231 lines
34 KiB
XML
231 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.54.11290" ID-GBIF-Dataset="daa8ff59-7a92-4c4e-87d7-888ea3787057" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154473310" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-54-43" ID-Pensoft-UUID="EA215937FF89E311914CFFB4410DFFB4" ID-ZBK="B68BE62E69C440D987BE27D604E6DD61" ID-Zenodo-Dep="322874" ID-ZooBank="B68BE62E69C440D987BE27D604E6DD61" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2017" ModsDocID="1314-2607-54-43" ModsDocOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research " ModsDocTitle="Notes on the nesting of three species of Megachilinae in the Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve, UAE" checkinTime="1553125479656" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Gess, Sarah Kathleen & Roosenschoon, Peter Alexander" docDate="2017" docId="BE7F8CD9BE706C3763E963673C6D329B" docLanguage="en" docName="JourHymenoptRes 54: 43-56" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 54" docPubDate="2017-02-27" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.54.11290" docTitle="Megachile (Maximegachile) maxillosa" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="EA215937FF89E311914CFFB4410DFFB4" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="47" masterDocId="EA215937FF89E311914CFFB4410DFFB4" masterDocTitle="Notes on the nesting of three species of Megachilinae in the Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve, UAE" masterLastPageNumber="56" masterPageNumber="43" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" updateTime="1643481427929" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Notes on the nesting of three species of Megachilinae in the Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve, UAE</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Gess, Sarah Kathleen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Albany Museum and Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6139 South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">s.gess@ru.ac.za</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Roosenschoon, Peter Alexander</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve, Dubai, United Arab Emirates</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>Journal of Hymenoptera Research</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2017-02-27</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>54</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>43</mods:start>
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<mods:end>56</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.54.11290</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.54.11290</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2607-54-43</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">B68BE62E69C440D987BE27D604E6DD61</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">EA215937FF89E311914CFFB4410DFFB4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">322874</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="154473310" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BE7F8CD9BE706C3763E963673C6D329B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BE7F8CD9BE706C3763E963673C6D329B" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="44" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName LSID="269F6AD6-BCF2-5D48-8DBC-0569ACA7EBCF" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile (Maximegachile) maxillosa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maxillosa" subGenus="Maximegachile">Megachile (Maximegachile) maxillosa</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="44" type="taxonomy">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Taxonomy.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="44">
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In their phylogenetic analysis of the tribe
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" rank="tribe" tribe="Megachilini">Megachilini</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.07.004" author="Trunz, V" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" pagination="245 - 259" refId="B24" refString="Trunz, V, Packer, L, Arrigo, N, Praz, CJ, 2016. Comprehensive phylogeny, biogeography and new classification of the diverse bee tribe Megachilini: Can we use DNA barcodes in phylogenies of large genera. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 103: 245 - 259, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.07.004" title="Comprehensive phylogeny, biogeography and new classification of the diverse bee tribe Megachilini: Can we use DNA barcodes in phylogenies of large genera." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.07.004" volume="103" year="2016">Trunz et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
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found that the subgenus
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<taxonomicName authority="with the" genus="Maximegachilae" lsidName="Maximegachilae" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" rank="genus">Maximegachilae with the</taxonomicName>
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subgenus
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<taxonomicName genus="Maximegachilae" lsidName="(Neglectella)" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Neglectella">Neglectella</taxonomicName>
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formed a monophyletic group representing an isolated lineage.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="44" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="44">
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Senegal, Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Kenya, Sudan, Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia, Yemen and the DDCR (
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.018" author="Litman, JR" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" pagination="183 - 198" refId="B16" refString="Litman, JR, Griswold, T, Danforth, BN, 2016. Phylogenetic systematics and a revised generic classification of anthidiine bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 100: 183 - 198, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.018" title="Phylogenetic systematics and a revised generic classification of anthidiine bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.018" volume="100" year="2016">Gess and Roosenschoon 2016</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="44" type="flower visiting">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Flower visiting.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="44">
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There are no records for flower visiting by
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile maxillosa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maxillosa">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Megachile maxillosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the DDCR (
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.018" author="Litman, JR" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" pagination="183 - 198" refId="B16" refString="Litman, JR, Griswold, T, Danforth, BN, 2016. Phylogenetic systematics and a revised generic classification of anthidiine bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 100: 183 - 198, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.018" title="Phylogenetic systematics and a revised generic classification of anthidiine bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.018" volume="100" year="2016">Gess and Roosenschoon 2016</bibRefCitation>
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) nor as far as could be established are there any flower visiting records for this bee from elsewhere in the UAE. However, it has been commonly collected visiting flowers in the semi-arid to arid areas of South Africa and Namibia (
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<bibRefCitation author="Gess, SK" journalOrPublisher="Albany Museum, Grahamstown" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" refId="B8" refString="Gess, SK, Gess, FW, 2003. A catalogue of flower visiting records for aculeate wasps and bees in the semi-arid to arid areas of southern Africa. Albany Museum, Grahamstown" title="A catalogue of flower visiting records for aculeate wasps and bees in the semi-arid to arid areas of southern Africa." year="2003">Gess and Gess 2003</bibRefCitation>
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) where it was collected from flowers of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Acanthaceae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Apocynaceae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Asclepiadoideae">Asclepiadoideae</taxonomicName>
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),
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Brassicaceae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Fabaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Caesalpinoideae">Caesalpinoideae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mimosoideae">Mimosoideae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Papilionoideae">Papilionoideae</taxonomicName>
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),
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pedaliaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pedaliaceae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polygalaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Polygalaceae</taxonomicName>
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, although in Namibia it was most commonly visiting
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Papilionoideae">Papilionoideae</taxonomicName>
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, most notably species of
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<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Zygophyllaceae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Crotalaria" order="Geraniales" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Crotalaria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. No distinction was made between pollen collection and nectar uptake. Though clearly polyphagous, a preference for
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
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is suggested, possibly indicating some degree of specialization.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" type="nesting">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Nesting.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="44">
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The only published mention of the nesting of the subgenus
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<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Zygophyllaceae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="(Maximegachile)" order="Geraniales" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Maximegachile">Maximegachile</taxonomicName>
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appears to be a comment by
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.1984.tb00696.x" author="Kronenberg, S" journalOrPublisher="Physiological Entomology" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" pagination="175 - 179" refId="B14" refString="Kronenberg, S, Hefetz, A, 1984. Role of labial glands in nesting behavior of Chalicodoma sicula (Hymenoptera; Megachilidae). Physiological Entomology 9: 175 - 179, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.1984.tb00696.x" title="Role of labial glands in nesting behavior of Chalicodoma sicula (Hymenoptera; Megachilidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.1984.tb00696.x" volume="9" year="1984">Kronenberg and Hefetz (1984</bibRefCitation>
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, page 178) stating that "
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile maxillosa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maxillosa">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Megachile maxillosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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nests in canes apparently without any further lining".
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="44">
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Four nests of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile maxillosa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maxillosa">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Megachile maxillosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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were constructed in trap-nests. Two of these trap-nests, both of 12.7 mm bore were part of the bundle suspended from the branch of the
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<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Calotropis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Calotropis procera" order="Gentianales" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="procera">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Calotropis procera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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tree at Tawi Ruwayyan and two of 9.5 mm bore were part of the bundle attached near the base of a date palm at the Camel Farm.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="44">
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The walls of the cells, the cell closures and the nest closure were constructed from a mixture of sand and resin. The average length of the cells is 26.4 mm (sample of 12 cells). In three of the nests the first cell was initiated in contact with the inner end of the boring and in the fourth, one of the two from the Camel Farm, the first cell was initiated 25 mm from the inner end beyond a nest of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1988" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoheriades" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoheriades grandiceps" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandiceps">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Pseudoheriades grandiceps</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 7. Trap-nests 1 - 4 as at 25 May 2016 after Megachile maxillosa imagines had emerged from all of the cells. Trap-nest 3 shows the remains of the nest of Pseudoheriades grandiceps that preceded the nest of Megachile maxillosa." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.54.11290.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/124070" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">7</figureCitation>
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, trap-nest 3).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="2" pageNumber="45" start="start">In</pageBreakToken>
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completed nests the opening of the boring had been sealed with a 3 mm thick plug of sand and resin in consistency similar to that of the cell walls and closures. The empty space, the vestibular cell, between the last cell and the closure varied from 12 to 40 mm. In one of the nests the vestibular cell had been divided into two and in another three compartments (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 7. Trap-nests 1 - 4 as at 25 May 2016 after Megachile maxillosa imagines had emerged from all of the cells. Trap-nest 3 shows the remains of the nest of Pseudoheriades grandiceps that preceded the nest of Megachile maxillosa." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.54.11290.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/124070" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">7</figureCitation>
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, trap-nests 3 and 1).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Nesting progress.</emphasis>
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At Tawi Ruwayyan on 23 April a female
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile maxillosa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maxillosa">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Megachile maxillosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was provisioning a newly constructed cell in one of the trap-nests (trap-nest 1). By 27 April this nest consisted of two completed and sealed provisioned cells. After the second cell had been completed a leaf-cutting megachilid had usurped the nest (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–15" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 8 - 15. 8 Trap-nest 2 of trap-nest bundle at Tawi Ruwayyan on 27 April 2015, showing Megachile maxillosa initiating a cell 9 Trap-nest 1 of trap-nest bundle at Tawi Ruwayyan on 27 April 2015, showing two closed cells of Megachile maxillosa followed by leaf pieces, presumed to be those of a leaf cutting Megachile sp. 10 Trap-nest 2 of trap-nest bundle at Tawi Ruwayyan on 28 April 2015, showing first cell being provisioned by the builder, Megachile maxillosa 11 Trap-nest 4 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm on 27 April, showing one open cell being provisioned by Megachile maxillosa 12 Trap-nest 4 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm on 28 April 2016, showing two closed provisioned cells with Megachile maxillosa initiating a third cell 13 Trap nest 3 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm showing nest of Pseudoheriades grandiceps at inner end followed by three-celled nest of Megachile maxillosa 14 Trap-nest 4 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm showing final seal of nest of Megachile maxillosa 15 Megachile maxillosa female imago (actual length approx. 22 mm) with open cocoon." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.54.11290.figures8-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/124071" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">9</figureCitation>
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) and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile maxillosa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maxillosa">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Megachile maxillosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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had initiated cell construction in the neighbouring trap-nest (trap-nest 2) (Fig.
|
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–15" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 8 - 15. 8 Trap-nest 2 of trap-nest bundle at Tawi Ruwayyan on 27 April 2015, showing Megachile maxillosa initiating a cell 9 Trap-nest 1 of trap-nest bundle at Tawi Ruwayyan on 27 April 2015, showing two closed cells of Megachile maxillosa followed by leaf pieces, presumed to be those of a leaf cutting Megachile sp. 10 Trap-nest 2 of trap-nest bundle at Tawi Ruwayyan on 28 April 2015, showing first cell being provisioned by the builder, Megachile maxillosa 11 Trap-nest 4 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm on 27 April, showing one open cell being provisioned by Megachile maxillosa 12 Trap-nest 4 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm on 28 April 2016, showing two closed provisioned cells with Megachile maxillosa initiating a third cell 13 Trap nest 3 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm showing nest of Pseudoheriades grandiceps at inner end followed by three-celled nest of Megachile maxillosa 14 Trap-nest 4 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm showing final seal of nest of Megachile maxillosa 15 Megachile maxillosa female imago (actual length approx. 22 mm) with open cocoon." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.54.11290.figures8-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/124071" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">8</figureCitation>
|
||
). By the following day the walls of this cell had been completed and provisioning was in progress (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–15" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 8 - 15. 8 Trap-nest 2 of trap-nest bundle at Tawi Ruwayyan on 27 April 2015, showing Megachile maxillosa initiating a cell 9 Trap-nest 1 of trap-nest bundle at Tawi Ruwayyan on 27 April 2015, showing two closed cells of Megachile maxillosa followed by leaf pieces, presumed to be those of a leaf cutting Megachile sp. 10 Trap-nest 2 of trap-nest bundle at Tawi Ruwayyan on 28 April 2015, showing first cell being provisioned by the builder, Megachile maxillosa 11 Trap-nest 4 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm on 27 April, showing one open cell being provisioned by Megachile maxillosa 12 Trap-nest 4 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm on 28 April 2016, showing two closed provisioned cells with Megachile maxillosa initiating a third cell 13 Trap nest 3 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm showing nest of Pseudoheriades grandiceps at inner end followed by three-celled nest of Megachile maxillosa 14 Trap-nest 4 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm showing final seal of nest of Megachile maxillosa 15 Megachile maxillosa female imago (actual length approx. 22 mm) with open cocoon." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.54.11290.figures8-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/124071" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">10</figureCitation>
|
||
). When taken in later during May the nest in trap-nest 2 had four completed cells and that in trap-nest 1 three completed cells, a large sub-divided vestibular cell and an outer seal, indicating that the usurper had been ousted (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 7. Trap-nests 1 - 4 as at 25 May 2016 after Megachile maxillosa imagines had emerged from all of the cells. Trap-nest 3 shows the remains of the nest of Pseudoheriades grandiceps that preceded the nest of Megachile maxillosa." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.54.11290.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/124070" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">7</figureCitation>
|
||
, trap nest 1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
|
||
At the Camel Farm on 23 April
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile maxillosa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maxillosa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Megachile maxillosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was provisioning a cell in trap-nest 4 (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–15" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 8 - 15. 8 Trap-nest 2 of trap-nest bundle at Tawi Ruwayyan on 27 April 2015, showing Megachile maxillosa initiating a cell 9 Trap-nest 1 of trap-nest bundle at Tawi Ruwayyan on 27 April 2015, showing two closed cells of Megachile maxillosa followed by leaf pieces, presumed to be those of a leaf cutting Megachile sp. 10 Trap-nest 2 of trap-nest bundle at Tawi Ruwayyan on 28 April 2015, showing first cell being provisioned by the builder, Megachile maxillosa 11 Trap-nest 4 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm on 27 April, showing one open cell being provisioned by Megachile maxillosa 12 Trap-nest 4 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm on 28 April 2016, showing two closed provisioned cells with Megachile maxillosa initiating a third cell 13 Trap nest 3 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm showing nest of Pseudoheriades grandiceps at inner end followed by three-celled nest of Megachile maxillosa 14 Trap-nest 4 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm showing final seal of nest of Megachile maxillosa 15 Megachile maxillosa female imago (actual length approx. 22 mm) with open cocoon." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.54.11290.figures8-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/124071" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">11</figureCitation>
|
||
). By 28 April she had constructed, provisioned and sealed two cells and was busy constructing a third cell (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–15" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 8 - 15. 8 Trap-nest 2 of trap-nest bundle at Tawi Ruwayyan on 27 April 2015, showing Megachile maxillosa initiating a cell 9 Trap-nest 1 of trap-nest bundle at Tawi Ruwayyan on 27 April 2015, showing two closed cells of Megachile maxillosa followed by leaf pieces, presumed to be those of a leaf cutting Megachile sp. 10 Trap-nest 2 of trap-nest bundle at Tawi Ruwayyan on 28 April 2015, showing first cell being provisioned by the builder, Megachile maxillosa 11 Trap-nest 4 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm on 27 April, showing one open cell being provisioned by Megachile maxillosa 12 Trap-nest 4 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm on 28 April 2016, showing two closed provisioned cells with Megachile maxillosa initiating a third cell 13 Trap nest 3 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm showing nest of Pseudoheriades grandiceps at inner end followed by three-celled nest of Megachile maxillosa 14 Trap-nest 4 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm showing final seal of nest of Megachile maxillosa 15 Megachile maxillosa female imago (actual length approx. 22 mm) with open cocoon." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.54.11290.figures8-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/124071" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">12</figureCitation>
|
||
). When inspected on 30 April there were 4 cells, all provisioned and closed. During May
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile maxillosa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maxillosa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Megachile maxillosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had constructed, provisioned and sealed three cells in the neighbouring trap-nest 3 beyond a nest of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1988" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoheriades" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoheriades grandiceps" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandiceps">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Pseudoheriades grandiceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–15" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 8 - 15. 8 Trap-nest 2 of trap-nest bundle at Tawi Ruwayyan on 27 April 2015, showing Megachile maxillosa initiating a cell 9 Trap-nest 1 of trap-nest bundle at Tawi Ruwayyan on 27 April 2015, showing two closed cells of Megachile maxillosa followed by leaf pieces, presumed to be those of a leaf cutting Megachile sp. 10 Trap-nest 2 of trap-nest bundle at Tawi Ruwayyan on 28 April 2015, showing first cell being provisioned by the builder, Megachile maxillosa 11 Trap-nest 4 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm on 27 April, showing one open cell being provisioned by Megachile maxillosa 12 Trap-nest 4 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm on 28 April 2016, showing two closed provisioned cells with Megachile maxillosa initiating a third cell 13 Trap nest 3 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm showing nest of Pseudoheriades grandiceps at inner end followed by three-celled nest of Megachile maxillosa 14 Trap-nest 4 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm showing final seal of nest of Megachile maxillosa 15 Megachile maxillosa female imago (actual length approx. 22 mm) with open cocoon." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.54.11290.figures8-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/124071" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">13</figureCitation>
|
||
). An empty vestibular cell had then been constructed subdividing the vestibular area between the last cell and the opening of the trap-nest, which had been sealed (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–15" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 8 - 15. 8 Trap-nest 2 of trap-nest bundle at Tawi Ruwayyan on 27 April 2015, showing Megachile maxillosa initiating a cell 9 Trap-nest 1 of trap-nest bundle at Tawi Ruwayyan on 27 April 2015, showing two closed cells of Megachile maxillosa followed by leaf pieces, presumed to be those of a leaf cutting Megachile sp. 10 Trap-nest 2 of trap-nest bundle at Tawi Ruwayyan on 28 April 2015, showing first cell being provisioned by the builder, Megachile maxillosa 11 Trap-nest 4 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm on 27 April, showing one open cell being provisioned by Megachile maxillosa 12 Trap-nest 4 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm on 28 April 2016, showing two closed provisioned cells with Megachile maxillosa initiating a third cell 13 Trap nest 3 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm showing nest of Pseudoheriades grandiceps at inner end followed by three-celled nest of Megachile maxillosa 14 Trap-nest 4 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm showing final seal of nest of Megachile maxillosa 15 Megachile maxillosa female imago (actual length approx. 22 mm) with open cocoon." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.54.11290.figures8-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/124071" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">14</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="46" start="start">When</pageBreakToken>
|
||
PAR inspected the nests in early April 2016 no imagines had emerged but by 11 May five females and four males had emerged (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 7. Trap-nests 1 - 4 as at 25 May 2016 after Megachile maxillosa imagines had emerged from all of the cells. Trap-nest 3 shows the remains of the nest of Pseudoheriades grandiceps that preceded the nest of Megachile maxillosa." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.54.11290.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/124070" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">7</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–15" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 8 - 15. 8 Trap-nest 2 of trap-nest bundle at Tawi Ruwayyan on 27 April 2015, showing Megachile maxillosa initiating a cell 9 Trap-nest 1 of trap-nest bundle at Tawi Ruwayyan on 27 April 2015, showing two closed cells of Megachile maxillosa followed by leaf pieces, presumed to be those of a leaf cutting Megachile sp. 10 Trap-nest 2 of trap-nest bundle at Tawi Ruwayyan on 28 April 2015, showing first cell being provisioned by the builder, Megachile maxillosa 11 Trap-nest 4 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm on 27 April, showing one open cell being provisioned by Megachile maxillosa 12 Trap-nest 4 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm on 28 April 2016, showing two closed provisioned cells with Megachile maxillosa initiating a third cell 13 Trap nest 3 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm showing nest of Pseudoheriades grandiceps at inner end followed by three-celled nest of Megachile maxillosa 14 Trap-nest 4 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm showing final seal of nest of Megachile maxillosa 15 Megachile maxillosa female imago (actual length approx. 22 mm) with open cocoon." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.54.11290.figures8-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/124071" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">15</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Provision.</emphasis>
|
||
The provision was a bright yellow, moist mixture of pollen and nectar (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–15" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 8 - 15. 8 Trap-nest 2 of trap-nest bundle at Tawi Ruwayyan on 27 April 2015, showing Megachile maxillosa initiating a cell 9 Trap-nest 1 of trap-nest bundle at Tawi Ruwayyan on 27 April 2015, showing two closed cells of Megachile maxillosa followed by leaf pieces, presumed to be those of a leaf cutting Megachile sp. 10 Trap-nest 2 of trap-nest bundle at Tawi Ruwayyan on 28 April 2015, showing first cell being provisioned by the builder, Megachile maxillosa 11 Trap-nest 4 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm on 27 April, showing one open cell being provisioned by Megachile maxillosa 12 Trap-nest 4 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm on 28 April 2016, showing two closed provisioned cells with Megachile maxillosa initiating a third cell 13 Trap nest 3 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm showing nest of Pseudoheriades grandiceps at inner end followed by three-celled nest of Megachile maxillosa 14 Trap-nest 4 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm showing final seal of nest of Megachile maxillosa 15 Megachile maxillosa female imago (actual length approx. 22 mm) with open cocoon." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.54.11290.figures8-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/124071" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">9-12</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="47" start="start">The</pageBreakToken>
|
||
identity of the pollen was not established. In order not to damage the nests the Perspex sheets were not removed until after the imagines had emerged.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Cocoon.</emphasis>
|
||
The cocoons were brown, smooth and papery on the inside and lightly covered with silk spinnings on the outside. Each cocoon occupied the inner two thirds of a cell, the outer third being closely packed with fecal pellets.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="47" type="associated insects">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Associated insects.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="47">A bombyliid larva was found in nest 1, suggesting that it had been responsible for the failed cell.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |