422 lines
40 KiB
XML
422 lines
40 KiB
XML
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<mods:title>A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Seifert, Bernhard</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>Myrmecological News</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-04-28</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>31</mods:number>
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<mods:start>133</mods:start>
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<mods:end>179</mods:end>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.25849/myrmecol.news_031:133</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">b9f36fb1-1c9d-4af8-96ca-d57973b94862</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1997-3500</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5587866" ID-GBIF-Taxon="189107711" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5587866" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F52B87F65E146162FF5EDC5FFCEC1A39" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F52B87F65E146162FF5EDC5FFCEC1A39" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="168" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">
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<paragraph blockId="34.[151,710,1566,1594]" box="[151,710,1566,1594]" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">
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<heading bold="true" box="[151,710,1566,1594]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" reason="0">
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<treatmentCitation box="[151,710,1566,1594]" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">
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<taxonomicName authority="SEIFERT, 1996" authorityName="SEIFERT" authorityYear="1996" box="[151,710,1566,1594]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paralugubris">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,710,1566,1594]" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,495,1566,1594]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">Formica paralugubris</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation box="[502,710,1567,1594]" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">SEIFERT, 1996</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[151,771,1616,1639]" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="34.[151,772,1616,2023]" box="[151,771,1616,1639]" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">
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<treatmentCitation box="[151,556,1617,1639]" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">
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<taxonomicName authority="SEIFERT, 1996" authorityName="SEIFERT" authorityYear="1996" box="[151,556,1617,1639]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paralugubris">
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<emphasis box="[151,398,1617,1638]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">Formica paralugubris</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation box="[403,556,1617,1639]" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">SEIFERT, 1996</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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[
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<typeStatus box="[567,618,1617,1638]" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">type</typeStatus>
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investigation]
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="167" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="34.[151,772,1616,2023]" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">
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<collectingCounty box="[189,237,1649,1671]" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">This</collectingCounty>
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taxon was described from the
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<collectingMunicipality box="[573,635,1649,1671]" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">Swiss</collectingMunicipality>
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<collectingRegion box="[642,691,1649,1670]" country="Switzerland" name="Jura" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">Jura</collectingRegion>
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F52B87F65E146162FF5EDC5FFCEC1A39:785D603B5E146163FD70DC30FF5F1F99" county="This" latitude="46.537" longLatPrecision="67" longitude="6.192" municipality="Swiss" name="Mountains" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" stateProvince="Jura">Mountains</location>
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(
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<geoCoordinate box="[222,339,1680,1702]" degrees="46.537" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" precision="55" value="46.537">46.537° N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate box="[351,449,1681,1703]" degrees="6.192" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" precision="55" value="6.192">
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6.192°
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<bibRefCitation box="[430,516,1680,1702]" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">
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E,
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<quantity box="[462,540,1680,1702]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" unit="m" value="1450.0">
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<elevation box="[462,540,1680,1702]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" unit="m" value="1450.0">1450 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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</bibRefCitation>
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</geoCoordinate>
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).
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F52B87F65E146162FF5EDC5FFCEC1A39:785D603B5E146163FDFADCD0FDCC1F99" box="[563,605,1681,1703]" county="This" latitude="46.537" longLatPrecision="67" longitude="6.192" municipality="Swiss" name="The" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" stateProvince="Jura">The</location>
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<typeStatus box="[613,710,1681,1703]" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">holotype</typeStatus>
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gyne is labelled “SWI:
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<collectingRegion box="[344,397,1713,1734]" country="Switzerland" name="Jura" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">Jura</collectingRegion>
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: 1994.06, Le Brassus-5SSW, Chalet a Roch Field Stat., nest G5” and depicted in
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F52B87F65E146162FF5EDC5FFCEC1A39:785D603B5E146163FD62DC90FC921FD9" box="[683,771,1745,1767]" county="This" latitude="46.537" longLatPrecision="67" longitude="6.192" municipality="Swiss" name="AntWeb" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" stateProvince="Jura">AntWeb</location>
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(
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<bibRefCitation accessDate="2021-01-15" author="ANTWEB" box="[160,324,1777,1799]" firstAuthor="ANTWEB" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" publicationUrl="https://www.antweb.org>" refId="ref44610" refString="ANTWEB 2021: AntWeb Version 8.54. 4. - <https: // www. antweb. org>, retrieved on 15 January 2021." title="AntWeb Version 8.54. 4." type="url" year="2021">
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<specimenCode box="[160,324,1777,1799]" collectionCode="ANTWEB" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">ANTWEB 2021</specimenCode>
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</bibRefCitation>
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) under the unique specimen identifier
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<specimenCode box="[151,292,1809,1831]" collectionCode="FOCOL" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">FOCOL0762</specimenCode>
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. Investigated was all type material, consisting of five gynes and
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<specimenCount box="[381,502,1841,1863]" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" type="worker">34 workers</specimenCount>
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from the nests G1-G5 of the
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<typeStatus box="[192,288,1873,1895]" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">holotype</typeStatus>
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supercolony, collected in the years 1993 and 1994. Depository SMN Görlitz.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="34.[151,772,1616,2023]" lastBlockId="34.[816,1438,177,2023]" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">
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All material examined. Numeric phenotypical data were recorded in 73 nest samples with
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<specimenCount box="[636,771,1968,1991]" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" type="worker">355 workers</specimenCount>
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and in 53 gynes.
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F52B87F65E146162FF5EDC5FFCEC1A39:785D603B5E146163FE99DD90FE011ED9" box="[336,400,2001,2023]" country="Austria" name="These" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">These</location>
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originated from
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<collectingCountry box="[584,666,2001,2023]" name="Austria" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">Austria</collectingCountry>
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(six samples),
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<collectingCountry box="[882,965,177,199]" name="Canada" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">Canada</collectingCountry>
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(two),
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<collectingCountry box="[1044,1120,177,198]" name="France" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">France</collectingCountry>
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(two),
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<collectingCountry box="[1199,1302,177,198]" name="Germany" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">Germany</collectingCountry>
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(four),
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<collectingCountry box="[1386,1436,177,199]" name="Italy" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">Italy</collectingCountry>
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(three), and
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<collectingCountry box="[949,1080,209,231]" name="Switzerland" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
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(58).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="167" type="distribution">
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<paragraph blockId="34.[816,1438,177,2023]" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">
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Geographical range. Its natural range is rather small and extends over the montane-subalpine zone of the Jura Mountains and western Alps between
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<geoCoordinate box="[1341,1387,305,327]" degrees="6" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" precision="55555" value="6.0">6° E</geoCoordinate>
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and
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<geoCoordinate box="[816,894,336,358]" degrees="11.5" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" precision="5555" value="11.5">11.5° E</geoCoordinate>
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with a small exclave in the southern Schwarzwald /
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<collectingCountry box="[836,941,369,390]" name="Germany" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">Germany</collectingCountry>
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. In the Alps, it ascends to
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<quantity box="[1243,1325,369,390]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" unit="m" value="2300.0">2300 m</quantity>
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. A colony artificially introduced to
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<collectingRegion box="[1082,1163,401,423]" country="Canada" name="Quebec" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">Quebec</collectingRegion>
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/
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<collectingCountry box="[1184,1266,401,423]" name="Canada" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">Canada</collectingCountry>
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in 1971 showed continuous growth to supercolonial size over 34 years (
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<bibRefCitation author="SEIFERT" box="[825,988,465,487]" firstAuthor="SEIFERT" journalOrPublisher="Myrmecological News" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" pagination="11 - 20" part="22" refId="ref46851" refString="SEIFERT, B. 2016 a: The supercolonial European wood ant Formica paralugubris SEIFERT, 1996 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) introduced to Canada and its predicted role in Nearctic forests. - Myrmecological News 22: 11 - 20." title="The supercolonial European wood ant Formica paralugubris SEIFERT, 1996 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) introduced to Canada and its predicted role in Nearctic forests" type="journal article" year="2016" yearSuffix="a">SEIFERT 2016a</bibRefCitation>
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). Artificial introductions of wood ants to at least 42 localities over entire
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<collectingCountry box="[1172,1222,497,519]" name="Italy" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">Italy</collectingCountry>
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south to
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<collectingRegion box="[1328,1387,497,519]" country="Italy" name="Sicilia" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">Sicily</collectingRegion>
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and west to
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<collectingRegion box="[899,993,529,551]" country="Italy" name="Sardegna" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">Sardinia</collectingRegion>
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were performed in the years 1959 - 1967 (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation author="PAVAN" box="[873,1002,560,582]" firstAuthor="PAVAN" journalOrPublisher="Collana Verde" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" pagination="1 - 78" part="4" refId="ref46259" refString="PAVAN, M. 1959: Attivita' Italiana per la lotta biologica con formiche del gruppo Formica rufa contro gli insetti dannosi alle foreste. - Collana Verde 4: 1 - 78." title="Attivita' Italiana per la lotta biologica con formiche del gruppo Formica rufa contro gli insetti dannosi alle foreste" type="journal article" year="1959">PAVAN 1959</bibRefCitation>
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). In that time, the transferred ants were classified as
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<taxonomicName box="[956,1151,593,614]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugubris">
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<emphasis box="[956,1151,593,614]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">Formica lugubris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. However, it is very likely that the vast majority of these introductions really involved
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<taxonomicName authorityName="SEIFERT" authorityYear="1996" box="[816,1063,657,678]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paralugubris">
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<emphasis box="[816,1063,657,678]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">Formica paralugubris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as it was confirmed for five sites in the North Apennine (
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<bibRefCitation author="MASONI" box="[1051,1256,688,711]" etAl="& al." firstAuthor="MASONI" journalOrPublisher="Conservation Genetics Resources" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" pagination="231 - 236" part="11" refId="ref46151" refString="MASONI, A., FRIZZI, F., NATALI, C., BERNASCONI, C., CIOFI, C. & SANTINI, G. 2019: Molecular identification of imported red wood ant populations in the Foreste Casentinesi National Park (Italy). - Conservation Genetics Resources 11: 231 - 236." title="Molecular identification of imported red wood ant populations in the Foreste Casentinesi National Park (Italy)" type="journal article" year="2019">
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<collectionCode box="[1051,1139,689,710]" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">MASONI</collectionCode>
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& al. 2019
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="167" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph blockId="34.[816,1438,177,2023]" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">
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Diagnosis of worker (
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<tableCitation box="[1182,1268,720,742]" captionStart="Tab" captionStartId="14.[151,192,177,199]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,288,1993]" captionTargetId="graphics-61@14.[151,1437,281,2018]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Tab.4: Workers of Formica aquilonia, Formica paralugubris, Formica aquilonia × paralugubris, and collected data of all Palaearctic phenotypes of Formica lugubris; head size and RAV-corrected data for the assumption of each individual having a head size of 1750µm; data given as arithmetic mean ± standard deviation (lower extreme, upper extreme) number of individuals." pageId="34" pageNumber="167">Tab. 4</tableCitation>
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, key). Minimum size, mean and maximum
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<collectionCode box="[1146,1176,753,774]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">CS</collectionCode>
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1680 and
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<quantity box="[1279,1346,753,774]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.02" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" unit="m" value="2020.0">2020µ</quantity>
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m.Head rather short, CL / CW
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<subScript attach="left" box="[1062,1100,794,808]" fontSize="6" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">1750</subScript>
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1.091. Scape rather short and thickset, SL /
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<collectionCode box="[961,990,817,838]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[990,1027,826,840]" fontSize="6" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">1750</subScript>
|
||
0.902, SL / Smax
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1210,1247,826,840]" fontSize="6" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">1750</subScript>
|
||
9.22. Eyes always with long microsetae, EyeHL
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1130,1168,858,872]" fontSize="6" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">1750</subScript>
|
||
<quantity box="[1174,1244,849,870]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" unit="mm" value="34.0">34µm</quantity>
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||
. Setae number on dorsal plane of scape variable but on average higher than in Alpine
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||
<taxonomicName box="[920,1111,913,934]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugubris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[920,1111,913,934]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">Formica lugubris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, nSc
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1163,1201,922,936]" fontSize="6" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">1750</subScript>
|
||
5.2. Posterior margin and underside of head always with conspicuous setae, nCH
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[866,904,986,1000]" fontSize="6" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">1750</subScript>
|
||
24.9, OccHL
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1044,1082,986,1000]" fontSize="6" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">1750</subScript>
|
||
<quantity box="[1089,1171,977,998]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.08" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" unit="mm" value="108.0">108 µm</quantity>
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||
, nGu
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1227,1265,986,1000]" fontSize="6" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">1750</subScript>
|
||
14.2, GuHL
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1398,1436,986,1000]" fontSize="6" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">1750</subScript>
|
||
<quantity box="[816,898,1009,1031]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.64" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" unit="mm" value="164.0">164µm</quantity>
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||
. Mean length of pronotal setae, number and length of metapleural setae on average lower than in morph A1 of Alpine
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<taxonomicName box="[930,1056,1073,1094]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugubris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[930,1056,1073,1094]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">F. lugubris</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, mPnHL
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1161,1200,1082,1096]" fontSize="6" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">1750</subScript>
|
||
<quantity box="[1208,1279,1073,1094]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.8" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" unit="mm" value="78.0">78 µm</quantity>
|
||
, nMet
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1352,1391,1082,1096]" fontSize="6" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">1750</subScript>
|
||
7.7, MetHL
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[895,933,1114,1128]" fontSize="6" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">1750</subScript>
|
||
<quantity box="[939,1022,1105,1127]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.54" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" unit="mm" value="154.0">154 µm</quantity>
|
||
. Workers of morph A3 of Alpine
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugubris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">F. lugubris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are similar in the pilosity condition but have a much larger size, a larger head length index, and a shorter scape.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="34.[816,1438,177,2023]" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">
|
||
Diagnosis of gyne (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1173,1262,1201,1223]" captionStart="Tab" captionStartId="17.[151,191,177,199]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,261,1991]" captionTargetId="graphics-26@17.[151,1436,249,2017]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Tab.7: Gynes of species with richer pilosity; data given as arithmetic mean ± standard deviation (lower extreme, upper extreme) number of individuals." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/29FD66685E276150FF5EDAF0FEEE19D9" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">Tab. 7</tableCitation>
|
||
). On average smaller than morph A1 and A3 of Alpine
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugubris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">Formica lugubris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, mean and maximum
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1113,1143,1265,1286]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
2095 and
|
||
<quantity box="[1263,1361,1265,1286]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.238" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" unit="mm" value="2238.0">2238 µm</quantity>
|
||
. Scape longer than in morph A3 of Alpine
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1211,1332,1297,1318]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugubris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1211,1332,1297,1318]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">F. lugubris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and very thickset, SL /
|
||
<collectionCode box="[968,998,1329,1350]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
0.805, SL / Smax 7.97. Eyes always with conspicuous microsetae, EyeHL
|
||
<quantity box="[1172,1241,1361,1382]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" unit="mm" value="41.0">41 µm</quantity>
|
||
. Setae number on dorsal plane of scape variable but on average higher than in morph A1 and A3 of Alpine
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1116,1235,1425,1446]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugubris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1116,1235,1425,1446]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">F. lugubris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, nSc 6.4. Posterior margin and underside of head always with conspicuous setae, the length of which is lower than in morph A1 but larger than in morph A3 of Alpine
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1193,1313,1521,1542]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugubris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1193,1313,1521,1542]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">F. lugubris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, nCH 23.8, OccHL
|
||
<quantity box="[901,982,1553,1574]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.17" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" unit="mm" value="117.0">117 µm</quantity>
|
||
, nGu 16.7, GuHL
|
||
<quantity box="[1181,1266,1553,1574]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.28" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" unit="mm" value="128.0">128 µm</quantity>
|
||
. Pronotal setae shorter than in morph A1 of Alpine
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1215,1336,1585,1606]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugubris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1215,1336,1585,1606]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">F. lugubris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, mPnHL
|
||
<quantity box="[816,887,1617,1638]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.8" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" unit="mm" value="88.0">88 µm</quantity>
|
||
. Petiole setae fewer and metapleural setae shorter than in morph A1 of Alpine
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1108,1224,1649,1670]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugubris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1108,1224,1649,1670]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">F. lugubris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but more numerous and longer than in morph A3 of Alpine
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1259,1381,1681,1702]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugubris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1259,1381,1681,1702]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">F. lugubris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, nPe 9.2, MetHL
|
||
<quantity box="[952,1033,1713,1734]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" unit="mm" value="110.0">110 µm</quantity>
|
||
. Dorsal surface of gaster appears at lower magnification more or less shiny. Dorsum of first gaster tergite usually with weak transverse microripples and with foveolae and pubescence on average more densely packed than in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[980,1127,1841,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[980,1127,1841,1862]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">Formica rufa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="FOERSTER" authorityYear="1850" box="[1159,1365,1840,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1159,1365,1840,1862]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">Formica polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, FodG
|
||
<quantity box="[816,905,1873,1894]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.11" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" unit="mm" value="21.1">21.1 µm</quantity>
|
||
, sqPDG
|
||
<quantity box="[995,1085,1872,1894]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.62" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" unit="mm" value="4.62">4.62 µm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="168" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="34.[816,1438,177,2023]" lastBlockId="35.[816,1438,177,775]" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="168" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">
|
||
Taxonomic comments and clustering results. Considering the extreme polymorphism in Alpine
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[816,1017,1969,1990]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugubris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[816,1017,1969,1990]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">Formica lugubris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the presence of another similar sympatric species
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Seifert, 2021" authorityName="Seifert" authorityYear="2021" box="[1014,1213,2001,2022]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="helvetica" status="sp.n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1014,1213,2001,2022]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="167">Formica helvetica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1217,1271,2001,2022]" pageId="34" pageNumber="167" rank="species">sp.n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, the separation of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="SEIFERT" authorityYear="1996" box="[176,416,1681,1702]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paralugubris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[176,416,1681,1702]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">Formica paralugubris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in both workers and gynes should be problematic. I combined 98 nest samples with
|
||
<specimenCount pageId="35" pageNumber="168" type="worker">409 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
of Alpine
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[354,476,1745,1766]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugubris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[354,476,1745,1766]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">F. lugubris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
morphs A1 and A3 and of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Seifert, 2021" authorityName="Seifert" authorityYear="2021" box="[151,276,1777,1798]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="helvetica" status="sp.n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[151,276,1777,1798]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">F. helvetica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[282,334,1777,1798]" pageId="35" pageNumber="168" rank="species">sp.n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
in class 1, and 70 nest samples with
|
||
<specimenCount pageId="35" pageNumber="168" type="worker">323 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="SEIFERT" authorityYear="1996" box="[277,454,1809,1830]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paralugubris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[277,454,1809,1830]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">F. paralugubris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in class 2. A two-class LDA considering the characters
|
||
<collectionCode box="[450,483,1841,1862]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
, CL / CW
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[591,629,1850,1864]" fontSize="6" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">1750</subScript>
|
||
, SL /
|
||
<collectionCode box="[697,726,1841,1862]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[726,764,1850,1864]" fontSize="6" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">1750</subScript>
|
||
, SL / Smax
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[262,300,1882,1896]" fontSize="6" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">1750</subScript>
|
||
, PeW /
|
||
<collectionCode box="[382,411,1873,1894]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
<subScript attach="right" box="[412,450,1882,1896]" fontSize="6" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">1750</subScript>
|
||
, nSc
|
||
<subScript attach="right" box="[501,539,1882,1896]" fontSize="6" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">1750</subScript>
|
||
, nCH
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[600,638,1882,1896]" fontSize="6" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">1750</subScript>
|
||
, OccHL
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[726,764,1882,1896]" fontSize="6" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">1750</subScript>
|
||
, mPnHL
|
||
<subScript attach="right" box="[237,274,1914,1928]" fontSize="6" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">1750</subScript>
|
||
, nMet
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[341,378,1914,1928]" fontSize="6" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">1750</subScript>
|
||
, and MetHL
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[510,548,1914,1928]" fontSize="6" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">1750</subScript>
|
||
classified all samples of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="SEIFERT" authorityYear="1996" box="[177,348,1937,1958]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paralugubris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[177,348,1937,1958]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">F. paralugubris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and 96 samples of the collective cluster correctly. This means a classification error of 1.2% within a total of 168 nest samples. A plot of the first and second factors of a PCA supported the existence of two main clusters class 1 and class 2, and disagreed in 3.0% of the samples with the LDA (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1021,1096,241,263]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[151,186,689,711]" captionTargetBox="[168,756,173,678]" captionTargetId="graphics-662@35.[212,749,177,630]" captionText="Fig.32: Nest-sample means of the first and second principal component of workers of Formica paralugubris (black dots), Formica lugubris morph A1 (squares), F. lugubris morph A3 (triangles), and Formica helvetica sp.n. (rhombs). Eleven phenotypic characters were considered." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5582281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5582281/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">Fig.32</figureCitation>
|
||
). The exploratory data analyses NC-part.kmeans, NC-Ward, and NC-NMDS.kmeans suggested two clusters and disagreed with the final species hy- pothesis by 3.6, 4.1, and 3.0%. The clustering by NC-part. hclust was ignored as it splitted into seven clusters and exposed 8.9% indeterminate samples (outliers). As result, we have a sufficiently good separation of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="SEIFERT" authorityYear="1996" box="[1263,1437,433,454]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paralugubris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1263,1437,433,454]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">F. paralugubris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers by morphology. The distinction of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="SEIFERT" authorityYear="1996" box="[1267,1438,465,486]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paralugubris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1267,1438,465,486]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">F.paralugubris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
gynes from those of Alpine
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1107,1225,497,518]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugubris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1107,1225,497,518]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">F.lugubris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
morphs A1 and A3, and of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Seifert, 2021" authorityName="Seifert" authorityYear="2021" box="[888,1011,529,550]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="helvetica" status="sp.n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[888,1011,529,550]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">F. helvetica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1016,1068,529,550]" pageId="35" pageNumber="168" rank="species">sp.n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
by a principal component analysis appears also rather clear when the eight characters
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1399,1432,561,582]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
, SL /
|
||
<collectionCode box="[871,904,593,614]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
, SL / Smax, PeW /
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1123,1156,593,614]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1167,1205,593,614]" country="France" name="Musee de Lectoure" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">ML</collectionCode>
|
||
/
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1231,1264,593,614]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
, nSc, nCH, and OccHL are considered (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1066,1139,625,647]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[151,185,1425,1447]" captionTargetBox="[162,762,903,1407]" captionTargetId="graphics-1075@35.[207,756,912,1364]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig.33: Principalcomponentanalysis of gynesof Formica paralugubris (black dots), Formica lugubris morph A1 (squares), F.lugubris morph A3 (triangles), and Formica helvetica sp.n. (rhombs). Eight phenotypic characters were considered. The placement of the four entities within the plot is similar to that in workers (Fig.32)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5582283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5582283/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">Fig.33</figureCitation>
|
||
). Section “Hybrids
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aquilonia">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">Formica aquilonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
×
|
||
<emphasis box="[947,1102,657,678]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="SEIFERT" authorityYear="1996" box="[947,1096,657,678]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paralugubris">paralugubris</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(p.175) discusses the situation in hybrids
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[933,1065,689,710]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aquilonia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[933,1065,689,710]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">F. aquilonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
×
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="SEIFERT" authorityYear="1996" box="[1093,1241,689,710]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paralugubris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1093,1241,689,710]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">paralugubris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5582281" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5582281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5582281/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="168" startId="35.[151,186,689,711]" targetBox="[168,756,173,678]" targetPageId="35">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="168">
|
||
Fig.32: Nest-sample means of the first and second principal component of workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="SEIFERT" authorityYear="1996" box="[409,639,721,742]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paralugubris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[409,639,721,742]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">Formica paralugubris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(black dots),
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[151,339,753,774]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugubris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[151,339,753,774]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">Formica lugubris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
morph A1 (squares),
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[575,692,753,774]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugubris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[575,692,753,774]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">F. lugubris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
morph A3 (triangles), and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Seifert, 2021" authorityName="Seifert" authorityYear="2021" box="[349,536,785,806]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="helvetica" status="sp.n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[349,536,785,806]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">Formica helvetica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[543,592,785,806]" pageId="35" pageNumber="168" rank="species">sp.n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(rhombs). Eleven phenotypic characters were considered.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="168" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="35.[816,1438,177,775]" pageId="35" pageNumber="168">
|
||
Biology. See the species profile given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="SEIFERT" bookContentInfo="408 pp." firstAuthor="SEIFERT" journalOrPublisher="Lutra Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft, Tauer" pageId="35" pageNumber="168" refId="ref46930" refString="SEIFERT, B. 2018: The ants of Central and North Europe. - Lutra Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft, Tauer, 408 pp." title="The ants of Central and North Europe" type="book" year="2018">SEIFERT (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |