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<document id="855D75A6D04F3966E911F64EEF3D9887" ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.676.1.2" ID-ISSN="1179-3163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14522661" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1734566285190" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Lehmkuhl, Elton Augusto, Kulikovskiy, Maxim, Wetzel, Carlos E., Bicudo, Carlos Eduardo De Mattos &amp; Mann, David G." docDate="2024" docId="F108282FFFB0D93E3CCBFC0CFAFCFA68" docLanguage="en" docName="phytotaxa.676.1.025-051.pdf" docOrigin="Phytotaxa 676 (1)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.676.1.2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9.13:Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9" docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="13" docTitle="Nitzschia semirobusta Lange-Bertalot 1993" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="45" masterDocId="0D315057FFA1D92A3C43FFBAFFF1FF84" masterDocTitle="Insights into Nitzschia amphibia Grunow (Bacillariophyta, Bacillariaceae): Lectotypification and a comparative study with N. amphibioides Hustedt and N. semirobusta Lange-Bertalot" masterLastPageNumber="51" masterPageNumber="25" pageNumber="42" updateTime="1734570450941" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-figures="UNSPECIFIED" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="F85478692F9582DC58AC02325D5CD4CB">Insights into Nitzschia amphibia Grunow (Bacillariophyta, Bacillariaceae): Lectotypification and a comparative study with N. amphibioides Hustedt and N. semirobusta Lange-Bertalot</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="51D5F80E0D3E0C92452CBDE13792AA2E">Lehmkuhl, Elton Augusto</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1B70B0FCC08CC0128AEA8161229F4637">Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Educção e Zootecnia, Campus do Baixo Amazonas, Estr. Parintins / Macurany, n ˚ 1805, 69152 - 450 Parintins, AM, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A09F50E284C6A91CD1C3A7A0D72DFA35">Kulikovskiy, Maxim</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="A11D3D83455B2A691DF8DD306D55A382" type="ORCID">0000-0003-0999-9669</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="C1AF1A513EDFF9618B07D1FD64352E52">Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Science, 35 Botanicheskaya St., 127276 Moscow, Russia</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="42A412FC57EC8CA304096FE0E100B7A5" type="email">max-kulikovsky@yandex.ru</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="49F6320E32309A93C8DBAE519A15AAB8">Wetzel, Carlos E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="96D54CCA4CA409B5646BDA3EEF11B6D5" type="ORCID">0000-0001-5330-0494</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="5964A4A648C610FF9FE73E0C1485948A">Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation Department (ERIN), Observatory for Climate, Environment and Biodiversity (OCEB), 41 rue du Brill, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="FF82803A3F4B848D7E876B86C87170D5" type="email">carlos.wetzel@list.lu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="5A6355EA3C6FB953C381596D249D8491">Bicudo, Carlos Eduardo De Mattos</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="410A0FDD0127C26D4E335C61E76E2AEB">Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais, Biodiversity Conservation Department, Av. Miguel Estéfano 3687, 04301 - 012 São Paulo, SP, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="DAE097D5DCC5078B13526E74E5D774BE">Mann, David G.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="DF224A5AB8FCBED00DCE1752101B2760">Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH 3 5 LR, Scotland, UK &amp; IRTA-Institute for Food and Agricultural Research and Technology, Marine and Continental Waters Programme. Ctra de Poble Nou Km 5.5, E 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="73366251A7FD742077D501A3948843DF">2024</mods:date>
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<treatment id="F108282FFFB0D93E3CCBFC0CFAFCFA68" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522677" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14522677" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F108282FFFB0D93E3CCBFC0CFAFCFA68" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F108282FFFB0D93E3CCBFC0CFAFCFA68" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">
<subSubSection id="31BBCAB2FFB0D93B3CCBFC0CFC96FC54" box="[136,871,950,977]" pageId="17" pageNumber="42" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="791E9939FFB0D93B3CCBFC0CFC96FC54" blockId="17.[136,871,950,977]" box="[136,871,950,977]" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">
<heading id="22562E55FFB0D93B3CCBFC0CFC96FC54" box="[136,871,950,977]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="42" reason="3">
<taxonomicName id="BEA1E2BAFFB0D93B3CCBFC0CFDB2FC54" authority="Lange-Bertalot" authorityName="Lange-Bertalot" authorityYear="1993" box="[136,579,950,977]" class="Monogenea" family="Capsalidae" genus="Nitzschia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Capsalidea" pageId="17" pageNumber="42" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="semirobusta">
<emphasis id="4BD5452BFFB0D93B3CCBFC0CFDB2FC54" bold="true" box="[136,579,950,977]" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="4BD5452BFFB0D93B3CCBFC0CFE77FC55" bold="true" box="[136,390,950,977]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">Nitzschia semirobusta</emphasis>
Lange-Bertalot
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB0D93B3E11FC0CFD01FC54" box="[594,752,950,976]" captionStart="FIGURES 139–160" captionStartId="17.[136,243,1810,1832]" captionTargetBox="[172,1415,1178,1782]" captionTargetId="figure-433@17.[172,1415,1178,1782]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 139–160. Nitzschia semirobusta. LM photographs. Girdle view 139, 141, 144, 146–148, 156, 157. Valve view 140, 142, 143, 145, 149–155, 158, 159, 160. Portulae line figure 160 (white arrow). Sources: (139–158) Brazil, Joanópolis, SP428863. (159, 160) Brazil, Nazaré Paulista, SP469253. Figures marked with “=” are the same frustules with a different focus. Scale bar = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522687/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">Figs 139–160</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB0D93B3EBFFC0CFCAEFC54" box="[764,863,950,976]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 161–170" captionStart-1="FIGURES 171–178" captionStartId-0="18.[136,243,1807,1829]" captionStartId-1="19.[136,243,1554,1576]" captionTargetBox-0="[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetBox-1="[155,1432,187,1527]" captionTargetId-0="figure-24@18.[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetId-1="figure-19@19.[155,1432,187,1527]" captionTargetPageId-0="18" captionTargetPageId-1="19" captionText-0="FIGURES 161–170. Nitzschia semirobusta. SEM images. 161, 162, 167-169 Valve external view. 163–166 Girdle external view. 161, 163 Same valve. (161) Valve and areolae shape. (162) Raphe interrupted in center, valve and keel areolae occlusion. 163, 164 Same valve. (163) Mantle areolae, and girdle bands. (164, 166) Girdle bands and valvocopula, areolae external occlusion, and warts, interrupted raphe. 165, 166 Same valve. (165) Mantle areolae without raphe, valvocopula and girdle bands. (166) Raphe interrupted in center. 167–170 Same frustule. (167) Valve, mantle, and areolae. (168) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (169) Raphe slit, and areolae external occlusion. (170) Apex, terminal raphe ending. Note 170 rotated 45 degrees. Source: (161–170) Brazil, Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (161, 163, 165, 167); 1 µm (162, 164, 166, 168, 170); 100 nm (169)." captionText-1="FIGURES 171–178. Nitzschia semirobusta. SEM images. 171–173 Valve external view. 174–178 Valve internal view. 171–173 Same valve. (171) Valve and areolae shape, and raphe. (172) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (173) Apex, terminal raphe ending, mantle without raphe areolae, and open band. Note 173 rotated 45 degrees. (174, 176) Valve showing fibulae, areolae, and portulae. 174, 178 Same valve. (175) Broken valve, showing fibulae, knob-like structures (white arrows), portulae, mantle and valve face areolae. 175, 177 Same valve. (177) Areolae occlusion in detail. Note 177 rotated 90 degrees. (178) Valve showing fibulae, areolae, central portulae, note raphe, areolae, and central nodule inside of portulae. Source: (171–173, 173, 177) Brazil, Piracaia, SP406271. (174, 176, 178). Jacareí Reservoir. Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (172, 178); 1 µm (174, 175, 176); 500 nm (172, 173); 100 nm (177)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522689" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522691" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/14522689/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/14522691/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">161–177</figureCitation>
)
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="31BBCAB2FFB0D93B3CCBFC64FF19FB93" pageId="17" pageNumber="42" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="791E9939FFB0D93B3CCBFC64FF19FB93" blockId="17.[136,1452,990,1119]" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="BEA1E2BAFFB0D93B3CCBFC64FDC1FC77" authority="Lange-Bertalot 1993" authorityName="Lange-Bertalot" authorityYear="1993" box="[136,560,990,1012]" class="Monogenea" family="Capsalidae" genus="Nitzschia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Capsalidea" pageId="17" pageNumber="42" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="semirobusta">
<emphasis id="4BD5452BFFB0D93B3CCBFC64FEACFC77" box="[136,349,990,1011]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">Nitzschia semirobusta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1D30E4C8FFB0D93B3D26FC64FDC1FC77" author="Lange-Bertalot, H." box="[357,560,990,1012]" pageId="17" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 164" refId="ref14604" refString="Lange-Bertalot, H. (1993) 85 neue taxa und uber 100 weitere neu definierte Taxa erganzend zur Susswasserflora von Mitteleuropa. Bibliotheca Diatomologica 27: 1 - 164." type="journal article" year="1993">Lange-Bertalot 1993</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="4BD5452BFFB0D93B3E7FFC64FCB3FC77" box="[572,834,990,1011]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">Bibliotheca Diatomologica</emphasis>
vol. 27, p. 149, pl. 120, figs 3–21, pl. 122, fig. 7, pl. 123, figs 1–7.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="31BBCAB2FFB0D93E3CCBFB9CFF2BFE78" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="17" pageNumber="42" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="791E9939FFB0D93B3CCBFB9CFE7EFBDB" blockId="17.[136,1452,990,1119]" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">
<materialsCitation id="C9C99364FFB0D93B3CCBFB9CFE7EFBDB" collectingDate="1988-06-24" collectorName="M. Pumm" country="Nicaragua" location="Masaya" pageId="17" pageNumber="42" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Masaya" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="A61A279BFFB0D93B3CCBFB9CFF14FBB8" box="[136,229,1062,1084]" pageId="17" pageNumber="42" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
: Preparation Am-S 92, collection Lange-Bertalot (at FR, the Senckenberg Institute). Punta d. Roca,
<collectingRegion id="BB6557DBFFB0D93B38DFFB9CFB18FBBF" box="[1180,1257,1062,1083]" country="Nicaragua" name="Masaya" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">Masaya</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="01B6D9A9FFB0D93B38B1FB9CFAA6FBB8" box="[1266,1367,1062,1084]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
, coll.
<collectorName id="D454FCEFFFB0D93B39D3FB9CFF0FFBDB" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">M. Pumm</collectorName>
,
<date id="0D1FBFF9FFB0D93B3D4BFBF0FE7AFBDB" box="[264,395,1098,1119]" pageId="17" pageNumber="42" value="1988-06-24">
<collectingDate id="1D5B4611FFB0D93B3D4BFBF0FE7AFBDB" box="[264,395,1098,1119]" pageId="17" pageNumber="42" value="1988-06-24">24 June 1988</collectingDate>
</date>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<caption id="2DDEC9B1FFB0D93B3CCBF8A8FB07F8F4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522687" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14522687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522687/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="42" startId="17.[136,243,1810,1832]" targetBox="[172,1415,1178,1782]" targetPageId="17" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="791E9939FFB0D93B3CCBF8A8FB07F8F4" blockId="17.[136,1452,1810,1905]" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="4BD5452BFFB0D93B3CCBF8A8FEA2F8A3" bold="true" box="[136,339,1810,1832]" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">FIGURES 139–160.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="BEA1E2BAFFB0D93B3D1AF8A9FDDCF8AC" authorityName="Lange-Bertalot" authorityYear="1993" box="[345,557,1811,1832]" class="Monogenea" family="Capsalidae" genus="Nitzschia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Capsalidea" pageId="17" pageNumber="42" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="semirobusta">
<emphasis id="4BD5452BFFB0D93B3D1AF8A9FDDCF8AC" box="[345,557,1811,1832]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">Nitzschia semirobusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. LM photographs. Girdle view 139, 141, 144, 146–148, 156, 157. Valve view 140, 142, 143, 145, 149–155, 158, 159, 160. Portulae line figure 160 (white arrow). Sources: (139–158) Brazil, Joanópolis, SP428863. (159, 160) Brazil, Nazaré Paulista, SP469253. Figures marked with “=” are the same frustules with a different focus. Scale bar = 10 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="2DDEC9B1FFB3D9383CCBF8B5FC2AF879" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522689" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14522689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522689/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="43" startId="18.[136,243,1807,1829]" targetBox="[193,1394,187,1779]" targetPageId="18" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="791E9939FFB3D9383CCBF8B5FC2AF879" blockId="18.[136,1452,1807,2045]" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="4BD5452BFFB3D9383CCBF8B5FEA5F8A0" bold="true" box="[136,340,1807,1829]" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">FIGURES 161–170.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="BEA1E2BAFFB3D9383D1FF8B5FDC0F8A0" authorityName="Lange-Bertalot" authorityYear="1993" box="[348,561,1807,1828]" class="Monogenea" family="Capsalidae" genus="Nitzschia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Capsalidea" pageId="18" pageNumber="43" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="semirobusta">
<emphasis id="4BD5452BFFB3D9383D1FF8B5FDC0F8A0" box="[348,561,1807,1828]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Nitzschia semirobusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. SEM images. 161, 162, 167-169 Valve external view. 163–166 Girdle external view. 161, 163 Same valve. (161) Valve and areolae shape. (162) Raphe interrupted in center, valve and keel areolae occlusion. 163, 164 Same valve. (163) Mantle areolae, and girdle bands. (164, 166) Girdle bands and valvocopula, areolae external occlusion, and warts, interrupted raphe. 165, 166 Same valve. (165) Mantle areolae without raphe, valvocopula and girdle bands. (166) Raphe interrupted in center. 167–170 Same frustule. (167) Valve, mantle, and areolae. (168) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (169) Raphe slit, and areolae external occlusion. (170) Apex, terminal raphe ending. Note 170 rotated 45 degrees. Source: (161–170) Brazil, Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (161, 163, 165, 167); 1 µm (162, 164, 166, 168, 170); 100 nm (169).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="2DDEC9B1FFB2D9393CCBF9A8FA54F884" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522691" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14522691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522691/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="44" startId="19.[136,243,1554,1576]" targetBox="[155,1432,187,1527]" targetPageId="19" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="791E9939FFB2D9393CCBF9A8FA54F884" blockId="19.[136,1452,1554,1793]" pageId="19" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="4BD5452BFFB2D9393CCBF9A8FEA5F9A3" bold="true" box="[136,340,1554,1576]" pageId="19" pageNumber="44">FIGURES 171–178.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="BEA1E2BAFFB2D9393D1FF9A9FDC0F9AC" authorityName="Lange-Bertalot" authorityYear="1993" box="[348,561,1555,1576]" class="Monogenea" family="Capsalidae" genus="Nitzschia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Capsalidea" pageId="19" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="semirobusta">
<emphasis id="4BD5452BFFB2D9393D1FF9A9FDC0F9AC" box="[348,561,1555,1576]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="44">Nitzschia semirobusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. SEM images. 171–173 Valve external view. 174–178 Valve internal view. 171–173 Same valve. (171) Valve and areolae shape, and raphe. (172) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (173) Apex, terminal raphe ending, mantle without raphe areolae, and open band. Note 173 rotated 45 degrees. (174, 176) Valve showing fibulae, areolae, and portulae. 174, 178 Same valve. (175) Broken valve, showing fibulae, knob-like structures (white arrows), portulae, mantle and valve face areolae. 175, 177 Same valve. (177) Areolae occlusion in detail. Note 177 rotated 90 degrees. (178) Valve showing fibulae, areolae, central portulae, note raphe, areolae, and central nodule inside of portulae. Source: (171–173, 173, 177) Brazil, Piracaia, SP406271. (174, 176, 178). Jacareí Reservoir. Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (172, 178); 1 µm (174, 175, 176); 500 nm (172, 173); 100 nm (177).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="791E9939FFB5D93E3CCBFF24FF2BFE78" blockId="20.[136,1452,157,1517]" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="4BD5452BFFB5D93E3CCBFF24FE84FF33" bold="true" box="[136,373,157,184]" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">
LM (
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E3C86FF27FE99FF33" box="[197,360,157,183]" captionStart="FIGURES 139–160" captionStartId="17.[136,243,1810,1832]" captionTargetBox="[172,1415,1178,1782]" captionTargetId="figure-433@17.[172,1415,1178,1782]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 139–160. Nitzschia semirobusta. LM photographs. Girdle view 139, 141, 144, 146–148, 156, 157. Valve view 140, 142, 143, 145, 149–155, 158, 159, 160. Portulae line figure 160 (white arrow). Sources: (139–158) Brazil, Joanópolis, SP428863. (159, 160) Brazil, Nazaré Paulista, SP469253. Figures marked with “=” are the same frustules with a different focus. Scale bar = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522687/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Figs 139–160</figureCitation>
):
</emphasis>
Frustules with nitzschioid symmetry, rectangular in girdle view (
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E381FFF24FF47FF59" captionStart="FIGURES 139–160" captionStartId="17.[136,243,1810,1832]" captionTargetBox="[172,1415,1178,1782]" captionTargetId="figure-433@17.[172,1415,1178,1782]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 139–160. Nitzschia semirobusta. LM photographs. Girdle view 139, 141, 144, 146–148, 156, 157. Valve view 140, 142, 143, 145, 149–155, 158, 159, 160. Portulae line figure 160 (white arrow). Sources: (139–158) Brazil, Joanópolis, SP428863. (159, 160) Brazil, Nazaré Paulista, SP469253. Figures marked with “=” are the same frustules with a different focus. Scale bar = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522687/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Figs 139, 144, 146–148, 156, 157</figureCitation>
). Valves lanceolate with cuneate apices (
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E3ECEFF78FC53FF59" box="[653,930,194,221]" captionStart="FIGURES 139–160" captionStartId="17.[136,243,1810,1832]" captionTargetBox="[172,1415,1178,1782]" captionTargetId="figure-433@17.[172,1415,1178,1782]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 139–160. Nitzschia semirobusta. LM photographs. Girdle view 139, 141, 144, 146–148, 156, 157. Valve view 140, 142, 143, 145, 149–155, 158, 159, 160. Portulae line figure 160 (white arrow). Sources: (139–158) Brazil, Joanópolis, SP428863. (159, 160) Brazil, Nazaré Paulista, SP469253. Figures marked with “=” are the same frustules with a different focus. Scale bar = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522687/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Figs 149–155, 158–160</figureCitation>
). Striae comprising simple uniseriate rows of circular areolae, mostly parallel on the valve face but may be slightly curved or bent towards the ends (
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E3949FF5CFF1EFEA1" captionStart="FIGURES 139–160" captionStartId="17.[136,243,1810,1832]" captionTargetBox="[172,1415,1178,1782]" captionTargetId="figure-433@17.[172,1415,1178,1782]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 139–160. Nitzschia semirobusta. LM photographs. Girdle view 139, 141, 144, 146–148, 156, 157. Valve view 140, 142, 143, 145, 149–155, 158, 159, 160. Portulae line figure 160 (white arrow). Sources: (139–158) Brazil, Joanópolis, SP428863. (159, 160) Brazil, Nazaré Paulista, SP469253. Figures marked with “=” are the same frustules with a different focus. Scale bar = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522687/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Figs 149–155, 158–160</figureCitation>
). Fibulae long, unevenly to somewhat evenly distributed, with central fibulae sometimes (
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E389EFEB0FA89FEA1" box="[1245,1400,266,293]" captionStart="FIGURES 139–160" captionStartId="17.[136,243,1810,1832]" captionTargetBox="[172,1415,1178,1782]" captionTargetId="figure-433@17.[172,1415,1178,1782]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 139–160. Nitzschia semirobusta. LM photographs. Girdle view 139, 141, 144, 146–148, 156, 157. Valve view 140, 142, 143, 145, 149–155, 158, 159, 160. Portulae line figure 160 (white arrow). Sources: (139–158) Brazil, Joanópolis, SP428863. (159, 160) Brazil, Nazaré Paulista, SP469253. Figures marked with “=” are the same frustules with a different focus. Scale bar = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522687/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Figs 140, 154</figureCitation>
) but not always spaced further apart from each other (
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E3EF0FE94FC0CFECD" box="[691,1021,302,329]" captionStart="FIGURES 139–160" captionStartId="17.[136,243,1810,1832]" captionTargetBox="[172,1415,1178,1782]" captionTargetId="figure-433@17.[172,1415,1178,1782]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 139–160. Nitzschia semirobusta. LM photographs. Girdle view 139, 141, 144, 146–148, 156, 157. Valve view 140, 142, 143, 145, 149–155, 158, 159, 160. Portulae line figure 160 (white arrow). Sources: (139–158) Brazil, Joanópolis, SP428863. (159, 160) Brazil, Nazaré Paulista, SP469253. Figures marked with “=” are the same frustules with a different focus. Scale bar = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522687/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Figs 139, 141–153, 155, 159</figureCitation>
). The fibulae are somewhat uneven in length, pointed, and reach one-third to two-thirds of the valve width towards the other margin (
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E388FFEE8FF1EFE15" captionStart="FIGURES 139–160" captionStartId="17.[136,243,1810,1832]" captionTargetBox="[172,1415,1178,1782]" captionTargetId="figure-433@17.[172,1415,1178,1782]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 139–160. Nitzschia semirobusta. LM photographs. Girdle view 139, 141, 144, 146–148, 156, 157. Valve view 140, 142, 143, 145, 149–155, 158, 159, 160. Portulae line figure 160 (white arrow). Sources: (139–158) Brazil, Joanópolis, SP428863. (159, 160) Brazil, Nazaré Paulista, SP469253. Figures marked with “=” are the same frustules with a different focus. Scale bar = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522687/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Figs 142, 143, 145, 158–160</figureCitation>
). In girdle view the fibulae are visible, straight and pointed, and extend almost to the valve margin (
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E3901FECCFF47FE30" captionStart="FIGURES 139–160" captionStartId="17.[136,243,1810,1832]" captionTargetBox="[172,1415,1178,1782]" captionTargetId="figure-433@17.[172,1415,1178,1782]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 139–160. Nitzschia semirobusta. LM photographs. Girdle view 139, 141, 144, 146–148, 156, 157. Valve view 140, 142, 143, 145, 149–155, 158, 159, 160. Portulae line figure 160 (white arrow). Sources: (139–158) Brazil, Joanópolis, SP428863. (159, 160) Brazil, Nazaré Paulista, SP469253. Figures marked with “=” are the same frustules with a different focus. Scale bar = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522687/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Figs 139, 148</figureCitation>
). Between the central fibulae, the raphe canal (i.e. the margin, when seen in valve view) may be very slightly constricted (
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E3D51FE04FDD0FE5C" box="[274,545,446,473]" captionStart="FIGURES 139–160" captionStartId="17.[136,243,1810,1832]" captionTargetBox="[172,1415,1178,1782]" captionTargetId="figure-433@17.[172,1415,1178,1782]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 139–160. Nitzschia semirobusta. LM photographs. Girdle view 139, 141, 144, 146–148, 156, 157. Valve view 140, 142, 143, 145, 149–155, 158, 159, 160. Portulae line figure 160 (white arrow). Sources: (139–158) Brazil, Joanópolis, SP428863. (159, 160) Brazil, Nazaré Paulista, SP469253. Figures marked with “=” are the same frustules with a different focus. Scale bar = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522687/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Figs 140, 157, 158, 160</figureCitation>
). The portulae are visible, as a smooth line parallel to the raphe margin (
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E390EFE04FA5AFE5C" box="[1357,1451,446,472]" captionStart="FIGURES 139–160" captionStartId="17.[136,243,1810,1832]" captionTargetBox="[172,1415,1178,1782]" captionTargetId="figure-433@17.[172,1415,1178,1782]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 139–160. Nitzschia semirobusta. LM photographs. Girdle view 139, 141, 144, 146–148, 156, 157. Valve view 140, 142, 143, 145, 149–155, 158, 159, 160. Portulae line figure 160 (white arrow). Sources: (139–158) Brazil, Joanópolis, SP428863. (159, 160) Brazil, Nazaré Paulista, SP469253. Figures marked with “=” are the same frustules with a different focus. Scale bar = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522687/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Fig. 160</figureCitation>
arrow).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="31BBCAB2FFB5D93E3CFEFDBFFAFCFA68" pageId="20" pageNumber="45" type="description">
<paragraph id="791E9939FFB5D93E3CFEFDBFFD63FD7C" blockId="20.[136,1452,157,1517]" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="4BD5452BFFB5D93E3CFEFDBFFE30FD9B" bold="true" box="[189,449,517,543]" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">
SEM (
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E3D4EFDBFFE42FD9B" box="[269,435,517,543]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 161–170" captionStart-1="FIGURES 171–178" captionStartId-0="18.[136,243,1807,1829]" captionStartId-1="19.[136,243,1554,1576]" captionTargetBox-0="[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetBox-1="[155,1432,187,1527]" captionTargetId-0="figure-24@18.[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetId-1="figure-19@19.[155,1432,187,1527]" captionTargetPageId-0="18" captionTargetPageId-1="19" captionText-0="FIGURES 161–170. Nitzschia semirobusta. SEM images. 161, 162, 167-169 Valve external view. 163–166 Girdle external view. 161, 163 Same valve. (161) Valve and areolae shape. (162) Raphe interrupted in center, valve and keel areolae occlusion. 163, 164 Same valve. (163) Mantle areolae, and girdle bands. (164, 166) Girdle bands and valvocopula, areolae external occlusion, and warts, interrupted raphe. 165, 166 Same valve. (165) Mantle areolae without raphe, valvocopula and girdle bands. (166) Raphe interrupted in center. 167–170 Same frustule. (167) Valve, mantle, and areolae. (168) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (169) Raphe slit, and areolae external occlusion. (170) Apex, terminal raphe ending. Note 170 rotated 45 degrees. Source: (161–170) Brazil, Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (161, 163, 165, 167); 1 µm (162, 164, 166, 168, 170); 100 nm (169)." captionText-1="FIGURES 171–178. Nitzschia semirobusta. SEM images. 171–173 Valve external view. 174–178 Valve internal view. 171–173 Same valve. (171) Valve and areolae shape, and raphe. (172) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (173) Apex, terminal raphe ending, mantle without raphe areolae, and open band. Note 173 rotated 45 degrees. (174, 176) Valve showing fibulae, areolae, and portulae. 174, 178 Same valve. (175) Broken valve, showing fibulae, knob-like structures (white arrows), portulae, mantle and valve face areolae. 175, 177 Same valve. (177) Areolae occlusion in detail. Note 177 rotated 90 degrees. (178) Valve showing fibulae, areolae, central portulae, note raphe, areolae, and central nodule inside of portulae. Source: (171–173, 173, 177) Brazil, Piracaia, SP406271. (174, 176, 178). Jacareí Reservoir. Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (172, 178); 1 µm (174, 175, 176); 500 nm (172, 173); 100 nm (177)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522689" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522691" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/14522689/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/14522691/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Figs 161–178</figureCitation>
):
</emphasis>
Coarse areolae occur on the valve face (
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E3FEFFDBCFBA0FDA4" box="[940,1105,518,544]" captionStart="FIGURES 161–170" captionStartId="18.[136,243,1807,1829]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-24@18.[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 161–170. Nitzschia semirobusta. SEM images. 161, 162, 167-169 Valve external view. 163–166 Girdle external view. 161, 163 Same valve. (161) Valve and areolae shape. (162) Raphe interrupted in center, valve and keel areolae occlusion. 163, 164 Same valve. (163) Mantle areolae, and girdle bands. (164, 166) Girdle bands and valvocopula, areolae external occlusion, and warts, interrupted raphe. 165, 166 Same valve. (165) Mantle areolae without raphe, valvocopula and girdle bands. (166) Raphe interrupted in center. 167–170 Same frustule. (167) Valve, mantle, and areolae. (168) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (169) Raphe slit, and areolae external occlusion. (170) Apex, terminal raphe ending. Note 170 rotated 45 degrees. Source: (161–170) Brazil, Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (161, 163, 165, 167); 1 µm (162, 164, 166, 168, 170); 100 nm (169)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522689/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Figs 161, 167</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E3821FDBCFB7EFDA4" box="[1122,1167,518,544]" captionStart="FIGURES 171–178" captionStartId="19.[136,243,1554,1576]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,187,1527]" captionTargetId="figure-19@19.[155,1432,187,1527]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 171–178. Nitzschia semirobusta. SEM images. 171–173 Valve external view. 174–178 Valve internal view. 171–173 Same valve. (171) Valve and areolae shape, and raphe. (172) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (173) Apex, terminal raphe ending, mantle without raphe areolae, and open band. Note 173 rotated 45 degrees. (174, 176) Valve showing fibulae, areolae, and portulae. 174, 178 Same valve. (175) Broken valve, showing fibulae, knob-like structures (white arrows), portulae, mantle and valve face areolae. 175, 177 Same valve. (177) Areolae occlusion in detail. Note 177 rotated 90 degrees. (178) Valve showing fibulae, areolae, central portulae, note raphe, areolae, and central nodule inside of portulae. Source: (171–173, 173, 177) Brazil, Piracaia, SP406271. (174, 176, 178). Jacareí Reservoir. Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (172, 178); 1 µm (174, 175, 176); 500 nm (172, 173); 100 nm (177)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522691/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">171</figureCitation>
), occluded internally by hymenes with hexagonally arranged pores (
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E3E3FFD90FD10FDC0" box="[636,737,554,580]" captionStart="FIGURES 171–178" captionStartId="19.[136,243,1554,1576]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,187,1527]" captionTargetId="figure-19@19.[155,1432,187,1527]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 171–178. Nitzschia semirobusta. SEM images. 171–173 Valve external view. 174–178 Valve internal view. 171–173 Same valve. (171) Valve and areolae shape, and raphe. (172) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (173) Apex, terminal raphe ending, mantle without raphe areolae, and open band. Note 173 rotated 45 degrees. (174, 176) Valve showing fibulae, areolae, and portulae. 174, 178 Same valve. (175) Broken valve, showing fibulae, knob-like structures (white arrows), portulae, mantle and valve face areolae. 175, 177 Same valve. (177) Areolae occlusion in detail. Note 177 rotated 90 degrees. (178) Valve showing fibulae, areolae, central portulae, note raphe, areolae, and central nodule inside of portulae. Source: (171–173, 173, 177) Brazil, Piracaia, SP406271. (174, 176, 178). Jacareí Reservoir. Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (172, 178); 1 µm (174, 175, 176); 500 nm (172, 173); 100 nm (177)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522691/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Fig. 177</figureCitation>
). Externally, the hymenes are supported by a coarser cribrum, which sometimes has a transapically directed median thickening (
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E3F3CFDF4FBADFDEC" box="[895,1116,590,616]" captionStart="FIGURES 161–170" captionStartId="18.[136,243,1807,1829]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-24@18.[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 161–170. Nitzschia semirobusta. SEM images. 161, 162, 167-169 Valve external view. 163–166 Girdle external view. 161, 163 Same valve. (161) Valve and areolae shape. (162) Raphe interrupted in center, valve and keel areolae occlusion. 163, 164 Same valve. (163) Mantle areolae, and girdle bands. (164, 166) Girdle bands and valvocopula, areolae external occlusion, and warts, interrupted raphe. 165, 166 Same valve. (165) Mantle areolae without raphe, valvocopula and girdle bands. (166) Raphe interrupted in center. 167–170 Same frustule. (167) Valve, mantle, and areolae. (168) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (169) Raphe slit, and areolae external occlusion. (170) Apex, terminal raphe ending. Note 170 rotated 45 degrees. Source: (161–170) Brazil, Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (161, 163, 165, 167); 1 µm (162, 164, 166, 168, 170); 100 nm (169)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522689/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Figs 164, 168–170</figureCitation>
). Virgae robust, elevated and connected by thin vimines internally (
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E3E70FDC8FD22FD08" box="[563,723,626,652]" captionStart="FIGURES 171–178" captionStartId="19.[136,243,1554,1576]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,187,1527]" captionTargetId="figure-19@19.[155,1432,187,1527]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 171–178. Nitzschia semirobusta. SEM images. 171–173 Valve external view. 174–178 Valve internal view. 171–173 Same valve. (171) Valve and areolae shape, and raphe. (172) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (173) Apex, terminal raphe ending, mantle without raphe areolae, and open band. Note 173 rotated 45 degrees. (174, 176) Valve showing fibulae, areolae, and portulae. 174, 178 Same valve. (175) Broken valve, showing fibulae, knob-like structures (white arrows), portulae, mantle and valve face areolae. 175, 177 Same valve. (177) Areolae occlusion in detail. Note 177 rotated 90 degrees. (178) Valve showing fibulae, areolae, central portulae, note raphe, areolae, and central nodule inside of portulae. Source: (171–173, 173, 177) Brazil, Piracaia, SP406271. (174, 176, 178). Jacareí Reservoir. Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (172, 178); 1 µm (174, 175, 176); 500 nm (172, 173); 100 nm (177)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522691/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Figs 174–176</figureCitation>
). Externally, however, the virgae and vimines are almost equally developed (
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E3D4AFD2CFE9DFD34" box="[265,364,662,688]" captionStart="FIGURES 161–170" captionStartId="18.[136,243,1807,1829]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-24@18.[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 161–170. Nitzschia semirobusta. SEM images. 161, 162, 167-169 Valve external view. 163–166 Girdle external view. 161, 163 Same valve. (161) Valve and areolae shape. (162) Raphe interrupted in center, valve and keel areolae occlusion. 163, 164 Same valve. (163) Mantle areolae, and girdle bands. (164, 166) Girdle bands and valvocopula, areolae external occlusion, and warts, interrupted raphe. 165, 166 Same valve. (165) Mantle areolae without raphe, valvocopula and girdle bands. (166) Raphe interrupted in center. 167–170 Same frustule. (167) Valve, mantle, and areolae. (168) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (169) Raphe slit, and areolae external occlusion. (170) Apex, terminal raphe ending. Note 170 rotated 45 degrees. Source: (161–170) Brazil, Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (161, 163, 165, 167); 1 µm (162, 164, 166, 168, 170); 100 nm (169)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522689/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Figs 161</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E3D34FD2CFE55FD34" box="[375,420,662,688]" captionStart="FIGURES 171–178" captionStartId="19.[136,243,1554,1576]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,187,1527]" captionTargetId="figure-19@19.[155,1432,187,1527]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 171–178. Nitzschia semirobusta. SEM images. 171–173 Valve external view. 174–178 Valve internal view. 171–173 Same valve. (171) Valve and areolae shape, and raphe. (172) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (173) Apex, terminal raphe ending, mantle without raphe areolae, and open band. Note 173 rotated 45 degrees. (174, 176) Valve showing fibulae, areolae, and portulae. 174, 178 Same valve. (175) Broken valve, showing fibulae, knob-like structures (white arrows), portulae, mantle and valve face areolae. 175, 177 Same valve. (177) Areolae occlusion in detail. Note 177 rotated 90 degrees. (178) Valve showing fibulae, areolae, central portulae, note raphe, areolae, and central nodule inside of portulae. Source: (171–173, 173, 177) Brazil, Piracaia, SP406271. (174, 176, 178). Jacareí Reservoir. Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (172, 178); 1 µm (174, 175, 176); 500 nm (172, 173); 100 nm (177)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522691/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">171</figureCitation>
). The areola occlusions in the raphe canal are more external than on the valve face and mantle (
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E3CD3FD00FE98FD50" box="[144,361,698,724]" captionStart="FIGURES 161–170" captionStartId="18.[136,243,1807,1829]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-24@18.[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 161–170. Nitzschia semirobusta. SEM images. 161, 162, 167-169 Valve external view. 163–166 Girdle external view. 161, 163 Same valve. (161) Valve and areolae shape. (162) Raphe interrupted in center, valve and keel areolae occlusion. 163, 164 Same valve. (163) Mantle areolae, and girdle bands. (164, 166) Girdle bands and valvocopula, areolae external occlusion, and warts, interrupted raphe. 165, 166 Same valve. (165) Mantle areolae without raphe, valvocopula and girdle bands. (166) Raphe interrupted in center. 167–170 Same frustule. (167) Valve, mantle, and areolae. (168) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (169) Raphe slit, and areolae external occlusion. (170) Apex, terminal raphe ending. Note 170 rotated 45 degrees. Source: (161–170) Brazil, Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (161, 163, 165, 167); 1 µm (162, 164, 166, 168, 170); 100 nm (169)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522689/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Figs 162, 166, 168</figureCitation>
). The raphe canal areolae are also narrower and therefore appear more elliptical than the areolae on valve face and mantle (
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E3DECFD64FD77FD7C" box="[431,646,734,760]" captionStart="FIGURES 161–170" captionStartId="18.[136,243,1807,1829]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-24@18.[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 161–170. Nitzschia semirobusta. SEM images. 161, 162, 167-169 Valve external view. 163–166 Girdle external view. 161, 163 Same valve. (161) Valve and areolae shape. (162) Raphe interrupted in center, valve and keel areolae occlusion. 163, 164 Same valve. (163) Mantle areolae, and girdle bands. (164, 166) Girdle bands and valvocopula, areolae external occlusion, and warts, interrupted raphe. 165, 166 Same valve. (165) Mantle areolae without raphe, valvocopula and girdle bands. (166) Raphe interrupted in center. 167–170 Same frustule. (167) Valve, mantle, and areolae. (168) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (169) Raphe slit, and areolae external occlusion. (170) Apex, terminal raphe ending. Note 170 rotated 45 degrees. Source: (161–170) Brazil, Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (161, 163, 165, 167); 1 µm (162, 164, 166, 168, 170); 100 nm (169)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522689/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Figs 161, 164, 166</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="791E9939FFB5D93E3CFEFCB8FAECFCE0" blockId="20.[136,1452,157,1517]" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">
The raphe is interrupted at center (internally
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E3EE9FCB8FCFBFC98" box="[682,778,770,796]" captionStart="FIGURES 171–178" captionStartId="19.[136,243,1554,1576]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,187,1527]" captionTargetId="figure-19@19.[155,1432,187,1527]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 171–178. Nitzschia semirobusta. SEM images. 171–173 Valve external view. 174–178 Valve internal view. 171–173 Same valve. (171) Valve and areolae shape, and raphe. (172) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (173) Apex, terminal raphe ending, mantle without raphe areolae, and open band. Note 173 rotated 45 degrees. (174, 176) Valve showing fibulae, areolae, and portulae. 174, 178 Same valve. (175) Broken valve, showing fibulae, knob-like structures (white arrows), portulae, mantle and valve face areolae. 175, 177 Same valve. (177) Areolae occlusion in detail. Note 177 rotated 90 degrees. (178) Valve showing fibulae, areolae, central portulae, note raphe, areolae, and central nodule inside of portulae. Source: (171–173, 173, 177) Brazil, Piracaia, SP406271. (174, 176, 178). Jacareí Reservoir. Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (172, 178); 1 µm (174, 175, 176); 500 nm (172, 173); 100 nm (177)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522691/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Fig. 178</figureCitation>
), with deflected, slightly depressed and drop-shaped endings (
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E3CD3FC9CFF05FCC4" box="[144,244,806,832]" captionStart="FIGURES 161–170" captionStartId="18.[136,243,1807,1829]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-24@18.[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 161–170. Nitzschia semirobusta. SEM images. 161, 162, 167-169 Valve external view. 163–166 Girdle external view. 161, 163 Same valve. (161) Valve and areolae shape. (162) Raphe interrupted in center, valve and keel areolae occlusion. 163, 164 Same valve. (163) Mantle areolae, and girdle bands. (164, 166) Girdle bands and valvocopula, areolae external occlusion, and warts, interrupted raphe. 165, 166 Same valve. (165) Mantle areolae without raphe, valvocopula and girdle bands. (166) Raphe interrupted in center. 167–170 Same frustule. (167) Valve, mantle, and areolae. (168) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (169) Raphe slit, and areolae external occlusion. (170) Apex, terminal raphe ending. Note 170 rotated 45 degrees. Source: (161–170) Brazil, Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (161, 163, 165, 167); 1 µm (162, 164, 166, 168, 170); 100 nm (169)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522689/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Figs 168</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E3D43FC9CFEDFFCC4" box="[256,302,806,832]" captionStart="FIGURES 171–178" captionStartId="19.[136,243,1554,1576]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,187,1527]" captionTargetId="figure-19@19.[155,1432,187,1527]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 171–178. Nitzschia semirobusta. SEM images. 171–173 Valve external view. 174–178 Valve internal view. 171–173 Same valve. (171) Valve and areolae shape, and raphe. (172) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (173) Apex, terminal raphe ending, mantle without raphe areolae, and open band. Note 173 rotated 45 degrees. (174, 176) Valve showing fibulae, areolae, and portulae. 174, 178 Same valve. (175) Broken valve, showing fibulae, knob-like structures (white arrows), portulae, mantle and valve face areolae. 175, 177 Same valve. (177) Areolae occlusion in detail. Note 177 rotated 90 degrees. (178) Valve showing fibulae, areolae, central portulae, note raphe, areolae, and central nodule inside of portulae. Source: (171–173, 173, 177) Brazil, Piracaia, SP406271. (174, 176, 178). Jacareí Reservoir. Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (172, 178); 1 µm (174, 175, 176); 500 nm (172, 173); 100 nm (177)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522691/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">172</figureCitation>
); the raphe fissure is bordered externally by fine ‘lines’ (extremely narrow ridges bordered by tiny pits:
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E3CCBFCF0FED5FCE0" box="[136,292,842,868]" captionStart="FIGURES 161–170" captionStartId="18.[136,243,1807,1829]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-24@18.[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 161–170. Nitzschia semirobusta. SEM images. 161, 162, 167-169 Valve external view. 163–166 Girdle external view. 161, 163 Same valve. (161) Valve and areolae shape. (162) Raphe interrupted in center, valve and keel areolae occlusion. 163, 164 Same valve. (163) Mantle areolae, and girdle bands. (164, 166) Girdle bands and valvocopula, areolae external occlusion, and warts, interrupted raphe. 165, 166 Same valve. (165) Mantle areolae without raphe, valvocopula and girdle bands. (166) Raphe interrupted in center. 167–170 Same frustule. (167) Valve, mantle, and areolae. (168) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (169) Raphe slit, and areolae external occlusion. (170) Apex, terminal raphe ending. Note 170 rotated 45 degrees. Source: (161–170) Brazil, Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (161, 163, 165, 167); 1 µm (162, 164, 166, 168, 170); 100 nm (169)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522689/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Figs 168–170</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E3D6CFCF0FEACFCE0" box="[303,349,842,868]" captionStart="FIGURES 171–178" captionStartId="19.[136,243,1554,1576]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,187,1527]" captionTargetId="figure-19@19.[155,1432,187,1527]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 171–178. Nitzschia semirobusta. SEM images. 171–173 Valve external view. 174–178 Valve internal view. 171–173 Same valve. (171) Valve and areolae shape, and raphe. (172) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (173) Apex, terminal raphe ending, mantle without raphe areolae, and open band. Note 173 rotated 45 degrees. (174, 176) Valve showing fibulae, areolae, and portulae. 174, 178 Same valve. (175) Broken valve, showing fibulae, knob-like structures (white arrows), portulae, mantle and valve face areolae. 175, 177 Same valve. (177) Areolae occlusion in detail. Note 177 rotated 90 degrees. (178) Valve showing fibulae, areolae, central portulae, note raphe, areolae, and central nodule inside of portulae. Source: (171–173, 173, 177) Brazil, Piracaia, SP406271. (174, 176, 178). Jacareí Reservoir. Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (172, 178); 1 µm (174, 175, 176); 500 nm (172, 173); 100 nm (177)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522691/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">172</figureCitation>
). The terminal raphe endings are bent or hooked, lying on the mantle (
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E3832FCF0FB27FCE0" box="[1137,1238,842,868]" captionStart="FIGURES 161–170" captionStartId="18.[136,243,1807,1829]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-24@18.[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 161–170. Nitzschia semirobusta. SEM images. 161, 162, 167-169 Valve external view. 163–166 Girdle external view. 161, 163 Same valve. (161) Valve and areolae shape. (162) Raphe interrupted in center, valve and keel areolae occlusion. 163, 164 Same valve. (163) Mantle areolae, and girdle bands. (164, 166) Girdle bands and valvocopula, areolae external occlusion, and warts, interrupted raphe. 165, 166 Same valve. (165) Mantle areolae without raphe, valvocopula and girdle bands. (166) Raphe interrupted in center. 167–170 Same frustule. (167) Valve, mantle, and areolae. (168) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (169) Raphe slit, and areolae external occlusion. (170) Apex, terminal raphe ending. Note 170 rotated 45 degrees. Source: (161–170) Brazil, Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (161, 163, 165, 167); 1 µm (162, 164, 166, 168, 170); 100 nm (169)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522689/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Figs 170</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E38A1FCF0FAE1FCE0" box="[1250,1296,842,868]" captionStart="FIGURES 171–178" captionStartId="19.[136,243,1554,1576]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,187,1527]" captionTargetId="figure-19@19.[155,1432,187,1527]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 171–178. Nitzschia semirobusta. SEM images. 171–173 Valve external view. 174–178 Valve internal view. 171–173 Same valve. (171) Valve and areolae shape, and raphe. (172) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (173) Apex, terminal raphe ending, mantle without raphe areolae, and open band. Note 173 rotated 45 degrees. (174, 176) Valve showing fibulae, areolae, and portulae. 174, 178 Same valve. (175) Broken valve, showing fibulae, knob-like structures (white arrows), portulae, mantle and valve face areolae. 175, 177 Same valve. (177) Areolae occlusion in detail. Note 177 rotated 90 degrees. (178) Valve showing fibulae, areolae, central portulae, note raphe, areolae, and central nodule inside of portulae. Source: (171–173, 173, 177) Brazil, Piracaia, SP406271. (174, 176, 178). Jacareí Reservoir. Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (172, 178); 1 µm (174, 175, 176); 500 nm (172, 173); 100 nm (177)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522691/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">173</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="791E9939FFB5D93E3CFEFCD4FEC2FC54" blockId="20.[136,1452,157,1517]" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">
The keel is marginal, somewhat raised from the valve face, with a single row of areolae opening into the raphe canal on either side of the raphe. The margin opposite to the raphe presents a ridge elevated from the valve face (
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E3939FC28FED7FC54" captionStart="FIGURES 161–170" captionStartId="18.[136,243,1807,1829]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-24@18.[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 161–170. Nitzschia semirobusta. SEM images. 161, 162, 167-169 Valve external view. 163–166 Girdle external view. 161, 163 Same valve. (161) Valve and areolae shape. (162) Raphe interrupted in center, valve and keel areolae occlusion. 163, 164 Same valve. (163) Mantle areolae, and girdle bands. (164, 166) Girdle bands and valvocopula, areolae external occlusion, and warts, interrupted raphe. 165, 166 Same valve. (165) Mantle areolae without raphe, valvocopula and girdle bands. (166) Raphe interrupted in center. 167–170 Same frustule. (167) Valve, mantle, and areolae. (168) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (169) Raphe slit, and areolae external occlusion. (170) Apex, terminal raphe ending. Note 170 rotated 45 degrees. Source: (161–170) Brazil, Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (161, 163, 165, 167); 1 µm (162, 164, 166, 168, 170); 100 nm (169)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522689/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Figs 161, 165, 167</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="791E9939FFB5D93E3CFEFC60FDD5FBE4" blockId="20.[136,1452,157,1517]" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">
In internal view, the fibulae extend from the mantle and continue along the virgae on the valve face, occupying one-third to two-thirds of the valve width (
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E3E29FC44FCB0FB9C" box="[618,833,1022,1048]" captionStart="FIGURES 171–178" captionStartId="19.[136,243,1554,1576]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,187,1527]" captionTargetId="figure-19@19.[155,1432,187,1527]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 171–178. Nitzschia semirobusta. SEM images. 171–173 Valve external view. 174–178 Valve internal view. 171–173 Same valve. (171) Valve and areolae shape, and raphe. (172) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (173) Apex, terminal raphe ending, mantle without raphe areolae, and open band. Note 173 rotated 45 degrees. (174, 176) Valve showing fibulae, areolae, and portulae. 174, 178 Same valve. (175) Broken valve, showing fibulae, knob-like structures (white arrows), portulae, mantle and valve face areolae. 175, 177 Same valve. (177) Areolae occlusion in detail. Note 177 rotated 90 degrees. (178) Valve showing fibulae, areolae, central portulae, note raphe, areolae, and central nodule inside of portulae. Source: (171–173, 173, 177) Brazil, Piracaia, SP406271. (174, 176, 178). Jacareí Reservoir. Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (172, 178); 1 µm (174, 175, 176); 500 nm (172, 173); 100 nm (177)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522691/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Figs 174, 176, 178</figureCitation>
), each with a knob-like structure below the raphe (
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E393DFC44FF43FBB9" captionStart="FIGURES 171–178" captionStartId="19.[136,243,1554,1576]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,187,1527]" captionTargetId="figure-19@19.[155,1432,187,1527]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 171–178. Nitzschia semirobusta. SEM images. 171–173 Valve external view. 174–178 Valve internal view. 171–173 Same valve. (171) Valve and areolae shape, and raphe. (172) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (173) Apex, terminal raphe ending, mantle without raphe areolae, and open band. Note 173 rotated 45 degrees. (174, 176) Valve showing fibulae, areolae, and portulae. 174, 178 Same valve. (175) Broken valve, showing fibulae, knob-like structures (white arrows), portulae, mantle and valve face areolae. 175, 177 Same valve. (177) Areolae occlusion in detail. Note 177 rotated 90 degrees. (178) Valve showing fibulae, areolae, central portulae, note raphe, areolae, and central nodule inside of portulae. Source: (171–173, 173, 177) Brazil, Piracaia, SP406271. (174, 176, 178). Jacareí Reservoir. Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (172, 178); 1 µm (174, 175, 176); 500 nm (172, 173); 100 nm (177)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522691/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Fig. 175</figureCitation>
arrows). Portulae are present connecting the raphe canal to the cell lumen, their shapes varying from round to ovalsubrectangular. (
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E3D02FBFCFDE9FBE4" box="[321,536,1094,1120]" captionStart="FIGURES 171–178" captionStartId="19.[136,243,1554,1576]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,187,1527]" captionTargetId="figure-19@19.[155,1432,187,1527]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 171–178. Nitzschia semirobusta. SEM images. 171–173 Valve external view. 174–178 Valve internal view. 171–173 Same valve. (171) Valve and areolae shape, and raphe. (172) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (173) Apex, terminal raphe ending, mantle without raphe areolae, and open band. Note 173 rotated 45 degrees. (174, 176) Valve showing fibulae, areolae, and portulae. 174, 178 Same valve. (175) Broken valve, showing fibulae, knob-like structures (white arrows), portulae, mantle and valve face areolae. 175, 177 Same valve. (177) Areolae occlusion in detail. Note 177 rotated 90 degrees. (178) Valve showing fibulae, areolae, central portulae, note raphe, areolae, and central nodule inside of portulae. Source: (171–173, 173, 177) Brazil, Piracaia, SP406271. (174, 176, 178). Jacareí Reservoir. Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (172, 178); 1 µm (174, 175, 176); 500 nm (172, 173); 100 nm (177)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522691/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Figs 174–176, 178</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="791E9939FFB5D93E3CFEFBD0FBEEFA91" blockId="20.[136,1452,157,1517]" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">
Short striae are present in both sides of the mantle. On the mantle closest to the raphe, the striae are composed of three or four areolae, with the areolae near the raphe having the same spacing as the others (
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E38CAFB34FAD3FB2C" box="[1161,1314,1166,1192]" captionStart="FIGURES 161–170" captionStartId="18.[136,243,1807,1829]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-24@18.[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 161–170. Nitzschia semirobusta. SEM images. 161, 162, 167-169 Valve external view. 163–166 Girdle external view. 161, 163 Same valve. (161) Valve and areolae shape. (162) Raphe interrupted in center, valve and keel areolae occlusion. 163, 164 Same valve. (163) Mantle areolae, and girdle bands. (164, 166) Girdle bands and valvocopula, areolae external occlusion, and warts, interrupted raphe. 165, 166 Same valve. (165) Mantle areolae without raphe, valvocopula and girdle bands. (166) Raphe interrupted in center. 167–170 Same frustule. (167) Valve, mantle, and areolae. (168) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (169) Raphe slit, and areolae external occlusion. (170) Apex, terminal raphe ending. Note 170 rotated 45 degrees. Source: (161–170) Brazil, Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (161, 163, 165, 167); 1 µm (162, 164, 166, 168, 170); 100 nm (169)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522689/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Fig. 163, 167</figureCitation>
; in
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E3909FB34FF10FB48" captionStart="FIGURES 161–170" captionStartId="18.[136,243,1807,1829]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-24@18.[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 161–170. Nitzschia semirobusta. SEM images. 161, 162, 167-169 Valve external view. 163–166 Girdle external view. 161, 163 Same valve. (161) Valve and areolae shape. (162) Raphe interrupted in center, valve and keel areolae occlusion. 163, 164 Same valve. (163) Mantle areolae, and girdle bands. (164, 166) Girdle bands and valvocopula, areolae external occlusion, and warts, interrupted raphe. 165, 166 Same valve. (165) Mantle areolae without raphe, valvocopula and girdle bands. (166) Raphe interrupted in center. 167–170 Same frustule. (167) Valve, mantle, and areolae. (168) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (169) Raphe slit, and areolae external occlusion. (170) Apex, terminal raphe ending. Note 170 rotated 45 degrees. Source: (161–170) Brazil, Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (161, 163, 165, 167); 1 µm (162, 164, 166, 168, 170); 100 nm (169)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522689/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Figs 165 and 166</figureCitation>
part of mantle is hidden by the third and fourth girdle bands). The areolae nearest to the valvocopulae may be subdivided into two or three smaller ones (
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E3E2AFB6CFCF9FB74" box="[617,776,1238,1264]" captionStart="FIGURES 161–170" captionStartId="18.[136,243,1807,1829]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-24@18.[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 161–170. Nitzschia semirobusta. SEM images. 161, 162, 167-169 Valve external view. 163–166 Girdle external view. 161, 163 Same valve. (161) Valve and areolae shape. (162) Raphe interrupted in center, valve and keel areolae occlusion. 163, 164 Same valve. (163) Mantle areolae, and girdle bands. (164, 166) Girdle bands and valvocopula, areolae external occlusion, and warts, interrupted raphe. 165, 166 Same valve. (165) Mantle areolae without raphe, valvocopula and girdle bands. (166) Raphe interrupted in center. 167–170 Same frustule. (167) Valve, mantle, and areolae. (168) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (169) Raphe slit, and areolae external occlusion. (170) Apex, terminal raphe ending. Note 170 rotated 45 degrees. Source: (161–170) Brazil, Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (161, 163, 165, 167); 1 µm (162, 164, 166, 168, 170); 100 nm (169)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522689/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Figs 163, 164</figureCitation>
). On the side of the mantle distant from the raphe, the striae contain one areola (
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E3D26FB40FE37FA90" box="[357,454,1274,1300]" captionStart="FIGURES 171–178" captionStartId="19.[136,243,1554,1576]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,187,1527]" captionTargetId="figure-19@19.[155,1432,187,1527]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 171–178. Nitzschia semirobusta. SEM images. 171–173 Valve external view. 174–178 Valve internal view. 171–173 Same valve. (171) Valve and areolae shape, and raphe. (172) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (173) Apex, terminal raphe ending, mantle without raphe areolae, and open band. Note 173 rotated 45 degrees. (174, 176) Valve showing fibulae, areolae, and portulae. 174, 178 Same valve. (175) Broken valve, showing fibulae, knob-like structures (white arrows), portulae, mantle and valve face areolae. 175, 177 Same valve. (177) Areolae occlusion in detail. Note 177 rotated 90 degrees. (178) Valve showing fibulae, areolae, central portulae, note raphe, areolae, and central nodule inside of portulae. Source: (171–173, 173, 177) Brazil, Piracaia, SP406271. (174, 176, 178). Jacareí Reservoir. Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (172, 178); 1 µm (174, 175, 176); 500 nm (172, 173); 100 nm (177)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522691/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Fig. 173</figureCitation>
), which again may be subdivided into two (
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E3FF3FB40FBE3FA91" box="[944,1042,1274,1301]" captionStart="FIGURES 161–170" captionStartId="18.[136,243,1807,1829]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-24@18.[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 161–170. Nitzschia semirobusta. SEM images. 161, 162, 167-169 Valve external view. 163–166 Girdle external view. 161, 163 Same valve. (161) Valve and areolae shape. (162) Raphe interrupted in center, valve and keel areolae occlusion. 163, 164 Same valve. (163) Mantle areolae, and girdle bands. (164, 166) Girdle bands and valvocopula, areolae external occlusion, and warts, interrupted raphe. 165, 166 Same valve. (165) Mantle areolae without raphe, valvocopula and girdle bands. (166) Raphe interrupted in center. 167–170 Same frustule. (167) Valve, mantle, and areolae. (168) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (169) Raphe slit, and areolae external occlusion. (170) Apex, terminal raphe ending. Note 170 rotated 45 degrees. Source: (161–170) Brazil, Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (161, 163, 165, 167); 1 µm (162, 164, 166, 168, 170); 100 nm (169)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522689/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Fig. 165</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="791E9939FFB5D93E3CFEFAA4FF32FA04" blockId="20.[136,1452,157,1517]" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">
Each cingulum contains four bands, all open (
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E3E82FAA4FCD6FABD" box="[705,807,1310,1337]" captionStart="FIGURES 161–170" captionStartId="18.[136,243,1807,1829]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-24@18.[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 161–170. Nitzschia semirobusta. SEM images. 161, 162, 167-169 Valve external view. 163–166 Girdle external view. 161, 163 Same valve. (161) Valve and areolae shape. (162) Raphe interrupted in center, valve and keel areolae occlusion. 163, 164 Same valve. (163) Mantle areolae, and girdle bands. (164, 166) Girdle bands and valvocopula, areolae external occlusion, and warts, interrupted raphe. 165, 166 Same valve. (165) Mantle areolae without raphe, valvocopula and girdle bands. (166) Raphe interrupted in center. 167–170 Same frustule. (167) Valve, mantle, and areolae. (168) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (169) Raphe slit, and areolae external occlusion. (170) Apex, terminal raphe ending. Note 170 rotated 45 degrees. Source: (161–170) Brazil, Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (161, 163, 165, 167); 1 µm (162, 164, 166, 168, 170); 100 nm (169)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522689/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Figs 165</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E3F70FAA4FC90FABC" box="[819,865,1310,1336]" captionStart="FIGURES 171–178" captionStartId="19.[136,243,1554,1576]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,187,1527]" captionTargetId="figure-19@19.[155,1432,187,1527]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 171–178. Nitzschia semirobusta. SEM images. 171–173 Valve external view. 174–178 Valve internal view. 171–173 Same valve. (171) Valve and areolae shape, and raphe. (172) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (173) Apex, terminal raphe ending, mantle without raphe areolae, and open band. Note 173 rotated 45 degrees. (174, 176) Valve showing fibulae, areolae, and portulae. 174, 178 Same valve. (175) Broken valve, showing fibulae, knob-like structures (white arrows), portulae, mantle and valve face areolae. 175, 177 Same valve. (177) Areolae occlusion in detail. Note 177 rotated 90 degrees. (178) Valve showing fibulae, areolae, central portulae, note raphe, areolae, and central nodule inside of portulae. Source: (171–173, 173, 177) Brazil, Piracaia, SP406271. (174, 176, 178). Jacareí Reservoir. Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (172, 178); 1 µm (174, 175, 176); 500 nm (172, 173); 100 nm (177)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522691/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">173</figureCitation>
). The valvocopula and third band are wide, whereas the second and fourth are very narrow (
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E3E0FFAF8FD41FAD9" box="[588,688,1346,1373]" captionStart="FIGURES 161–170" captionStartId="18.[136,243,1807,1829]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-24@18.[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 161–170. Nitzschia semirobusta. SEM images. 161, 162, 167-169 Valve external view. 163–166 Girdle external view. 161, 163 Same valve. (161) Valve and areolae shape. (162) Raphe interrupted in center, valve and keel areolae occlusion. 163, 164 Same valve. (163) Mantle areolae, and girdle bands. (164, 166) Girdle bands and valvocopula, areolae external occlusion, and warts, interrupted raphe. 165, 166 Same valve. (165) Mantle areolae without raphe, valvocopula and girdle bands. (166) Raphe interrupted in center. 167–170 Same frustule. (167) Valve, mantle, and areolae. (168) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (169) Raphe slit, and areolae external occlusion. (170) Apex, terminal raphe ending. Note 170 rotated 45 degrees. Source: (161–170) Brazil, Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (161, 163, 165, 167); 1 µm (162, 164, 166, 168, 170); 100 nm (169)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522689/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Fig. 165</figureCitation>
). Scattered warts occur all over the first and third bands (
<figureCitation id="E19A85BCFFB5D93E3903FAF8FF47FA04" captionStart="FIGURES 161–170" captionStartId="18.[136,243,1807,1829]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-24@18.[193,1394,187,1779]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 161–170. Nitzschia semirobusta. SEM images. 161, 162, 167-169 Valve external view. 163–166 Girdle external view. 161, 163 Same valve. (161) Valve and areolae shape. (162) Raphe interrupted in center, valve and keel areolae occlusion. 163, 164 Same valve. (163) Mantle areolae, and girdle bands. (164, 166) Girdle bands and valvocopula, areolae external occlusion, and warts, interrupted raphe. 165, 166 Same valve. (165) Mantle areolae without raphe, valvocopula and girdle bands. (166) Raphe interrupted in center. 167–170 Same frustule. (167) Valve, mantle, and areolae. (168) Central raphe ending, and areolae external occlusion. (169) Raphe slit, and areolae external occlusion. (170) Apex, terminal raphe ending. Note 170 rotated 45 degrees. Source: (161–170) Brazil, Joanópolis, SP428863. Scale bars = 10 µm (161, 163, 165, 167); 1 µm (162, 164, 166, 168, 170); 100 nm (169)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14522689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14522689/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Figs 164, 166</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="791E9939FFB5D93E3CFEFA30FAFCFA68" blockId="20.[136,1452,157,1517]" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">
Measurements obtained in this study: apical axis 6.5–23 µm, transapical axis 4–5 µm, pervalvar axis 4–5.5 µm, 6–10 fibulae in 10 µm, 14–18 striae in 10 µm, and 12–20 areolae in 10 µm. These figures extend the ranges given by
<bibRefCitation id="1D30E4C8FFB5D93E3CCBFA68FE8DFA68" author="Lange-Bertalot, H." box="[136,380,1490,1516]" pageId="20" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 164" refId="ref14604" refString="Lange-Bertalot, H. (1993) 85 neue taxa und uber 100 weitere neu definierte Taxa erganzend zur Susswasserflora von Mitteleuropa. Bibliotheca Diatomologica 27: 1 - 164." type="journal article" year="1993">Lange-Bertalot (1993</bibRefCitation>
, p. 149), who gave 12–15 × 4–6 µm, with 5–9 fibulae and 13–17 striae in 10 µm.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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