treatments-xml/data/03/92/87/039287EEFFACD606FF32F955A64F2E1D.xml

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<mods:title id="647D06889FBBD75A23974B681FE903A6">Viola pachysoma (Violaceae), a new name for a rosulate species endemic to the Andes of Argentinian Patagonia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3926EB9C0FB33E6AEF629DF60217BCBE">Flores, Ana R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B9AD2A0515664D6359B092DE3E3FF47D">Sheader, Martin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0B241274E32B646B44866ADA451A5068">Sheader, Anna-Liisa</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="19FEF148B5E1CBF37A15E97393D3B38D">Cliftonville, 90 Bursledon Road, Bitterne, Southampton, Hants., SO 19 7 LZ, U. K.</mods:affiliation>
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<paragraph id="8B8436F8FFACD603FF32F955A16C29F7" blockId="1.[136,1087,1716,1743]" box="[136,1087,1716,1743]" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D7BFFACD603FF32F955A7D429F7" ID-CoL="7Z6YB" authority="M. Sheader &amp; J. M. Watson" authorityName="M. Sheader &amp; J. M. Watson" authorityYear="2018" box="[136,647,1716,1743]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Viola" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pachysoma" status="nom. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFACD603FF32F955A41E29F7" bold="true" box="[136,333,1716,1743]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">Viola pachysoma</emphasis>
M. Sheader &amp; J.M. Watson
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27C5791FFACD603FD28F957A65329F7" box="[658,768,1718,1743]" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFACD603FD28F957A7AA29F7" box="[658,761,1718,1743]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">nom. nov</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<figureCitation id="13002A7DFFACD603FCB5F957A6C329F7" box="[783,912,1718,1743]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[136,229,1323,1344]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,190,1298]" captionTargetId="figure-14@3.[151,1436,190,1298]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Viola pachysoma. A. Individual cryptic-coloured plant as solitary, columnar rosette.Argentina, Neuquén Province, Copahue. 13 January 2010. (Photo: Kees Jan van Zwienen). B. Lateral view of flower showing spur. Argentina, Neuquén Province, Primeros Pinos. 4 December 2013. (Photo: Martin &amp; Anna-Liisa Sheader). C. Individual plant of F.&amp; W. 8271 with various subdepressed adjoined rosettes.Argentina, Neuquén Province, Copahue.8 December 1994.(Photo: John Watson). D. Superior view of flower showing style crest. Argentina, Neuquén Province, Primeros Pinos. 4 December 2013. (Photo - Martin &amp; Anna-Liisa Sheader)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13724024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13724024/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">figs. 2A–D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13002A7DFFACD603FC21F957A6B329F7" box="[923,992,1718,1743]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[136,229,1878,1899]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,317,1852]" captionTargetId="figure-77@4.[151,1436,317,1852]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Viola pachysoma. A. Columnar, multi-rosetted, uncommon yellow-flowered form. Argentina, Neuquén Province, Copahue. 21 December 2002. (Photo:Ana Flores). B. Fasciated individual.Argentina, Neuquén Province, Copahue. 13 January 2010. (Photo: Kees Jan van Zwienen). C. Green-coloured, solitary, columnar, unirosulate form. Argentina, Neuquén Province, Argentina, Neuquén Province, Copahue. 13 January 2010. (Photo: Kees Jan van Zwienen)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13724026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13724026/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">3A–C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13002A7DFFACD603FC56F957A16029F7" box="[1004,1075,1718,1743]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[136,229,1920,1941]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,413,1903]" captionTargetId="figure-129@8.[151,1437,413,1903]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. A. Viola pachysoma. Columnar unirosulate plant. Argentina, Neuquén Province, Copahue. 13 January 2010. (Photo: Kees Jan van Zwienen). B. Viola pachysoma. Frontal view of flower. Argentina, Neuquén Province, Copahue. 13 January 2010. (Photo: Kees Jan van Zwienen). C. Viola pachysoma. An entire unirosulate plant unearthed, showing axial rootstock. Argentina, Neuquén Province, Primeros Pinos. 4 December 2013.(Photo: Martin &amp;Anna-Liisa Sheader). D. Viola dasyphylla. Small plant.Argentina, Neuquén Province, Cerro Colorado. 19 December 2007. (Photo: Ana Flores)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13724030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13724030/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">5A–C</figureCitation>
).
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3216573FFACD603FF32F93DA0F8282D" pageId="1" pageNumber="114" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B8436F8FFACD603FF32F93DA0FF29C9" blockId="1.[136,1452,1756,1993]" box="[136,1452,1756,1777]" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">
Basionym: 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFACD603FF4AF93DA45B29C9" bold="true" box="[240,264,1756,1777]" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">—</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D7BFFACD603FEB2F93DA60429C9" ID-CoL="5BGL8" authority="M. Sheader &amp; A. Sheader (2014 a: 210)" authorityName="M. Sheader &amp; A. Sheader" authorityPageNumber="210" authorityYear="2014" box="[264,855,1756,1777]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Viola" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="copahuensis">
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFACD603FEB2F93DA4E829C9" box="[264,443,1756,1777]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">Viola copahuensis</emphasis>
M. Sheader &amp; A. Sheader (2014a: 210)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFACD603FCDFF93DA69A29C9" box="[869,969,1756,1777]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">nom. illeg</emphasis>
., 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFACD603FC65F93DA10829C9" box="[991,1115,1756,1777]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">nom. superfl</emphasis>
. 
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: 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFACD603FB1BF93DA1EA29C9" bold="true" box="[1185,1209,1756,1777]" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">—</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F32C7668FFACD603FB03F93DA01B29C9" box="[1209,1352,1756,1777]" name="Argentina" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">ARGENTINA</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion id="49FFF81AFFACD603FAEFF93DA0FF29C9" box="[1365,1452,1756,1777]" country="Argentina" name="Neuquen" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">Neuquén</collectingRegion>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8436F8FFACD603FF07F8E1A0F8282D" blockId="1.[136,1452,1756,1993]" box="[189,1451,1792,1813]" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">
Province, Ñorquin Department: Volcán Copahue, above Termas de Copahue, 
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, 
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, 
<date id="FF851038FFACD603FB6AF8E1A02D282D" box="[1232,1406,1792,1813]" pageId="1" pageNumber="114" value="2010-12-06">6 December 2010</date>
, 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFACD603FA32F8E1A0F6282D" box="[1416,1445,1792,1813]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">leg</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3216573FFACD603FF07F8C5A69528F1" pageId="1" pageNumber="114" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8436F8FFACD603FF07F8C5A69528F1" blockId="1.[136,1452,1756,1993]" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">
M. &amp; A. Sheader, 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFACD603FED6F8C5A48F2801" box="[364,476,1828,1849]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">MAS 10121</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="5480885AFFACD603FE53F8C5A7112801" box="[489,578,1828,1849]" pageId="1" pageNumber="114" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
: herb Sheader; 
<typeStatus id="5480885AFFACD603FD6CF8C5A64C2801" box="[726,799,1828,1849]" pageId="1" pageNumber="114" type="isotype">isotype</typeStatus>
: BCRU). = 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFACD603FF26F8A9A4B22865" box="[156,481,1864,1885]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D7BFFACD603FF26F8A9A4282865" box="[156,379,1864,1885]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Viola" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="columnaris" subSpecies="sensu">Viola columnaris sensu</taxonomicName>
auctt. non
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B09FFACD603FE5DF8A9A7952865" author="Skottsberg, C." box="[487,710,1864,1885]" pageId="1" pageNumber="114" pagination="1 - 366" refId="ref6739" refString="Skottsberg, C. (1916) Die Vegetationsverhaltnisse langs der Cordillera de los Andes s. von 41 º S. Br. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Vegetation in Chiloe, Westpatagonien, dem andinen Patagonien und Feuerland. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 56 (5): 1 - 366." type="journal article" year="1916">Skottsberg (1916: 261)</bibRefCitation>
. = 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFACD603FF26F88DA4ED28B9" box="[156,446,1900,1921]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D7BFFACD603FF26F88DA40B28B9" box="[156,344,1900,1921]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Viola" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="petraea" subSpecies="sensu">Viola petraea sensu</taxonomicName>
auctt. non
</emphasis>
W. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B09FFACD603FE5EF88DA7F128B9" author="Becker, W." box="[484,674,1900,1921]" pageId="1" pageNumber="114" pagination="349 - 361" refId="ref5922" refString="Becker, W. (1925) Beitrage der Kenntnis der sudamerikanischen Violae. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 21: 349 - 361. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / fedr. 19250212106" type="journal article" year="1925">Becker (1925: 354)</bibRefCitation>
. = 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D7BFFACD603FF26F871A4DD289D" box="[156,398,1936,1957]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Viola" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="blaxlandiae" subSpecies="sensu">
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFACD603FF26F871A59D289D" box="[156,206,1936,1957]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">Viola</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFACD603FF6EF871A5B1289D" bold="true" box="[212,226,1936,1957]" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">×</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFACD603FF5BF871A4DD289D" box="[225,398,1936,1957]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">blaxlandiae sensu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFACD603FE2EF871A4A7289D" box="[404,500,1936,1957]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">auctt. non</emphasis>
J.M. Watson &amp; A.R. 
<collectingCountry id="F32C7668FFACD603FD78F871A7AD289D" box="[706,766,1936,1957]" name="Indonesia" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">Flores</collectingCountry>
(2012: 370), 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFACD603FC3BF871A688289D" box="[897,987,1936,1957]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">pro parte</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFACD603FF32F856A5C528F1" box="[136,150,1975,1993]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">≡</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D7BFFACD603FF26F855A79C28F1" authority="M. Sheader &amp; A. Sheader (2014 b: 245)" authorityName="M. Sheader &amp; A. Sheader" authorityPageNumber="245" authorityYear="2014" box="[156,719,1972,1993]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Viola" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caviahuensis">
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFACD603FF26F855A40328F1" box="[156,336,1972,1993]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">Viola caviahuensis</emphasis>
M. Sheader &amp; A. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B09FFACD603FE45F855A79C28F1" author="Sheader, M. &amp; Sheader, A. - L." box="[511,719,1972,1993]" pageId="1" pageNumber="114" refId="ref6643" refString="Sheader, M. &amp; Sheader, A. - L. (2014 b) Letters. Alpine Gardener: Journal of the Alpine Garden Society 82 (3): 245." type="journal volume" year="2014">Sheader (2014b: 245)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFACD603FD6FF855A66F28F1" box="[725,828,1972,1993]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">nom. illeg.</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFACD603FCFDF855A69528F1" box="[839,966,1972,1993]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">nom. superfl.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8B8436F8FFAFD600FF32FC7BA6A92CEB" blockId="2.[136,1453,922,979]" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FF32FC7BA5AD2C97" bold="true" box="[136,254,922,943]" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D7BFFAFD600FEB9FC7BA4F42C97" authorityName="M. Sheader &amp; J. M. Watson" authorityYear="2018" box="[259,423,922,943]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Viola" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pachysoma">
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FEB9FC7BA4F42C97" box="[259,423,922,943]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">Viola pachysoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
distribution. 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FD9DFC7BA76B2C97" bold="true" box="[551,568,922,943]" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">A</emphasis>
. Distribution in South American subcontinent where the species is an endemic of Argentina. 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FF32FC5FA5CB2CEB" bold="true" box="[136,152,958,979]" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">B</emphasis>
. The two locations in Argentina, Neuquén Province, where the species is a local endemic.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C3216573FFAFD600FF32FBE2A6272B78" pageId="2" pageNumber="115" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B8436F8FFAFD600FF32FBE2A6272B78" blockId="2.[136,1452,1027,1988]" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FF32FBE2A4982B24" bold="true" box="[136,459,1027,1052]" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">Supplemetary diagnosis:—</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D7BFFAFD600FE71FBE2A7D82B24" authorityName="M. Sheader &amp; J. M. Watson" authorityYear="2018" box="[459,651,1027,1052]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Viola" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pachysoma">
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FE71FBE2A7D82B24" box="[459,651,1027,1052]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">Viola pachysoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is closest to 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D7BFFAFD600FCA7FBE2A6E52B24" authorityName="Skottsberg" authorityYear="1916" box="[797,950,1027,1052]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Viola" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="columnaris">
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FCA7FBE2A6E52B24" box="[797,950,1027,1052]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">V. columnaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from which it may be told by its differently shaped and glabrous corolla and significantly disjunct distribution.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3216573FFAFD600FF07FBAAA4262844" pageId="2" pageNumber="115" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8436F8FFAFD600FF07FBAAA6F0280C" blockId="2.[136,1452,1027,1988]" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FF07FBAAA43E2B5C" bold="true" box="[189,365,1099,1124]" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">Description:—</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FED7FBAAA4CA2B5C" box="[365,409,1099,1124]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">Life</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D7BFFAFD600FE1AFBAAA7142B5C" box="[416,583,1099,1124]" form="perennial" pageId="2" pageNumber="115" rank="form">
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FE1AFBAAA4862B5C" box="[416,469,1099,1124]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">form</emphasis>
perennial
</taxonomicName>
, rosulate, glabrous, evergreen hemicryptophyte. 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FBD2FBAAA1852B5C" box="[1128,1238,1099,1124]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">Rootstock</emphasis>
axial, to ca. 
<quantity id="4CC39B1DFFAFD600FADCFBAAA0F82B5C" box="[1382,1451,1099,1124]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="115" unit="cm" value="35.0">35 cm</quantity>
long × 
<quantity id="4CC39B1DFFAFD600FF63FB8EA4432BB0" box="[217,272,1135,1160]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="115" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
dia. at junction with caudex, stout, ligneous above. 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FCE6FB8EA6E12BB0" box="[860,946,1135,1160]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">Caudex</emphasis>
to ca. 
<quantity id="4CC39B1DFFAFD600FC44FB8EA1152BB0" box="[1022,1094,1135,1160]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="115" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
, simple or branched, enveloped below living foliage with vestiges of dead vegetation. 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FD66FB72A64A2B94" box="[732,793,1171,1196]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">Plant</emphasis>
solitary to forming dense cushions, rarely of many rosettes. 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FF32FB56A5892BE8" box="[136,218,1207,1232]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">Rosette</emphasis>
ca. 
<quantity id="4CC39B1DFFAFD600FEB3FB56A4D42BE8" box="[265,391,1207,1232]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="115" unit="cm" value="4.5" valueMax="6.5" valueMin="2.5">2.5–6.5 cm</quantity>
dia. × 2–7.5(–9) cm high, densely imbricate to base, frequently columnar, usually cryptic, but at times green, somewhat depressed towards centre of face. 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FC8FFB3AA6D02BCC" box="[821,899,1243,1268]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">Leaves</emphasis>
spathulate, ca. 
<quantity id="4CC39B1DFFAFD600FB8FFB3AA1CD2BCC" box="[1077,1182,1243,1268]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="115" unit="cm" value="1.75" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="1.0">1–2.5 cm</quantity>
when mature, arranged in distinct spirals, estipulate; 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FE75FB1EA7262A20" box="[463,629,1279,1304]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">pseudopetioles</emphasis>
<quantity id="4CC39B1DFFAFD600FDC7FB1EA7AC2A20" box="[637,767,1279,1304]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.3" metricValueMax="14.0" metricValueMin="4.6" pageId="2" pageNumber="115" unit="mm" value="9.3" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="4.6">4.6–14 mm</quantity>
, plane, more or less thick and fleshy; 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FB1CFB1EA1A72A20" box="[1190,1268,1279,1304]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">lamina</emphasis>
5.4–6.5 × 
<quantity id="4CC39B1DFFAFD600FAD6FB1EA5E52A04" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.75" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="115" unit="mm" value="5.75" valueMax="6.5" valueMin="5.0">5–6.5 mm</quantity>
, entire, broadly ovate to suborbicular to rarely wider than long, leathery-succulent, minutely apiculate at tip, margin 
<quantity id="4CC39B1DFFAFD600FF67FAA6A4612A58" box="[221,306,1351,1376]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="115" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
wide, thin-cartilaginous, pale-translucent. 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FCB7FAA6A63F2A58" box="[781,876,1351,1376]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">Anthesis</emphasis>
more or less simultaneous. 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FB1AFAA6A1AF2A58" box="[1184,1276,1351,1376]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">Flowers</emphasis>
ca. 
<quantity id="4CC39B1DFFAFD600FA92FAA6A00D2A58" box="[1320,1374,1351,1376]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="115" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
high × 
<quantity id="4CC39B1DFFAFD600FF32FA8AA5EC2ABC" box="[136,191,1387,1412]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="115" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
wide, axial, solitary, forming dense ring around, and somewhat included within, upper circumference of rosette. 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FF32FA6EA5A82A90" box="[136,251,1423,1448]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">Peduncles</emphasis>
ca. 
<quantity id="4CC39B1DFFAFD600FE97FA6EA4202A90" box="[301,371,1423,1448]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="115" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
, somewhat shorter than leaves; bracteoles 
<quantity id="4CC39B1DFFAFD600FCE4FA6EA6BA2A90" box="[862,1001,1423,1448]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.85" metricValueMax="6.2" metricValueMin="5.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="115" unit="mm" value="5.85" valueMax="6.2" valueMin="5.5">5.5–6.2 mm</quantity>
, basal, linear with acute-subulate apex, hyaline. 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FF50FA52A4782AF4" box="[234,299,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">Calyx</emphasis>
<quantity id="4CC39B1DFFAFD600FE89FA52A4FA2AF4" box="[307,425,1459,1484]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" metricValueMax="7.8" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="115" unit="mm" value="6.9" valueMax="7.8" valueMin="6.0">6–7.8 mm</quantity>
; 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FE0FFA52A4A82AF4" box="[437,507,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">sepals</emphasis>
unequal, triangular, acuminate. 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FCD2FA52A6ED2AF4" box="[872,958,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">Corolla</emphasis>
glabrous, white to pale whitish violet, with rare pale yellow 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D7BFFAFD600FEFDFA36A4862AC8" box="[327,469,1495,1520]" form="known" pageId="2" pageNumber="115" rank="form">form known</taxonomicName>
; more or less veined violet on inferior longitudinal half of lateral petals, and as central line or lines on superior petals, these rarely unmarked; venation more pronouced and extensive on lowermost petal, this yellow at base; reverse of all petals more heavily veined violet; superior petals 5.8–9.5 × 
<quantity id="4CC39B1DFFAFD600FB13F9FEA04E2900" box="[1193,1309,1567,1592]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.55" metricValueMax="3.1" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="115" unit="mm" value="2.55" valueMax="3.1" valueMin="2.0">2–3.1 mm</quantity>
, linear, apex rounded to rounded-obtuse; lateral petals 7.5–10.3 × 
<quantity id="4CC39B1DFFAFD600FD50F9A2A6252964" box="[746,886,1603,1628]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="4.6" metricValueMin="2.9" pageId="2" pageNumber="115" unit="mm" value="3.75" valueMax="4.6" valueMin="2.9">2.9–4.6 mm</quantity>
, apex obovate, rounded to obliquely subtruncate; inferior petal 8–11.2 × 
<quantity id="4CC39B1DFFAFD600FE3DF986A4A929B8" box="[391,506,1639,1664]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.4" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="7.8" pageId="2" pageNumber="115" unit="mm" value="8.4" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="7.8">7.8–9 mm</quantity>
, obtriangular, emarginate to subtruncate, with minute point in apical sinus or at apex; spur 1.5–2 × 
<quantity id="4CC39B1DFFAFD600FEA7F96AA4F5299C" box="[285,422,1675,1700]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="2" pageNumber="115" unit="mm" value="1.95" valueMax="2.1" valueMin="1.8">1.8–2.1 mm</quantity>
, stoutly cylidrical, retuse. 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FD75F96AA604299C" box="[719,855,1675,1700]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">Androecium</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FC34F96AA154299C" box="[910,1031,1675,1700]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">gynoecium</emphasis>
, exserted, readily visible; 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FA8AF96AA0D7299C" box="[1328,1412,1675,1700]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">anthers</emphasis>
ca. 
<quantity id="4CC39B1DFFAFD600FF32F94EA44029F0" box="[136,275,1711,1736]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="115" unit="mm" value="1.35" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.2">1.2–1.5 mm</quantity>
, lower pair with filiform nectar spurs; connectives equal in length to anthers, orange; 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FB4FF94EA07B29F0" box="[1269,1320,1711,1736]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">style</emphasis>
geniculate, clavate; 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FF52F932A40929D4" box="[232,346,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">style crest</emphasis>
short, lateral, retrorse-uncinate, rarely patent lobe-arm either side of style head, these conjoined and sometimes with minute central apical projection. 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FD57F916A6742828" box="[749,807,1783,1808]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">Fruit</emphasis>
<quantity id="4CC39B1DFFAFD600FC95F916A6F62828" box="[815,933,1783,1808]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="115" unit="mm" value="3.75" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.5">3.5–4 mm</quantity>
, orbicular, tri-valved capsule; 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FABBF916A06D2828" box="[1281,1342,1783,1808]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">seeds</emphasis>
not seen. (
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FF2BF8FAA46C280C" box="[145,319,1819,1844]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">Descriptio typo</emphasis>
M. &amp; A. Sheader 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FDB1F8FAA707280C" box="[523,596,1819,1844]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">emend</emphasis>
. J.M. Watson &amp; A.R. 
<collectingCountry id="F32C7668FFAFD600FCF6F8FAA6C4280C" box="[844,919,1819,1844]" name="Indonesia" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">Flores</collectingCountry>
.)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8436F8FFAFD600FF07F8DEA4262844" blockId="2.[136,1452,1027,1988]" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FF07F8DEA4482860" bold="true" box="[189,283,1855,1880]" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">Note:—</emphasis>
It is sometimes possible to observe evident layers of annual growth in older, conspicuously columnar individuals (
<figureCitation id="13002A7DFFAFD600FEAEF882A43B2844" box="[276,360,1891,1916]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[136,229,1323,1344]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,190,1298]" captionTargetId="figure-14@3.[151,1436,190,1298]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Viola pachysoma. A. Individual cryptic-coloured plant as solitary, columnar rosette.Argentina, Neuquén Province, Copahue. 13 January 2010. (Photo: Kees Jan van Zwienen). B. Lateral view of flower showing spur. Argentina, Neuquén Province, Primeros Pinos. 4 December 2013. (Photo: Martin &amp; Anna-Liisa Sheader). C. Individual plant of F.&amp; W. 8271 with various subdepressed adjoined rosettes.Argentina, Neuquén Province, Copahue.8 December 1994.(Photo: John Watson). D. Superior view of flower showing style crest. Argentina, Neuquén Province, Primeros Pinos. 4 December 2013. (Photo - Martin &amp; Anna-Liisa Sheader)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13724024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13724024/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">fig. 2A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3216573FFAFD600FF07F866A1DC28FC" pageId="2" pageNumber="115" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B8436F8FFAFD600FF07F866A1DC28FC" blockId="2.[136,1452,1027,1988]" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FF07F866A4372898" bold="true" box="[189,356,1927,1952]" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">Etymology:—</emphasis>
A notable characteristic of the species is the frequently robust structure of its columnar rosettes. We have reflected this in its replacement epithet, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D7BFFAFD600FD3FF84AA65028FC" authorityName="M. Sheader &amp; J. M. Watson" authorityYear="2018" box="[645,771,1963,1988]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Viola" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pachysoma">
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAFD600FD3FF84AA65028FC" box="[645,771,1963,1988]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">pachysoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is Greek for ‘stout-bodied’.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF446670FFAED601FF32FACAA1DE2AE8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13724024" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13724024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13724024/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="116" startId="3.[136,229,1323,1344]" targetBox="[151,1436,190,1298]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8436F8FFAED601FF32FACAA1DE2AE8" blockId="3.[136,1453,1323,1488]" pageId="3" pageNumber="116">
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAED601FF32FACAA5AE2A78" bold="true" box="[136,253,1323,1344]" pageId="3" pageNumber="116">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D7BFFAED601FEB9FACAA4F42A78" authorityName="M. Sheader &amp; J. M. Watson" authorityYear="2018" box="[259,423,1323,1344]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Viola" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pachysoma">
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAED601FEB9FACAA4F42A78" box="[259,423,1323,1344]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="116">Viola pachysoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAED601FE08FACAA4902A78" bold="true" box="[434,451,1323,1344]" pageId="3" pageNumber="116">A</emphasis>
. Individual cryptic-coloured plant as solitary, columnar rosette. Argentina, Neuquén Province, Copahue. 13 January 2010. (Photo: Kees Jan van Zwienen). 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAED601FD3DFAAEA7C42A5C" bold="true" box="[647,663,1359,1380]" pageId="3" pageNumber="116">B</emphasis>
. Lateral view of flower showing spur. Argentina, Neuquén Province, Primeros Pinos. 4 December 2013. (Photo: Martin &amp; Anna-Liisa Sheader). 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAED601FD45FA92A6432AB0" bold="true" box="[767,784,1395,1416]" pageId="3" pageNumber="116">C</emphasis>
. Individual plant of F.&amp; W. 8271 with various subdepressed adjoined rosettes.Argentina, Neuquén Province, Copahue. 8 December 1994. (Photo: John Watson). 
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAED601FC56FA76A6AE2A94" bold="true" box="[1004,1021,1431,1452]" pageId="3" pageNumber="116">D</emphasis>
. Superior view of flower showing style crest. Argentina, Neuquén Province, Primeros Pinos. 4 December 2013. (Photo - Martin &amp; Anna-Liisa Sheader).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C3216573FFAED606FF07F9E1A64F2E1D" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="117" pageId="3" pageNumber="116" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B8436F8FFAED601FF07F9E1A68F2801" blockId="3.[136,1452,1536,2065]" pageId="3" pageNumber="116">
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAED601FF07F9E1A75A2921" bold="true" box="[189,521,1536,1561]" pageId="3" pageNumber="116">Distribution and habitat:—</emphasis>
A narrow endemic of 
<collectingCountry id="F32C7668FFAED601FCB9F9E1A6262921" box="[771,885,1536,1561]" name="Argentina" pageId="3" pageNumber="116">Argentina</collectingCountry>
, known mainly from the general sector of Volcán Copahue and Caviahue, where it forms a number of scattered and substantial populations from as low as the Salto del Agrio at ca. 
<quantity id="4CC39B1DFFAED601FEA9F9A9A43B2959" box="[275,360,1608,1633]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="116" unit="m" value="1600.0">1600 m</quantity>
to just over 
<quantity id="4CC39B1DFFAED601FE4FF9A9A7192959" box="[501,586,1608,1633]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="116" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000 m</quantity>
in the subnival zone. Other named sites are on the slopes of Volcán Copahue itself; between Copahué and the Laguna Las Mellizas; and the Cordon del Cajon Chico. Another well separated population is known from near Primeros Pinos about 
<quantity id="4CC39B1DFFAED601FD43F971A6022991" box="[761,849,1680,1705]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="3" pageNumber="116" unit="km" value="130.0">130 km</quantity>
to the south, also in 
<collectingRegion id="49FFF81AFFAED601FBF6F971A04D2991" box="[1100,1310,1680,1705]" country="Argentina" name="Neuquen" pageId="3" pageNumber="116">Neuquén province</collectingRegion>
(Sheader &amp; Sheader 2014a). 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D7BFFAED601FEFEF955A48E29F5" authorityName="M. Sheader &amp; J. M. Watson" authorityYear="2018" box="[324,477,1716,1741]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Viola" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pachysoma">
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAED601FEFEF955A48E29F5" box="[324,477,1716,1741]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="116">V. pachysoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
very probably occurs on the immediately adjacent and less accessible western, Chilean flanks of the Copahue vocano, and should be looked for there. It inhabits ashfields, as well as stony levels and shallow slopes, and also occurs in crevices or among rocks, all of volcanic origin. It commonly grows in isolation or with scattered dwarf vegetation of Patagonian or high Andean steppe formations.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8436F8FFAED601FF07F8A5A4C928B9" blockId="3.[136,1452,1536,2065]" pageId="3" pageNumber="116">
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAED601FF07F8A5A4352865" bold="true" box="[189,358,1860,1885]" pageId="3" pageNumber="116">Phenology: —</emphasis>
Flowering from the beginning of December to January, with fruits maturing between mid-January and the end of February.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8436F8FFAED606FF07F86DA64F2E1D" blockId="3.[136,1452,1536,2065]" lastBlockId="4.[136,1452,160,293]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="117" pageId="3" pageNumber="116">
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAED601FF07F86DA708289D" bold="true" box="[189,603,1932,1957]" pageId="3" pageNumber="116">Considered conservation status:—</emphasis>
The main distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D7BFFAED601FCC6F86DA144289D" authorityName="M. Sheader &amp; J. M. Watson" authorityYear="2018" box="[892,1047,1932,1957]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Viola" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pachysoma">
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFAED601FCC6F86DA144289D" box="[892,1047,1932,1957]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="116">V. pachysoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is situated within the Área Natural Protegida Copahue, a provincial nature reserve. It was founded in 1937 and established by law in its present form in 1963 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B09FFAED601FF6AF835A41D28D5" author="ANP &amp; Areas Naturales Protegidas" box="[208,334,2004,2029]" pageId="3" pageNumber="116" refId="ref5821" refString="ANP - Areas Naturales Protegidas (2018) sipan. into. gov. as / productos / ssd / nqn / anpprovinciales / anp. htm (accessed 7 May 2018)" type="book" year="2018">ANP 2018</bibRefCitation>
). The terrain covered is of value both for tourism and as an area of outstanding natural beauty and interest. The reserve includes the Argentinian exposures of the Copahue volcano. Although this dominant geological feature is active, the rich, established flora of its immediate environs indicates that it apparently does not pose a natural threat. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D7BFFA9D606FF63FF25A4262FE5" authorityName="M. Sheader &amp; J. M. Watson" authorityYear="2018" box="[217,373,196,221]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Viola" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pachysoma">
<emphasis id="B94FEAEAFFA9D606FF63FF25A4262FE5" box="[217,373,196,221]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="117">V. pachysoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also not uncommon within its range. Despite lack of any environmental protection for the Primeros Pinos sector, these factors suggest that the species does qualify as potentially vulnerable due to its limited distribution, but nevertheless is under no immediate threat.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>