenoid; lc, lateral condyle; lp, lip; mc, medial condyle; pe, proximal end; r, ridge; sc, scapula. Scale bars=1 cm, arrows point in anterior direction (note that PEFO 44476 is broken in two pieces within the block, that those are perpendicular to one another in the block, and the written arrow on the matrix in L is a preparation mark and does not indicate direction)." pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4FJ</figureCitation>
), right metatarsal I,
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F820096E60B4D4F6FD2C8FD2" box="[690,740,986,1012]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">PFV</collectionCode>
217: Dinosaur Wash,
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F820096E633DD4D2FE48883E" box="[315,384,1022,1048]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e0n2-eyvk" name="Buergermeister Mueller, Museum" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">BMM</collectionCode>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33F6DDCF820096E6296D333FAF58F37" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9A3E57F820096E6296D333FAF58F37" blockId="10.[112,801,915,1950]" lastBlockId="10.[832,1520,195,785]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B951E245F820096E6296D333FD54881F" bold="true" box="[144,668,1055,1082]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Description and rationale for assignment</emphasis>
—Metatarsals I of PEFO 36741 and PEFO 44217 are proportionally long and slender metapodials and, as observed by the crushing of PEFO 34741, hollow. The proximal end of PEFO 34371 is twisted with respect to the distal end. In proximal view, the medial surface is nearly straight where it would articulate with metatarsal II, and the lateral edge is rounded, making a subtriangular proximal outline (
<figureCitation id="131E22D2F820096E60F4D23EFF678969" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[112,183,1791,1813]" captionTargetBox="[769,1416,205,1767]" captionTargetId="figure-230@11.[808,1105,863,1764]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. AE. Left ornithodiran metatarsal I, PEFO 34741 in lateral (A), dorsal (B), medial (C), proximal (D), and distal (E) view. FJ. Right ornithodiran metatarsal I, PEFO 44217 in lateral (F), dorsal (G), medial (H), proximal (I), and distal (J) view. KO. Right dinosauromorph tibia, PEFO 44476 in medial (K), medial (L), proximal (M), posterior (N), and distal (O) view.P. Right dinosauriform scapula, PEFO 26678 in lateral view.Q. Right dinosauriform scapulocoracoid, PEFO 46207 in lateral view. Abbreviations: cc, cnemial crest; cf, coracoid foramen; co, coracoid; cs, cross-section; de, distal end; gl, glenoid; lc, lateral condyle; lp, lip; mc, medial condyle; pe, proximal end; r, ridge; sc, scapula. Scale bars=1 cm, arrows point in anterior direction (note that PEFO 44476 is broken in two pieces within the block, that those are perpendicular to one another in the block, and the written arrow on the matrix in L is a preparation mark and does not indicate direction)." pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4D, I</figureCitation>
). The proximal outline is mediolaterally narrow, which indicates that the metatarsus was compact, not splayed (Ezcurra 2016:565-1). A compact metatarsus is present in ornithodirans and some early crocodylomorphs (Nesbitt 2011, Ezcurra 2016). The proximal surface of PEFO 36741 and PEFO 44217 is flat, would articulate with the distal tarsals, and would reach the proximal extent of metatarsal II, unlike in neotheropods where metatarsal I is more distally placed along the back of the metatarsus (Rauhut 2003, Nesbitt 2011:385-1). The distal end is asymmetrical, such that the medial condyle is more prominent than the lateral (
<figureCitation id="131E22D2F820096E60A6D19EFCDB8AEB" box="[672,787,1714,1741]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[112,183,1791,1813]" captionTargetBox="[769,1416,205,1767]" captionTargetId="figure-230@11.[808,1105,863,1764]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. AE. Left ornithodiran metatarsal I, PEFO 34741 in lateral (A), dorsal (B), medial (C), proximal (D), and distal (E) view. FJ. Right ornithodiran metatarsal I, PEFO 44217 in lateral (F), dorsal (G), medial (H), proximal (I), and distal (J) view. KO. Right dinosauromorph tibia, PEFO 44476 in medial (K), medial (L), proximal (M), posterior (N), and distal (O) view.P. Right dinosauriform scapula, PEFO 26678 in lateral view.Q. Right dinosauriform scapulocoracoid, PEFO 46207 in lateral view. Abbreviations: cc, cnemial crest; cf, coracoid foramen; co, coracoid; cs, cross-section; de, distal end; gl, glenoid; lc, lateral condyle; lp, lip; mc, medial condyle; pe, proximal end; r, ridge; sc, scapula. Scale bars=1 cm, arrows point in anterior direction (note that PEFO 44476 is broken in two pieces within the block, that those are perpendicular to one another in the block, and the written arrow on the matrix in L is a preparation mark and does not indicate direction)." pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4E, J</figureCitation>
). Both distal condyles have a collateral ligament fossa. In dorsal view, the medial condyle projects distally further than the lateral. The distal condyles of metatarsal I in the crocodylomorphs
<taxonomicName id="4C2545D4F820096E6388D010FF0F8B5C" authority="Brown (1933)" authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="1933" class="Reptilia" family="Protosuchidae" genus="Protosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="richardsoni">
<emphasis id="B951E245F820096E6388D010FD088B7E" box="[398,704,1852,1880]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Protosuchus richardsoni</emphasis>
Brown (1933)
</taxonomicName>
(AMNH FR 3024), Colbert and Mook 1951: fig. 20b) and
<taxonomicName id="4C2545D4F820096E62EAD0ADFD748BBA" authority="Crush (1984)" authorityName="Crush" authorityYear="1984" box="[236,700,1921,1950]" class="Reptilia" family="Saltoposuchidae" genus="Terrestrisuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Prolacertiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B951E245F820096E62EAD0ADFDC38BB8" box="[236,523,1921,1950]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Terrestrisuchus gracilis</emphasis>
Crush (1984)
</taxonomicName>
are not asymmetrical (Crush 1984: fig. 10e). Asymmetrical distal condyles of metatarsal I are found in
<taxonomicName id="4C2545D4F820096E6703D7C9FB4E8D05" authority="Crompton and Charig" authorityName="Crompton and Charig" class="Reptilia" family="Heterodontosauridae" genus="Heterodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tucki">
<emphasis id="B951E245F820096E6703D7C9FCB48D02" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Heterodontosaurus tucki</emphasis>
Crompton and Charig
</taxonomicName>
(1962, SAM-PK-K1332) (Santa Lucas 1980: fig. 20b),
<taxonomicName id="4C2545D4F820096E6670D607FA388D61" authority="Sereno et al." authorityName="Sereno" box="[1142,1520,299,327]" class="Reptilia" genus="Eoraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lunensis">
<emphasis id="B951E245F820096E6670D607FA868D61" box="[1142,1358,299,327]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Eoraptor lunensis</emphasis>
Sereno et al.
</taxonomicName>
(1993, PVSJ 512) (Sereno et al. 2012: fig. 91b),
<taxonomicName id="4C2545D4F820096E6776D67CFBA38DAB" authority="Langer et al." authorityName="Langer" class="Reptilia" genus="Saturnalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tupiniquim">
<emphasis id="B951E245F820096E6776D67CFC0F8DA8" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Saturnalia tupiniquim</emphasis>
Langer et al.
</taxonomicName>
(1999, MCP PV 3844) (Langer 2003: fig. 7e),
<taxonomicName id="4C2545D4F820096E660FD6B9FA278D96" authority="Reig" authorityName="Reig" authorityYear="1963" box="[1033,1519,405,435]" class="Reptilia" family="Herrerasauridae" genus="Herrerasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ischigualastensis">
<emphasis id="B951E245F820096E660FD6B9FA638D95" box="[1033,1451,405,435]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis</emphasis>
Reig
</taxonomicName>
(1963, PVSJ 373) (Novas 1993: fig. 9j) and
<taxonomicName id="4C2545D4F820096E6762D696FC4A8DD1" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1887" class="Reptilia" family="Coelophysidae" genus="Coelophysis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bauri">
<emphasis id="B951E245F820096E6762D696FC4A8DD1" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Coelophysis bauri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNA V3320, Nesbitt 2011: fig. 48f), but not in the non-dinosaur dinosauriform
<taxonomicName id="4C2545D4F820096E66AED6D2FCB38E1B" authority="Nesbitt et al." authorityName="Nesbitt" family="Silesauridae" genus="Asilisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kongwe">
<emphasis id="B951E245F820096E66AED6D2FA598E3A" box="[1192,1425,510,540]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Asilisaurus kongwe</emphasis>
Nesbitt et al.
</taxonomicName>
(2010, NMT RB159) (Nesbitt et al. 2019: fig. 53e). The PEFO specimens are identical to metatarsal I of GR 1033 (Nesbitt et al. 2009a: fig. 2j), a partial skeleton of
<emphasis id="B951E245F820096E6146D5A7FC4A8E81" box="[832,898,651,679]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Tawa</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2545D4F820096E6180D5A7FB1A8E81" authority="Nesbitt et al. (2009 a)" authorityName="Nesbitt" authorityYear="2009" box="[902,1234,651,679]" class="Reptilia" family="Stagonolepididae" genus="Typothorax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aetosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hallae">
<emphasis id="B951E245F820096E6180D5A7FC188E81" box="[902,976,651,679]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">hallae</emphasis>
Nesbitt et al. (2009a)
</taxonomicName>
. We assign PEFO 36741 and PEFO 44217 to non-neotheropod Ornithodira owing to the presence of a compact metatarsal I that is not distally positioned down the metatarsus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document id="A8B1C4DAA7ACE4C30D21E63AFF383009" ID-DOI="10.5070/P9371050859" ID-ISSN="0031-0298" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1726019095505" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Marsh, Adam D. &amp; Parker, William G." docDate="2022" docId="038C8F41F824096A6288D2ADFB2D8F15" docLanguage="en" docName="PaleoBios.37.50859.pdf" docOrigin="PaleoBios 37" docStyle="DocumentStyle:2D14AFDE223D5FD9EB1703D6A63DEF6C.1:PaleoBios.2018-2021.journal_article" docStyleId="2D14AFDE223D5FD9EB1703D6A63DEF6C" docStyleName="PaleoBios.2018-2021.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Dinosauria OWEN 1842" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="FFB5F739F82A09646206D72CFFC88C26" masterDocTitle="New dinosauromorph specimens from Petrified Forest National Park and a global biostratigraphic review of Triassic dinosauromorph body fossils" masterLastPageNumber="56" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="13" updateTime="1726078387551" updateUser="felipe" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0">
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<mods:title id="3DD870008865C1251E4947C9C36AF67D">New dinosauromorph specimens from Petrified Forest National Park and a global biostratigraphic review of Triassic dinosauromorph body fossils</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A9260D1F7ACB6BAFE0803947A29170EE">Marsh, Adam D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7C63045C52F76C42188EE9491080C6DD">Parker, William G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="778179C022F403B4DE38E12DCA03EF18">2022</mods:date>
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<paragraph id="8B9A3E57F824096A6288D2ADFCCA89BF" blockId="14.[142,770,1409,1471]" box="[142,770,1409,1433]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
<heading id="D0D2893BF824096A6288D2ADFCCA89BF" allCaps="true" box="[142,770,1409,1433]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C2545D4F824096A6288D2ADFD4089BF" authority="OWEN, 1842 SENSU PADIAN AND" authorityName="OWEN" authorityYear="1842" box="[142,648,1409,1433]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">
DINOSAURIA OWEN, 1842
<emphasis id="B951E245F824096A63BDD2ADFE3589BE" box="[443,509,1409,1432]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">SENSU</emphasis>
PADIAN AND
</taxonomicName>
MAY, 1993
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33F6DDCF824096A6397D28BFE368999" box="[401,510,1447,1471]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9A3E57F824096A6397D28BFE368999" blockId="14.[142,770,1409,1471]" box="[401,510,1447,1471]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
<figureCitation id="131E22D2F824096A6397D28BFE368999" box="[401,510,1447,1471]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="15.[112,179,1765,1787]" captionTargetBox="[229,1376,1229,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-45@15.[706,902,1480,1735]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 6. AD. Proximal ends of right and left dinosaur femora, PEFO 44475 in proximal (A, C) and anterior view (B, D). E, F. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34583 in proximal (E) and anterior (F) view. G, H. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34863 in proximal (G) and anterior (H) view.I, J. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 21660/UCMP 126751 in distal (I) and posterior (J) view. K, L. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 33956 in distal (K) and posterior (L) view. M, N. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 44469 in distal (M) and posterior (N) view. O, P. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 34562 in distal (O) and posterior (P) view. Q, R. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 44474 in distal (Q) and posterior (R) view. S, T. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 42987/UWBM 117640 in distal (S) and posterior (T) view. Abbreviations: at, anterior trochanter; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; g, groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; ve, ventral emargination. Scale bars=1 cm, arrows point in anterior direction." pageId="14" pageNumber="13">FIG. 6AH</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33F6DDCF824096A6296D2FFFD958AB8" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B9A3E57F824096A6296D2FFFD958AB8" blockId="14.[112,800,1491,1939]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B951E245F824096A6296D2FFFDAB89CB" bold="true" box="[144,611,1491,1518]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Referred specimens and localities</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F824096A6079D2F8FD0C89C8" box="[639,708,1492,1518]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7x98-r3em" name="Petrified Forest" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">PEFO</collectionCode>
44475 (
<figureCitation id="131E22D2F824096A627FD2DBFF3E8A36" box="[121,246,1526,1553]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="15.[112,179,1765,1787]" captionTargetBox="[229,1376,1229,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-45@15.[706,902,1480,1735]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 6. AD. Proximal ends of right and left dinosaur femora, PEFO 44475 in proximal (A, C) and anterior view (B, D). E, F. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34583 in proximal (E) and anterior (F) view. G, H. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34863 in proximal (G) and anterior (H) view.I, J. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 21660/UCMP 126751 in distal (I) and posterior (J) view. K, L. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 33956 in distal (K) and posterior (L) view. M, N. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 44469 in distal (M) and posterior (N) view. O, P. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 34562 in distal (O) and posterior (P) view. Q, R. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 44474 in distal (Q) and posterior (R) view. S, T. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 42987/UWBM 117640 in distal (S) and posterior (T) view. Abbreviations: at, anterior trochanter; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; g, groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; ve, ventral emargination. Scale bars=1 cm, arrows point in anterior direction." pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 6AD</figureCitation>
), proximal ends of left and right femora,
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F824096A60E8D2DBFCE88A37" box="[750,800,1527,1553]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">PFV</collectionCode>
376: Scour Sandstone,
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F824096A6391D136FE1B8A12" box="[407,467,1562,1588]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">PFM</collectionCode>
;
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F824096A63E4D136FDEF8A12" box="[482,551,1562,1588]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7x98-r3em" name="Petrified Forest" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">PEFO</collectionCode>
34583 (
<figureCitation id="131E22D2F824096A6092D136FCDA8A12" box="[660,786,1562,1588]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="15.[112,179,1765,1787]" captionTargetBox="[229,1376,1229,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-45@15.[706,902,1480,1735]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 6. AD. Proximal ends of right and left dinosaur femora, PEFO 44475 in proximal (A, C) and anterior view (B, D). E, F. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34583 in proximal (E) and anterior (F) view. G, H. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34863 in proximal (G) and anterior (H) view.I, J. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 21660/UCMP 126751 in distal (I) and posterior (J) view. K, L. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 33956 in distal (K) and posterior (L) view. M, N. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 44469 in distal (M) and posterior (N) view. O, P. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 34562 in distal (O) and posterior (P) view. Q, R. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 44474 in distal (Q) and posterior (R) view. S, T. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 42987/UWBM 117640 in distal (S) and posterior (T) view. Abbreviations: at, anterior trochanter; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; g, groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; ve, ventral emargination. Scale bars=1 cm, arrows point in anterior direction." pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 6E, F</figureCitation>
), proximal end of left femur,
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F824096A63C5D112FE3D8A7E" box="[451,501,1598,1624]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">PFV</collectionCode>
332: Chinde Valley Pin- nacle,
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F824096A62BAD14DFF308A5D" box="[188,248,1633,1659]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">PFM</collectionCode>
;
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F824096A6307D14CFE8D8A5C" box="[257,325,1632,1658]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7x98-r3em" name="Petrified Forest" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">PEFO</collectionCode>
34863 (
<figureCitation id="131E22D2F824096A63AED14CFDE88A5C" box="[424,544,1632,1658]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="15.[112,179,1765,1787]" captionTargetBox="[229,1376,1229,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-45@15.[706,902,1480,1735]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 6. AD. Proximal ends of right and left dinosaur femora, PEFO 44475 in proximal (A, C) and anterior view (B, D). E, F. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34583 in proximal (E) and anterior (F) view. G, H. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34863 in proximal (G) and anterior (H) view.I, J. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 21660/UCMP 126751 in distal (I) and posterior (J) view. K, L. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 33956 in distal (K) and posterior (L) view. M, N. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 44469 in distal (M) and posterior (N) view. O, P. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 34562 in distal (O) and posterior (P) view. Q, R. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 44474 in distal (Q) and posterior (R) view. S, T. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 42987/UWBM 117640 in distal (S) and posterior (T) view. Abbreviations: at, anterior trochanter; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; g, groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; ve, ventral emargination. Scale bars=1 cm, arrows point in anterior direction." pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 6G, H</figureCitation>
), proximal end of left femur,
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F824096A62C3D1A8FF3F8AB8" box="[197,247,1668,1694]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">PFV</collectionCode>
215: Zuni Well Mound,
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F824096A6018D1A8FD918AB8" box="[542,601,1668,1694]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">PFM</collectionCode>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33F6DDCF824096A6296D18AFB2D8F15" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9A3E57F824096A6296D18AFCE88BB4" blockId="14.[112,800,1491,1939]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B951E245F824096A6296D18AFD738AE6" bold="true" box="[144,699,1702,1728]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Description and rationale for assignment</emphasis>
—These proximal ends of femora are highly fragmentary and weathered; each of them is broken proximal to the fourth trochanter. Each preserves a mound-like anterior trochanter that remains attached to the shaft proximally (Nesbitt 2011:308-1) (
<figureCitation id="131E22D2F824096A638DD079FE208B49" box="[395,488,1877,1903]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="15.[112,179,1765,1787]" captionTargetBox="[229,1376,1229,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-45@15.[706,902,1480,1735]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 6. AD. Proximal ends of right and left dinosaur femora, PEFO 44475 in proximal (A, C) and anterior view (B, D). E, F. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34583 in proximal (E) and anterior (F) view. G, H. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34863 in proximal (G) and anterior (H) view.I, J. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 21660/UCMP 126751 in distal (I) and posterior (J) view. K, L. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 33956 in distal (K) and posterior (L) view. M, N. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 44469 in distal (M) and posterior (N) view. O, P. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 34562 in distal (O) and posterior (P) view. Q, R. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 44474 in distal (Q) and posterior (R) view. S, T. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 42987/UWBM 117640 in distal (S) and posterior (T) view. Abbreviations: at, anterior trochanter; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; g, groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; ve, ventral emargination. Scale bars=1 cm, arrows point in anterior direction." pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
), which is a feature present in Dinosauriformes, e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C2545D4F824096A63D0D05BFD138BB5" box="[470,731,1911,1939]" class="Reptilia" genus="Marasuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lilloensis">
<emphasis id="B951E245F824096A63D0D05BFD138BB5" box="[470,731,1911,1939]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Marasuchus lilloensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(PVL
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9A3E57F824096A6146D7EFFB2D8F15" blockId="14.[832,1521,193,820]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
3871, Sereno and Arcucci 1994: fig. 8b),
<taxonomicName id="4C2545D4F824096A6763D7EDFC578D24" family="Silesauridae" genus="Asilisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kongwe">
<emphasis id="B951E245F824096A6763D7EDFC578D24" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Asilisaurus kongwe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NMT RB159, Nesbitt et al. 2019: fig. 42d), and
<taxonomicName id="4C2545D4F824096A6146D624FBF48D02" box="[832,1084,264,292]" class="Reptilia" genus="Buriolestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schultzi">
<emphasis id="B951E245F824096A6146D624FBF48D02" box="[832,1084,264,292]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Buriolestes schultzi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ULBRA-PVT280, Cabreira et al. 2016: fig. 1n). Unlike the smooth transition between the ventromedial margin of the femoral head and the shaft (Nesbitt 2011:304-0) found in early dinosauromorphs, e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C2545D4F824096A617FD6BAFAC98D97" authority="Romer" authorityName="Romer" authorityYear="1971" box="[889,1281,405,434]" class="Reptilia" family="Lagerpetonidae" genus="Lagerpeton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chanarensis">
<emphasis id="B951E245F824096A617FD6BAFB6B8D97" box="[889,1187,405,434]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Lagerpeton chanarensis</emphasis>
Romer
</taxonomicName>
(1971, PVL 4619) (Nesbitt et al. 2009b: fig. 3a), and
<taxonomicName id="4C2545D4F824096A66F4D694FA388DF2" box="[1266,1520,440,468]" class="Reptilia" family="Lagerpetonidae" genus="Dromomeron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="romeri">
<emphasis id="B951E245F824096A66F4D694FA388DF2" box="[1266,1520,440,468]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Dromomeron romeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(GR 218, Nesbitt et al. 2009b: fig. 1a) and the ventral notch (Nesbitt 2011:304-1) present on silesaurid femora (see above), these femora exhibit a concave emargination ventral to the femoral head (Nesbitt 2011:304-2) (
<figureCitation id="131E22D2F824096A67C7D56AFCAF8EA5" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="15.[112,179,1765,1787]" captionTargetBox="[229,1376,1229,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-45@15.[706,902,1480,1735]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 6. AD. Proximal ends of right and left dinosaur femora, PEFO 44475 in proximal (A, C) and anterior view (B, D). E, F. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34583 in proximal (E) and anterior (F) view. G, H. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34863 in proximal (G) and anterior (H) view.I, J. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 21660/UCMP 126751 in distal (I) and posterior (J) view. K, L. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 33956 in distal (K) and posterior (L) view. M, N. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 44469 in distal (M) and posterior (N) view. O, P. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 34562 in distal (O) and posterior (P) view. Q, R. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 44474 in distal (Q) and posterior (R) view. S, T. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 42987/UWBM 117640 in distal (S) and posterior (T) view. Abbreviations: at, anterior trochanter; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; g, groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; ve, ventral emargination. Scale bars=1 cm, arrows point in anterior direction." pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 6H</figureCitation>
), which is apomorphic for dinosaurs, e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C2545D4F824096A6784D544FC5C8E81" class="Reptilia" genus="Eocursor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvus">
<emphasis id="B951E245F824096A6784D544FC5C8E81" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Eocursor parvus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(SAM-PK-K8025, Butler 2009: fig. 15d),
<taxonomicName id="4C2545D4F824096A6798D5A7FB668EEC" authority="Martinez et al." authorityName="Martinez" class="Reptilia" genus="Eodromaeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="murphi">
<emphasis id="B951E245F824096A6798D5A7FC398EEC" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Eodromaeus murphi</emphasis>
Martínez et al.
</taxonomicName>
(2011, PVSJ 562: fig. 2k), and
<taxonomicName id="4C2545D4F824096A617FD5FDFAC08EC9" authorityName="Reig" authorityYear="1963" box="[889,1288,721,751]" class="Reptilia" family="Herrerasauridae" genus="Herrerasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ischigualastensis">
<emphasis id="B951E245F824096A617FD5FDFAC08EC9" box="[889,1288,721,751]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(PVSJ 373, Novas 1993: fig. 7c). Thus, we assign these fragmentary proximal ends of femora to
<taxonomicName id="4C2545D4F824096A6653D435FB298F15" authorityName="OWEN" authorityYear="1842" box="[1109,1249,793,819]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Dinosauria</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document id="4BA16998E99C6AAE5CAF0DEC46DF1011" ID-DOI="10.5070/P9371050859" ID-ISSN="0031-0298" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1726019095505" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Marsh, Adam D. &amp; Parker, William G." docDate="2022" docId="038C8F41F8240974614CD462FF3489E9" docLanguage="en" docName="PaleoBios.37.50859.pdf" docOrigin="PaleoBios 37" docStyle="DocumentStyle:2D14AFDE223D5FD9EB1703D6A63DEF6C.1:PaleoBios.2018-2021.journal_article" docStyleId="2D14AFDE223D5FD9EB1703D6A63DEF6C" docStyleName="PaleoBios.2018-2021.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Saurischia SEELEY, 1887 SENSU GAUTHIER 1986" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="15" masterDocId="FFB5F739F82A09646206D72CFFC88C26" masterDocTitle="New dinosauromorph specimens from Petrified Forest National Park and a global biostratigraphic review of Triassic dinosauromorph body fossils" masterLastPageNumber="56" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="13" updateTime="1726078387551" updateUser="felipe" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0">
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<mods:title id="8E5B4EE36D2188B36AD96590A01EE675">New dinosauromorph specimens from Petrified Forest National Park and a global biostratigraphic review of Triassic dinosauromorph body fossils</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7244C027B29D7B17CEBA2CE97C4FE266">Marsh, Adam D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5AB19ECA6FA7BEBFB4B01F16C9275CA1">Parker, William G.</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="C33F6DDCF824096A614CD462FAF38FA0" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9A3E57F824096A614CD462FAF38FA0" blockId="14.[842,1510,846,940]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
<heading id="D0D2893BF824096A614CD462FAF38FA0" allCaps="true" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C2545D4F824096A614CD462FABF8F40" authority="SEELEY, 1887 SENSU GAUTHIER, 1986" authorityName="SEELEY, 1887 SENSU GAUTHIER" authorityYear="1986" box="[842,1399,846,870]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">
SAURISCHIA SEELEY, 1887
<emphasis id="B951E245F824096A667ED462FB728F43" box="[1144,1210,846,869]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">SENSU</emphasis>
GAUTHIER, 1986
</taxonomicName>
(=EUSAU- RISCHIA PADIAN ET AL., 1999)
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33F6DDCF824096A6661D4B8FB018F8A" box="[1127,1225,916,940]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9A3E57F824096A6661D4B8FB018F8A" blockId="14.[842,1510,846,940]" box="[1127,1225,916,940]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
<figureCitation id="131E22D2F824096A6661D4B8FB018F8A" box="[1127,1225,916,940]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="15.[112,179,1765,1787]" captionTargetBox="[229,1376,1229,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-45@15.[706,902,1480,1735]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 6. AD. Proximal ends of right and left dinosaur femora, PEFO 44475 in proximal (A, C) and anterior view (B, D). E, F. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34583 in proximal (E) and anterior (F) view. G, H. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34863 in proximal (G) and anterior (H) view.I, J. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 21660/UCMP 126751 in distal (I) and posterior (J) view. K, L. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 33956 in distal (K) and posterior (L) view. M, N. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 44469 in distal (M) and posterior (N) view. O, P. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 34562 in distal (O) and posterior (P) view. Q, R. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 44474 in distal (Q) and posterior (R) view. S, T. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 42987/UWBM 117640 in distal (S) and posterior (T) view. Abbreviations: at, anterior trochanter; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; g, groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; ve, ventral emargination. Scale bars=1 cm, arrows point in anterior direction." pageId="14" pageNumber="13">FIG. 6IT</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33F6DDCF824096A6166D4ECFA28891C" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B9A3E57F824096A6166D4ECFA28891C" blockId="14.[832,1520,960,1936]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B951E245F824096A6166D4ECFAEF8FFC" bold="true" box="[864,1319,960,986]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Referred specimens and localities</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F824096A6742D4ECFA418FFC" box="[1348,1417,960,986]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7x98-r3em" name="Petrified Forest" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">PEFO</collectionCode>
21660/
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F824096A6146D4C8FC448FD8" box="[832,908,996,1022]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2fxn-eays" name="University of California Museum of Paleontology" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="University or college">UCMP</collectionCode>
126751 (
<figureCitation id="131E22D2F824096A6602D4CFFBA58FD8" box="[1028,1133,995,1022]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="15.[112,179,1765,1787]" captionTargetBox="[229,1376,1229,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-45@15.[706,902,1480,1735]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 6. AD. Proximal ends of right and left dinosaur femora, PEFO 44475 in proximal (A, C) and anterior view (B, D). E, F. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34583 in proximal (E) and anterior (F) view. G, H. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34863 in proximal (G) and anterior (H) view.I, J. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 21660/UCMP 126751 in distal (I) and posterior (J) view. K, L. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 33956 in distal (K) and posterior (L) view. M, N. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 44469 in distal (M) and posterior (N) view. O, P. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 34562 in distal (O) and posterior (P) view. Q, R. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 44474 in distal (Q) and posterior (R) view. S, T. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 42987/UWBM 117640 in distal (S) and posterior (T) view. Abbreviations: at, anterior trochanter; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; g, groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; ve, ventral emargination. Scale bars=1 cm, arrows point in anterior direction." pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 6I, J</figureCitation>
), distal end of right femur,
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F824096A67B8D4C8FA388FD8" box="[1470,1520,996,1022]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">PFV</collectionCode>
071: Flattops W,
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F824096A6609D32BFB938807" box="[1039,1115,1031,1057]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2fxn-eays" name="University of California Museum of Paleontology" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="University or college">UCMP</collectionCode>
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F824096A6667D32AFBBF8807" box="[1121,1143,1030,1057]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
82259,
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F824096A66D6D32BFAC48807" box="[1232,1292,1031,1057]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">PFM</collectionCode>
;
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F824096A6711D32BFA938807" box="[1303,1371,1031,1057]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7x98-r3em" name="Petrified Forest" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">PEFO</collectionCode>
33956 (
<figureCitation id="131E22D2F824096A67C7D32BFC4C8862" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="15.[112,179,1765,1787]" captionTargetBox="[229,1376,1229,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-45@15.[706,902,1480,1735]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 6. AD. Proximal ends of right and left dinosaur femora, PEFO 44475 in proximal (A, C) and anterior view (B, D). E, F. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34583 in proximal (E) and anterior (F) view. G, H. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34863 in proximal (G) and anterior (H) view.I, J. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 21660/UCMP 126751 in distal (I) and posterior (J) view. K, L. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 33956 in distal (K) and posterior (L) view. M, N. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 44469 in distal (M) and posterior (N) view. O, P. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 34562 in distal (O) and posterior (P) view. Q, R. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 44474 in distal (Q) and posterior (R) view. S, T. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 42987/UWBM 117640 in distal (S) and posterior (T) view. Abbreviations: at, anterior trochanter; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; g, groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; ve, ventral emargination. Scale bars=1 cm, arrows point in anterior direction." pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 6KL</figureCitation>
), distal end of right femur,
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F824096A66C4D306FB3C8862" box="[1218,1268,1066,1092]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">PFV</collectionCode>
231: The Giving Site,
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F824096A6146D362FCB4884E" box="[832,892,1102,1128]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">PFM</collectionCode>
;
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F824096A6180D361FC028841" box="[902,970,1101,1127]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7x98-r3em" name="Petrified Forest" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">PEFO</collectionCode>
44469 (
<figureCitation id="131E22D2F824096A6629D361FB678841" box="[1071,1199,1101,1127]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="15.[112,179,1765,1787]" captionTargetBox="[229,1376,1229,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-45@15.[706,902,1480,1735]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 6. AD. Proximal ends of right and left dinosaur femora, PEFO 44475 in proximal (A, C) and anterior view (B, D). E, F. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34583 in proximal (E) and anterior (F) view. G, H. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34863 in proximal (G) and anterior (H) view.I, J. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 21660/UCMP 126751 in distal (I) and posterior (J) view. K, L. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 33956 in distal (K) and posterior (L) view. M, N. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 44469 in distal (M) and posterior (N) view. O, P. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 34562 in distal (O) and posterior (P) view. Q, R. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 44474 in distal (Q) and posterior (R) view. S, T. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 42987/UWBM 117640 in distal (S) and posterior (T) view. Abbreviations: at, anterior trochanter; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; g, groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; ve, ventral emargination. Scale bars=1 cm, arrows point in anterior direction." pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 6M, N</figureCitation>
), distal end of right femur,
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F824096A6146D35DFCBA88AD" box="[832,882,1137,1163]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">PFV</collectionCode>
451: Black Knoll E,
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F824096A6676D35DFB6488AD" box="[1136,1196,1137,1163]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">PFM</collectionCode>
;
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F824096A66BED35CFB3488AC" box="[1208,1276,1136,1162]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7x98-r3em" name="Petrified Forest" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">PEFO</collectionCode>
34562 (
<figureCitation id="131E22D2F824096A6760D35CFA2988AC" box="[1382,1505,1136,1162]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="15.[112,179,1765,1787]" captionTargetBox="[229,1376,1229,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-45@15.[706,902,1480,1735]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 6. AD. Proximal ends of right and left dinosaur femora, PEFO 44475 in proximal (A, C) and anterior view (B, D). E, F. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34583 in proximal (E) and anterior (F) view. G, H. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34863 in proximal (G) and anterior (H) view.I, J. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 21660/UCMP 126751 in distal (I) and posterior (J) view. K, L. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 33956 in distal (K) and posterior (L) view. M, N. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 44469 in distal (M) and posterior (N) view. O, P. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 34562 in distal (O) and posterior (P) view. Q, R. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 44474 in distal (Q) and posterior (R) view. S, T. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 42987/UWBM 117640 in distal (S) and posterior (T) view. Abbreviations: at, anterior trochanter; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; g, groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; ve, ventral emargination. Scale bars=1 cm, arrows point in anterior direction." pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 6O, P</figureCitation>
), distal end of left femur,
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F824096A6652D3B8FB4D8888" box="[1108,1157,1172,1198]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">PFV</collectionCode>
184: Clambake Amphitheater,
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F824096A6146D39BFCB488F7" box="[832,892,1207,1233]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">PFM</collectionCode>
;
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F824096A618ED39BFC0488F7" box="[904,972,1207,1233]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7x98-r3em" name="Petrified Forest" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">PEFO</collectionCode>
44474 (
<figureCitation id="131E22D2F824096A6631D39BFB7D88F7" box="[1079,1205,1206,1233]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="15.[112,179,1765,1787]" captionTargetBox="[229,1376,1229,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-45@15.[706,902,1480,1735]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 6. AD. Proximal ends of right and left dinosaur femora, PEFO 44475 in proximal (A, C) and anterior view (B, D). E, F. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34583 in proximal (E) and anterior (F) view. G, H. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34863 in proximal (G) and anterior (H) view.I, J. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 21660/UCMP 126751 in distal (I) and posterior (J) view. K, L. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 33956 in distal (K) and posterior (L) view. M, N. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 44469 in distal (M) and posterior (N) view. O, P. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 34562 in distal (O) and posterior (P) view. Q, R. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 44474 in distal (Q) and posterior (R) view. S, T. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 42987/UWBM 117640 in distal (S) and posterior (T) view. Abbreviations: at, anterior trochanter; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; g, groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; ve, ventral emargination. Scale bars=1 cm, arrows point in anterior direction." pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 6Q, R</figureCitation>
), distal end of left femur,
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F824096A6146D3F6FCBA88D2" box="[832,882,1242,1268]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">PFV</collectionCode>
492: Dead Wash NW2,
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F824096A66A4D3F6FB1688D2" box="[1186,1246,1242,1268]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">PFM</collectionCode>
;
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F824096A66EDD3F6FAE788D2" box="[1259,1327,1242,1268]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7x98-r3em" name="Petrified Forest" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">PEFO</collectionCode>
42987/
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F824096A6788D3F6FA3888D2" box="[1422,1520,1242,1268]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34878" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34878" name="University of Washington, Burke Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="Museum">UWBM</collectionCode>
117640 (
<figureCitation id="131E22D2F824096A61B2D3D1FBF88931" box="[948,1072,1277,1303]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="15.[112,179,1765,1787]" captionTargetBox="[229,1376,1229,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-45@15.[706,902,1480,1735]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 6. AD. Proximal ends of right and left dinosaur femora, PEFO 44475 in proximal (A, C) and anterior view (B, D). E, F. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34583 in proximal (E) and anterior (F) view. G, H. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34863 in proximal (G) and anterior (H) view.I, J. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 21660/UCMP 126751 in distal (I) and posterior (J) view. K, L. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 33956 in distal (K) and posterior (L) view. M, N. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 44469 in distal (M) and posterior (N) view. O, P. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 34562 in distal (O) and posterior (P) view. Q, R. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 44474 in distal (Q) and posterior (R) view. S, T. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 42987/UWBM 117640 in distal (S) and posterior (T) view. Abbreviations: at, anterior trochanter; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; g, groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; ve, ventral emargination. Scale bars=1 cm, arrows point in anterior direction." pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 6S, T</figureCitation>
), distal end of left femur,
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F824096A677AD3D2FA66893E" box="[1404,1454,1278,1304]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">PFV</collectionCode>
410: Kaye Quarry,
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F824096A61E0D20DFBF6891D" box="[998,1086,1313,1339]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34878" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34878" name="University of Washington, Burke Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="Museum">UWBM</collectionCode>
C2226, Jim Camp Wash beds,
<collectionCode id="ED34A692F824096A67B5D20CFA14891C" box="[1459,1500,1312,1338]" country="Malaysia" name="Sarawak Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">SM</collectionCode>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33F6DDCF82409746166D26FFF3489E9" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9A3E57F824096A6166D26FFA388BA9" blockId="14.[832,1520,960,1936]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B951E245F824096A6166D26FFA43897B" bold="true" box="[864,1419,1347,1373]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Description and rationale for assignment</emphasis>
—These distal ends of femora are all broken distal to the fourth trochanter, but they all preserve the distal medial and lateral condyles and
<emphasis id="B951E245F824096A6648D281FAF789E1" box="[1102,1343,1453,1479]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">crista tibiofibularis</emphasis>
, except PEFO 33956 (
<figureCitation id="131E22D2F824096A61A7D2FCFC3689CC" box="[929,1022,1488,1514]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="15.[112,179,1765,1787]" captionTargetBox="[229,1376,1229,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-45@15.[706,902,1480,1735]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 6. AD. Proximal ends of right and left dinosaur femora, PEFO 44475 in proximal (A, C) and anterior view (B, D). E, F. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34583 in proximal (E) and anterior (F) view. G, H. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34863 in proximal (G) and anterior (H) view.I, J. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 21660/UCMP 126751 in distal (I) and posterior (J) view. K, L. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 33956 in distal (K) and posterior (L) view. M, N. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 44469 in distal (M) and posterior (N) view. O, P. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 34562 in distal (O) and posterior (P) view. Q, R. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 44474 in distal (Q) and posterior (R) view. S, T. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 42987/UWBM 117640 in distal (S) and posterior (T) view. Abbreviations: at, anterior trochanter; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; g, groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; ve, ventral emargination. Scale bars=1 cm, arrows point in anterior direction." pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 6K</figureCitation>
), which is lacking most of the
<emphasis id="B951E245F824096A677FD2E2FC758A2B" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">crista tibiofibularis</emphasis>
. In all of the specimens, a groove divides the lateral condyle and
<emphasis id="B951E245F824096A6645D139FAFD8A16" box="[1091,1333,1557,1585]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">crista tibiofibularis</emphasis>
in distal view (Nesbitt 2011:322-1) (
<figureCitation id="131E22D2F824096A6666D115FB7C8A75" box="[1120,1204,1593,1619]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="15.[112,179,1765,1787]" captionTargetBox="[229,1376,1229,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-45@15.[706,902,1480,1735]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 6. AD. Proximal ends of right and left dinosaur femora, PEFO 44475 in proximal (A, C) and anterior view (B, D). E, F. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34583 in proximal (E) and anterior (F) view. G, H. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34863 in proximal (G) and anterior (H) view.I, J. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 21660/UCMP 126751 in distal (I) and posterior (J) view. K, L. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 33956 in distal (K) and posterior (L) view. M, N. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 44469 in distal (M) and posterior (N) view. O, P. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 34562 in distal (O) and posterior (P) view. Q, R. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 44474 in distal (Q) and posterior (R) view. S, T. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 42987/UWBM 117640 in distal (S) and posterior (T) view. Abbreviations: at, anterior trochanter; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; g, groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; ve, ventral emargination. Scale bars=1 cm, arrows point in anterior direction." pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 6I</figureCitation>
), which is a synapomor- phy of
<taxonomicName id="4C2545D4F824096A619DD170FBD68A50" authorityName="SEELEY, 1887 SENSU GAUTHIER" authorityYear="1986" box="[923,1054,1628,1654]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Saurischia</taxonomicName>
, e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C2545D4F824096A6663D177FA388A5F" authorityName="Reig" authorityYear="1963" box="[1125,1520,1627,1657]" class="Reptilia" family="Herrerasauridae" genus="Herrerasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ischigualastensis">
<emphasis id="B951E245F824096A6663D177FA388A5F" box="[1125,1520,1627,1657]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(PVSJ 373, Novas 1993: fig. 7f),
<taxonomicName id="4C2545D4F824096A66DBD1ACFA388ABC" box="[1245,1520,1662,1692]" class="Reptilia" genus="Saturnalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tupiniquim">
<emphasis id="B951E245F824096A66DBD1ACFA388ABC" box="[1245,1520,1662,1692]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Saturnalia tupiniquim</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MCP PV 3844, Langer 2003: fig. 4d), and
<taxonomicName id="4C2545D4F824096A6777D18FFA218A99" box="[1393,1513,1699,1727]" class="Reptilia" family="Coelophysidae" genus="Syntarsus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951E245F824096A6777D18FFA218A99" box="[1393,1513,1699,1727]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Syntarsus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B951E245F824096A6146D1EAFC2E8AC4" box="[832,998,1734,1762]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">kayentakatae</emphasis>
(MNA
<date id="FF9B1897F824096A6644D1E9FB518AF9" box="[1090,1177,1733,1759]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" value="2623-05">V2623</date>
). Furthermore, this groove opens posterolaterally in an obtuse angle in distal view in all these specimens. Shuvosaurid pseudosuchians have a similar morphology in the distal end of the femur but can be differentiated as their groove opens at a 90° angle (Parker and Irmis 2005). A similar groove is also
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9A3E57F825096B6309D7FDFCEE8CD1" blockId="15.[271,806,209,247]" box="[271,806,209,247]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">A C E</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9A3E57F825096B665FD7FDFBBB8CD1" blockId="15.[1113,1139,209,247]" box="[1113,1139,209,247]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">G</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9A3E57F825096B6308D67FFBBF8D5F" blockId="15.[270,1378,339,561]" box="[270,1143,339,377]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">B F H</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9A3E57F825096B66C5D575FCF48EA4" blockId="15.[250,1403,591,677]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">mc ctf g ctf g K mc</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9A3E57F825096B63FBD40FFDD98F1D" blockId="15.[509,529,803,827]" box="[509,529,803,827]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">lc</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9A3E57F825096B666DD45DFB408FB1" box="[1131,1160,881,919]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">N</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9A3E57F825096B675DD33EFAB1880C" blockId="15.[1371,1401,1042,1066]" box="[1371,1401,1042,1066]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">ctf</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9A3E57F825096B61BFD344FAA188B1" box="[953,1385,1128,1175]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">lc mc lc</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9A3E57F825096B6753D3C1FAB18922" box="[1365,1401,1261,1284]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">mc</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5A6EDFF825096B6276D1C9FD258BBC" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" startId="15.[112,179,1765,1787]" targetBox="[229,1376,1229,1735]" targetPageId="15" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9A3E57F825096B6276D1C9FD258BBC" blockId="15.[112,1513,1765,1946]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B6276D1C9FF0D8ADC" bold="true" box="[112,197,1765,1787]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Figure 6</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B62C9D1C9FF318ADC" bold="true" box="[207,249,1765,1787]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">AD</emphasis>
. Proximal ends of right and left dinosaur femora, PEFO 44475 in proximal (
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B61C9D1C9FC168ADC" bold="true" box="[975,990,1765,1786]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">A</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B61E1D1C9FC3C8ADD" bold="true" box="[999,1012,1765,1787]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">C</emphasis>
) and anterior view (
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B66BDD1C9FB028ADC" bold="true" box="[1211,1226,1765,1786]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">B</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B66D2D1C9FB2C8ADC" bold="true" box="[1236,1252,1765,1786]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">D</emphasis>
).
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B66F0D1C9FACB8ADC" bold="true" box="[1270,1283,1765,1786]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">E</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B670BD1C9FAD18ADC" bold="true" box="[1293,1305,1765,1786]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">F</emphasis>
. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34583 in proximal (
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B6001D1D0FDDC8B37" bold="true" box="[519,532,1788,1809]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">E</emphasis>
) and anterior (
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B60AED1D0FD7C8B37" bold="true" box="[680,692,1788,1809]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">F</emphasis>
) view.
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B60FED1D0FCCF8B34" bold="true" box="[760,775,1788,1810]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">G</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B6116D1D0FCE88B37" bold="true" box="[784,800,1788,1809]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">H</emphasis>
. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34863 in proximal (
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B6785D1D0FA5A8B34" bold="true" box="[1411,1426,1788,1810]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">G</emphasis>
) and anterior (
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B62CBD03FFF158B0E" bold="true" box="[205,221,1811,1832]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">H</emphasis>
) view.
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B6327D03FFEE18B0E" bold="true" box="[289,297,1811,1832]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">I</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B6335D03FFEF38B0E" bold="true" box="[307,315,1811,1832]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">J</emphasis>
. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 21660/UCMP 126751 in distal (
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B661DD03FFBEB8B0E" bold="true" box="[1051,1059,1811,1832]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">I</emphasis>
) and posterior (
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B66C7D03FFB018B0E" bold="true" box="[1217,1225,1811,1832]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">J</emphasis>
) view.
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B670BD03FFAD48B0E" bold="true" box="[1293,1308,1811,1832]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">K</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B6720D03FFAFA8B0E" bold="true" box="[1318,1330,1811,1832]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">L</emphasis>
. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 33956 in distal (
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B63F9D005FDC68B18" bold="true" box="[511,526,1833,1854]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">K</emphasis>
) and posterior (
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B60ABD005FD718B18" bold="true" box="[685,697,1833,1854]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">L</emphasis>
) view.
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B60FBD005FCD88B18" bold="true" box="[765,784,1833,1854]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">M</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B611CD005FCE18B18" bold="true" box="[794,809,1833,1854]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">N</emphasis>
. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 44469 in distal (
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B6775D005FA4E8B18" bold="true" box="[1395,1414,1833,1854]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">M</emphasis>
) and posterior (
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B62DED06CFF2F8B73" bold="true" box="[216,231,1856,1877]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">N</emphasis>
) view.
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B632DD06CFEF38B70" bold="true" box="[299,315,1856,1878]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">O</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B6342D06CFE9A8B73" bold="true" box="[324,338,1856,1877]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">P</emphasis>
. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 34562 in distal (
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B618BD06CFC558B70" bold="true" box="[909,925,1856,1878]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">O</emphasis>
) and posterior (
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B663AD06CFB828B73" bold="true" box="[1084,1098,1856,1877]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">P</emphasis>
) view.
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B6688D06CFB568B70" bold="true" box="[1166,1182,1856,1878]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Q</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B66A1D06CFB7E8B73" bold="true" box="[1191,1206,1856,1877]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">R</emphasis>
. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 44474 in distal (
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B638CD07AFE528B4A" bold="true" box="[394,410,1878,1900]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Q</emphasis>
) and posterior (
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B603FD07BFD808B4A" bold="true" box="[569,584,1879,1900]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">R</emphasis>
) view.
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B608AD07AFD508B4A" bold="true" box="[652,664,1878,1900]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">S</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B60A7D07BFD678B4A" bold="true" box="[673,687,1879,1900]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">T</emphasis>
. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 42987/UWBM 117640 in distal (
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B678CD07AFA5E8B4A" bold="true" box="[1418,1430,1878,1900]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">S</emphasis>
) and posterior (
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B62DED041FF2E8BA4" bold="true" box="[216,230,1901,1922]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">T</emphasis>
) view. Abbreviations:
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B63BBD041FE198BA4" bold="true" box="[445,465,1901,1922]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">at</emphasis>
, anterior trochanter;
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B60A7D041FD738BA5" bold="true" box="[673,699,1901,1923]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">ctf</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B60C3D042FCB18BA4" box="[709,889,1901,1923]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">crista tibiofibularis</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B6182D041FC588BA4" bold="true" box="[900,912,1901,1922]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">g</emphasis>
, groove;
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B61E1D041FC318BA4" bold="true" box="[999,1017,1901,1922]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">lc</emphasis>
, lateral condyle;
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B669DD041FB728BA4" bold="true" box="[1179,1210,1901,1922]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">mc</emphasis>
, medial condyle;
<emphasis id="B951E245F825096B6767D041FAB08BA4" bold="true" box="[1377,1400,1901,1922]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">ve</emphasis>
, ventral emargination. Scale bars=1 cm, arrows point in anterior direction.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9A3E57F83A09746276D7EFFD558D4F" blockId="16.[112,801,194,1487]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
present convergently in lagerpetids (Garcia et al. 2019: fig. 7ah), but in that group the
<emphasis id="B951E245F83A09746015D7C8FCC98CD9" box="[531,769,228,256]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">crista tibiofibularis</emphasis>
is greatly enlarged and is larger than the medial condyle in distal view (Nesbitt 2011:326-1), e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C2545D4F83A0974607BD606FF0B8D4C" class="Reptilia" family="Lagerpetonidae" genus="Dromomeron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="romeri">
<emphasis id="B951E245F83A0974607BD606FF0B8D4C" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Dromomeron romeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(GR 218, Nesbitt et al. 2009b: fig. 1d).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9A3E57F83A09746296D65FFF3489E9" blockId="16.[112,801,194,1487]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
In distal view, the posterior margin of the medial condyle is rounded in PEFO 21660/UCMP 126751 (
<figureCitation id="131E22D2F83A097460F7D6B9FF448DF4" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="15.[112,179,1765,1787]" captionTargetBox="[229,1376,1229,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-45@15.[706,902,1480,1735]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 6. AD. Proximal ends of right and left dinosaur femora, PEFO 44475 in proximal (A, C) and anterior view (B, D). E, F. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34583 in proximal (E) and anterior (F) view. G, H. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34863 in proximal (G) and anterior (H) view.I, J. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 21660/UCMP 126751 in distal (I) and posterior (J) view. K, L. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 33956 in distal (K) and posterior (L) view. M, N. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 44469 in distal (M) and posterior (N) view. O, P. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 34562 in distal (O) and posterior (P) view. Q, R. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 44474 in distal (Q) and posterior (R) view. S, T. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 42987/UWBM 117640 in distal (S) and posterior (T) view. Abbreviations: at, anterior trochanter; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; g, groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; ve, ventral emargination. Scale bars=1 cm, arrows point in anterior direction." pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig. 6I</figureCitation>
), PEFO 44469 (
<figureCitation id="131E22D2F83A09746355D695FE7E8DF4" box="[339,438,440,467]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="15.[112,179,1765,1787]" captionTargetBox="[229,1376,1229,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-45@15.[706,902,1480,1735]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 6. AD. Proximal ends of right and left dinosaur femora, PEFO 44475 in proximal (A, C) and anterior view (B, D). E, F. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34583 in proximal (E) and anterior (F) view. G, H. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34863 in proximal (G) and anterior (H) view.I, J. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 21660/UCMP 126751 in distal (I) and posterior (J) view. K, L. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 33956 in distal (K) and posterior (L) view. M, N. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 44469 in distal (M) and posterior (N) view. O, P. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 34562 in distal (O) and posterior (P) view. Q, R. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 44474 in distal (Q) and posterior (R) view. S, T. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 42987/UWBM 117640 in distal (S) and posterior (T) view. Abbreviations: at, anterior trochanter; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; g, groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; ve, ventral emargination. Scale bars=1 cm, arrows point in anterior direction." pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig. 6M</figureCitation>
), and PEFO 44474 (
<figureCitation id="131E22D2F83A097460B2D695FCDA8DF4" box="[692,786,440,467]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="15.[112,179,1765,1787]" captionTargetBox="[229,1376,1229,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-45@15.[706,902,1480,1735]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 6. AD. Proximal ends of right and left dinosaur femora, PEFO 44475 in proximal (A, C) and anterior view (B, D). E, F. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34583 in proximal (E) and anterior (F) view. G, H. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34863 in proximal (G) and anterior (H) view.I, J. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 21660/UCMP 126751 in distal (I) and posterior (J) view. K, L. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 33956 in distal (K) and posterior (L) view. M, N. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 44469 in distal (M) and posterior (N) view. O, P. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 34562 in distal (O) and posterior (P) view. Q, R. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 44474 in distal (Q) and posterior (R) view. S, T. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 42987/UWBM 117640 in distal (S) and posterior (T) view. Abbreviations: at, anterior trochanter; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; g, groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; ve, ventral emargination. Scale bars=1 cm, arrows point in anterior direction." pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig. 6Q</figureCitation>
), and pointed in PEFO 33956 (
<figureCitation id="131E22D2F83A097463DFD6F0FDFC8DD0" box="[473,564,476,502]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="15.[112,179,1765,1787]" captionTargetBox="[229,1376,1229,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-45@15.[706,902,1480,1735]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 6. AD. Proximal ends of right and left dinosaur femora, PEFO 44475 in proximal (A, C) and anterior view (B, D). E, F. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34583 in proximal (E) and anterior (F) view. G, H. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34863 in proximal (G) and anterior (H) view.I, J. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 21660/UCMP 126751 in distal (I) and posterior (J) view. K, L. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 33956 in distal (K) and posterior (L) view. M, N. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 44469 in distal (M) and posterior (N) view. O, P. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 34562 in distal (O) and posterior (P) view. Q, R. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 44474 in distal (Q) and posterior (R) view. S, T. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 42987/UWBM 117640 in distal (S) and posterior (T) view. Abbreviations: at, anterior trochanter; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; g, groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; ve, ventral emargination. Scale bars=1 cm, arrows point in anterior direction." pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig. 6K</figureCitation>
), PEFO 34562 (
<figureCitation id="131E22D2F83A097460F7D6F0FF5E8E3F" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="15.[112,179,1765,1787]" captionTargetBox="[229,1376,1229,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-45@15.[706,902,1480,1735]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 6. AD. Proximal ends of right and left dinosaur femora, PEFO 44475 in proximal (A, C) and anterior view (B, D). E, F. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34583 in proximal (E) and anterior (F) view. G, H. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34863 in proximal (G) and anterior (H) view.I, J. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 21660/UCMP 126751 in distal (I) and posterior (J) view. K, L. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 33956 in distal (K) and posterior (L) view. M, N. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 44469 in distal (M) and posterior (N) view. O, P. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 34562 in distal (O) and posterior (P) view. Q, R. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 44474 in distal (Q) and posterior (R) view. S, T. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 42987/UWBM 117640 in distal (S) and posterior (T) view. Abbreviations: at, anterior trochanter; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; g, groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; ve, ventral emargination. Scale bars=1 cm, arrows point in anterior direction." pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig. 6O</figureCitation>
), and PEFO 42987/UWBM 117640 (
<figureCitation id="131E22D2F83A09746055D6D3FD618E3F" box="[595,681,511,537]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="15.[112,179,1765,1787]" captionTargetBox="[229,1376,1229,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-45@15.[706,902,1480,1735]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 6. AD. Proximal ends of right and left dinosaur femora, PEFO 44475 in proximal (A, C) and anterior view (B, D). E, F. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34583 in proximal (E) and anterior (F) view. G, H. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34863 in proximal (G) and anterior (H) view.I, J. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 21660/UCMP 126751 in distal (I) and posterior (J) view. K, L. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 33956 in distal (K) and posterior (L) view. M, N. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 44469 in distal (M) and posterior (N) view. O, P. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 34562 in distal (O) and posterior (P) view. Q, R. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 44474 in distal (Q) and posterior (R) view. S, T. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 42987/UWBM 117640 in distal (S) and posterior (T) view. Abbreviations: at, anterior trochanter; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; g, groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; ve, ventral emargination. Scale bars=1 cm, arrows point in anterior direction." pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig. 6S</figureCitation>
). A round medial condyle is present in most early dinosaur groups, including ornithischians, e.g.,
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<emphasis id="B951E245F83A097463F1D568FD0F8E46" box="[503,711,580,608]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Eocursor parvus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(SAM-PK-K8025, Butler 2009: fig. 15f), and
<taxonomicName id="4C2545D4F83A0974606FD545FF0D8E80" authorityName="Colbert" authorityYear="1981" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lawleri">
<emphasis id="B951E245F83A0974606FD545FF0D8E80" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Scutellosaurus lawleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNA V175), early sauropodomorphs, e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C2545D4F83A097460E4D5A6FEEA8EEC" class="Reptilia" genus="Buriolestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schultzi">
<emphasis id="B951E245F83A097460E4D5A6FEEA8EEC" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Buriolestes schultzi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ULBRA-PVT280, Cabriera et al. 2016: fig. s2e), and
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<emphasis id="B951E245F83A097462E2D5FFFE5A8ECB" box="[228,402,721,751]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Sa. tupiniquim</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MCP PV 3844, Langer 2003: fig. 4d), early theropods, e.g.,
<emphasis id="B951E245F83A097463B5D5D8FD808F36" box="[435,584,756,784]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
Tawa
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</emphasis>
(GR 244, Nesbitt 2011: fig. 39b), and
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<emphasis id="B951E245F83A09746367D43BFD838F13" box="[353,587,791,821]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">H. ischigualastensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(PVSJ 373, Novas 1993: fig. 7f), and stem-averostrans, e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C2545D4F83A09746069D416FF218F5C" authorityName="Welles" authorityYear="1954" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Dilophosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wetherilli">
<emphasis id="B951E245F83A09746069D416FF218F5C" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Dilophosaurus wetherilli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(UCMP 37302, Marsh and Rowe 2020: fig. 20.6), and
<taxonomicName id="4C2545D4F83A097462F0D4AFFF558FE6" authority="Hammer and Hickerson" authorityName="Hammer and Hickerson" class="Reptilia" family="Hadrosauridae" genus="Cryolophosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ellioti">
<emphasis id="B951E245F83A097462F0D4AFFDD98FBB" box="[246,529,897,927]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Cryolophosaurus ellioti</emphasis>
Hammer and Hickerson
</taxonomicName>
(1994, FMNH
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4923). A pointed medial condyle is present in the large-bodied coelophysid specimens from PEFO (PEFO 21373/UCMP 129618 and PEFO 33981). In distal view, the
<emphasis id="B951E245F83A0974633ED33CFDED880F" box="[312,549,1039,1065]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">crista tibiofibularis</emphasis>
and lateral condyle are not well separated from one another in PEFO 44474 (
<figureCitation id="131E22D2F83A0974627FD379FF1B8849" box="[121,211,1109,1135]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="15.[112,179,1765,1787]" captionTargetBox="[229,1376,1229,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-45@15.[706,902,1480,1735]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 6. AD. Proximal ends of right and left dinosaur femora, PEFO 44475 in proximal (A, C) and anterior view (B, D). E, F. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34583 in proximal (E) and anterior (F) view. G, H. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34863 in proximal (G) and anterior (H) view.I, J. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 21660/UCMP 126751 in distal (I) and posterior (J) view. K, L. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 33956 in distal (K) and posterior (L) view. M, N. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 44469 in distal (M) and posterior (N) view. O, P. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 34562 in distal (O) and posterior (P) view. Q, R. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 44474 in distal (Q) and posterior (R) view. S, T. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 42987/UWBM 117640 in distal (S) and posterior (T) view. Abbreviations: at, anterior trochanter; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; g, groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; ve, ventral emargination. Scale bars=1 cm, arrows point in anterior direction." pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig. 6Q</figureCitation>
), much like the condition found in
<taxonomicName id="4C2545D4F83A0974607DD37AFECA88B3" authorityName="Long and Murry" authorityYear="1995" family="Staurikosauridae" genus="Chindesaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bryansmalli">
<emphasis id="B951E245F83A0974607DD37AFECA88B3" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Chindesaurus bryansmalli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(PEFO 10395,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB443A6F83A097463C1D355FD7088B5" author="TAWA HALLAE CLADE SENSU MARSH ET AL" box="[455,696,1145,1171]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" refId="ref11873" refString="CHINDESAURUS BRYANSMALLI + TAWA HALLAE CLADE SENSU MARSH ET AL., 2019 A" type="book" year="2019">Marsh et al. 2019a</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 7f) and
<taxonomicName id="4C2545D4F83A097462A2D3B6FECF8890" box="[164,263,1178,1206]" class="Reptilia" family="Stagonolepididae" genus="Typothorax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aetosauria" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hallae">
<emphasis id="B951E245F83A097462A2D3B6FECF8890" box="[164,263,1178,1206]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">T. hallae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(GR 244, Nesbit 2011: fig. 39b). In the other specimens (
<figureCitation id="131E22D2F83A09746302D393FEA988FF" box="[260,353,1215,1241]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="15.[112,179,1765,1787]" captionTargetBox="[229,1376,1229,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-45@15.[706,902,1480,1735]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 6. AD. Proximal ends of right and left dinosaur femora, PEFO 44475 in proximal (A, C) and anterior view (B, D). E, F. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34583 in proximal (E) and anterior (F) view. G, H. Proximal end of left dinosaur femur, PEFO 34863 in proximal (G) and anterior (H) view.I, J. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 21660/UCMP 126751 in distal (I) and posterior (J) view. K, L. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 33956 in distal (K) and posterior (L) view. M, N. Distal end of right saurischian femur, PEFO 44469 in distal (M) and posterior (N) view. O, P. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 34562 in distal (O) and posterior (P) view. Q, R. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 44474 in distal (Q) and posterior (R) view. S, T. Distal end of left saurischian femur, PEFO 42987/UWBM 117640 in distal (S) and posterior (T) view. Abbreviations: at, anterior trochanter; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; g, groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; ve, ventral emargination. Scale bars=1 cm, arrows point in anterior direction." pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig. 6O</figureCitation>
), the
<emphasis id="B951E245F83A097463A1D3ECFD5A88FF" box="[423,658,1215,1241]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">crista tibiofibularis</emphasis>
and lateral condyle are distinctly separate structures and resemble the distal outline of theropods such as coelophysids and stem-averostran (Ezcurra 2017: figs. 4.1, 4.3, 4.4, 4.6, 4.7). We assign these distal femora to
<taxonomicName id="4C2545D4F83A0974604CD260FD048940" authorityName="SEELEY, 1887 SENSU GAUTHIER" authorityYear="1986" box="[586,716,1356,1382]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Saurischia</taxonomicName>
owing to the presence of a groove between the lateral condyle and
<emphasis id="B951E245F83A097462A3D2BFFE47898A" box="[165,399,1426,1452]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">crista tibiofibularis</emphasis>
that opens at an obtuse angle in distal view.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

View file

@ -1,66 +1,66 @@
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US [image!],
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Identification key to the
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3. Without vegetative propagules .......................................................................................................................... [
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since the 19
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</paragraph>
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<keyLead id="30A2946DFFED2F1FFF1AF9F0FA34F96D" box="[136,1451,1652,1674]" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">- With vegetative propagules .............................................................................................................................................................. 4</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A72FFDFFED2F1FFF1AF929FCF3F8B7" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFED2F1FFF1AF929FBF7F919" blockId="117.[136,1452,1392,1990]" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFED2F1FFF1AF929FBF7F919" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">
4. Thallus sorediate, lobes without cilia ...................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFED2F1FFB6BF92AFA34F926" ID-CoL="4DPYM" box="[1273,1451,1709,1731]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="praesorediosum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFED2F1FFB6BF92AFA34F926" box="[1273,1451,1709,1731]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">P. praesorediosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(upper surface emaculate, soralia linear marginal when young, becoming labriform and crescent-shaped [
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFED2F1FFB50F94EFA81F93B" box="[1218,1310,1738,1760]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="88.[136,229,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[163,1434,1116,1925]" captionTargetId="figure-445@88.[150,1435,1112,1929]" captionTargetPageId="88" captionText="FIGURE 34. Parmotrema praesorediosum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection site (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718); C: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.4214); D: Sorediate lobes, with ± labriform and crescent-shaped marginal soralia (Masson 974.4215). Scale bars:A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217542" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217542/files/figure.png" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">Fig. 34D</figureCitation>
], medulla with fatty acids other than protolichesterinic acid; uncommon species on
<collectingCountry id="F34477C8FFED2F1FFCF3F963FC2AF919" box="[865,949,1767,1789]" name="Réunion" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">Réunion</collectingCountry>
, at low elevations)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFED2F1FFF1AF880FCF3F8B7" blockId="117.[136,1452,1392,1990]" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFED2F1FFF1AF880FCF3F8B7" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">
- Thallus isidiate and/or laciniate, cilia numerous .............................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFED2F1FFAA9F880FA34F8FD" box="[1339,1451,1796,1817]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="intonsum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFED2F1FFAA9F880FA34F8FD" box="[1339,1451,1796,1817]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">P. intonsum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(shaggy appearance [
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFED2F1FFE0FF8A4FE6AF8D2" box="[413,501,1824,1846]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="50.[136,229,1864,1886]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,322,1838]" captionTargetId="figure-56@50.[150,1435,320,1839]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 21. Parmotrema intonsum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718); C: Part of thallus with granular or cylindrical ciliate isidia and a mature apothecium with ± branched and ciliate outgrowths on margin (holotype); D: Part of thallus with ciliate phyllidia/laciniae and apothecia of various ages (Masson 974.0359); E: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype). Scale bars:A = 10 km; C = 5 mm; D = 4 mm; E = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217516" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217516/files/figure.png" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">Fig. 21E</figureCitation>
], upper surface ± distinctly punctiform white-maculate, esorediate, medulla with protolichesterinic acid as major substance; rather common in Reunionese cloud forests)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A72FFDFFED2F1FFF1AF8F3FA34F822" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFED2F1FFF1AF8F3FCFBF84E" blockId="117.[136,1452,1392,1990]" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFED2F1FFF1AF8F3FCFBF84E" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">
5. Medulla K+ yellow, C, KC (atranorin, fatty acids) ..........................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFED2F1FFB6BF8FCFA34F868" ID-CoL="4DPYM" box="[1273,1451,1911,1933]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="praesorediosum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFED2F1FFB6BF8FCFA34F868" box="[1273,1451,1911,1933]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">P. praesorediosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(chemotype with atranorin, in addition to fatty acids, in the medulla)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFED2F1FFF1AF835FA34F822" blockId="117.[136,1452,1392,1990]" box="[136,1451,1968,1990]" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFED2F1FFF1AF835FA34F822" box="[136,1451,1968,1990]" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">- Other medullary reactions ................................................................................................................................................................ 6</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A72FFDFFEE2F1CFF1AFF1BFA34FEEF" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEE2F1CFF1AFF1BFBF0FF0B" blockId="118.[136,1452,159,2053]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEE2F1CFF1AFF1BFBF0FF0B" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
6. Medulla K+ slowly pinkish brick red, C, KC+ fleeting violet then brick red (lividic acid chemosyndrome) .........
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFEE2F1CFA89FF24FA35FF51" box="[1307,1450,160,181]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="reunionicum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFEE2F1CFA89FF24FA35FF51" box="[1307,1450,160,181]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">P. reunionicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(lobe margins with conspicuous cilia, upper surface emaculate or faintly punctiform white-maculate, soralia mainly marginal and forming ± rounded clusters with age [
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFEE2F1CFDA9FF5DFD09FF0B" box="[571,662,217,239]" captionStart="FIGURE 36" captionStartId="94.[136,229,1747,1769]" captionTargetBox="[153,1432,194,1721]" captionTargetId="figure-20@94.[151,1432,193,1723]" captionTargetPageId="94" captionText="FIGURE 36. Parmotrema reunionicum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection site (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718); C: Sorediate lobes with marginal soralia, at first ± linear interrupted or at the tip of very short laciniae, then coalescent and forming ± rounded clusters (holotype); D: Sorediate lobe with some subcapitate submarginal soralia (holotype); E: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype). Scale bars:A = 10 km; C = 3 mm; D = 2 mm; E = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217546" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217546/files/figure.png" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Fig. 36C</figureCitation>
]; rare species, only known from a single locality)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEE2F1CFF1AFF72FA34FEEF" blockId="118.[136,1452,159,2053]" box="[136,1451,245,267]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEE2F1CFF1AFF72FA34FEEF" box="[136,1451,245,267]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">- Medulla K, C+ and/or KC+ pink, red, orange, or purple (lividic acid chemosyndrome absent) ................................................... 7</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A72FFDFFEE2F1CFF1AFEB4FA34FE85" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEE2F1CFF1AFEB4FA34FEA0" blockId="118.[136,1452,159,2053]" box="[136,1451,303,325]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEE2F1CFF1AFEB4FA34FEA0" box="[136,1451,303,325]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">7. Medulla C+ and KC+ pink, red or orange ........................................................................................................................................ 8</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEE2F1CFF1AFEC8FA34FE85" blockId="118.[136,1452,159,2053]" box="[136,1451,332,354]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEE2F1CFF1AFEC8FA34FE85" box="[136,1451,332,354]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">- Medulla C, KC+ purple, pinkish or orange .................................................................................................................................. 12</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A72FFDFFEE2F1CFF1AFE02FA34FE15" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEE2F1CFF1AFE02FA36FE31" blockId="118.[136,1452,159,2053]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEE2F1CFF1AFE02FA36FE31" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
8. Medulla C+ and KC+ orange ..............................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFEE2F1CFB67FE02FA34FE7F" box="[1269,1451,390,411]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="aurantioreagens">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFEE2F1CFB67FE02FA34FE7F" box="[1269,1451,390,411]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">P. aurantioreagens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(lobe margins ciliate, upper surface faintly to clearly effigurate white-maculate, soralia marginal at the tip of short laciniae [
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFEE2F1CFA11FE26FF6BFE31" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="20.[136,229,1754,1776]" captionTargetBox="[153,1433,194,1728]" captionTargetId="figure-19@20.[150,1435,193,1730]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 7. Parmotrema aurantioreagens. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection site (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718); C: Upper surface of lobes with marginal cilia unevenly distributed (holotype); D: Sorediate lobe with marginal soralia at the tip of short laciniae, and margin of lower surface mottled with ivory white (holotype); E: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 5 mm; D = 4 mm; E = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217488" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217488/files/figure.png" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
], medulla with barbatic and 4-
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFEE2F1CFD8AFE3BFDB6FE30" box="[536,553,447,468]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">O</emphasis>
-demethylbarbatic acids as major substances; rare species, only known from a single locality)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEE2F1CFF1AFE58FA34FE15" blockId="118.[136,1452,159,2053]" box="[136,1451,476,498]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEE2F1CFF1AFE58FA34FE15" box="[136,1451,476,498]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">- Medulla C+ and KC+ pink or red ..................................................................................................................................................... 9</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A72FFDFFEE2F1CFF1AFD92FA34FDA3" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEE2F1CFF1AFD92FA34FDCF" blockId="118.[136,1452,159,2053]" box="[136,1451,533,555]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEE2F1CFF1AFD92FA34FDCF" box="[136,1451,533,555]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">9. Thallus sorediate ............................................................................................................................................................................. 10</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEE2F1CFF1AFDB7FA34FDA3" blockId="118.[136,1452,159,2053]" box="[136,1451,562,584]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEE2F1CFF1AFDB7FA34FDA3" box="[136,1451,562,584]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">- Thallus isidiate ................................................................................................................................................................................ 11</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A72FFDFFEE2F1CFF1AFDE8FD98FCF6" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEE2F1CFF1AFDE8FC2DFD5F" blockId="118.[136,1452,159,2053]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEE2F1CFF1AFDE8FC2DFD5F" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
10. Lobes with marginal cilia ...................................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFEE2F1CFAD8FDE9FA35FD65" ID-CoL="4DPVZ" box="[1354,1450,620,642]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="cooperi">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFEE2F1CFAD8FDE9FA35FD65" box="[1354,1450,620,642]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">P. cooperi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(upper surface faintly effigurate white-maculate, soralia marginal at first, then submarginal on revolute lobe apices [
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFEE2F1CFAD6FD0DFA3EFD7A" box="[1348,1441,649,671]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="32.[136,229,1385,1407]" captionTargetBox="[167,1434,538,1356]" captionTargetId="figure-193@32.[150,1435,536,1360]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 13. Parmotrema cooperi. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718); C: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.5071); D: Sorediate lobes with marginal and submarginal soralia at revolute apices (Masson 974.5071). Scale bars:A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217500/files/figure.png" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Fig. 13D</figureCitation>
], medulla with lecanoric acid; in leeward
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFEE2F1CFDC6FD22FD08FD5F" ID-CoL="9CJHV" box="[596,663,678,699]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFEE2F1CFDC6FD22FD08FD5F" box="[596,663,678,699]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Acacia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
montane forests on
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)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEE2F1CFF1AFD47FD98FCF6" blockId="118.[136,1452,159,2053]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEE2F1CFF1AFD47FD98FCF6" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
- Lobes without cilia ...................................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFEE2F1CFA82FD47FA34FD3C" ID-CoL="4DPVH" authorityName="Hale" authorityYear="1974" baseAuthorityName="Zahlbr." box="[1296,1451,707,728]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="austrosinense">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFEE2F1CFA82FD47FA34FD3C" box="[1296,1451,707,728]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">P. austrosinense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(upper surface emaculate or faintly effigurate white-maculate, soralia linear and marginal [
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFEE2F1CFBA8FD5BFB16FD10" box="[1082,1161,735,757]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="22.[136,229,1018,1040]" captionTargetBox="[160,1434,194,991]" captionTargetId="figure-19@22.[150,1435,193,994]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 8. Parmotrema austrosinense. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718); C: Gross morphology of thallus (Krog RE33/6 &amp; Timdal); D: Sorediate lobes with marginal linear soralia, and lower surface with erhizinate whitish marginal zone (van den Boom 40807). Scale bars:A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217490" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217490/files/figure.png" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Fig. 8D</figureCitation>
], medulla with lecanoric acid; uncommon species on
<collectingCountry id="F34477C8FFEE2F1CFE3CFD78FD9EFCF6" box="[430,513,764,786]" name="Réunion" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Réunion</collectingCountry>
)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A72FFDFFEE2F1CFF1AFCB2FADAFBF1" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEE2F1CFF1AFCB2FC3DFC46" blockId="118.[136,1452,159,2053]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEE2F1CFF1AFCB2FC3DFC46" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
11. Lower surface at main lobe tips with a brown erhizinate marginal zone
<quantity id="4CAB9ABDFFEE2F1CFC16FCB2FC4BFCAF" box="[900,980,822,843]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" unit="mm" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">13 mm</quantity>
wide, lobes
<quantity id="4CAB9ABDFFEE2F1CFBDDFCB2FB01FCAF" box="[1103,1182,822,843]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="2.0">29 mm</quantity>
wide, medulla with evernic acid ..........................................................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFEE2F1CFA9FFCD7FA34FC8C" box="[1293,1451,851,872]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="meiospermum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFEE2F1CFA9FFCD7FA34FC8C" box="[1293,1451,851,872]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">P. meiospermum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(lobe margins eciliate, upper surface faintly to clearly punctiform white-maculate, isidia marginal and laminal, eciliate and coralloid-branched, medulla with evernic and lecanoric acids; rare species)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEE2F1CFF1AFC2DFADAFBF1" blockId="118.[136,1452,159,2053]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEE2F1CFF1AFC2DFADAFBF1" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
- Lower surface at main lobe tips with a brown erhizinate marginal zone
<quantity id="4CAB9ABDFFEE2F1CFC00FC2CFC71FC5A" box="[914,1006,936,958]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="15.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" unit="mm" value="9.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="4.0">415 mm</quantity>
wide, lobes
<quantity id="4CAB9ABDFFEE2F1CFBFFFC2CFB56FC5A" box="[1133,1225,936,958]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" unit="mm" value="12.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="5.0">520 mm</quantity>
wide, medulla without evernic acid .....................................................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFEE2F1CFAA4FC42FA35FC3F" ID-CoL="4DQ26" authorityName="Hale" authorityYear="1974" baseAuthorityName="Despr. ex Nyl." box="[1334,1450,966,987]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="tinctorum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFEE2F1CFAA4FC42FA35FC3F" box="[1334,1450,966,987]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">P. tinctorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(lobe margins eciliate, upper surface emaculate to faintly white-maculate, isidia marginal and laminal, eciliate, simple to coralloid-branched, medulla with lecanoric acid; common species on
<collectingCountry id="F34477C8FFEE2F1CFC83FC7BFCFAFBF1" box="[785,869,1023,1045]" name="Réunion" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Réunion</collectingCountry>
, from sea level to the upper limit of cloud forests)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A72FFDFFEE2F1CFF1AFBBDFA34FB8F" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEE2F1CFF1AFBBDFA34FBAA" blockId="118.[136,1452,159,2053]" box="[136,1451,1081,1103]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEE2F1CFF1AFBBDFA34FBAA" box="[136,1451,1081,1103]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">12. Thallus without vegetative propagules ........................................................................................................................................... 13</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEE2F1CFF1AFBD2FA34FB8F" blockId="118.[136,1452,159,2053]" box="[136,1451,1109,1131]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEE2F1CFF1AFBD2FA34FB8F" box="[136,1451,1109,1131]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">- Thallus with isidia or soralia .......................................................................................................................................................... 14</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A72FFDFFEE2F1CFF1AFB0BFBD1FAB6" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEE2F1CFF1AFB0BFC15FB3A" blockId="118.[136,1452,159,2053]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEE2F1CFF1AFB0BFC15FB3A" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
13. Pycnidia conspicuous, marginal, verruciform (
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFEE2F1CFD02FB0BFD76FB40" box="[656,745,1167,1189]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="117.[136,229,725,747]" captionTargetBox="[150,1434,194,700]" captionTargetId="figure-17@117.[150,1435,193,701]" captionTargetPageId="117" captionText="FIGURE 43. Parmotrema thomsonii (holotype of Parmelia pachysperma). A: Part of thallus with a mature apothecium; B: Lobes with white-maculate upper surface, and conspicuous verruciform marginal pycnidia with whitish ostiolar region. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217560" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217560/files/figure.png" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Fig. 43B</figureCitation>
); thalline exciple smooth to rugose .................................... [
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFEE2F1CFABEFB14FA3CFB40" ID-CoL="4DQ25" authorityName="A. Crespo, Divakar &amp; Elix (2010 a:" authorityYear="1746" baseAuthorityName="Stirt." box="[1324,1443,1167,1189]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="thomsonii">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFEE2F1CFABEFB14FA3CFB40" box="[1324,1443,1167,1189]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">P. thomsonii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] (lobe margins ciliate, upper surface distinctly white-maculate, apothecial disc perforate, medulla with alectoronic and α-collatolic acids; very rare species not recovered on
<collectingCountry id="F34477C8FFEE2F1CFDCDFB4DFD2FFB3B" box="[607,688,1225,1247]" name="Réunion" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Réunion</collectingCountry>
since the 19
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century)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEE2F1CFF1AFB62FBD1FAB6" blockId="118.[136,1452,159,2053]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEE2F1CFF1AFB62FBD1FAB6" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
- Pycnidia inconspicuous, immersed; thalline exciple with abundant and well-developed isidioid protuberances (
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFEE2F1CFB68FB61FACFFB1F" box="[1274,1360,1253,1275]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="64.[136,229,1487,1509]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,194,1461]" captionTargetId="figure-19@64.[150,1435,193,1463]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 26. Parmotrema mirum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718); C: Two mature apothecia with well-developed and ciliate isidioid protuberances on the surface of the thalline exciple (Masson 974.4275); D: Isidia cylindrical to navicular, terete to ± flattened, mostly simple (Masson 974.4274); E: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype). Scale bars:A = 10 km; C, D = 3 mm; E = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217526" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217526/files/figure.png" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Fig. 26C</figureCitation>
) ............ ..............................................................................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFEE2F1CFAC6FA87FA34FAFC" box="[1364,1451,1283,1304]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="mirum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFEE2F1CFAC6FA87FA34FAFC" box="[1364,1451,1283,1304]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">P. mirum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(lobe margins ciliate but cilia sometimes rare, upper surface emaculate, apothecial disc perforate or imperforate, medulla with alectoronic acid (constant) with or without α-collatolic acid; uncommon species on
<collectingCountry id="F34477C8FFEE2F1CFC67FAB8FBD7FAB6" box="[1013,1096,1340,1362]" name="Réunion" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Réunion</collectingCountry>
)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A72FFDFFEE2F1CFF1AFAF2FA34FA06" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEE2F1CFF1AFAF2FAB5FA21" blockId="118.[136,1452,159,2053]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEE2F1CFF1AFAF2FAB5FA21" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
14. Thallus sorediate, without isidia ......................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFEE2F1CFB4FFAF2FA34FA6E" ID-CoL="4DPXW" box="[1245,1451,1397,1419]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="negrosorientale">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFEE2F1CFB4FFAF2FB6FFA6F" box="[1245,1264,1398,1419]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">P.</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFEE2F1CFA86FAF1FA34FA6E" box="[1300,1451,1397,1418]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">negrosorientale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(lobe margins ciliate, upper surface faintly to clearly white-maculate, soralia generally terminal at the tip of laciniae [
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFEE2F1CFAD7FA16FA3EFA43" box="[1349,1441,1426,1448]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="66.[136,229,1528,1550]" captionTargetBox="[163,1434,682,1501]" captionTargetId="figure-257@66.[150,1435,680,1504]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURE 27. Parmotrema cf. negrosorientale. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718); C: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.5061); D: Sorediate lobes with soralia terminal at the apex of laciniae, lower surface of sorediate laciniae ivory-white and erhizinate (Masson 974.5059). Scale bars:A = 10 km; C = 8 mm; D = 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217528" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217528/files/figure.png" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Fig. 27D</figureCitation>
], never laminal, medulla with alectoronic and α-collatolic acids as major substances; uncommon species on
<collectingCountry id="F34477C8FFEE2F1CFB43FA2BFABBFA21" box="[1233,1316,1455,1477]" name="Réunion" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Réunion</collectingCountry>
)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEE2F1CFF1AFA48FA34FA06" blockId="118.[136,1452,159,2053]" box="[136,1451,1484,1506]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEE2F1CFF1AFA48FA34FA06" box="[136,1451,1484,1506]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">- Thallus isidiate, with or without soredia ........................................................................................................................................ 15</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A72FFDFFEE2F1CFF1AF981FA34F996" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEE2F1CFF1AF981FB78F9B1" blockId="118.[136,1452,159,2053]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEE2F1CFF1AF981FB78F9B1" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
15. Medulla with norlobaridone ..............................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFEE2F1CFAD4F982FA35F9FF" box="[1350,1450,1542,1563]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="mezierii">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFEE2F1CFAD4F982FA35F9FF" box="[1350,1450,1542,1563]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">P. mezierii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(lobe margins ciliate, upper surface ± distinctly punctiform white-maculate, isidia coralloid, often ciliate [
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFEE2F1CFB67F9A6FA3EF9DC" box="[1269,1441,1570,1592]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="61.[136,229,1744,1766]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,194,1718]" captionTargetId="figure-18@61.[150,1435,193,1720]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 25. Parmotrema mezierii. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718); C &amp; D: Isidiate lobes with isidia rapidly coralloid, and ± apically and/or laterally ciliate (C: Masson 974.3960, D: holotype); E: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype). Scale bars:A = 10 km; C, D = 4 mm; E = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217524" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217524/files/figure.png" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Fig. 25C &amp; 25D</figureCitation>
], medulla with norlobaridone and protolichesterinic acid as major substances; uncommon species on
<collectingCountry id="F34477C8FFEE2F1CFB1DF9BBFB7DF9B1" box="[1167,1250,1599,1621]" name="Réunion" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Réunion</collectingCountry>
)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEE2F1CFF1AF9D8FA34F996" blockId="118.[136,1452,159,2053]" box="[136,1451,1628,1650]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEE2F1CFF1AF9D8FA34F996" box="[136,1451,1628,1650]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">- Medulla without norlobaridone ...................................................................................................................................................... 16</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A72FFDFFEE2F1CFF1AF911FA34F900" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEE2F1CFF1AF911FDE4F92C" blockId="118.[136,1452,159,2053]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEE2F1CFF1AF911FDE4F92C" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
16. Apothecia present, usually numerous; thalline exciple with abundant and well-developed isidioid protuberances ..........
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFEE2F1CFAC6F912FA34F94F" box="[1364,1451,1686,1707]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="mirum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFEE2F1CFAC6F912FA34F94F" box="[1364,1451,1686,1707]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">P. mirum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(morphotype with laminal isidia [
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFEE2F1CFD81F936FDF2F92C" box="[531,621,1714,1736]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="64.[136,229,1487,1509]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,194,1461]" captionTargetId="figure-19@64.[150,1435,193,1463]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 26. Parmotrema mirum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718); C: Two mature apothecia with well-developed and ciliate isidioid protuberances on the surface of the thalline exciple (Masson 974.4275); D: Isidia cylindrical to navicular, terete to ± flattened, mostly simple (Masson 974.4274); E: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype). Scale bars:A = 10 km; C, D = 3 mm; E = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217526" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217526/files/figure.png" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Fig. 26D</figureCitation>
])
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEE2F1CFF1AF954FA34F900" blockId="118.[136,1452,159,2053]" box="[136,1451,1743,1765]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEE2F1CFF1AF954FA34F900" box="[136,1451,1743,1765]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">- Apothecia absent ............................................................................................................................................................................ 17</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A72FFDFFEE2F1CFF1AF88DFAFDF84B" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEE2F1CFF1AF88DFB08F8BC" blockId="118.[136,1452,159,2053]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEE2F1CFF1AF88DFB08F8BC" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
17. Isidia only present, upper cortex not fragile, medulla without α-collatolic acid ...........................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFEE2F1CFAA3F88DFA34F8FA" box="[1329,1451,1801,1822]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="crossotum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFEE2F1CFAA3F88DFA34F8FA" box="[1329,1451,1801,1822]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">P. crossotum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(lobe margins conspicuously ciliate, upper surface emaculate or faintly white-maculate, isidia mainly marginal, often ciliate [
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFEE2F1CFA11F8A1FED9F8B3" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="42.[136,229,1952,1974]" captionTargetBox="[153,1433,394,1926]" captionTargetId="figure-123@42.[150,1435,392,1927]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 17. Parmotrema crossotum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718); C &amp; D: Isidiate lobes with irregularly cylindrical or ± flattened, simple to ± branched, highly ciliate isidia (C: holotype, D: Masson 974.4130); E: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C, D = 4 mm; E = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217508" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217508/files/figure.png" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Fig. 17C &amp; 17D</figureCitation>
], medulla with alectoronic acid; uncommon species on
<collectingCountry id="F34477C8FFEE2F1CFCC9F8C6FC30F8BC" box="[859,943,1858,1880]" name="Réunion" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Réunion</collectingCountry>
, in montane rainforests)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEE2F1CFF1AF8E4FAFDF84B" blockId="118.[136,1452,159,2053]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEE2F1CFF1AF8E4FAFDF84B" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
- Isidia and soredia present, upper cortex fragile, medulla with α-collatolic acid ..............................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFEE2F1CFAD1F8E4FA34F890" ID-CoL="4DPXS" box="[1347,1451,1887,1909]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="mellissii">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFEE2F1CFAD1F8E4FA34F890" box="[1347,1451,1887,1909]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">P. mellissii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(lobe margins conspicuously ciliate, upper surface emaculate or faintly white-maculate, isidia mainly marginal, often ciliate, soon becoming sorediate [
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFEE2F1CFE08F81DFE69F84A" box="[410,502,1945,1967]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="59.[136,229,1202,1224]" captionTargetBox="[161,1432,357,1175]" captionTargetId="figure-91@59.[151,1434,356,1178]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 24. Parmotrema mellissii. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718); C: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.4480); D: Lobes with isidia often ciliate, developing into ± coralloid-branched isidioid outgrowths becoming ± sorediate (Masson 974.5070). Scale bars:A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 4 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217522" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217522/files/figure.png" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Fig. 24D</figureCitation>
], medulla with alectoronic and α-collatolic acids; rare species on
<collectingCountry id="F34477C8FFEE2F1CFBFBF81DFB22F84B" box="[1129,1213,1945,1967]" name="Réunion" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Réunion</collectingCountry>
, in cloud forests)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEE2F1CFF1AF856FA34F803" blockId="118.[136,1452,159,2053]" box="[136,1451,2002,2024]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEE2F1CFF1AF856FA34F803" box="[136,1451,2002,2024]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<keyStep id="30A72FFDFFEE2F1CFF1AF856FA34F803" box="[136,1451,2002,2024]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">18. Thallus without vegetative propagules ........................................................................................................................................... 19</keyStep>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEE2F1DFF1AF874FDB0FEEF" lastPageId="119" lastPageNumber="120" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEE2F1CFF1AF874FA34F7E0" blockId="118.[136,1452,159,2053]" box="[136,1451,2031,2053]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">- Thallus with vegetative propagules ................................................................................................................................................ 21</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEF2F1DFF1AFF1BFDB0FEEF" blockId="119.[136,1452,159,1967]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<keyStep id="30A72FFDFFEF2F1DFF1AFF1BFDB0FEEF" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
19. Medulla K+ yellow then dark red, lower surface often with rhizines to the margins, mean ascospore length &lt;16 µm .................... ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFEF2F1DFAACFF39FA35FF36" ID-CoL="4DPVQ" box="[1342,1450,189,210]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="cetratum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFEF2F1DFAACFF39FA35FF36" box="[1342,1450,189,210]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">P. cetratum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(lobe margins ciliate, upper surface reticulate white-maculate, apothecial disc perforate, medulla with salazinic and consalazinic acids; very rare species on
<collectingCountry id="F34477C8FFEF2F1DFE44FF71FDB6FEEF" box="[470,553,245,267]" name="Réunion" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Réunion</collectingCountry>
)
</keyStep>
</paragraph>
</keyLead>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEF2F1DFF1AFE97FA34FEC3" blockId="119.[136,1452,159,1967]" box="[136,1451,274,296]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEF2F1DFF1AFE97FA34FEC3" box="[136,1451,274,296]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">- Medulla K, lower surface with a broad erhizinate marginal zone, mean ascospore length&gt; 16 µm .......................................... 20</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<keyStep id="30A72FFDFFEF2F1DFF1AFEC8FC79FDCF" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEF2F1DFF1AFEC8FACAFE31" blockId="119.[136,1452,159,1967]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEF2F1DFF1AFEC8FACAFE31" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
20. Lobes ciliate, medulla UV+ blue-white, KC+ fleeting purple pink, then pink-orange, mean ascospore length&gt; 22 µm .................. ..........................................................................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFEF2F1DFAABFEEDFA34FE9A" box="[1337,1451,361,382]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="nemorum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFEF2F1DFAABFEEDFA34FE9A" box="[1337,1451,361,382]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">P. nemorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(upper surface emaculate, rarely faintly white-maculate, medulla white, sometimes tinged with a reddish purple pigment, apothecial disc imperforate, amphithecium and stipe with ± prominent veins and coarse isidioid protuberances [
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFEF2F1DFB29FE26FA88FE53" box="[1211,1303,418,440]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="69.[136,229,1833,1855]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,321,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-61@69.[150,1435,320,1809]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURE 28. Parmotrema nemorum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718); C: Amphithecium of a mature apothecium developing prominent and anastomosing veins with coarse and ciliate isidioid structures (holotype); D: Submarginal isidia, ± cylindrical or flattened, rather stout, simple, often with pycnidia, some apically ciliate (holotype); E: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.4635). Scale bars:A = 10 km; C = 4 mm; D = 1 mm; E = 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217530" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217530/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Fig. 28C</figureCitation>
], medulla with alectoronic, protocetraric and protolichesterinic acids as major substances; uncommon in secondary lowland rainforests)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEF2F1DFF1AFE58FC79FDCF" blockId="119.[136,1452,159,1967]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEF2F1DFF1AFE58FC79FDCF" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
- Lobes eciliate, medulla UV, KC+ pink, mean ascospore length &lt;20 µm ..................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFEF2F1DFABEFE59FA34FE15" box="[1324,1451,476,498]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="odontatum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFEF2F1DFABEFE59FA34FE15" box="[1324,1451,476,498]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">P. odontatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(upper surface faintly to clearly effigurate white-maculate, medulla white throughout, apothecial disc imperforate, amphithecium smooth [
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFEF2F1DFEB7FD91FE1EFDCF" box="[293,385,533,555]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="80.[136,229,1168,1190]" captionTargetBox="[165,1434,321,1140]" captionTargetId="figure-81@80.[150,1435,320,1144]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="FIGURE 31. Parmotrema odontatum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718); C: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.4655); D: Apothecia of various ages, with smooth amphithecium, on lobes with eciliate margins (Masson 974.4655). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 20 mm; D = 8 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217536" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217536/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Fig. 31D</figureCitation>
], medulla with protocetraric acid; uncommon at low elevations)
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</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A72FFDFFEF2F1DFF1AFDCBFA34FD65" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEF2F1DFF1AFDCBFA34FD80" blockId="119.[136,1452,159,1967]" box="[136,1451,591,613]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEF2F1DFF1AFDCBFA34FD80" box="[136,1451,591,613]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">21. Thallus with isidia, without soredia ................................................................................................................................................ 22</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEF2F1DFF1AFDE8FA34FD65" blockId="119.[136,1452,159,1967]" box="[136,1451,620,642]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEF2F1DFF1AFDE8FA34FD65" box="[136,1451,620,642]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">- Thallus with soralia, with or without isidia .................................................................................................................................... 29</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A72FFDFFEF2F1DFF1AFD22FA34FD3C" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEF2F1DFF1AFD22FA34FD5F" blockId="119.[136,1452,159,1967]" box="[136,1451,677,699]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEF2F1DFF1AFD22FA34FD5F" box="[136,1451,677,699]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">22. Medulla K+ yellow persistent, KC (with stictic acid) .................................................................................................................. 23</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEF2F1DFF1AFD47FA34FD3C" blockId="119.[136,1452,159,1967]" box="[136,1451,706,728]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEF2F1DFF1AFD47FA34FD3C" box="[136,1451,706,728]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">- Other medullary reactions (stictic acid absent) .............................................................................................................................. 25</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A72FFDFFEF2F1DFF1AFD78FA34FC60" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEF2F1DFF1AFD78FE25FC8C" blockId="119.[136,1452,159,1967]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEF2F1DFF1AFD78FE25FC8C" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
23. With conspicuous laciniae (up to
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long), branched and easily shed ...............................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFEF2F1DFA84FD79FA35FCF5" box="[1302,1450,764,786]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="nephophilum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFEF2F1DFA84FD79FA35FCF5" box="[1302,1450,764,786]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">P. nephophilum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(lobe margins ciliate but cilia sometimes rare, upper surface faintly to clearly white-maculate, marginal and submarginal isidia that mostly develop early into phyllidia and branched laciniae [
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFEF2F1DFCD0FCB1FC02FCAF" box="[834,925,821,843]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="73.[136,229,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[165,1433,466,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-131@73.[150,1435,464,1794]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 29. Parmotrema nephophilum. A: Distribution of the isidiate/phyllidiate/laciniate form on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B:Distribution of the sorediateform on Réunion (UTM 2×2 kmgrid system);C: Bioclimaticcharacteristics of collection sites(abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718), light dotted: only sorediate form, medium dotted: only isidiate/phyllidiate/laciniate form, heavy dotted: both forms; D: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype); E: Heavily phyllidiate/laciniate lobe (holotype); F: Sorediate lobe with marginal and submarginal soralia and granulose soredia (Masson 974.4716). Scale bars:A, B = 10 km; D = 10 mm; E = 4 mm; F = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217532/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Fig. 29E</figureCitation>
]; fairly common species on
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, in montane and submontane rainforests)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEF2F1DFF1AFCF4FA34FC60" blockId="119.[136,1452,159,1967]" box="[136,1451,879,901]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
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- Without or with occasional short (up to
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long) laciniae ..................................................................................................... 24
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A72FFDFFEF2F1DFF1AFC2DFD5AFBAB" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEF2F1DFF1AFC2DFB9DFC1C" blockId="119.[136,1452,159,1967]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEF2F1DFF1AFC2DFB9DFC1C" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
24. Average thickness of the cupular proper exciple &lt;50 µm (
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFEF2F1DFC90FC2DFCC7FC5A" box="[770,856,937,959]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="77.[136,229,1744,1766]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,194,1718]" captionTargetId="figure-18@77.[150,1435,193,1720]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="FIGURE 30. Parmotrema occultum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718); C: Transverse sections of mature apothecia of P. crinitum (left, Masson 974.5107) and P. occultum (right, holotype), stained in lactic cotton blue, showing the cupulate proper exciple clearly thicker in P. occultum; D: Isidiate lobe with ciliate, simple to coralloid-branched isidia (Masson 974.4269); E: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 100 µm; D = 3 mm; E = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217534" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217534/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Fig. 30C</figureCitation>
) .............................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFEF2F1DFAD0FC2DFA35FC5A" ID-CoL="4DPW4" box="[1346,1450,937,958]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="crinitum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFEF2F1DFAD0FC2DFA35FC5A" box="[1346,1450,937,958]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">P. crinitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(lobe margins ciliate, upper surface faintly to clearly white-maculate, isidia marginal and laminal, granular to coralloid, often ciliate [
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFEF2F1DFE8BFC66FEEDFC13" box="[281,370,994,1016]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="34.[136,229,1703,1725]" captionTargetBox="[162,1433,358,1675]" captionTargetId="figure-101@34.[150,1435,356,1679]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 14. Parmotrema crinitum. A: P. crinitum s. str.: distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system), lemon-yellow cells = specimens with molecular data, pale yellow cells with a cross = specimens without molecular data but with mature apothecia; B: P. cf. crinitum: distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system), specimens without apothecia and molecular data; C: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718), hatched: P. crinitum s. str., dotted: only P. cf. crinitum; D: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.3889); E: Isidiate lobes with coralloid and ciliate isidia (Masson 974.3889); F: Apothecia with ciliate isidia on margin and amphithecium (Masson 974.4477). Scale bars:A, B = 10 km; D = 10 mm; E = 4 mm; F = 4 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217502" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217502/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Fig. 14E</figureCitation>
]; common species on
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, from submontane to subalpine belts)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEF2F1DFF1AFB84FD5AFBAB" blockId="119.[136,1452,159,1967]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEF2F1DFF1AFB84FD5AFBAB" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
- Average thickness of the cupular proper exciple&gt; 55 µm ..............................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFEF2F1DFAA9FB84FA34FBF0" box="[1339,1451,1023,1045]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="occultum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFEF2F1DFAA9FB84FA34FBF0" box="[1339,1451,1023,1045]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">P. occultum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(phenotypically similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFEF2F1DFE47FB99FDA0FBD5" ID-CoL="4DPW4" box="[469,575,1052,1074]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="crinitum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFEF2F1DFE47FB99FDA0FBD5" box="[469,575,1052,1074]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">P. crinitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but differs by the greater thickness of the cupular proper exciple [
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFEF2F1DFB43FB98FAB4FBD5" box="[1233,1323,1052,1074]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="77.[136,229,1744,1766]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,194,1718]" captionTargetId="figure-18@77.[150,1435,193,1720]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="FIGURE 30. Parmotrema occultum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718); C: Transverse sections of mature apothecia of P. crinitum (left, Masson 974.5107) and P. occultum (right, holotype), stained in lactic cotton blue, showing the cupulate proper exciple clearly thicker in P. occultum; D: Isidiate lobe with ciliate, simple to coralloid-branched isidia (Masson 974.4269); E: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 100 µm; D = 3 mm; E = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217534" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217534/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Fig. 30C</figureCitation>
] and the ITS sequence; rare species on
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, in cloud forests)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A72FFDFFEF2F1DFF1AFBF6FA34FB3B" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEF2F1DFF1AFBF6FB6BFB26" blockId="119.[136,1452,159,1967]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEF2F1DFF1AFBF6FB6BFB26" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
25. Medulla K+ yellow then red (with salazinic acid) ....................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFEF2F1DFA84FBF7FA35FB63" box="[1302,1450,1138,1160]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="subisidiosum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFEF2F1DFA84FBF7FA35FB63" box="[1302,1450,1138,1160]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">P. subisidiosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(lobe margins ciliate but cilia sometimes rare, upper surface conspicuously reticulate white-maculate [
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFEF2F1DFB2FFB0BFA84FB40" box="[1213,1307,1167,1189]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="107.[136,229,1172,1194]" captionTargetBox="[169,1434,321,1144]" captionTargetId="figure-80@107.[150,1435,320,1148]" captionTargetPageId="107" captionText="FIGURE 40. Parmotrema subisidiosum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718); C: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.3962); D: Upper surface of isidiate lobe conspicuously reticulate white-maculate, and with cylindrical, ± coralloid-branched isidia (Masson 974.3931). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 8 mm; D = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217554" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217554/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Fig. 40D</figureCitation>
], isidia mainly marginal and submarginal, coralloid; uncommon species on
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, in submontane and montane rainforests)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEF2F1DFF1AFB4DFA34FB3B" blockId="119.[136,1452,159,1967]" box="[136,1451,1225,1247]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEF2F1DFF1AFB4DFA34FB3B" box="[136,1451,1225,1247]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">- Other medullary reactions (salazinic acid absent) .......................................................................................................................... 26</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A72FFDFFEF2F1DFF1AFA86FA34FAB5" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEF2F1DFF1AFA86FCD6FAD0" blockId="119.[136,1452,159,1967]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEF2F1DFF1AFA86FCD6FAD0" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
26. Medulla UV+ blue-white, KC+ fleeting purple pink, then pink-orange (with alectoronic acid) ....................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFEF2F1DFAABFA87FA34FAFC" box="[1337,1451,1283,1304]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="nemorum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFEF2F1DFAABFA87FA34FAFC" box="[1337,1451,1283,1304]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">P. nemorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(morphotype with some laminal or submarginal isidia [
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFEF2F1DFD70FA9BFCA2FAD0" box="[738,829,1311,1333]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="69.[136,229,1833,1855]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,321,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-61@69.[150,1435,320,1809]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURE 28. Parmotrema nemorum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718); C: Amphithecium of a mature apothecium developing prominent and anastomosing veins with coarse and ciliate isidioid structures (holotype); D: Submarginal isidia, ± cylindrical or flattened, rather stout, simple, often with pycnidia, some apically ciliate (holotype); E: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.4635). Scale bars:A = 10 km; C = 4 mm; D = 1 mm; E = 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217530" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217530/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Fig. 28D</figureCitation>
])
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEF2F1DFF1AFAB8FA34FAB5" blockId="119.[136,1452,159,1967]" box="[136,1451,1340,1362]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEF2F1DFF1AFAB8FA34FAB5" box="[136,1451,1340,1362]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">- Medulla UV, KC or KC+ pinkish (alectoronic acid absent) ...................................................................................................... 27</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A72FFDFFEF2F1DFF1AFAF2FA34FA1A" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEF2F1DFF1AFAF2FDB3FA06" blockId="119.[136,1452,159,1967]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEF2F1DFF1AFAF2FDB3FA06" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
27. Medulla K, KC+ pinkish (with protocetraric acid) ...............................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFEF2F1DFA9AFAF2FA34FA6E" box="[1288,1451,1397,1419]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="subcorallinum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFEF2F1DFA9AFAF2FA34FA6E" box="[1288,1451,1397,1419]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">P. subcorallinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(lobe margins ciliate, upper surface emaculate or faintly white-maculate, isidia mainly marginal and submarginal, coralloid or arbuscular, very often ciliate [
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFEF2F1DFE62FA2BFDD5FA20" box="[496,586,1455,1477]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="102.[136,229,1053,1075]" captionTargetBox="[164,1434,197,1025]" captionTargetId="figure-21@102.[150,1435,193,1029]" captionTargetPageId="102" captionText="FIGURE 38. Parmotrema subcorallinum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718); C: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.4961); D: Lobes with irregular isidia, at first granular or cylindrical, then ± coralloid or arbuscular and inflated, often apically ciliate (Masson 974.4961). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 4 mm" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217550" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217550/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Fig. 38D</figureCitation>
], medulla with protocetraric and protolichesterinic acids; uncommon in the windward part of
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, in the submontane belt)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEF2F1DFF1AFA6DFA34FA1A" blockId="119.[136,1452,159,1967]" box="[136,1451,1513,1535]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEF2F1DFF1AFA6DFA34FA1A" box="[136,1451,1513,1535]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">- Medulla K+ slowly orange brown, KC (with succinprotocetraric acid) ...................................................................................... 28</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A72FFDFFEF2F1DFF1AF9A6FA82F900" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEF2F1DFF1AF9A6FAF0F996" blockId="119.[136,1452,159,1967]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEF2F1DFF1AF9A6FAF0F996" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
28. Thallus moderately adnate, lobes
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wide ...................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFEF2F1DFA9EF9A7FA34F9DC" box="[1292,1451,1571,1592]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="mascarenense">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFEF2F1DFA9EF9A7FA34F9DC" box="[1292,1451,1571,1592]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">P. mascarenense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(lobe margins eciliate or irregularly ciliate, upper surface effigurate white-maculate, isidia marginal to laminal, simple to coralloid, occasionally ciliate [
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFEF2F1DFE05F9D8FE6EF995" box="[407,497,1628,1650]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="54.[136,229,1744,1766]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,194,1718]" captionTargetId="figure-19@54.[150,1435,193,1720]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 22. Parmotrema mascarenense. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718); C: Part of thallus with laminal, ± coralloid and poorly ciliate isidia (holotype); D: Marginal cilia unevenly distributed, ± in clumps in lobe axils (Masson 974.3865); E: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 5 mm; D = 4 mm; E = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217518" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217518/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Fig. 22C</figureCitation>
], medulla with succinprotocetraric and fumarprotocetraric acids; fairly common on
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)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEF2F1DFF1AF9FDFA82F900" blockId="119.[136,1452,159,1967]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEF2F1DFF1AF9FDFA82F900" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
- Thallus adnate to tightly adnate, lobes
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wide .......................................................................................................
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<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFEF2F1DFAD6F9FDFA34F96A" box="[1348,1451,1657,1678]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">P. orarium</emphasis>
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(looks more like a
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<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFEF2F1DFE03F911FD83F94E" box="[401,540,1685,1706]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Canoparmelia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2145631FFEF2F1DFDB6F912FDC4F94F" box="[548,603,1685,1707]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" sensu="lato">s. lat.</taxonomicNameLabel>
than a
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFEF2F1DFD3AF912FCBFF94F" ID-CoL="6HY5" box="[680,800,1686,1707]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFEF2F1DFD3AF912FCBFF94F" box="[680,800,1686,1707]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Parmotrema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFEF2F1DFCBDF911FC12F94F" box="[815,909,1685,1707]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="83.[136,229,1593,1615]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,286,1568]" captionTargetId="figure-47@83.[150,1435,284,1569]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 32. Parmotrema orarium. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011:1718); C: Coastal stand of Pandanus utilis, a typical habitat for P. orarium on Réunion Island (Sainte-Rose, Bois Blanc, 13August 2015); D: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype); E: Sorediate isidia (Masson 974.4646); F: Submarginal pustules, bursting into soredia (Masson 974.4221). Scale bars: A = 10 km; D = 20 mm; E = 1 mm; F = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217538" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217538/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Fig. 32D</figureCitation>
], lobe margins eciliate to weakly ciliate, upper surface effigurate white-maculate, isidia marginal to laminal, simple or ± branched, rarely ciliate, usually quickly sorediate [
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFEF2F1DFAD5F936FA3DF923" box="[1351,1442,1714,1736]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="83.[136,229,1593,1615]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,286,1568]" captionTargetId="figure-47@83.[150,1435,284,1569]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 32. Parmotrema orarium. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011:1718); C: Coastal stand of Pandanus utilis, a typical habitat for P. orarium on Réunion Island (Sainte-Rose, Bois Blanc, 13August 2015); D: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype); E: Sorediate isidia (Masson 974.4646); F: Submarginal pustules, bursting into soredia (Masson 974.4221). Scale bars: A = 10 km; D = 20 mm; E = 1 mm; F = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217538" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217538/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Fig. 32E</figureCitation>
], medulla with succinprotocetraric and fumarprotocetraric acids; in the southeastern part of
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, near the coast)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A72FFDFFEF2F1DFF1AF88DFA34F8B3" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEF2F1DFF1AF88DFD8EF8DF" blockId="119.[136,1452,159,1967]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEF2F1DFF1AF88DFD8EF8DF" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
29. Medulla K+ yellow persistent, KC (with stictic acid) .............................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFEF2F1DFA84F88DFA35F8FA" box="[1302,1450,1801,1822]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="nephophilum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFEF2F1DFA84F88DFA35F8FA" box="[1302,1450,1801,1822]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">P. nephophilum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(sorediate morphotype,
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFEF2F1DFE25F8A1FD95F8DF" box="[439,522,1829,1851]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="73.[136,229,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[165,1433,466,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-131@73.[150,1435,464,1794]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 29. Parmotrema nephophilum. A: Distribution of the isidiate/phyllidiate/laciniate form on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B:Distribution of the sorediateform on Réunion (UTM 2×2 kmgrid system);C: Bioclimaticcharacteristics of collection sites(abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718), light dotted: only sorediate form, medium dotted: only isidiate/phyllidiate/laciniate form, heavy dotted: both forms; D: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype); E: Heavily phyllidiate/laciniate lobe (holotype); F: Sorediate lobe with marginal and submarginal soralia and granulose soredia (Masson 974.4716). Scale bars:A, B = 10 km; D = 10 mm; E = 4 mm; F = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217532/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Fig. 29F</figureCitation>
)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEF2F1DFF1AF8C7FA34F8B3" blockId="119.[136,1452,159,1967]" box="[136,1451,1858,1880]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEF2F1DFF1AF8C7FA34F8B3" box="[136,1451,1858,1880]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">- Other medullary reactions (stictic acid absent) .............................................................................................................................. 30</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEF2F1DFF1AF8F8FA34F875" blockId="119.[136,1452,159,1967]" box="[136,1451,1916,1938]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEF2F1DFF1AF8F8FA34F875" box="[136,1451,1916,1938]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<keyStep id="30A72FFDFFEF2F1DFF1AF8F8FA34F875" box="[136,1451,1916,1938]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">30. Medulla K+ yellow then red (with salazinic acid) ......................................................................................................................... 31</keyStep>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFEF2F12FF1AF81DFE74FEEF" lastPageId="120" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFEF2F1DFF1AF81DFA34F84A" blockId="119.[136,1452,159,1967]" box="[136,1451,1945,1967]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">- Other medullary reactions (salazinic acid absent) .......................................................................................................................... 33</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFE02F12FF1AFF1BFE74FEEF" blockId="120.[136,1452,159,1909]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<keyStep id="30A72FFDFFE02F12FF1AFF1BFE74FEEF" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
31. Upper surface emaculate, rarely faintly punctiform maculate; lower surface with a broad erhizinate marginal zone ....................... .......................................................................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFE02F12FAB8FF39FA35FF35" ID-CoL="4DPW6" baseAuthorityName="Hale &amp; DePriest" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[1322,1450,188,210]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="cristiferum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFE02F12FAB8FF39FA35FF35" box="[1322,1450,188,210]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">P. cristiferum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(lobe margins eciliate to clearly ciliate, soralia mainly marginal, linear to labriform [
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFE02F12FB90FF5DFBC1FF0B" box="[1026,1118,217,239]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="39.[136,229,1172,1194]" captionTargetBox="[159,1434,322,1143]" captionTargetId="figure-78@39.[150,1435,320,1147]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURE 16. Parmotrema cristiferum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718); C: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.4243); D: Sparingly ciliate sorediate lobes with marginal linear and submarginal ± capitate soralia (Masson 974.4631). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 4 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217506" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217506/files/figure.png" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Fig. 16D</figureCitation>
]; uncommon in the windward part of
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, at low elevation)
</keyStep>
</paragraph>
</keyLead>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFE02F12FF1AFE97FA34FEC3" blockId="120.[136,1452,159,1909]" box="[136,1451,274,296]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFE02F12FF1AFE97FA34FEC3" box="[136,1451,274,296]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">- Upper surface reticulate maculate; lower surface often with rhizines and papillae to the margins ............................................... 32</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<keyStep id="30A72FFDFFE02F12FF1AFEC8FB68FE31" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFE02F12FF1AFEC8FDDFFE7F" blockId="120.[136,1452,159,1909]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFE02F12FF1AFEC8FDDFFE7F" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
32. Marginal zone of the lower surface of sorediate lobes dark brown or black .......................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFE02F12FB62FEC9FAE9FE85" ID-CoL="4DPZ6" box="[1264,1398,332,354]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="reticulatum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFE02F12FB62FEC9FAE9FE85" box="[1264,1398,332,354]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">P. reticulatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
aggr. (lobe margins ciliate, soralia mainly capitate at the tips of laciniae or submarginal ± linear at the apex of revolute lobes [
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFE02F12FAD8FEEDFA3EFE9A" box="[1354,1441,360,383]" captionStart="FIGURE 35" captionStartId="90.[136,229,1725,1747]" captionTargetBox="[163,1433,357,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-109@90.[150,1435,356,1701]" captionTargetPageId="90" captionText="FIGURE 35. Parmotrema reticulatum aggr. A: Distribution (UTM 2×2 km grid system) of specimens with molecular data on Réunion [= species 2 of Del-Prado et al. (2016)]; B: Distribution of specimens without molecular data on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); C: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites of specimens with molecular data (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718); D: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.4781); E: Part of thallus with apothecia of various ages (Masson 974.5069); F: Sorediate lobes with soralia capitate at the tip of marginal short laciniae, or submarginal ± linear at the apex of revolute lobe (Masson 974.4289). Scale bars: A, B = 10 km; D, E = 10 mm; F = 4 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217544" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217544/files/figure.png" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Fig. 35F</figureCitation>
]; common and widespread on
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)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFE02F12FF1AFE27FB68FE31" blockId="120.[136,1452,159,1909]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFE02F12FF1AFE27FB68FE31" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
- Marginal zone of the lower surface of sorediate lobes often white or white mottled ..........................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFE02F12FB69FE27FA35FE53" ID-CoL="763BV" box="[1275,1450,418,440]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="clavuliferum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFE02F12FB69FE27FA91FE5C" box="[1275,1294,419,440]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">P.</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFE02F12FAA3FE26FA35FE53" box="[1329,1450,418,439]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">clavuliferum</emphasis>
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(lobe margins ciliate, soralia mainly capitate at the tips of laciniae [
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFE02F12FCC5FE3BFC2CFE30" box="[855,947,447,469]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="29.[136,229,1353,1374]" captionTargetBox="[162,1433,502,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-172@29.[151,1434,500,1328]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 12. Parmotrema cf. clavuliferum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718); C: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.4027); D: Sorediate lobes with soralia mainly capitate at the apex of laciniae, and lower surface with ivory-white marginal zone (Masson 974.4027). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217498" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217498/files/figure.png" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Fig. 12D</figureCitation>
]; uncommon species on
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)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A72FFDFFE02F12FF1AFE7DFA34FDCF" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFE02F12FF1AFE7DFA34FDEA" blockId="120.[136,1452,159,1909]" box="[136,1451,505,527]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFE02F12FF1AFE7DFA34FDEA" box="[136,1451,505,527]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">33. Medulla K+ slowly orange brown, KC (with succinprotocetraric acid) ...................................................................................... 34</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFE02F12FF1AFD92FA34FDCF" blockId="120.[136,1452,159,1909]" box="[136,1451,533,555]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFE02F12FF1AFD92FA34FDCF" box="[136,1451,533,555]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">- Medulla K or K± yellowish, KC+ pinkish (with protocetraric acid) ........................................................................................... 35</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A72FFDFFE02F12FF1AFDCBFC00FCAF" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFE02F12FF1AFDCBFC2CFD33" blockId="120.[136,1452,159,1909]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFE02F12FF1AFDCBFC2CFD33" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
34. Thallus adnate to tightly adnate, lobes
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wide, isidia present (at least in the early stages of development) ........
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFE02F12FAD3FDD4FA34FD81" box="[1345,1451,592,613]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="orarium">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFE02F12FAD3FDD4FACFFD81" box="[1345,1360,592,613]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFE02F12FACEFDD4FA34FD81" box="[1372,1451,592,613]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">orarium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(looks more like a
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFE02F12FE03FDE8FD83FD65" ID-CoL="62L5Z" authorityName="Elix &amp; Hale" authorityYear="1986" box="[401,540,620,641]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Canoparmelia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus" sensu="lato">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFE02F12FE03FDE8FD83FD65" box="[401,540,620,641]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Canoparmelia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2145631FFE02F12FDB6FDE8FDC4FD66" box="[548,603,620,642]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" sensu="lato">s. lat.</taxonomicNameLabel>
than a
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFE02F12FD3AFDE9FCBFFD66" ID-CoL="6HY5" box="[680,800,621,642]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFE02F12FD3AFDE9FCBFFD66" box="[680,800,621,642]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Parmotrema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFE02F12FCBDFDE8FC12FD65" box="[815,909,620,642]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="83.[136,229,1593,1615]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,286,1568]" captionTargetId="figure-47@83.[150,1435,284,1569]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 32. Parmotrema orarium. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011:1718); C: Coastal stand of Pandanus utilis, a typical habitat for P. orarium on Réunion Island (Sainte-Rose, Bois Blanc, 13August 2015); D: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype); E: Sorediate isidia (Masson 974.4646); F: Submarginal pustules, bursting into soredia (Masson 974.4221). Scale bars: A = 10 km; D = 20 mm; E = 1 mm; F = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217538" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217538/files/figure.png" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Fig. 32D</figureCitation>
], lobe margins eciliate to weakly ciliate, upper surface effigurate white-maculate, isidia marginal to laminal, soralia marginal to laminal [
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFE02F12FB8EFD0DFBE6FD7A" box="[1052,1145,649,671]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="83.[136,229,1593,1615]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,286,1568]" captionTargetId="figure-47@83.[150,1435,284,1569]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 32. Parmotrema orarium. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011:1718); C: Coastal stand of Pandanus utilis, a typical habitat for P. orarium on Réunion Island (Sainte-Rose, Bois Blanc, 13August 2015); D: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype); E: Sorediate isidia (Masson 974.4646); F: Submarginal pustules, bursting into soredia (Masson 974.4221). Scale bars: A = 10 km; D = 20 mm; E = 1 mm; F = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217538" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217538/files/figure.png" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Fig. 32F</figureCitation>
], often originating from rapid decay of young isidia, more rarely from pustules, occasionally orbicular or subcapitate, medulla with succinprotocetraric and fumarprotocetraric acids; in the southeastern part of
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, near the coast)
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFE02F12FF1AFD64FC00FCAF" blockId="120.[136,1452,159,1909]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
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- Thallus moderately adnate, lobes
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wide, isidia totally absent .............................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFE02F12FB4DFD64FA35FD11" box="[1247,1450,736,757]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="paramascarenense">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFE02F12FB4DFD64FA35FD11" box="[1247,1450,736,757]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">P. paramascarenense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(lobe margins eciliate to irregularly ciliate, upper surface effigurate white-maculate, soralia terminal at the apex of tiny laciniae when young, then labriform or subcapitate, finally spreading submarginally on revolute lobes [
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFE02F12FB3CFC9DFA8FFCCA" box="[1198,1296,793,815]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="86.[136,229,1782,1804]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,194,1756]" captionTargetId="figure-20@86.[150,1435,193,1758]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 33. Parmotrema paramascarenense. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718); C: Sorediate arbusculae in old part of thallus (holotype); D: Soralia at the apex of tiny laciniae, ± labriform or subcapitate, in young part of thallus (holotype); E: Gross morphology of thallus (Kalb &amp; Kalb 33656). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C, D = 4 mm; E = 8 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217540" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217540/files/figure.png" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Fig. 33D</figureCitation>
], medulla with succinprotocetraric and fumarprotocetraric acids; rare species on
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)
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</paragraph>
</keyStep>
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35. Medulla with echinocarpic acid ......................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFE02F12FAA5FCF4FA34FC60" ID-CoL="4DPWC" box="[1335,1451,879,901]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="dilatatum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFE02F12FAA5FCF4FA34FC60" box="[1335,1451,879,901]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">P. dilatatum</emphasis>
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(lobe margins eciliate or very sparsely ciliate, upper surface emaculate or faintly punctiform white-maculate, soralia marginal, linear to labriform when young, then subcapitate and ± coalescing on arbuscular rising structures [
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFE02F12FB24FC2DFA8AFC5A" box="[1206,1301,937,959]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="45.[136,229,1909,1931]" captionTargetBox="[163,1433,1005,1881]" captionTargetId="figure-355@45.[150,1435,1004,1885]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 19. Parmotrema dilatatum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection site (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718); C: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.4112); D: Eciliate sorediate lobes, with young linear interrupted to somewhat labriform soralia, and older, ± subcapitate soralia on short ascending laciniae, finally ± coalescing on arbuscular rising structures (Masson 974.4112). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 4 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217512" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217512/files/figure.png" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Fig. 19D</figureCitation>
], medulla with protocetraric and echinocarpic acids as major substances; very rare species on
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)
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFE02F12FF1AFC67FA34FC1C" blockId="120.[136,1452,159,1909]" box="[136,1451,994,1016]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFE02F12FF1AFC67FA34FC1C" box="[136,1451,994,1016]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">- Medulla without echinocarpic acid ................................................................................................................................................ 36</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A72FFDFFE02F12FF1AFB98FA34FBAA" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFE02F12FF1AFB98FA34FBD5" blockId="120.[136,1452,159,1909]" box="[136,1451,1052,1074]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFE02F12FF1AFB98FA34FBD5" box="[136,1451,1052,1074]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">36. Medulla without protolichesterinic acid ......................................................................................................................................... 37</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFE02F12FF1AFBBDFA34FBAA" blockId="120.[136,1452,159,1909]" box="[136,1451,1081,1103]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFE02F12FF1AFBBDFA34FBAA" box="[136,1451,1081,1103]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">- Medulla with protolichesterinic acid .............................................................................................................................................. 38</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A72FFDFFE02F12FF1AFBF6FC1BFAB6" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFE02F12FF1AFBF6FE5FFB3B" blockId="120.[136,1452,159,1909]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFE02F12FF1AFBF6FE5FFB3B" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
37. Medulla UV+, with alectoronic acid .........................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFE02F12FA87FBF7FA34FB63" baseAuthorityName="Krog &amp; Swinscow" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[1301,1451,1138,1160]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="deflectens">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFE02F12FA87FBF7FAB8FB6C" box="[1301,1319,1139,1160]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">P.</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFE02F12FAD9FBF6FA34FB63" box="[1355,1451,1138,1159]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">deflectens</emphasis>
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(lobe margins conspicuously ciliate, upper surface emaculate or faintly punctiform white-maculate, upper cortex fragile, flaking, soralia mainly marginal, linear to labriform [
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFE02F12FDE9FB28FD4BFB25" box="[635,724,1196,1218]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="44.[136,229,1942,1964]" captionTargetBox="[163,1434,1080,1914]" captionTargetId="figure-418@44.[150,1435,1076,1918]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 18. Parmotrema cf. deflectens. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection site (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718); C: Ciliate sorediate lobes with marginal, linear interrupted to somewhat labriform soralia (Krog RE34/2 &amp; Timdal); D: small marginal soralia tinged orange by skyrin, and fragile cortex cracking (Krog RE34/2 &amp; Timdal). Scale bars:A = 10 km; C = 5 mm; D = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217510/files/figure.png" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Fig. 18C</figureCitation>
], medulla with protocetraric and alectoronic acids as major substances; very rare species on
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)
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFE02F12FF1AFB62FC1BFAB6" blockId="120.[136,1452,159,1909]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFE02F12FF1AFB62FC1BFAB6" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
- Medulla UV, alectoronic acid absent ............................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFE02F12FAABFB62FA34FB1E" ID-CoL="4DPZ8" box="[1337,1451,1253,1275]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="robustum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFE02F12FAABFB62FA34FB1E" box="[1337,1451,1253,1275]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">P. robustum</emphasis>
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(lobe margins eciliate to ± irregularly ciliate, upper surface emaculate to punctiform white-maculate, soralia marginal at the apex of laciniae when young, then labriform or subcapitate and ± coalescing [
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFE02F12FC3AFA9BFB9AFAD0" box="[936,1029,1311,1333]" captionStart="FIGURE 37" captionStartId="97.[136,229,1298,1320]" captionTargetBox="[167,1434,430,1270]" captionTargetId="figure-142@97.[150,1435,428,1274]" captionTargetPageId="97" captionText="FIGURE 37. Parmotrema robustum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718); C: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974. 4044); D: Sorediate lobes with young soralia ± labriform or subcapitate at the apex of laciniae, then ± coalescing and slightly spreading submarginally with age (Masson 974.4826). Scale bars:A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 4 mm" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217548" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217548/files/figure.png" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Fig. 37D</figureCitation>
], medulla with protocetraric acid as major substance; common species on
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, mainly in montane rainforests)
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38. Medulla UV+, with alectoronic acid ........................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFE02F12FA80FAF2FA35FA6E" box="[1298,1450,1397,1419]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="subdeflectens">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFE02F12FA80FAF2FA35FA6E" box="[1298,1450,1397,1419]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">P. subdeflectens</emphasis>
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(lobe margins conspicuously ciliate, upper surface emaculate or faintly punctiform white-maculate, soralia either terminal labriform or subcapitate on very short laciniae [
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFE02F12FDADFA2BFD06FA20" box="[575,665,1455,1477]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="105.[136,229,1774,1796]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,213,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-18@105.[150,1435,212,1750]" captionTargetPageId="105" captionText="FIGURE 39. Parmotrema subdeflectens. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718); C: Sorediate lobes with marginal and often branched cilia, and terminal labriform or subcapitate soralia on very short laciniae (holotype); D: Sorediate lobes with marginal and ± linear labriform soralia (Masson 974.3946); E: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.3946). Scale bars:A = 10 km; C = 4 mm; D = 3 mm; E = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217552" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217552/files/figure.png" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Fig. 39C</figureCitation>
], or marginal and ± labriform [
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFE02F12FC55FA2BFBBCFA20" box="[967,1059,1455,1477]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="105.[136,229,1774,1796]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,213,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-18@105.[150,1435,212,1750]" captionTargetPageId="105" captionText="FIGURE 39. Parmotrema subdeflectens. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718); C: Sorediate lobes with marginal and often branched cilia, and terminal labriform or subcapitate soralia on very short laciniae (holotype); D: Sorediate lobes with marginal and ± linear labriform soralia (Masson 974.3946); E: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.3946). Scale bars:A = 10 km; C = 4 mm; D = 3 mm; E = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217552" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217552/files/figure.png" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Fig. 39D</figureCitation>
], medulla with protocetraric, alectoronic and protolichesterinic acids as major substances; rare species on
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, in leeward submontane forests)
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFE02F12FF1AFA6DFA34FA1A" blockId="120.[136,1452,159,1909]" box="[136,1451,1513,1535]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFE02F12FF1AFA6DFA34FA1A" box="[136,1451,1513,1535]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">- Medulla UV, without alectoronic acid ......................................................................................................................................... 39</keyLead>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFE02F12FF1AF9A6FE2BF94F" blockId="120.[136,1452,159,1909]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFE02F12FF1AF9A6FE2BF94F" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
39. Soralia submarginal, often pustulate (
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFE02F12FDD0F9A6FD03F9D3" box="[578,668,1570,1592]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="114.[136,229,1869,1891]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,357,1843]" captionTargetId="figure-79@114.[150,1435,356,1845]" captionTargetPageId="114" captionText="FIGURE 42. Parmotrema udisilvestre. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718); C: Submarginal soralia arising from pustule-like swellings or forming from disintegration of the upper cortex of ± revolute lobe (holotype); D: Sorediate lobe with fragile, cracking and flaking upper cortex (Masson 974.4959); E: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.4833). Scale bars:A = 10 km; C = 2 mm; D = 3 mm; E = 8 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217558" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217558/files/figure.png" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Fig. 42C</figureCitation>
), never marginal linear; upper cortex fragile, here and there flaking (
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFE02F12FAD6F9A6FA3FF9D3" box="[1348,1440,1570,1592]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="114.[136,229,1869,1891]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,357,1843]" captionTargetId="figure-79@114.[150,1435,356,1845]" captionTargetPageId="114" captionText="FIGURE 42. Parmotrema udisilvestre. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718); C: Submarginal soralia arising from pustule-like swellings or forming from disintegration of the upper cortex of ± revolute lobe (holotype); D: Sorediate lobe with fragile, cracking and flaking upper cortex (Masson 974.4959); E: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.4833). Scale bars:A = 10 km; C = 2 mm; D = 3 mm; E = 8 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217558" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217558/files/figure.png" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Fig. 42D</figureCitation>
); soredia granulose (mean diameter&gt; 50 µm) ...............................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFE02F12FAB7F9C4FA34F9B0" box="[1317,1451,1599,1621]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="udisilvestre">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFE02F12FAB7F9C4FA34F9B0" box="[1317,1451,1599,1621]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">P. udisilvestre</emphasis>
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(species of the
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFE02F12FEF8F9D9FE6CF995" ID-CoL="4DPDF" box="[362,499,1628,1650]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="subarnoldii">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFE02F12FEF8F9D9FE6CF995" box="[362,499,1628,1650]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">P. subarnoldii</emphasis>
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group, lobe margins conspicuously ciliate, upper surface emaculate or faintly punctiform white-maculate, medulla with protocetraric and protolichesterinic acids as major substances; uncommon in the windward part of
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, in the submontane belt)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFE02F12FF1AF937FA34F900" blockId="120.[136,1452,159,1909]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFE02F12FF1AF937FA34F900" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
- Soralia marginal, linear discontinuous, then ± labriform (
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFE02F12FD62F936FCA6F923" box="[752,825,1714,1736]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="24.[136,229,1770,1792]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,194,1736]" captionTargetId="figure-20@24.[150,1435,193,1746]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 9. Parmotrema brachyblepharum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection site (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718); C: Type locality, a disturbed submontane Pandanus wet thicket crossed by a track; D: Sorediate lobe with marginal, linear discontinuous soralia and subgranulose soredia (Masson 974.4443); E: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype). Scale bars: A = 10 km; D = 1 mm; E = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217492" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217492/files/figure.png" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Fig. 9D</figureCitation>
&amp;
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFE02F12FCC4F936FC1DF923" box="[854,898,1714,1735]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="48.[136,229,1740,1762]" captionTargetBox="[153,1432,194,1712]" captionTargetId="figure-19@48.[152,1433,193,1716]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 20. Parmotrema eleonomum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system), lemon-yellow cell = specimens with molecular data, pale yellow cell with a cross = specimen without molecular data; B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718); C &amp; D: Sorediate lobes with conspicuous long cilia, and soralia terminal ± subcapitate on marginal teeth or very short laciniae, or linear discontinuous on lobe margins (C: holotype, D: Masson 974.4997); E: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 1 mm; D = 4 mm; E = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217514" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217514/files/figure.png" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">20D</figureCitation>
), or subcapitate at the tip of very short laciniae (
<figureCitation id="13682BDDFFE02F12FADBF936FA3EF923" box="[1353,1441,1714,1736]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="48.[136,229,1740,1762]" captionTargetBox="[153,1432,194,1712]" captionTargetId="figure-19@48.[152,1433,193,1716]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 20. Parmotrema eleonomum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system), lemon-yellow cell = specimens with molecular data, pale yellow cell with a cross = specimen without molecular data; B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 1718); C &amp; D: Sorediate lobes with conspicuous long cilia, and soralia terminal ± subcapitate on marginal teeth or very short laciniae, or linear discontinuous on lobe margins (C: holotype, D: Masson 974.4997); E: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 1 mm; D = 4 mm; E = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13217514" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13217514/files/figure.png" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Fig. 20C</figureCitation>
), never pustulate; upper cortex not fragile; soredia subgranulose (mean diameter &lt;45 µm) .......................................................... 40
</keyLead>
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</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A72FFDFFE02F12FF1AF88DFA9EF891" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<paragraph id="8BEC3758FFE02F12FF1AF88DFA34F8FA" blockId="120.[136,1452,159,1909]" box="[136,1451,1800,1823]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<keyLead id="30A2946DFFE02F12FF1AF88DFA34F8FA" box="[136,1451,1800,1823]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
40. Marginal cilia short (mean length &lt;
<quantity id="4CAB9ABDFFE02F12FDBFF88CFDE7F8FA" box="[557,632,1800,1822]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5 mm</quantity>
) ....................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFE02F12FB7BF88DFA34F8FA" box="[1257,1451,1801,1822]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="brachyblepharum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFE02F12FB7BF88DFA34F8FA" box="[1257,1451,1801,1822]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">P. brachyblepharum</emphasis>
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<keyLead id="30A2946DFFE02F12FF1AF8A2FA9EF891" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
- Marginal cilia long (mean length&gt;
<quantity id="4CAB9ABDFFE02F12FDBAF8A1FDECF8DF" box="[552,627,1829,1851]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5 mm</quantity>
) ...............................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFE02F12FAB7F8A2FA34F8DE" box="[1317,1451,1829,1851]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="eleonomum">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFE02F12FAB7F8A2FA34F8DE" box="[1317,1451,1829,1851]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">P. eleonomum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(two species of the
<taxonomicName id="4C534CDBFFE02F12FE1EF8C7FD8DF8B3" ID-CoL="4DPDF" box="[396,530,1858,1880]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="subarnoldii">
<emphasis id="B927EB4AFFE02F12FE1EF8C7FD8DF8B3" box="[396,530,1858,1880]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">P. subarnoldii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, lobe margins conspicuously ciliate, upper surface emaculate or faintly punctiform white-maculate, medulla with protocetraric and protolichesterinic acids as major substances; rare species on
<collectingCountry id="F34477C8FFE02F12FB3AF8DBFB64F891" box="[1192,1275,1887,1909]" name="Réunion" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Réunion</collectingCountry>
)
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<mods:title id="B20E6726696C0AA1DB292A939F1278FC">Cryptoxyleborus brevicauda, a new species of xyleborine ambrosia beetle from Thailand (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborini)</mods:title>
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<heading id="C9775618FFA1FFA8F9C3F4C0FD796FF0" bold="true" box="[151,687,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="400" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="A0F43D66FFA1FFA8F9C3F4C0FD796FF0" bold="true" box="[151,687,151,178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="400">
<emphasis id="A0F43D66FFA1FFA8F9C3F4C0FE0F6FF3" bold="true" box="[151,473,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="400">Cryptoxyleborus turbineus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F6119C85FFA1FFA8F8BCF4C0FD716FF0" author="Sampson, F. W." box="[488,679,151,177]" pageId="4" pageNumber="400" pagination="285 - 289" refId="ref4148" refString="Sampson, F. W. (1923) Previously undescribed Scolytidae and Platypodidae from the Indian area. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 9, 11, 285 - 289. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222932308632858" type="journal article" year="1923">Sampson, 1923</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="B290C65AFFA1FFA8F9C3F48BFD976FB5" box="[151,577,220,244]" pageId="4" pageNumber="400">
<treatmentCitation id="1321C765FFA1FFA8F9C3F48BFDEB6FB5" author="Sampson, F. W." box="[151,573,220,244]" page="288" pageId="4" pageNumber="400" year="1923">
<taxonomicName id="55809AF7FFA1FFA8F9C3F48BFDEB6FB5" ID-CoL="5CJSJ" authority="Sampson, 1923: 288" authorityName="Sampson" authorityPageNumber="288" authorityYear="1923" box="[151,573,220,244]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="400" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turbineus">
<emphasis id="A0F43D66FFA1FFA8F9C3F48BFEB26FB5" box="[151,356,220,244]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="400">Xyleborus turbineus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F6119C85FFA1FFA8F83EF48BFDEB6FB5" author="Sampson, F. W." box="[362,573,220,244]" pageId="4" pageNumber="400" pagination="285 - 289" refId="ref4148" refString="Sampson, F. W. (1923) Previously undescribed Scolytidae and Platypodidae from the Indian area. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 9, 11, 285 - 289. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222932308632858" type="journal article" year="1923">Sampson, 1923: 288</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="B290C65AFFA1FFA8F9C3F4ADFD306E53" box="[151,742,250,274]" pageId="4" pageNumber="400">
<taxonomicName id="55809AF7FFA1FFA8F9C3F4ADFDC86E53" ID-CoL="323LN" authority="(Sampson)" baseAuthorityName="Sampson" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[151,542,250,274]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cryptoxyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="400" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turbineus">
<emphasis id="A0F43D66FFA1FFA8F9C3F4ADFE706E53" box="[151,422,250,274]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="400">Cryptoxyleborus turbineus</emphasis>
(Sampson)
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:
<treatmentCitation id="1321C765FFA1FFA8FB7CF4ADFD346E53" author="Schedl, K. E." box="[552,738,250,274]" page="551" pageId="4" pageNumber="400" year="1937">
<bibRefCitation id="F6119C85FFA1FFA8FB7CF4ADFD346E53" author="Schedl, K. E." box="[552,738,250,274]" pageId="4" pageNumber="400" pagination="543 - 552" refId="ref4193" refString="Schedl, K. E. (1937) Scolytidae and Platypodidae. 34. Contribution. Fauna Borneensis, Part 1. Sarawak Museum Journal, 4, 543 - 552." type="journal article" year="1937">Schedl, 1937: 551</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<emphasis id="A0F43D66FFA1FFA8F9C3F517FE5E6E1A" bold="true" box="[151,392,320,347]" pageId="4" pageNumber="400">Thai distribution: N</emphasis>
:
<collectingRegion id="50442F96FFA1FFA8F8C3F517FDCA6E1B" box="[407,540,320,346]" country="Thailand" name="Chiang Mai" pageId="4" pageNumber="400">Chiang Mai</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F6119C85FFA1FFA8FB7FF516FCEC6E1A" author="Beaver, R. A. &amp; Browne, F. G." box="[555,826,320,347]" pageId="4" pageNumber="400" pagination="283 - 311" refId="ref3601" refString="Beaver, R. A. &amp; Browne, F. G. (1975) The Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera) of Thailand. A checklist with biological and zoogeographical notes. Oriental Insects, 9, 283 - 311. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00305316.1975.10434499" type="journal article" year="1975">Beaver &amp; Browne 1975</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingRegion id="50442F96FFA1FFA8FA1BF517FC036E1B" box="[847,981,320,346]" country="Thailand" name="Phetchabun" pageId="4" pageNumber="400">Phetchabun</collectingRegion>
;
<emphasis id="A0F43D66FFA1FFA8FAB4F516FBC66E1A" bold="true" box="[992,1040,321,347]" pageId="4" pageNumber="400">N-E</emphasis>
:
<collectingRegion id="50442F96FFA1FFA8FD4BF517FB846E1B" box="[1055,1106,320,346]" country="Thailand" name="Loei" pageId="4" pageNumber="400">Loei</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F6119C85FFA1FFA8FD35F516FAE36E1A" author="Beaver, R. A. &amp; Sittichaya, W. &amp; Liu, L-Y." box="[1121,1333,320,347]" pageId="4" pageNumber="400" pagination="1 - 82" refId="ref3705" refString="Beaver, R. A., Sittichaya, W. &amp; Liu, L-Y. (2014) A synopsis of the scolytine ambrosia beetles of Thailand (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Zootaxa, 3875 (1), 1 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3875.1.1" type="journal article" year="2014">
Beaver
<emphasis id="A0F43D66FFA1FFA8FDEDF516FB276E1B" box="[1209,1265,320,346]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="400">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
).
<emphasis id="A0F43D66FFA1FFA8F993F533FEA76E3E" bold="true" box="[199,369,356,383]" pageId="4" pageNumber="400">
Habitat
<typeStatus id="4D3B5FD6FFA1FFA8F87EF532FEBA6E3E" box="[298,364,357,383]" pageId="4" pageNumber="400">types</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
mixed deciduous forest (
<bibRefCitation id="F6119C85FFA1FFA8FBD8F532FCB66E3E" author="Beaver, R. A. &amp; Sittichaya, W. &amp; Liu, L-Y." box="[652,864,356,383]" pageId="4" pageNumber="400" pagination="1 - 82" refId="ref3705" refString="Beaver, R. A., Sittichaya, W. &amp; Liu, L-Y. (2014) A synopsis of the scolytine ambrosia beetles of Thailand (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Zootaxa, 3875 (1), 1 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3875.1.1" type="journal article" year="2014">
Beaver
<emphasis id="A0F43D66FFA1FFA8FBB0F532FCCB6E3F" box="[740,797,356,382]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="400">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
).
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<mods:title id="AFFBF57DAD3ED7E1D95FFE0B003EFB43">Cryptoxyleborus brevicauda, a new species of xyleborine ambrosia beetle from Thailand (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborini)</mods:title>
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<bibRefCitation id="F6119C85FFA1FFA8F83EF48BFDEB6FB5" author="Sampson, F. W." box="[362,573,220,244]" pageId="4" pageNumber="400" pagination="285 - 289" refId="ref4148" refString="Sampson, F. W. (1923) Previously undescribed Scolytidae and Platypodidae from the Indian area. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 9, 11, 285 - 289. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222932308632858" type="journal article" year="1923">Sampson, 1923: 288</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="A0F43D66FFA1FFA8F9C3F4ADFE706E53" box="[151,422,250,274]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="400">Cryptoxyleborus turbineus</emphasis>
(Sampson)
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<treatmentCitation id="1321C765FFA1FFA8FB7CF4ADFD346E53" author="Schedl, K. E." box="[552,738,250,274]" page="551" pageId="4" pageNumber="400" year="1937">
<bibRefCitation id="F6119C85FFA1FFA8FB7CF4ADFD346E53" author="Schedl, K. E." box="[552,738,250,274]" pageId="4" pageNumber="400" pagination="543 - 552" refId="ref4193" refString="Schedl, K. E. (1937) Scolytidae and Platypodidae. 34. Contribution. Fauna Borneensis, Part 1. Sarawak Museum Journal, 4, 543 - 552." type="journal article" year="1937">Schedl, 1937: 551</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="A0F43D66FFA1FFA8F9C3F517FE5E6E1A" bold="true" box="[151,392,320,347]" pageId="4" pageNumber="400">Thai distribution: N</emphasis>
:
<collectingRegion id="50442F96FFA1FFA8F8C3F517FDCA6E1B" box="[407,540,320,346]" country="Thailand" name="Chiang Mai" pageId="4" pageNumber="400">Chiang Mai</collectingRegion>
(
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),
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;
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:
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(
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Beaver
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2014
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Habitat
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:
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mixed deciduous forest (
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Beaver
<emphasis id="A0F43D66FFA1FFA8FBB0F532FCCB6E3F" box="[740,797,356,382]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="400">et al.</emphasis>
2014
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Key to the species of
@ -135,6 +64,8 @@ of
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<emphasis id="A0F43D66FFA1FFA8FD08F587FB776EAB" bold="true" box="[1116,1185,464,490]" pageId="4" pageNumber="400">2020]</emphasis>
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<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFC01E087BC14BB9FE57F965" box="[418,495,1751,1775]" captionStart="Figure 40" captionStartId="23.[835,910,1871,1895]" captionTargetBox="[833,1520,1317,1846]" captionTargetId="figure-271@23.[835,1519,1341,1846]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 40. Indeterminate barnacle. Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13002, UCMP 218825." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13750414" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13750414/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">FIG. 40</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F27B36D3FFC01E087AF34A6BFC98F803" blockId="24.[112,800,1797,1929]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">A very small mold and cast appear to represent a small, short, possibly smooth-sided barnacle. It is not well enough preserved to identify beyond family and that is questionable. The family goes back to the Cambrian</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F27B36D3FFC01E0879034F77FB0FFD6E" blockId="24.[832,1521,537,1927]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">UCMP 218505 is a shark tooth exposed in lingual view and, being mesio-distally wide and concave right in this view, represents an upper tooth from the middle to rear of the tooth row. It is a small, asymmetrical tooth measuring 7.6 mm in crown height, 4.2 mm in crown width and 11.6 mm wide at the root.</paragraph>
@ -97,7 +98,7 @@ which typically has fine serrations along the entire edge but still resembles th
</taxonomicName>
, the bull shark. It can be distinguished from this last due to its greater asymmetry.
</paragraph>
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<caption id="A6BB665BFFC11E097A0C4F37FD7CFDFB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13750418" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13750418" box="[111,708,601,627]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13750418/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="24" startId="25.[111,186,601,625]" targetBox="[112,801,195,582]" targetPageId="25" targetType="figure">
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<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFC11E097A0C4F37FF5BFDFB" bold="true" box="[111,227,601,625]" pageId="25" pageNumber="24">Figure 42.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFC11E097A8A4F35FEFDFDF9" box="[233,325,603,627]" family="Scombridae" genus="Thunnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
@ -106,7 +107,7 @@ which typically has fine serrations along the entire edge but still resembles th
vertebra, hypotype, UCMP 218506.
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<caption id="A6BB665BFFC11E0979234E07FA12FC08" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13750420" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13750420" box="[832,1450,873,898]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13750420/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="24" startId="25.[832,907,873,897]" targetBox="[835,1519,195,853]" targetPageId="25" targetType="figure">
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<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFC11E0979234E07FC0CFC0B" bold="true" box="[832,948,873,897]" pageId="25" pageNumber="24">Figure 43.</emphasis>
Cycloid teleost scale, hypotype UCMP 270032.

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A very small mold and cast appear to represent a small, short, possibly smooth-sided barnacle. It is not well enough preserved to identify beyond family level. The family goes back to the Cambrian (

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<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFCC1E047BC14FC7FE57FD4B" box="[418,495,681,705]" captionStart="Figure 34" captionStartId="20.[113,200,1899,1925]" captionTargetBox="[152,1480,1342,1867]" captionTargetId="figure-446@20.[112,1519,1299,1880]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 34. Mammalian rib fragment, hypotype, UCMP 270043." pageId="20" pageNumber="19">FIG. 34</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFCC1E047BC14FC7FE57FD4B" box="[418,495,681,705]" captionStart="Figure 34" captionStartId="20.[113,200,1899,1925]" captionTargetBox="[152,1480,1342,1867]" captionTargetId="figure-446@20.[112,1519,1299,1880]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 34. Mammalian rib fragment, hypotype, UCMP 270043." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13750404" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13750404/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">FIG. 34</figureCitation>
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<paragraph id="F27B36D3FFCC1E047AF34FB6FDA3FCF4" blockId="20.[112,800,727,1212]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">UCMP 270019 and 270092 are partial mid-shaft fragments of what appear to be pinniped ribs. They resemble pinniped ribs in cross-sectional shape and marrow cavity area, but we cannot fully rule out small odontocete cetaceans with ribs of similar size.</paragraph>
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@ -63,14 +64,14 @@ ODONTOCETI
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,
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<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFCC1E047ED84E95FB61FB99" box="[1211,1241,1019,1043]" captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="21.[831,906,1886,1910]" captionTargetBox="[132,1507,1476,1862]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 36. Odontocete premaxilla, lateral view of hypotype, UCMP 269020." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13750406" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13750406/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">36</figureCitation>
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Cetacean remains recovered from the Caldecott Tunnel Tsm unit include a partial premaxilla (UCMP 269020) among other less identifiable fragments. The descriptive anatomical terminology used here follows Mead and Fordyce (2009). UCMP 269020 is a left mid-premaxilla of a medium-sized odontocete cetacean. T-shaped in cross-section, it has a sharp lateral edge which would have been flush with the maxilla and a more rounded medial border where it would have met the opposing right premaxilla in life. The ventral process is crushed and less distinguishable from the surrounding matrix, but does expand ventrally where the palatine surface would be visible in ventral view. The porcelanous part is gently convex. The labial surface, anterolateral sulcus, and any branches of the infraorbital canal are not visible, suggesting that this fragment is from the anterior half of the rostral portion. The convex rostral surface is 32.3 mm wide and the height from the palatine surface of the premaxilla is 32.5 mm. The entire fragment is
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long.
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<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFCC1E047A124A05FF40F80F" bold="true" box="[113,248,1899,1925]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Figure 34.</emphasis>
Mammalian rib fragment, hypotype, UCMP 270043.

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UCMP 412480 is a mold of a small indeterminate

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<paragraph id="F27B36D3FFCF1E077BC14950FE48FBDC" blockId="23.[269,644,986,1110]" box="[418,496,1086,1110]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFCF1E077BC14950FE48FBDC" box="[418,496,1086,1110]" captionStart="Figure 38" captionStartId="23.[834,909,755,779]" captionTargetBox="[834,1519,191,737]" captionTargetId="figure-307@23.[834,1519,191,737]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 38. Lucinoma cf. L. annulatum. Claremont Caldecott Tunnel fauna, right valve(?). Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13007, UCMP 218710." pageId="23" pageNumber="22">FIG. 38</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFCF1E077BC14950FE48FBDC" box="[418,496,1086,1110]" captionStart="Figure 38" captionStartId="23.[834,909,755,779]" captionTargetBox="[834,1519,191,737]" captionTargetId="figure-307@23.[834,1519,191,737]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 38. Lucinoma cf. L. annulatum. Claremont Caldecott Tunnel fauna, right valve(?). Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13007, UCMP 218710." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13750408" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13750408/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">FIG. 38</figureCitation>
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UCMP 218710, a single right valve in sandstone, is provisionally identified as

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@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ MÖLLER, 1842
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<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFD01E187BF549DCFE58FB43" box="[406,480,1201,1226]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[110,185,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[123,1518,1466,1850]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Yoldia cf. Y. submontereyensis from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, left valve. Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13008, UCMP 218804." pageId="8" pageNumber="7">FIGS. 6</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFD01E187BF549DCFE58FB43" box="[406,480,1201,1226]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[110,185,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[123,1518,1466,1850]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Yoldia cf. Y. submontereyensis from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, left valve. Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13008, UCMP 218804." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13750356" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13750356/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">FIGS. 6</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFD01E187B8849DCFE42FB43" box="[491,506,1202,1225]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="8.[830,905,1866,1890]" captionText="Figure 7. Yoldia cf. Y. submontereyensis from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, right valve. Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13008, UCMP 218771." pageId="8" pageNumber="7">7</figureCitation>
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@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ cf.
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFD01E1878154827FC98FAE9" author="Arnold, R." box="[630,800,1353,1379]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="345 - 390" refId="ref15736" refString="Arnold, R. 1908. Descriptions of new Cretaceous and Tertiary fossils from the Santa Cruz Mountains, California. U. S. National Museum Proceedings 34 (1617): 345 - 390." type="journal article" year="1908">Arnold, 1908</bibRefCitation>
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(
<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFD01E187A1A4802FF72FA0C" box="[121,202,1388,1414]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[110,185,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[123,1518,1466,1850]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Yoldia cf. Y. submontereyensis from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, left valve. Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13008, UCMP 218804." pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFD01E187A1A4802FF72FA0C" box="[121,202,1388,1414]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[110,185,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[123,1518,1466,1850]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Yoldia cf. Y. submontereyensis from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, left valve. Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13008, UCMP 218804." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13750356" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13750356/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFD01E187AB64803FF5FFA0D" box="[213,231,1389,1415]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="8.[830,905,1866,1890]" captionText="Figure 7. Yoldia cf. Y. submontereyensis from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, right valve. Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13008, UCMP 218771." pageId="8" pageNumber="7">7</figureCitation>
).
@ -91,7 +92,7 @@ cf.
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFD01E1879234CB3FC5EFE7D" author="Arnold, R." box="[832,998,477,503]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="345 - 390" refId="ref15736" refString="Arnold, R. 1908. Descriptions of new Cretaceous and Tertiary fossils from the Santa Cruz Mountains, California. U. S. National Museum Proceedings 34 (1617): 345 - 390." type="journal article" year="1908">Arnold, 1908</bibRefCitation>
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(
<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFD01E1879944CB3FB87FE7D" box="[1015,1087,477,503]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="9.[112,187,596,620]" captionTargetBox="[112,1517,192,582]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 8. Yoldia cf. Y. supramonterensis from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, left valve. Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13003, UCMP 218714." pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFD01E1879944CB3FB87FE7D" box="[1015,1087,477,503]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="9.[112,187,596,620]" captionTargetBox="[112,1517,192,582]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 8. Yoldia cf. Y. supramonterensis from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, left valve. Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13003, UCMP 218714." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13750358" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13750358/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
). This species occurs in
<collectingRegion id="3000F831FFD01E187F154CB3FA48FE7D" box="[1398,1520,477,503]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">California</collectingRegion>
from the Hambre Sandstone (

View file

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<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFD21E1A7BC14CC6FE57FE4A" box="[418,495,424,448]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="10.[112,187,1863,1887]" captionTargetBox="[113,800,1133,1836]" captionTargetId="figure-414@10.[127,782,1165,1836]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 12. Indeterminate Crenella? from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, right valve(?). Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13003, UCMP 218709." pageId="10" pageNumber="9">FIG. 12</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFD21E1A7BC14CC6FE57FE4A" box="[418,495,424,448]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="10.[112,187,1863,1887]" captionTargetBox="[113,800,1133,1836]" captionTargetId="figure-414@10.[127,782,1165,1836]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 12. Indeterminate Crenella? from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, right valve(?). Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13003, UCMP 218709." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13750362" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13750362/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">FIG. 12</figureCitation>
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A single small cast is questionably identified as the genus

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<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFD21E1A7BC14E40FE57FCCC" box="[418,495,814,838]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="10.[832,907,1860,1884]" captionTargetBox="[833,1520,1269,1832]" captionTargetId="figure-435@10.[836,1520,1298,1832]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 13. Indeterminate Propeamussiidae from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, possibly right valve. Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13004, UCMP 412704." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13750364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13750364/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">FIG. 13</figureCitation>
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Two partial, mostly decorticated, possibly right, valves of an indeterminate

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UCMP 218741 is a single specimen that may represent a new genus and species within the subfamily

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@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ MYRTEINAE
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<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFD31E1B7BC1488AFE57FA76" box="[418,495,1508,1532]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="11.[832,907,724,748]" captionTargetBox="[832,1519,192,701]" captionTargetId="figure-531@11.[832,1519,192,701]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 15. aff. Tehamatea n. sp., from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, right valve. Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13001, UCMP 410562." pageId="11" pageNumber="10">FIG. 15</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFD31E1B7BC1488AFE57FA76" box="[418,495,1508,1532]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="11.[832,907,724,748]" captionTargetBox="[832,1519,192,701]" captionTargetId="figure-531@11.[832,1519,192,701]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 15. aff. Tehamatea n. sp., from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, right valve. Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13001, UCMP 410562." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13750366" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13750366/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">FIG. 15</figureCitation>
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The second lucinid in the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna is similar to the previous one in having widely-spaced co-marginal lamellae, but differs in its low, broad umbo, wide, oval shape, and weak anterior dorsal sulcus. This lucinid is very similar in shape to genus

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@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ CARDITIDAE
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One indeterminate

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<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFD51E1D7E114961FB07FBAD" box="[1138,1215,1039,1063]" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="14.[112,187,492,516]" captionTargetBox="[112,798,195,477]" captionTargetId="figure-222@14.[112,798,195,477]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 21. Veneridae, indeterminate from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, right valve (left), left valve (right). Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13004, UCMP 410418." pageId="13" pageNumber="12">FIG. 21</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFD51E1D7E114961FB07FBAD" box="[1138,1215,1039,1063]" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="14.[112,187,492,516]" captionTargetBox="[112,798,195,477]" captionTargetId="figure-222@14.[112,798,195,477]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 21. Veneridae, indeterminate from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, right valve (left), left valve (right). Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13004, UCMP 410418." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13750378" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13750378/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">FIG. 21</figureCitation>
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UCMP 410418 is a single small specimen that shows an overall oval shell outline with the umbo positioned at about a third of the shells length. The umbo overhangs the dorso-anterior margin which is short and steeply inclined. The dorso-posterior margin broadly arches away from the umbo and is partially hidden. The ventral margin is broadly rounded from the anterior to the posterior. A fragment of the shell is present posterior of the umbo and appears moderately thick with strong concentric ribs. The cast shows that these ribs were co-marginal and moderately evenly spaced. These features and the shell outline matches well with some members of the family

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<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFD51E1D7BC14B72FE57F9BE" box="[418,495,1564,1588]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="13.[832,907,697,721]" captionTargetBox="[112,1516,192,679]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 20. Spisula aff. Spi. eugenensis from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, right valve(?). Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13004, UCMP 410439." pageId="13" pageNumber="12">FIG. 20</figureCitation>
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UCMP 410439 is provisionally referred to

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<mods:title id="B8E76AD2A768BB42D038618245E775E9">Miocene marine macropaleontology of the fourth bore Caldecott Tunnel excavation, Berkeley Hills, Oakland, California, USA</mods:title>
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@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ TRASK IN STEWART 1926
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<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFD51E1D7E114A5BFB07F8C7" box="[1138,1215,1845,1869]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="14.[112,187,1865,1889]" captionTargetBox="[157,754,891,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-247@14.[157,754,891,1847]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 22. Aperical view of indeterminate Bruclarkia from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, UCMP locality IP13003, hypotype UCMP 218695." pageId="13" pageNumber="12">FIG. 22</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFD51E1D7E114A5BFB07F8C7" box="[1138,1215,1845,1869]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="14.[112,187,1865,1889]" captionTargetBox="[157,754,891,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-247@14.[157,754,891,1847]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 22. Aperical view of indeterminate Bruclarkia from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, UCMP locality IP13003, hypotype UCMP 218695." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13750380" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13750380/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">FIG. 22</figureCitation>
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The genus