262 lines
23 KiB
XML
262 lines
23 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3716.2.6" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bf4ff1aa-467d-41e2-a66a-141f5c442865" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="248083" ID-ZooBank="1D536BCD-4D3B-42B0-98B9-48D8BC31ECE5" checkinTime="1460681022629" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Wedmann, Sonja, Makarkin, Vladimir N., Weiterschan, Thomas & Hörnschemeyer, Thomas" docDate="2013" docId="025F4552FF9F9509FF31FC03FDB0A6CB" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03716p258.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3716 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@412b93d0" docStyleName="zootaxa.2013.journal_article" docTitle="Berothidae" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="252" masterDocId="FE663D2AFF909519FFA6FF8FFFBFA356" masterDocTitle="First fossil larvae of Berothidae (Neuroptera) from Baltic amber, with notes on the biology and termitophily of the family" masterLastPageNumber="258" masterPageNumber="236" pageNumber="251" updateTime="1636695248482" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>First fossil larvae of Berothidae (Neuroptera) from Baltic amber, with notes on the biology and termitophily of the family</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wedmann, Sonja</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Makarkin, Vladimir N.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Weiterschan, Thomas</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hörnschemeyer, Thomas</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>3716</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>2</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>236</mods:start>
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<mods:end>258</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3716.2.6</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">bf4ff1aa-467d-41e2-a66a-141f5c442865</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">248083</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">1D536BCD-4D3B-42B0-98B9-48D8BC31ECE5</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5677420" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119579551" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5677420" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:025F4552FF9F9509FF31FC03FDB0A6CB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/025F4552FF9F9509FF31FC03FDB0A6CB" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="252" pageId="15" pageNumber="251">
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<subSubSection lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="252" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="15.[151,1136,908,934]" box="[151,1136,908,934]" pageId="15" pageNumber="251">
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<heading bold="true" box="[151,1136,908,934]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" reason="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,1136,908,934]" pageId="15" pageNumber="251">
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<taxonomicName box="[151,289,908,934]" class="Insecta" family="Berothidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Berothidae</taxonomicName>
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in Baltic amber and the taxonomic affinities of the described larvae
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="15.[151,1436,978,2011]" pageId="15" pageNumber="251">
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Until now, two species of adult
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<taxonomicName box="[513,636,978,1003]" class="Insecta" family="Berothidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Berothidae</taxonomicName>
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have been reported from Baltic amber, i.e.,
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<taxonomicName authority="Kruger, 1923" authorityName="Kruger" authorityYear="1923" class="Insecta" family="Neuroptera" genus="Proberotha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prisca">
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<emphasis box="[1138,1343,979,1003]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="251">Proberotha prisca</emphasis>
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Krüger,
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<number box="[151,207,1015,1039]" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" value="1923.0">1923</number>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<emphasis box="[261,512,1014,1038]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="251">Whalfera wiszniewskii</emphasis>
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Makarkin & Kupryjanowicz,
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<number box="[851,911,1015,1039]" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" value="2010.0">2010</number>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="15.[151,1436,978,2011]" pageId="15" pageNumber="251">
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<taxonomicName box="[199,404,1051,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Neuroptera" genus="Proberotha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prisca">
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<emphasis box="[199,404,1051,1075]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="251">Proberotha prisca</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was described from a single specimen, which was not illustrated and now apparently lost. No other specimens have been reported subsequently. However, the original description shows that this species probably belongs to the
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<taxonomicName box="[436,587,1122,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Nevrorthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nevrorthidae</taxonomicName>
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. In particular, the strongly pectinate CuP (with nine short branches in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Neuroptera" genus="Proberotha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prisca">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="251">P. prisca</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), and the presence of two gradate series of crossveins in the radial to medial spaces are characteristic of
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<taxonomicName box="[151,302,1194,1219]" class="Insecta" family="Nevrorthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nevrorthidae</taxonomicName>
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, not of
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<taxonomicName box="[386,513,1194,1219]" class="Insecta" family="Berothidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Berothidae</taxonomicName>
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. The features of several specimens of one undescribed species of
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<taxonomicName box="[1247,1394,1194,1219]" class="Insecta" family="Nevrorthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nevrorthidae</taxonomicName>
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are in general consistent with those of
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<taxonomicName box="[541,639,1231,1254]" class="Insecta" family="Neuroptera" genus="Proberotha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prisca">
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<emphasis box="[541,639,1231,1254]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="251">P. prisca</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(see e.g., Ross
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<number box="[813,873,1231,1255]" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" value="1998.0">1998</number>
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: Fig.
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<number box="[936,981,1231,1255]" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" value="133.0">133</number>
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; Scheven
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<number box="[1094,1154,1231,1255]" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" value="2004.0">2004</number>
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: Fig. on p.
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<number box="[1279,1310,1231,1255]" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" value="74.0">74</number>
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, left).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="15.[151,1436,978,2011]" pageId="15" pageNumber="251">
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Therefore, the only genus of
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<taxonomicName box="[532,655,1266,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Berothidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Berothidae</taxonomicName>
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recorded with certainty from Baltic amber is
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<emphasis box="[1179,1283,1267,1291]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="251">Whalfera</emphasis>
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Engel,
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<number box="[1373,1433,1267,1291]" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" value="2004.0">2004</number>
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. This genus belongs with certainty to the Rhachiberothinae, and it is apparently most closely related to the extant African genus
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<taxonomicName authority="Tjeder (Makarkin & Kupryjanowicz 2010)" authorityName="Tjeder (Makarkin & Kupryjanowicz" authorityYear="2010" box="[316,965,1338,1363]" class="Insecta" family="Berothidae" genus="Mucroberotha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[316,475,1339,1363]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="251">Mucroberotha</emphasis>
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Tjeder (Makarkin & Kupryjanowicz
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<number box="[896,957,1339,1363]" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" value="2010.0">2010</number>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="15.[151,1436,978,2011]" pageId="15" pageNumber="251">
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Four other adult berothid specimens known from Baltic amber are not described. Three of these belong probably to one species or a few closely related species (see Bachofen-Echt
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<number box="[1013,1073,1411,1435]" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" value="1949.0">1949</number>
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: Fig.
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<number box="[1136,1181,1411,1435]" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" value="122.0">122</number>
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; Weitschat & Wichard
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<number box="[151,211,1447,1471]" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" value="1998.0">1998</number>
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: Figs.
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<number box="[287,317,1446,1471]" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" value="55.0">55</number>
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a,b; Scheven
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<number box="[469,529,1447,1471]" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" value="2004.0">2004</number>
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: Fig. on p.
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<number box="[662,678,1447,1471]" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" value="7.0">7</number>
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). Their venation most closely resembles that of the extant African berothine genus
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<taxonomicName authority="Navas" authorityName="Navas" box="[338,541,1483,1507]" class="Insecta" family="Berothidae" genus="Lekrugeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[338,463,1483,1507]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="251">Lekrugeria</emphasis>
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Navás
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</taxonomicName>
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(U. Aspöck in Scheven
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<number box="[821,880,1483,1507]" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" value="2004.0">2004</number>
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, p.
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<number box="[921,937,1482,1507]" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" value="6.0">6</number>
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), but the scapus appears to be much shorter and the long hairs on the body and antennae characteristic of
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<taxonomicName box="[873,998,1518,1542]" class="Insecta" family="Berothidae" genus="Lekrugeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[873,998,1518,1542]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="251">Lekrugeria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are not visible in the photographs. A fourth specimen from the MCZ collection is not illustrated; it is only known that this is a female which “has long hypocaudae and is obviously a berothine” (MacLeod & Adams
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<number box="[882,941,1590,1615]" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" value="1968.0">1968</number>
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, p.
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<number box="[984,1030,1590,1615]" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" value="258.0">258</number>
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). This specimen is not found in the MCZ (P. Perkins, pers. comm. to VM,
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<number box="[590,651,1627,1651]" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" value="2007.0">2007</number>
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). Theoretically, it could be identical with one of the above mentioned species because
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<taxonomicName box="[335,460,1662,1686]" class="Insecta" family="Berothidae" genus="Lekrugeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[335,460,1662,1686]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="251">Lekrugeria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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possesses long hypocaudae (Aspöck & Aspöck
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<number box="[1003,1063,1662,1687]" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" value="1985.0">1985</number>
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). Therefore, all four known adult specimens from Baltic amber could belong to few closely related species of a berothinae genus similar to
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<taxonomicName box="[151,275,1734,1758]" class="Insecta" family="Berothidae" genus="Lekrugeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[151,275,1734,1758]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="251">Lekrugeria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="15.[151,1436,978,2011]" pageId="15" pageNumber="251">Larvae A and B belong with high certainty to the Berothinae based on all characters available (e.g., the configuration of the ecdysial cleavage lines; the structure of the thoracic sclerites; three-segmented antennae terminating in a seta; four-segmented labial palps; an ocular area without distinctly visible stemmata). However, the larvae of the subfamilies Trichomatinae and Nosybinae are as yet unknown, and so some uncertainty remains.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="15.[151,1436,978,2011]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1436,151,1437]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="252" pageId="15" pageNumber="251">Larvae A and B most probably not are conspecific, but very similar. Apart from the difference in the presence/ absence of the visible caudal sucker (see description), larva B has slightly longer antennae; its lateral sutures are inclined toward the anterior part of the frontal sutures at a clearly obtuse angle (not at a right angle); the legs are more slender. If these differences are not intraspecific, the two larvae might belong to closely related species of one berothine genus.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="16.[151,1436,151,1437]" pageId="16" pageNumber="252">
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Larvae C and D possess some unique character conditions among
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<taxonomicName box="[954,1077,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Berothidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Berothidae</taxonomicName>
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(e.g., antennae and labial palps are six- or seven-segmented; ecdysial cleavage lines consist of only frontal and coronal sutures (the lateral suture is absent); pronotal sclerites are large and in contact with each other along the midline). Nevertheless, we place these two larvae in
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<taxonomicName box="[305,432,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Berothidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Berothidae</taxonomicName>
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. There are six neuropteran families whose larvae have straight jaws (mandibulomaxillary stilets), and all are recorded from Baltic amber:
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<taxonomicName box="[721,845,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Osmylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Osmylidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[860,967,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Sisyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sisyridae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[982,1172,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Coniopterygidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Coniopterygidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[1187,1310,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Berothidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Berothidae</taxonomicName>
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(including
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<taxonomicName box="[151,353,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Rhachiberothidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rhachiberothidae</taxonomicName>
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),
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||
<taxonomicName box="[379,518,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mantispidae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authority="Aspock 1992" authorityName="Aspock" authorityYear="1992" box="[586,881,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Dilaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
|
||
Dilaridae (Aspöck
|
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<number box="[813,873,404,428]" pageId="16" pageNumber="252" value="1992.0">1992</number>
|
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)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
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. Affinities of larvae C and D to the families
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[151,258,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Sisyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sisyridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[273,463,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Coniopterygidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Coniopterygidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[477,616,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mantispidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[678,782,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Dilaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Dilaridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be rejected by various reasons: sisyrid larvae lack labial palps; coniopterygid larvae are very small and have a strongly different appearance; mantispid larvae at third instar are scarabaeiform. Dilarid larvae lack thoracic dorsal sclerites and visible ecdysial cleavage lines; the head is rounded; the antennae are specialized (e.g., Gurney
|
||
<number box="[750,809,548,572]" pageId="16" pageNumber="252" value="1947.0">1947</number>
|
||
; Ghilarov
|
||
<number box="[932,991,548,573]" pageId="16" pageNumber="252" value="1962.0">1962</number>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1006,1121,549,572]" name="Montserrat" pageId="16" pageNumber="252">Monserrat</collectingCountry>
|
||
<number box="[1130,1190,548,572]" pageId="16" pageNumber="252" value="1988.0">1988</number>
|
||
). In general, they are dissimilar to our larvae C and D. Osmylid larvae resemble larvae C and D in many aspects, e.g., in possessing large pronotal sclerites that touch each other along the midline; long, slender antennae and labial palps; five to six pairs of stemmata; basally broadened maxillae (see Lestage
|
||
<number box="[778,838,656,680]" pageId="16" pageNumber="252" value="1921.0">1921</number>
|
||
:
|
||
<figureCitation box="[851,919,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,249,1964,1986]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1191,1962]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,1191,1965]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Berothidae indet., larva A, whole larva as preserved. A, photograph. B, drawing (both dorsal view). Scale bar is 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248084/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="252">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<number box="[904,919,656,680]" pageId="16" pageNumber="252" value="1.0">1</number>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
; Withycombe
|
||
<number box="[1088,1147,655,680]" pageId="16" pageNumber="252" value="1925.0">1925</number>
|
||
; Kawashima
|
||
<number box="[1302,1362,655,680]" pageId="16" pageNumber="252" value="1957.0">1957</number>
|
||
: Pl.
|
||
<number box="[1415,1431,656,680]" pageId="16" pageNumber="252" value="2.0">2</number>
|
||
, Figs. A–C; New
|
||
<number box="[350,410,692,716]" pageId="16" pageNumber="252" value="1991.0">1991</number>
|
||
: Figs
|
||
<number box="[483,534,692,717]" pageId="16" pageNumber="252" value="34.5">34.5</number>
|
||
A,
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[569,652,692,716]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="252" precision="555" value="34.1">
|
||
<number box="[569,634,692,716]" pageId="16" pageNumber="252" value="34.1">34.10</number>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, F). However, the head of osmylid larvae is short, rounded and the mandibulomaxillary stilets are at least twice longer than the head capsule length (the head capsule of larvae C and D is elongate, and the mandibulomaxillary stilets are shorter than the head). Moreover, an osmylid larva known from Baltic amber does not differ from extant osmylid larvae in this respect (see Wichard
|
||
<emphasis box="[1169,1219,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="252">et al</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<number box="[1233,1293,800,824]" pageId="16" pageNumber="252" value="2009.0">2009</number>
|
||
: Fig. 07.04). Therefore,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[276,399,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Berothidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Berothidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the most probable family affinity of larvae C and D. They share many features of extant berothid larvae: similar general appearance; very similar structure of head capsule, mandibulomaxillary stilets and legs; the presence of distinct ecdysial cleavage lines; general similarity in the structure of antennae and labial palps (long; slender; without specialized segments); the presence of large pronotal sclerites, and smaller ones on the meso- and metathorax.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[151,1436,151,1437]" pageId="16" pageNumber="252">
|
||
Although larvae C and D are very similar to each other in many external characters, the ecdysial cleavage lines on the head have different proportions. Another similar larva deposited in the private collection of Thomas Schäfer (Saland,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[254,391,1087,1112]" name="Switzerland" pageId="16" pageNumber="252">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
; No.
|
||
<date box="[459,559,1088,1112]" pageId="16" pageNumber="252" value="13-01-03">01.03.13</date>
|
||
) is known to us only by its photograph (Larva E) (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1167,1252,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="13.[151,249,1011,1033]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,990]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,195,990]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 11. Berothidae indet., larva E. A, whole larva as preserved. B, anterior part of the larva (dorsal view). Scale bars are 1 mm (A, B)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248094/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="252">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<number box="[1223,1252,1088,1112]" pageId="16" pageNumber="252" value="11.0">11</number>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). This is also a complete mature larva (approximately
|
||
<quantity box="[592,679,1124,1149]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="16" pageNumber="252" unit="mm" value="7.5">7.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
long), mostly obscured by a milky covering. Larva E is similar to larvae C and D; it shares with the latter the same structure of the head, antennae (probably seven-segmented) and pronotal sclerites. These three larvae may well belong to closely related species of the same genus; perhaps they are even conspecific.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[151,1436,151,1437]" pageId="16" pageNumber="252">
|
||
The taxonomic affinity of larvae C and D within
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[755,878,1268,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Berothidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Berothidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unclear. They belong to some basal subfamily, but not to Rhachiberothinae, Berothimerobiinae or Nyrminae, the larvae of which are known. Unfortunately, the larvae of the basal subfamily Cyrenoberothinae are unknown. There are also some Cretaceous taxa (including Mesithoninae and Paraberothinae) with which these larvae may be theoretically associated, but these taxa have not been recorded from Baltic amber.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |