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<mods:title id="959B423938304DF4875E114C219CB054">Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C574D65FF94FFEFFF57FED3FDB9FEAD" ID-CoL="5ZCLQ" authority="de Meijere, 1903" authorityName="de Meijere" authorityYear="1903" box="[151,624,324,350]" class="Echinoidea" family="Clypeasteridae" genus="Clypeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="rarispinus">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FF94FFEFFF57FED3FDB9FEAD" bold="true" box="[151,624,324,350]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FF94FFEFFF57FED3FE50FEAD" bold="true" box="[151,409,324,350]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Clypeaster rarispinus</emphasis>
de
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FF94FFEFFE05FED3FDB9FEAD" author="Meijere" box="[453,624,324,350]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Meijere, J. C. H. (1903) Vorlaufige Beschreibung der neuen, durch die Siboga-Expedition gesammelten Echiniden. Tijdschrift der Nederlandsche Dierkundige Vereeniging, Series 2, 8 (1), 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1903">Meijere, 1903</bibRefCitation>
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<figureCitation id="136C2A63FF94FFEFFF57FEF1FF2FFE8C" box="[151,230,358,383]" captionStart="FIGURE 58" captionStartId="51.[151,250,1435,1457]" captionTargetBox="[375,1246,1001,1410]" captionTargetId="figure@51.[340,1247,1000,1413]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 58. Clypeaster rarispinus (SAMC-A 23307). A. Map showing distribution. B. Aboral view of preserved specimen. C. Side view of preserved specimen. D. Side view of preserved specimen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/843443/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 58</figureCitation>
AD.
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<emphasis id="B923EAF4FF94FFEFFF57FE39FEACFE37" box="[151,357,430,452]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Clypeaster audouini</emphasis>
:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FF94FFEFFEB2FE38FDEBFE37" author="Clark" box="[370,546,430,452]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Clark, H. L. (1923) The echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435." type="journal article" year="1923">H.L. Clark, 1923</bibRefCitation>
: 392
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;
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610F7FF94FFEFFD9FFE38FCECFE37" author="Clark" box="[607,805,430,452]" page="9" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" year="1924">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FF94FFEFFD9FFE38FCC7FE37" author="Clark" box="[607,782,430,452]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Clark, H. L. (1924) Echinoderms from the South African Fisheries and Marine Biology Survey. Part I. Sea-Urchins (Echinoidea). Report, Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Union of South Africa, 4 (1), 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1924">H.L. Clark, 1924</bibRefCitation>
: 9
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10;
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610F7FF94FFEFFC98FE38FB8FFE37" author="Clark" box="[856,1094,430,452]" page="148" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" year="1925">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FF94FFEFFC98FE38FBDDFE37" author="Clark" box="[856,1044,430,452]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 250 pp." type="book" year="1925" yearSuffix="a">H.L. Clark, 1925a</bibRefCitation>
: 148
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.
<taxonomicName id="4C574D65FF94FFEFFF57FE5AFD38FE10" ID-CoL="5ZCLQ" authority=": Mortensen, 1948 d: 58" authorityName="Mortensen" authorityPageNumber="58" authorityYear="1948" box="[151,753,461,483]" class="Echinoidea" family="Clypeasteridae" genus="Clypeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="rarispinus" subGenus="Leptoclypus">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FF94FFEFFF57FE5AFECCFE10" box="[151,261,461,483]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Clypeaster</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FF94FFEFFED3FE5AFE44FE10" box="[275,397,461,483]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Leptoclypus</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FF94FFEFFE5CFE59FDCDFE10" box="[412,516,462,483]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">rarispinus</emphasis>
:
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610F7FF94FFEFFDD2FE59FD38FE10" author="Mortensen" box="[530,753,461,483]" page="58" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" year="1948">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FF94FFEFFDD2FE59FD07FE10" author="Mortensen" box="[530,718,461,483]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Mortensen, T., (1948 d) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. IV. 2. Clypeasteroidea. Arachnoididae, Fibulariidae, Laganidae and Scutellidae. Reitzel, Copenhagen, pp. 471." type="journal article" year="1948" yearSuffix="d">Mortensen, 1948d</bibRefCitation>
: 58
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62. Pl. VI,
<figureCitation id="136C2A63FF94FFEFFCACFE5AFC1AFE10" box="[876,979,461,483]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-10="FIGURE 11" captionStart-11="FIGURE 12" captionStart-12="FIGURE 13" captionStart-13="FIGURE 14" captionStart-14="FIGURE 15" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStart-5="FIGURE 6" captionStart-6="FIGURE 7" captionStart-7="FIGURE 8" captionStart-8="FIGURE 9" captionStart-9="FIGURE 10" captionStartId-0="6.[151,250,1227,1249]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,250,1752,1774]" captionStartId-10="15.[151,250,1808,1830]" captionStartId-11="16.[151,250,1752,1774]" captionStartId-12="17.[151,250,1183,1205]" captionStartId-13="18.[151,250,603,625]" captionStartId-14="18.[151,250,1666,1688]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,250,1253,1275]" captionStartId-3="7.[151,250,1696,1718]" captionStartId-4="11.[151,250,1247,1269]" captionStartId-5="12.[151,250,883,905]" captionStartId-6="13.[151,250,524,546]" captionStartId-7="13.[151,250,1454,1476]" captionStartId-8="14.[151,250,1389,1411]" captionStartId-9="15.[151,250,846,868]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1430,448,1187]" captionTargetBox-1="[164,1421,1342,1713]" captionTargetBox-10="[369,1245,1218,1785]" captionTargetBox-11="[383,1235,1111,1734]" captionTargetBox-12="[346,1245,592,1158]" captionTargetBox-13="[369,1246,196,580]" captionTargetBox-14="[367,1244,1005,1643]" captionTargetBox-2="[194,1367,185,1223]" captionTargetBox-3="[170,1416,1376,1667]" captionTargetBox-4="[344,1242,451,1221]" captionTargetBox-5="[366,1244,195,858]" captionTargetBox-6="[366,1246,193,502]" captionTargetBox-7="[366,1247,1110,1433]" captionTargetBox-8="[369,1244,719,1364]" captionTargetBox-9="[368,1245,198,821]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[151,1436,445,1206]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[151,1436,1330,1731]" captionTargetId-10="figure@15.[340,1247,1217,1787]" captionTargetId-11="figure@16.[358,1236,1109,1736]" captionTargetId-12="figure@17.[340,1247,591,1161]" captionTargetId-13="figure@18.[340,1247,195,581]" captionTargetId-14="figure@18.[340,1247,1004,1645]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[154,1439,158,1263]" captionTargetId-3="figure@7.[151,1436,1356,1675]" captionTargetId-4="figure@11.[340,1247,447,1225]" captionTargetId-5="figure@12.[340,1247,193,861]" captionTargetId-6="figure@13.[340,1247,193,502]" captionTargetId-7="figure@13.[340,1247,1110,1433]" captionTargetId-8="figure@14.[340,1247,717,1368]" captionTargetId-9="figure@15.[340,1247,195,824]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-10="15" captionTargetPageId-11="16" captionTargetPageId-12="17" captionTargetPageId-13="18" captionTargetPageId-14="18" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="7" captionTargetPageId-4="11" captionTargetPageId-5="12" captionTargetPageId-6="13" captionTargetPageId-7="13" captionTargetPageId-8="14" captionTargetPageId-9="15" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Detail of regular echinoid: upper (Stomopneustes variolaris) and lower (Stereocidaris excavata) side, showing terminology of various body parts." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Body plan of an irregular echinoid or sand dollar (Clypeaster rarispinus), showing terminology of various body parts." captionText-10="FIGURE 11. Stereocidaris capensis (MB-A 077743): A. Map showing distribution. B. Side view of preserved specimen. C. Close-up apical system of preserved specimen." captionText-11="FIGURE 12. Stereocidaris excavata (SAMC-A 23320). A. Map showing distribution. B. Side view of preserved specimen. C. Close-up apical system of preserved specimen." captionText-12="FIGURE 13. Stereocidaris squamosa (MBC-A 077750). A. Map showing distribution. B. Side view of preserved specimen. C. Close-up apical system of preserved specimen." captionText-13="FIGURE 14. Acanthocidaris maculicollis (SAMC- A 28233). A. Map showing distribution. B. Spine close-up view of preserved specimen." captionText-14="FIGURE 15. Plococdaris verticillata (SAMC-A 28236). A. Map showing distribution. B. Side view of preserved specimen. C. Apical system of preserved specimen." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. The body plan of an irregular echinoids or heart urchin (Echinocardium cordatum), showing terminology of different body parts." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Tubercle types: A. perforated and non-crenulated (Stereocidaris alcocki). B. non-perforated and non-crenulated (Stomopneustes variolaris). C. perforated and crenulated (Chaetodiadema africanum)." captionText-4="FIGURE 5. Histocidaris elegans (SAMC-A 22212): A. Side view of preserved specimen. B. Apical system of preserved specimen." captionText-5="FIGURE 6. Eucidaris metularia (SAMC-A 28226): A. Map showing distribution. B. Side view of preserved specimen. C. Apical system of preserved specimen." captionText-6="FIGURE 7. Kionocidaris striata (MBC-A 022213): A. Map showing distribution. B. Apical system of preserved specimen." captionText-7="FIGURE 8. Phyllacanthus imperialis (SAMC-A 23447): A. Map showing distribution. B. Aboral view of preserved specimen." captionText-8="FIGURE 9. Goniocidaris (Goniocidaris) indica: A. Map showing distribution. B. Aboral view of preserved specimen (SAMC- A 23089). C. Side view of preserved specimen (SAMC-A 28235)." captionText-9="FIGURE 10. Stereocidaris alcocki (SAMC-A 28229): A. Map showing distribution. B. Side view (close-up) of preserved specimen. C. Apical system of preserved specimen." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/843327/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/843329/files/figure.png" httpUri-10="https://zenodo.org/record/843349/files/figure.png" httpUri-11="https://zenodo.org/record/843351/files/figure.png" httpUri-12="https://zenodo.org/record/843353/files/figure.png" httpUri-13="https://zenodo.org/record/843355/files/figure.png" httpUri-14="https://zenodo.org/record/843357/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/843331/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/843333/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/843335/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/843337/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/843339/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/843341/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/843345/files/figure.png" httpUri-9="https://zenodo.org/record/843347/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Figs 115</figureCitation>
. Pl. XL,
<figureCitation id="136C2A63FF94FFEFFBEDFE5AFB41FE10" box="[1069,1160,461,483]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStart-2="FIGURE 6" captionStart-3="FIGURE 7" captionStart-4="FIGURE 8" captionStart-5="FIGURE 9" captionStartId-0="7.[151,250,1696,1718]" captionStartId-1="11.[151,250,1247,1269]" captionStartId-2="12.[151,250,883,905]" captionStartId-3="13.[151,250,524,546]" captionStartId-4="13.[151,250,1454,1476]" captionStartId-5="14.[151,250,1389,1411]" captionTargetBox-0="[170,1416,1376,1667]" captionTargetBox-1="[344,1242,451,1221]" captionTargetBox-2="[366,1244,195,858]" captionTargetBox-3="[366,1246,193,502]" captionTargetBox-4="[366,1247,1110,1433]" captionTargetBox-5="[369,1244,719,1364]" captionTargetId-0="figure@7.[151,1436,1356,1675]" captionTargetId-1="figure@11.[340,1247,447,1225]" captionTargetId-2="figure@12.[340,1247,193,861]" captionTargetId-3="figure@13.[340,1247,193,502]" captionTargetId-4="figure@13.[340,1247,1110,1433]" captionTargetId-5="figure@14.[340,1247,717,1368]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionTargetPageId-2="12" captionTargetPageId-3="13" captionTargetPageId-4="13" captionTargetPageId-5="14" captionText-0="FIGURE 4. Tubercle types: A. perforated and non-crenulated (Stereocidaris alcocki). B. non-perforated and non-crenulated (Stomopneustes variolaris). C. perforated and crenulated (Chaetodiadema africanum)." captionText-1="FIGURE 5. Histocidaris elegans (SAMC-A 22212): A. Side view of preserved specimen. B. Apical system of preserved specimen." captionText-2="FIGURE 6. Eucidaris metularia (SAMC-A 28226): A. Map showing distribution. B. Side view of preserved specimen. C. Apical system of preserved specimen." captionText-3="FIGURE 7. Kionocidaris striata (MBC-A 022213): A. Map showing distribution. B. Apical system of preserved specimen." captionText-4="FIGURE 8. Phyllacanthus imperialis (SAMC-A 23447): A. Map showing distribution. B. Aboral view of preserved specimen." captionText-5="FIGURE 9. Goniocidaris (Goniocidaris) indica: A. Map showing distribution. B. Aboral view of preserved specimen (SAMC- A 23089). C. Side view of preserved specimen (SAMC-A 28235)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/843333/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/843335/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/843337/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/843339/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/843341/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/843345/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Figs 49</figureCitation>
. Pl. LXIV,
<figureCitation id="136C2A63FF94FFEFFB39FE5AFAA2FE10" box="[1273,1387,461,483]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 11" captionStart-1="FIGURE 12" captionStartId-0="15.[151,250,1808,1830]" captionStartId-1="16.[151,250,1752,1774]" captionTargetBox-0="[369,1245,1218,1785]" captionTargetBox-1="[383,1235,1111,1734]" captionTargetId-0="figure@15.[340,1247,1217,1787]" captionTargetId-1="figure@16.[358,1236,1109,1736]" captionTargetPageId-0="15" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionText-0="FIGURE 11. Stereocidaris capensis (MB-A 077743): A. Map showing distribution. B. Side view of preserved specimen. C. Close-up apical system of preserved specimen." captionText-1="FIGURE 12. Stereocidaris excavata (SAMC-A 23320). A. Map showing distribution. B. Side view of preserved specimen. C. Close-up apical system of preserved specimen." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/843349/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/843351/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Figs 1112</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136C2A63FF94FFEFFAB6FE5AFF2BFDF1" captionStart-0="FIGURE 14" captionStart-1="FIGURE 15" captionStart-2="FIGURE 16" captionStart-3="FIGURE 17" captionStartId-0="18.[151,250,603,625]" captionStartId-1="18.[151,250,1666,1688]" captionStartId-2="19.[151,250,1270,1292]" captionStartId-3="20.[151,250,1366,1388]" captionTargetBox-0="[369,1246,196,580]" captionTargetBox-1="[367,1244,1005,1643]" captionTargetBox-2="[360,1246,703,1247]" captionTargetBox-3="[350,1259,690,1334]" captionTargetId-0="figure@18.[340,1247,195,581]" captionTargetId-1="figure@18.[340,1247,1004,1645]" captionTargetId-2="figure@19.[340,1247,702,1249]" captionTargetId-3="figure@20.[324,1262,687,1336]" captionTargetPageId-0="18" captionTargetPageId-1="18" captionTargetPageId-2="19" captionTargetPageId-3="20" captionText-0="FIGURE 14. Acanthocidaris maculicollis (SAMC- A 28233). A. Map showing distribution. B. Spine close-up view of preserved specimen." captionText-1="FIGURE 15. Plococdaris verticillata (SAMC-A 28236). A. Map showing distribution. B. Side view of preserved specimen. C. Apical system of preserved specimen." captionText-2="FIGURE 16. Prionocidaris pistillaris. A. Map showing distribution. B. Side view of adult preserved specimen (SAMC- A 23724). C. Side view of juvenile preserved specimen (MBC-A 077755)." captionText-3="FIGURE 17. Stylocidaris cingulata. A. Map showing distribution. B. Side view of preserved specimen (MBC-A 074000). C. Apical system of preserved specimen (SAMC-A 28217)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/843355/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/843357/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/843359/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/843361/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">14 17</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136C2A63FF94FFEFFF2DFE7BFEC0FDF1" box="[237,265,492,514]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1901,1923]" captionTargetBox="[373,1244,1191,1877]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[340,1247,1188,1880]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 20. Sperosoma biseriatum A. Map showing distribution. B. Aboral view of preserved specimen (Schultz, 2010). C. Oral view of preserved specimen (Schultz, 2010)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/843367/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">20</figureCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FF94FFEFFF57FD9DFB94FDD3" blockId="51.[151,1436,430,544]" box="[151,1117,522,544]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4711C8FF94FFEFFF57FD9DFB94FDD3" box="[151,1117,522,544]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName id="4C574D65FF94FFEFFF57FD9DFD3CFDD3" ID-CoL="5ZCLQ" authority=": Clark &amp; Courtman-Stock, 1976: 241" authorityName=": Clark &amp; Courtman-Stock" authorityPageNumber="241" authorityYear="1976" box="[151,757,522,544]" class="Echinoidea" family="Clypeasteridae" genus="Clypeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="rarispinus">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FF94FFEFFF57FD9DFEBAFDD3" box="[151,371,522,544]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Clypeaster rarispinus</emphasis>
:
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610F7FF94FFEFFE40FD9DFD3CFDD3" author="Clark" box="[384,757,522,544]" page="241" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" year="1976">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FF94FFEFFE40FD9DFD0BFDD3" author="Clark" box="[384,706,522,544]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Clark, A. &amp; Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp." type="book" year="1976">Clark &amp; Courtman-Stock, 1976</bibRefCitation>
: 241
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610F7FF94FFEFFCC0FD9DFC09FDD3" author="Schultz" box="[768,960,522,544]" page="550" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" year="2009">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FF94FFEFFCC0FD9DFC47FDD3" author="Schultz" box="[768,910,522,544]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Schultz, H. (2009) Sea-Urchins II, Worldwide Irregular Deep Water Species. 1 st Edition. Scientific Publications, Hemdingen, 849 pp." type="book" year="2009">Schultz, 2009</bibRefCitation>
: 550
</treatmentCitation>
, Figs 938934.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34D656DFF94FFEFFF57FDDAFB22FD09" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FF94FFEFFF57FDDAFDE7FD79" blockId="51.[151,1437,589,945]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FF94FFEFFF57FDDAFE59FD95" bold="true" box="[151,400,589,614]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Material examined.</emphasis>
MBC-A023307; MBC-A077888; A23718; MBC-A077889; MBC-A077892; MBC- A077890;
<accessionNumber id="9404AB05FF94FFEFFECEFDE6FEA5FD79" box="[270,364,625,650]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/A23716" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="EnaNcbi">A23716</accessionNumber>
; MBC-A077891.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FF94FFEFFF07FD0EFB22FD09" blockId="51.[151,1437,589,945]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FF94FFEFFF07FD0EFEB9FD41" bold="true" box="[199,368,665,690]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Identification.</emphasis>
Differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C574D65FF94FFEFFDDAFD0EFD5AFD41" box="[538,659,665,690]" class="Echinoidea" family="Clypeasteridae" genus="Clypeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FF94FFEFFDDAFD0EFD5AFD41" box="[538,659,665,690]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Clypeaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species in the region in test being pentagonal, longer than wide, concave sides, posterior side convex, margin sometimes thickened; petaloid area slightly raised, petals opened; zigzag bands along food grooves. Live animal yellowish-green, oral bands along food grooves darker.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34D656DFF94FFEFFF07FC9FFC6DFC9B" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FF94FFEFFF07FC9FFCD4FCD3" blockId="51.[151,1437,589,945]" box="[199,797,776,801]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FF94FFEFFF07FC9FFE1BFCD2" bold="true" box="[199,466,776,801]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Global maximum size.</emphasis>
Maximum test length
<quantity id="4CAF9B03FF94FFEFFD0FFC9EFCD0FCD3" box="[719,793,777,801]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="190.0">190 m</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FF94FFEFFF07FCBBFC6DFC9B" blockId="51.[151,1437,589,945]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<materialsCitation id="3B3F3CBBFF94FFEFFF07FCBBFC6DFC9B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1586033320" country="South Africa" county="Malayan Archipelago" elevation="369" location="Global" municipality="Indian Ocean" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Red Sea">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FF94FFEFFF07FCBBFE7EFCB6" bold="true" box="[199,439,812,837]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<location id="8E88603DFF94FFEFFF07FCBBFED1FCB6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FE87F0FF94FFEFFF57FED3FB47FC42:8E88603DFF94FFEFFF07FCBBFED1FCB6" box="[199,280,812,837]" country="South Africa" county="Malayan Archipelago" municipality="Indian Ocean" name="Global" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" stateProvince="Red Sea">Global</location>
distribution.
</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="4993F804FF94FFEFFE01FCBBFDEBFCB6" box="[449,546,812,837]" country="Egypt" name="Al Bahr al Ahmar" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Red Sea</collectingRegion>
to
<location id="8E88603DFF94FFEFFD8CFCBAFDB5FCB7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FE87F0FF94FFEFFF57FED3FB47FC42:8E88603DFF94FFEFFD8CFCBAFDB5FCB7" box="[588,636,813,836]" country="South Africa" county="Malayan Archipelago" municipality="Indian Ocean" name="East" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" stateProvince="Red Sea">East</location>
coast region of
<collectingCountry id="F3407676FF94FFEFFCFEFCBBFC1DFCB6" box="[830,980,812,837]" name="South Africa" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">South Africa</collectingCountry>
, from the
<location id="8E88603DFF94FFEFFB91FCBBFB28FCB6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FE87F0FF94FFEFFF57FED3FB47FC42:8E88603DFF94FFEFFB91FCBBFB28FCB6" box="[1105,1249,812,837]" country="South Africa" county="Malayan Archipelago" municipality="Indian Ocean" name="Persian Gulf" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" stateProvince="Red Sea">Persian Gulf</location>
over the
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8CAC9CFF94FFEFFA95FCBBFF16FC9A" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Indian Ocean</collectingMunicipality>
to
<collectingCounty id="62894E6AFF94FFEFFEC2FCC7FE3FFC9A" box="[258,502,848,873]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Malayan Archipelago</collectingCounty>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FF94FFEFFDC4FCC7FD57FC9A" author="Schultz" box="[516,670,848,873]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Schultz, H. (2009) Sea-Urchins II, Worldwide Irregular Deep Water Species. 1 st Edition. Scientific Publications, Hemdingen, 849 pp." type="book" year="2009">Schultz 2009</bibRefCitation>
); from littoral to
<elevation id="007AD1D5FF94FFEFFC9DFCC7FC6DFC9B" box="[861,932,848,873]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.69" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="369.0">
<quantity id="4CAF9B03FF94FFEFFC9DFCC7FC6DFC9B" box="[861,932,848,873]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.69" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="369.0">369 m</quantity>
</elevation>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34D656DFF94FFEFFF07FCE3FB47FC42" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FF94FFEFFF07FCE3FB47FC42" blockId="51.[151,1437,589,945]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FF94FFEFFF07FCE3FEF2FC7E" bold="true" box="[199,315,884,909]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Remarks.</emphasis>
Samples from the Iziko Museum collection demonstrate a
<quantity id="4CAF9B03FF94FFEFFC1DFCE2FBEFFC7F" box="[989,1062,885,909]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
increase from previously known maximum depth of
<quantity id="4CAF9B03FF94FFEFFEB3FC0FFE74FC43" box="[371,445,920,945]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.69" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="269.0">269 m</quantity>
. Differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C574D65FF94FFEFFD9BFC0EFD04FC42" authorityName=": Schultz" authorityYear="2009" box="[603,717,921,945]" class="Echinoidea" family="Clypeasteridae" genus="Clypeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fervens">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FF94FFEFFD9BFC0EFD04FC42" box="[603,717,921,945]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">C. fervens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having narrow, distally opened petal.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>