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<mods:title id="F53F43F10DF2EAD61BD4581C52559BEE">Phylogeny, taxonomy, and biogeography of the Sphaeriinae (Bivalvia: Sphaeriidae)</mods:title>
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Genus 
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<emphasis id="B905EAB31823FFEE3DC5FD21A6911BD2" bold="true" box="[227,398,658,685]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">Hindupisidium</emphasis>
Vinarski &amp; Bespalaya
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<emphasis id="B905EAB31823FFEE3D57FD60A6221B94" box="[113,317,723,747]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">Zoobank number:</emphasis>
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urn:lsid: zoobank.org:act: 
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.
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D221823FFEE3DD1FC9FA5FD1A3B" authority="G. Nevill &amp; H. Nevill, 1871" authorityName="G. Nevill &amp; H. Nevill" authorityYear="1871" box="[247,738,812,836]" class="Bivalvia" family="Sphaeriidae" genus="Pisidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaeriida" pageId="25" pageNumber="330" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarkeanum">
<emphasis id="B905EAB31823FFEE3DD1FC9FA6DA1A3B" box="[247,453,812,836]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">Pisidium clarkeanum</emphasis>
G. Nevill &amp; H. Nevill, 1871
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.
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<emphasis id="B905EAB31823FFEE3D57FCD5A7C81A02" box="[113,215,870,893]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
The maximum shell length is 
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. Shell triangular, moderately convex; the beaks are prominent, relatively narrow and markedly shifted posteriorly. Only one (exhalant) siphon present. The inhalant water current enters via the pedal slit. The outer demibranch is completely reduced or represent a very small outer demibranch. Both states of this character were also observed in 
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<emphasis id="B905EAB31823FFEE3DF2FB92A6A71D46" box="[212,440,1057,1081]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">Afropisidium kenianum</emphasis>
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from 
<collectingCountry id="F36676311823FFEE3CD0FB92A56A1D46" box="[502,629,1057,1081]" name="South Africa" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B501823FFEE3FA1FB92A64D1D26" author="Korniushin AV &amp; Glaubrecht M" pageId="25" pageNumber="330" pagination="415 - 59" refId="ref27696" refString="Korniushin AV, Glaubrecht M. Phylogenetic analysis based on the morphology of viviparous freshwater clams of the family Sphaeriidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Veneroida). Zoologica Scripta 2002; 31: 415 - 59." type="journal article" year="2002">Korniushin and Glaubrecht 2002</bibRefCitation>
). However, according to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B501823FFEE3F41FBF2A7A41D07" author="Clewing C &amp; Geertz T &amp; Rassam H" pageId="25" pageNumber="330" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref26242" refString="Clewing C, Geertz T, Rassam H et al. Freshwater diversity at a biogeographic edge zone: the high-mountain pea-clams of Ethiopia. Systematics and Biodiversity 2022; 20: 1 - 15. Available at: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772000.2021.2005706" type="journal article" year="2022">
Clewing 
<emphasis id="B905EAB31823FFEE3FE1FBF2A5EB1D26" box="[711,756,1089,1113]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">et al</emphasis>
. (2022)
</bibRefCitation>
, this species is a member of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D221823FFEE3F14FBD3A5641D07" authorityName="Jenyns" authorityYear="1832" box="[562,635,1120,1144]" class="Bivalvia" family="Sphaeriidae" genus="Euglesa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaeriida" pageId="25" pageNumber="330" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAB31823FFEE3F14FBD3A5641D07" box="[562,635,1120,1144]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">Euglesa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see below).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36A11823FFEE3D57FB2AA6281D8F" blockId="25.[113,762,1177,1264]" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">
<emphasis id="B905EAB31823FFEE3D57FB2AA65A1DCE" box="[113,325,1177,1201]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">Reproductive biology:</emphasis>
The members of this genus are characterized as synchronous brooders (embryos are developing within a distinct brood sac).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36A11823FFEE3D57FAA6A5CF1C33" blockId="25.[113,762,1301,1356]" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">
<emphasis id="B905EAB31823FFEE3D57FAA6A7FE1C52" box="[113,225,1301,1325]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">Etymology:</emphasis>
The genus name is derived from Hindustan, the Persian name for 
<collectingCountry id="F36676311823FFEE3C04FA87A6461C33" box="[290,345,1332,1356]" name="India" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">India</collectingCountry>
, where its 
<typeStatus id="54CA88031823FFEE3CE5FA87A6EE1C33" box="[451,497,1332,1356]" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">type</typeStatus>
species is distributed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36A11823FFEE3D57FAC2A60A1CB8" blockId="25.[113,762,1393,1479]" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">
<emphasis id="B905EAB31823FFEE3D57FAC2A7F01CF6" box="[113,239,1393,1417]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">Distribution:</emphasis>
The genus includes at least three valid species (
<tableCitation id="C6F3031A1823FFEE3D5AFA23A7D41CD7" box="[124,203,1424,1448]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="7.[108,163,458,483]" captionText="Table 1. Global taxonomic review of the subfamily Sphaeriinae (N/A—not available)" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">Table 1</tableCitation>
), whose ranges cover 
<collectingCountry id="F36676311823FFEE3C9FFA23A6EF1CD7" box="[441,496,1424,1448]" name="India" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">India</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F36676311823FFEE3CDBFA23A57E1CD7" box="[509,609,1424,1448]" name="Myanmar" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F36676311823FFEE3F48FA23A5D81CD7" box="[622,711,1424,1448]" name="Vietnam" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
, and 
<collectingCountry id="F36676311823FFEE3D57FA1CA7B11CB8" box="[113,174,1455,1479]" name="Nepal" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">Nepal</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="134A2A241823FFEE3D98FA1CA61B1CB8" box="[190,260,1455,1479]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="13.[113,178,1527,1551]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1499]" captionTargetId="figure-136@13.[114,1458,144,1499]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 3. Maps of approximate geographic distribution of six genera of the Sphaeriinae in the world based on available 16S rRNA sequences: (A) Sphaerium; (B) Euglesa; (C) Pisidium s.s.; (D) Odhneripisiduim; (E) Hindupisidium; (F) Conventus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13220090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13220090/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36A11823FFEE3D57FA5FA6761E42" blockId="25.[113,763,1516,1853]" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">
<emphasis id="B905EAB31823FFEE3D57FA5FA7D91F7B" box="[113,198,1516,1540]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">Remark:</emphasis>
Although 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D221823FFEE3C65FA5EA6BD1F7B" authorityName="Jickeli" authorityYear="1881" box="[323,418,1516,1540]" class="Bivalvia" family="Sphaeriidae" genus="Pisidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaeriida" pageId="25" pageNumber="330" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pirothi">
<emphasis id="B905EAB31823FFEE3C65FA5EA6BD1F7B" box="[323,418,1516,1540]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">P. pirothi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
represents the 
<typeStatus id="54CA88031823FFEE3F72FA5FA59D1F7B" box="[596,642,1516,1540]" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">type</typeStatus>
species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D221823FFEE3D57F9B8A7EF1F5C" authorityName="Kuiper" authorityYear="1962" box="[113,240,1547,1571]" class="Bivalvia" family="Sphaeriidae" genus="Afropisidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaeriida" pageId="25" pageNumber="330" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAB31823FFEE3D57F9B8A7EF1F5C" box="[113,240,1547,1571]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">Afropisidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, according to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B501823FFEE3CB7F9B8A5641F5C" author="Clewing C &amp; Geertz T &amp; Rassam H" box="[401,635,1547,1571]" pageId="25" pageNumber="330" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref26242" refString="Clewing C, Geertz T, Rassam H et al. Freshwater diversity at a biogeographic edge zone: the high-mountain pea-clams of Ethiopia. Systematics and Biodiversity 2022; 20: 1 - 15. Available at: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772000.2021.2005706" type="journal article" year="2022">
Clewing 
<emphasis id="B905EAB31823FFEE3CD7F9BFA53F1F5C" box="[497,544,1547,1571]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">et al</emphasis>
. (2022)
</bibRefCitation>
, all African species, including 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D221823FFEE3C15F998A6A71F3C" authorityName="Korniushin" authorityYear="1995" box="[307,440,1579,1603]" class="Bivalvia" family="Sphaeriidae" genus="Pisidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaeriida" pageId="25" pageNumber="330" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ethiopicum">
<emphasis id="B905EAB31823FFEE3C15F998A6A71F3C" box="[307,440,1579,1603]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">P. ethiopicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Supporting Information, 
<figureCitation id="134A2A241823FFEE3FF2F998A7BF1F1D" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="12.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[422,1181,141,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-10@12.[419,1183,141,1805]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 2. The phylogeny of the subfamily Sphaeriinae recovered from ML analysis (W-IQ-TREE) and obtained for the complete dataset of mitochondrial and nuclear sequences (16S rRNA+28S rRNA). Black numbers near nodes are bootstrap support values (BS)/ Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP). The new taxa are highlighted in red. Subgenera are marked by curly brackets." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13220084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13220084/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">Fig. S2H</figureCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D221823FFEE3D9FF9F8A64B1F1D" box="[185,340,1610,1634]" class="Bivalvia" family="Sphaeriidae" genus="Afropisidium" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaeriida" pageId="25" pageNumber="330" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="kenianum">
<emphasis id="B905EAB31823FFEE3D9FF9F8A7D41F1D" box="[185,203,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">P.</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="B905EAB31823FFEE3DD5F9F9A64B1F1D" box="[243,340,1610,1634]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">kenianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D221823FFEE3C44F9F8A6F31F1D" authorityName="Ancey" authorityYear="1890" box="[354,492,1611,1634]" class="Bivalvia" family="Sphaeriidae" genus="Pisidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaeriida" pageId="25" pageNumber="330" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ovampicum">
<emphasis id="B905EAB31823FFEE3C44F9F8A6F31F1D" box="[354,492,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">P. ovampicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D221823FFEE3F0FF9F8A5B71F1D" authorityName="Jickeli" authorityYear="1881" box="[553,680,1610,1634]" class="Bivalvia" family="Sphaeriidae" genus="Pisidium" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaeriida" pageId="25" pageNumber="330" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pirothi">
<emphasis id="B905EAB31823FFEE3F0FF9F8A5281F1D" box="[553,567,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">P</emphasis>
. cf. 
<emphasis id="B905EAB31823FFEE3F41F9F9A5B71F1D" box="[615,680,1610,1634]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">pirothi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, cluster within the 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D221823FFEE3DC7F9DAA6341FFE" authorityName="Jenyns" authorityYear="1832" box="[225,299,1641,1665]" class="Bivalvia" family="Sphaeriidae" genus="Euglesa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaeriida" pageId="25" pageNumber="330" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAB31823FFEE3DC7F9DAA6341FFE" box="[225,299,1641,1665]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">Euglesa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade, and none of these taxa is found within the 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D221823FFEE3DB0F93AA60A1FDE" authorityName="Kuiper" authorityYear="1962" box="[150,277,1673,1697]" class="Bivalvia" family="Sphaeriidae" genus="Afropisidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaeriida" pageId="25" pageNumber="330" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAB31823FFEE3DB0F93AA60A1FDE" box="[150,277,1673,1697]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">Afropisidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade. In this case, the name 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D221823FFEE3F16F93AA5B01FDE" authorityName="Kuiper" authorityYear="1962" box="[560,687,1673,1697]" class="Bivalvia" family="Sphaeriidae" genus="Afropisidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaeriida" pageId="25" pageNumber="330" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAB31823FFEE3F16F93AA5B01FDE" box="[560,687,1673,1697]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">Afropisidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cannot be applied to the clade, containing 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D221823FFEE3CE8F91BA5841FBF" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1876" box="[462,667,1704,1728]" class="Bivalvia" family="Sphaeriidae" genus="Pisidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaeriida" pageId="25" pageNumber="330" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nevillianum">
<emphasis id="B905EAB31823FFEE3CE8F91BA5841FBF" box="[462,667,1704,1728]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">Pisidium nevillianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="134A2A241823FFEE3F8CF91BA5EB1FBF" box="[682,756,1704,1728]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="15.[114,179,1076,1100]" captionTargetBox="[115,1458,144,1048]" captionTargetId="figure-413@15.[114,1458,144,1048]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 5. Representatives of valid genera in the subfamily Sphaeriinae:(A) Euglesa casertana, Russia, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomus Okrug, Gydan Peninsula; (B) Hindupisidium nevillianum (Myanmar, Inle Lake); (C) Conventus conventus, Russia (Arkhangelsk Region, Novaya Zemlya); (D) Pisidium amnicum (Russia, Nenets Autonomus Okrug, Vashutkiny Lakes); (E) Sphaerium corneum (Russia, Arkhangelsk Region, Bolshoy Solovetsky Island); (F) Sphaerium lacustre (Russia, Irkutsk Region, Angara River). Photos:O.V.Aksenova. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13220098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13220098/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">Figs 5B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="134A2A241823FFEE3D57F974A7921FA0" box="[113,141,1735,1759]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="16.[129,194,1363,1387]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,146,1335]" captionTargetId="figure-227@16.[129,1473,145,1335]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 6. Teeth morphology and shell pores of representatives of the genera in the subfamily Sphaeriinae: (A) Euglesa casertana (Russia, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomus Okrug, Yamal Peninsula); (B) Hindupisidium nevillianum (Myanmar, Inle Lake); (C) Conventus conventus (Russia, Arkhangelsk Region, Novaya Zemlya); (D) Pisidium amnicum (Russia, Nenets Autonomus Okrug, Vashutkiny Lakes); (E) Sphaerium corneum (Russia, Arkhangelsk Region, Bolshoy Solovetsky Island).Photos: O.V. Aksenova.Scale bars: teeth—0.5 mm; pores—20 µm. The left-hand, central column—right and left valves, respectively; the right-hand column—pores." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13220100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13220100/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">6B</figureCitation>
, and 
<figureCitation id="134A2A241823FFEE3DEBF97BA7F71FA0" box="[205,232,1736,1759]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="17.[113,178,771,795]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,143,743]" captionTargetId="figure-55@17.[114,1458,143,743]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 7. Anatomy of siphons and gills of representatives of the genera in the subfamily Sphaeriinae: (A) Euglesa casertana (Russia, Vaigach Island); (B) siphon of Hindupisidium nevillianum (Myanmar, Inle Lake); (C) siphon of Conventus conventus (Russia, Arkhangelsk Region, Novaya Zemlya); (D) siphon of Pisidium amnicum (Russia, Tyumen Region); (E) siphon of Sphaerium corneum (Russia, Arkhangelsk Region, Bolshoy Solovetsky Island); (F) siphon of Sphaerium lacustre (Russia, Irkutsk Region, Angara River); (G) gill with embryos of E. casertana (Russia, Vaigach Island); (H) gills with embryos of P.amnicum (Russia, Nenets Autonomus Okrug, Vashutkiny Lakes); (I) gills with embryos of S. lacustre (Russia, Irkutsk Region, Angara River). Photos:O.V.Aksenova. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13220104" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13220104/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">7B</figureCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D221823FFEE3C24F974A5E91FA0" authority="(van Benthem Jutting, 1931)" baseAuthorityName="van Benthem Jutting" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[258,758,1735,1759]" class="Bivalvia" family="Sphaeriidae" genus="Pisidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaeriida" pageId="25" pageNumber="330" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="javanum">
<emphasis id="B905EAB31823FFEE3C24F974A6A81FA0" box="[258,439,1735,1759]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">Pisidium javanum</emphasis>
(van Benthem Jutting, 1931)
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D221823FFEE3DB8F955A5771F80" authority="(Nevill &amp; Nevill, 1871)" baseAuthorityName="Nevill &amp; Nevill" baseAuthorityYear="1871" box="[158,616,1766,1791]" class="Bivalvia" family="Sphaeriidae" genus="Pisidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaeriida" pageId="25" pageNumber="330" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarkeanum">
<emphasis id="B905EAB31823FFEE3DB8F955A6721F81" box="[158,365,1766,1790]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">Pisidium clarkeanum</emphasis>
(Nevill &amp; Nevill, 1871)
</taxonomicName>
, and, thus, we erected here a new genus to include these species formely classified within 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D221823FFEE3DC2F896A67C1E42" authorityName="Kuiper" authorityYear="1962" box="[228,355,1829,1853]" class="Bivalvia" family="Sphaeriidae" genus="Afropisidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaeriida" pageId="25" pageNumber="330" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAB31823FFEE3DC2F896A67C1E42" box="[228,355,1829,1853]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="330">Afropisidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>