146 lines
12 KiB
XML
146 lines
12 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.245.3416" ID-PMC="PMC3577090" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-245-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFFF52503A0AFF882450FFB66D45FF8E" ID-PubMed="23431087" ID-Zenodo-Dep="578462" ModsDocID="1313-2970-245-1" checkinTime="1425642919252" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Bousquet, Yves" docDate="2012" docId="DC302B2B95358FC90B8AEF968E050FAA" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 245: 1-1722" docOrigin="ZooKeys 245" docPubDate="2012-11-28" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.245.3416" docTitle="Apenes LeConte 1851" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" id="FFFF52503A0AFF882450FFB66D45FF8E" lastPageNumber="802" masterDocId="FFFF52503A0AFF882450FFB66D45FF8E" masterDocTitle="Catalogue of Geadephaga (Coleoptera, Adephaga) of America, north of Mexico" masterLastPageNumber="1722" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="802" updateTime="1668154792637" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Catalogue of Geadephaga (Coleoptera, Adephaga) of America, north of Mexico</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Bousquet, Yves</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada</mods:affiliation>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">bousquety1@yahoo.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number>2012-11-28</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>245</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>1722</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location>
|
||
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.245.3416</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.245.3416</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-245-1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFFF52503A0AFF882450FFB66D45FF8E</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">578462</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127865857" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DC302B2B95358FC90B8AEF968E050FAA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DC302B2B95358FC90B8AEF968E050FAA" lastPageNumber="802" pageId="801" pageNumber="802">
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="801" pageNumber="802" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="801" pageNumber="802">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="801" pageNumber="802" start="start">Genus</pageBreakToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName LSID="DC302B2B-9535-8FC9-0B8A-EF968E050FAA" authority="LeConte, 1851" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1851" class="Hexapoda" family="Carabidae" genus="Apenes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apenes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="801" pageNumber="802" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apenes LeConte, 1851</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="801" pageNumber="802" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="801" pageNumber="802">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1853" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Sphenopalpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="801" pageNumber="802" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphenopalpus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Blanchard, 1842: plate1 [
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="801" pageNumber="802">nomen oblitum</emphasis>
|
||
, see Ball and Shpeley (2009: 95)]. Type species:
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1843" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Sphenopalpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="801" pageNumber="802" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parallelus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="801" pageNumber="802">Sphenopalpus parallelus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Blanchard, 1842 (=
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Carabidae" genus="Cymindis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="801" pageNumber="802" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aenea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="801" pageNumber="802">Cymindis aenea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Dejean, 1831) by monotypy. Etymology. From the Greek
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="801" pageNumber="802">sphenos</emphasis>
|
||
(wedge) and the Latin
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="801" pageNumber="802">palpus</emphasis>
|
||
(feeler, by extension palp), alluding to the shape of the last maxillary and labial palpomeres ("
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="801" pageNumber="802">
|
||
palpes cylindriques, ayant leur dernier article ovalaire
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="terminé">termine</normalizedToken>
|
||
en pointe
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
," see Blanchard 1853: 32) of the adult [masculine]. Note. Since Chaudoir (1875: 38) listed
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1843" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Sphenopalpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="801" pageNumber="802" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parallelus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="801" pageNumber="802">Sphenopalpus parallelus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Blanchard as a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dejean" baseAuthorityYear="1831" class="Hexapoda" family="Carabidae" genus="Apenes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="801" pageNumber="802" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aenea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="801" pageNumber="802">Apenes aenea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Dejean),
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1853" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Sphenopalpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="801" pageNumber="802" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="801" pageNumber="802">Sphenopalpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been considered a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1851" class="Hexapoda" family="Carabidae" genus="Apenes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="801" pageNumber="802" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="801" pageNumber="802">Apenes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the account that it was made available with the publication of the text in 1853. However, the name was first made available by the publication of the plate in 1842 (see Emberson 1992).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="801" pageNumber="802">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1851" class="Hexapoda" family="Carabidae" genus="Apenes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="801" pageNumber="802" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apenes</taxonomicName>
|
||
LeConte, 1851: 174 [
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="801" pageNumber="802">nomen protectum</emphasis>
|
||
]. Type species:
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dejean" authorityYear="1831" class="Hexapoda" family="Carabidae" genus="Cymindis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="801" pageNumber="802" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucidula">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="801" pageNumber="802">Cymindis lucidula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Dejean, 1831 designated by Lacordaire (1854: 110). Synonymy established by Chaudoir (1875: 38). Etymology. From the Greek
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="801" pageNumber="802">apenes</emphasis>
|
||
(rough, harsh, cruel, ferocious) [feminine]. Note.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1851" class="Hexapoda" family="Carabidae" genus="Apenes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="801" pageNumber="802" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="801" pageNumber="802">Apenes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been treated as masculine (e.g., Bousquet and Larochelle 1993: 269-270; Lorenz 2005: 464-465) or feminine (e.g., Lindroth 1969a: 1087-1088; Ball and Shpeley 1992b). It comes from a transliteration of the Greek adjective
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Aπηνής">Aπηνής</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="ές">ές</normalizedToken>
|
||
and so could be masculine or feminine. In such case, the name is to be treated as masculine unless its author, when establishing the name, stated that it is feminine or treated it as feminine in combination with an adjectival species-group name (ICZN 1999: Article 30.1.4.2). LeConte (1851) did not specify the gender but described the species "
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1851" class="Hexapoda" family="Carabidae" genus="Apenes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="801" pageNumber="802" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opaca">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="801" pageNumber="802">Apenes opaca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
", so treating the generic name
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1851" class="Hexapoda" family="Carabidae" genus="Apenes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="801" pageNumber="802" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="801" pageNumber="802">Apenes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as feminine. As such
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1851" class="Hexapoda" family="Carabidae" genus="Apenes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="801" pageNumber="802" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="801" pageNumber="802">Apenes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is feminine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="801" pageNumber="802">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gemminger & Harold" authorityYear="1868" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Sphenopselaphus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="801" pageNumber="802" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphenopselaphus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gemminger and Harold, 1868a: 299. Unjustified emendation of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1853" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Sphenopalpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="801" pageNumber="802" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="801" pageNumber="802">Sphenopalpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Blanchard, 1842.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="801" pageNumber="802" type="diversity">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="801" pageNumber="802">Diversity.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="801" pageNumber="802">
|
||
Seventy-five species in the Western Hemisphere arrayed in two subgenera:
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1851" class="Hexapoda" family="Carabidae" genus="Apenes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="801" pageNumber="802" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="801" pageNumber="802">Apenes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
s.str. (67 species) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Didymochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="801" pageNumber="802" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="801" pageNumber="802">Didymochaeta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Chaudoir (eight Neotropical species).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |