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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="35980" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.562.6124" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ce8322fa-62d2-45f7-a2a4-15e22c4d9006" ID-PMC="PMC4768471" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-562-131" ID-Pensoft-UUID="95710752CD5FA2376C091207C31F5B0C" ID-PubMed="27006625" ID-Zenodo-Dep="579114" ID-ZooBank="CF7F89A27021470F8DE635221708017C" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-562-131" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 562" ModsDocTitle="The desert tortoise trichotomy: Mexico hosts a third, new sister-species of tortoise in the Gopherusmorafkai–G.agassizii group" checkinTime="1455139129567" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Edwards, Taylor, Karl, Alice E., Vaughn, Mercy, Rosen, Philip C., Torres, Cristina Melendez &amp; Murphy, Robert W." docDate="2016" docId="020E41BB5516460A8D0FE8B48052AD38" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 562: 131-158" docOrigin="ZooKeys 562" docPubDate="2016-02-10" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.562.6124" docTitle="Gopherus evgoodei Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Melendez Torres &amp; Murphy 2016, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="125138E1-31AC-4FE5-8971-2F3D0A5113B8" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="9" id="95710752CD5FA2376C091207C31F5B0C" lastPageNumber="147" masterDocId="95710752CD5FA2376C091207C31F5B0C" masterDocTitle="The desert tortoise trichotomy: Mexico hosts a third, new sister-species of tortoise in the Gopherus morafkai - G. agassizii group" masterLastPageNumber="158" masterPageNumber="131" pageNumber="138" updateTime="1712764428392" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="4979A6C17235380AAABE37ABA1D678A4" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="DC52DE0E062C03D8EE8D43DB0330A6F4">The desert tortoise trichotomy: Mexico hosts a third, new sister-species of tortoise in the Gopherus morafkai - G. agassizii group</mods:title>
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<mods:role id="243507ACA5554DDC92DA6F984959D00D">
<mods:roleTerm id="69C41E08B59D614FF21D6ADA3A7C8155">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="A87DE507576E6CB0FD822310062A8E62">Edwards, Taylor</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="3FEE62F64D9D1020F5847E9E04664091">School of Natural Resources and the Environment. The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm id="671F2A4806A01C569D54723A05BE9853">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="11324749CBA162FBE754512BBF3126A2">Karl, Alice E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="14C844AE7F8B1171955718C2E83ABE35">University of Arizona Genetics Core, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="FC07F1567886BA96A20CBE233EBCC2AE" type="personal">
<mods:role id="68D2046E8CB573A2D0FF81FDFA429290">
<mods:roleTerm id="8B876D21CFA1CCF47096EE398D2F29D1">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="5346F276492801AFAE0ED2816007E553">Vaughn, Mercy</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="EC0429C302DC29D5BB6E192688500AFD">P. O. Box 74006, Davis, CA 95617 USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="9013823FBBFF4CC44CBA49EE63DEB07B" type="personal">
<mods:role id="0BF7A483AF7B4C2C9ED3D4EB908C18EA">
<mods:roleTerm id="949CAD0E1A92C1EA4FBCCB65EFB0A7E8">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="B954D91E9E1D156ACD4B816543D916DA">Rosen, Philip C.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="4C24157327923F630474AE847E96AF59">School of Natural Resources and the Environment. The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="14487EC4CA34ED2B48AE08EE0359EC0F" type="personal">
<mods:role id="000A4C0BD419F6E5202701E0FBB9078F">
<mods:roleTerm id="5438CAE075F16646BECB3EF558A7AED5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="08DD0E8E87B29DC27F4AA80B4354438D">Torres, Cristina Melendez</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="1C1DB2A24FA18A4596A265A98FDBD83E">Paso Robles, CA 93446 USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="938E69AE9B3BAADF7003CA99B5F04EDD">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="F708F1502514E3FD70B9726D95CD4BCE">Murphy, Robert W.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="4B98FA3467F6D577994A1C489B0784E9">Comision de Ecologia y Desarrollo Sustentable del Estado de Sonora, Sonora, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="BBB6620F02B992D1C1F14F80792F1448" type="email">bob.murphy@utoronto.ca</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="F4D36C60060D8999128AAEFB003F5FB6">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="279A46BC8E45EF391C2EB6E7D1BFEDCA">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="3F73946CAC7264CDCE68BCA9DA19F969">
<mods:date id="B7CE4DAE07B24F79FCAC951E331AEB44">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="5FD67A71E0E56720F6B568DAFBD42884">2016-02-10</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="CD7A5DBD0AE11A939DF9990D7AEDB135">562</mods:number>
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</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="172D7F6FB0696B01F3055DA1D3B760C0">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="AF6F9588E2218CCE13AB311A3A5A5FD0" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.562.6124</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="2872148C5015F616DFC4C80F0BEDAB44" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-562-131</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="A7D77049EBBC35ED6102A11C09BDE0BD" type="ZooBank">CF7F89A27021470F8DE635221708017C</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="062D008B41C89B4FF742E82AAA743938" type="Zenodo-Dep">579114</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="020E41BB5516460A8D0FE8B48052AD38" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127858000" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:125138E1-31AC-4FE5-8971-2F3D0A5113B8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/020E41BB5516460A8D0FE8B48052AD38" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="147" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
<subSubSection id="9068E04A509CE204B55391C9A7D13E67" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="63758EBA15CE84EDC24C7A1FED2FD514" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
<taxonomicName id="9E3B08E19AFA225503CC1C867F51FC6E" ID-CoL="88BH7" LSID="http://zoobank.org/125138E1-31AC-4FE5-8971-2F3D0A5113B8" authority="Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Meléndez Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityName="Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Melendez Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus evgoodei" order="Testudines" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="evgoodei" status="sp. n.">
Gopherus evgoodei Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen,
<normalizedToken id="BA47B74A8A08C8F2C0C14A6A5FE7BCC7" originalValue="Meléndez">Melendez</normalizedToken>
Torres &amp; Murphy
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7E11C463A0EFFE43F315F63789FC7EB4" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="734A2BADD96B9C44B680AD0F9AC074E7" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" type="description">
<paragraph id="3443B81AD80C18AFC2EB19B5F94A721B" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
<figureCitation id="E8E8BDCD4D5E56D070BB9A9B2926C316" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Dorsal view of the holotype of Gopherus evgoodei, AMNH R 64160. Scale bar 50 mm in 10 mm increments." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.562.6124.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77324" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Figs 6</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="D71AA9AA0F381CB8F02AA8D003F89C82" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Ventral view of the holotype of Gopherus evgoodei, AMNH R 64160. Scale bar 50 mm in 10 mm increments." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.562.6124.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77325" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">, 7</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="96A7AFFE12DF540ADC21739FB7F8A4BD" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Anterior view of the holotype of Gopherus evgoodei, AMNH R 64160." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.562.6124.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77326" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">, 8</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="0718507D6A05445B189B2E9B32EBA8BB" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Posterior view of the holotype of Gopherus evgoodei, AMNH R 64160." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.562.6124.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77327" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">, 9</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="42B23B34D9E9CC4A414A394F30ED6AAC" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Left lateral view of the holotype of Gopherus evgoodei, AMNH R 64160." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.562.6124.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77328" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">, 10</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="D779A50ED41F8CD35C7AE58094C7E476" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Right lateral view of the holotype of Gopherus evgoodei, AMNH R 64160." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.562.6124.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77329" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">, 11</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="BD572450DF43ABCD3BE147CD731B8ECE" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Detail of head scales of the holotype of Gopherus evgoodei, AMNH R 64160." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.562.6124.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77330" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">, 12</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="7F92BB2A8491524CE3C3C06AE4AB323B" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Detail of the tail of the holotype of Gopherus evgoodei, AMNH R 64160." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.562.6124.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77331" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">, 13</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="D61F9FBAA7D336CB3B0326EE4820668A" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Ventral surface of the right rear foot of the holotype of Gopherus evgoodei, AMNH R 64160." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.562.6124.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77332" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">, 14</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B6AE56B9151F4CDBC74E70D9DE3F8A9F" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="CEEA8C978CF9E644EE87CAD253E1B091" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
<taxonomicName id="09E179966640064570460767D6E81215" authority="Edwards &amp; Karl &amp; Vaughn &amp; Rosen &amp; Torres &amp; Murphy, 2016" authorityName="Edwards &amp; Karl &amp; Vaughn &amp; Rosen &amp; Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Xerobates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xerobates agassizii" order="Testudines" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agassizii" status="sp. n.">Xerobates agassizii</taxonomicName>
Cooper, 1861 (partim)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1755227335D94CA33192B3DCF922BC07" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
<taxonomicName id="50F6F7D29C35409300521E2300F68ED1" authority="Edwards &amp; Karl &amp; Vaughn &amp; Rosen &amp; Torres &amp; Murphy, 2016" authorityName="Edwards &amp; Karl &amp; Vaughn &amp; Rosen &amp; Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus agassizii" order="Testudines" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agassizii" status="sp. n.">Gopherus agassizii</taxonomicName>
(Cooper, 1861) (partim). Generic reassignment by
<bibRefCitation id="4AD66864B837CF33A59781119C6A3A24" author="Stejneger, L" journalOrPublisher="North American Fauna" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" pagination="159 - 228" publicationUrl="10.3996/nafa.7.0002" refId="B47" refString="Stejneger, L, 1893. Annotated list of the reptiles and batrachians collected by the Death Valley Expedition in 1891, with descriptions of new species. North American Fauna 7: 159 - 228, DOI: 10.3996/nafa.7.0002" title="Annotated list of the reptiles and batrachians collected by the Death Valley Expedition in 1891, with descriptions of new species." url="10.3996/nafa.7.0002" volume="7" year="1893">Stejneger (1893)</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B181F57ADEF378AFF821333F86408382" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
<taxonomicName id="F9E451509DE34EB2276D80B6BF1118DE" authority="Edwards &amp; Karl &amp; Vaughn &amp; Rosen &amp; Torres &amp; Murphy, 2016" authorityName="Edwards &amp; Karl &amp; Vaughn &amp; Rosen &amp; Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Scaptochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaptochelys agassizii" order="Testudines" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agassizii" status="sp. n.">Scaptochelys agassizii</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="43A82A93D5ABE59C918034A614B65DF0" author="Cooper, JG" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (ser. 1)" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" pagination="118 - 123" refId="B12" refString="Cooper, JG, 1861. New Californian animals. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (ser. 1) 2: 118 - 123" title="New Californian animals." volume="2" year="1861">Cooper 1861</bibRefCitation>
) (partim). Generic reassignment by
<bibRefCitation id="F5123EDB0CF09A9803E486AF890E10C7" author="Bramble, DM" journalOrPublisher="Copeia" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" pagination="852 - 867" publicationUrl="10.2307/1444097" refId="B5" refString="Bramble, DM, 1982. Scaptochelys: generic revision and evolution of gopher tortoises. Copeia 1982: 852 - 867, DOI: 10.2307/1444097" title="Scaptochelys: generic revision and evolution of gopher tortoises." url="10.2307/1444097" volume="1982" year="1982">Bramble (1982)</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A192A4AC1DC8F07A581F061902B5F83C" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
<taxonomicName id="0171D513376884F7347C0719D501CC6A" authority="Edwards &amp; Karl &amp; Vaughn &amp; Rosen &amp; Torres &amp; Murphy, 2016" authorityName="Edwards &amp; Karl &amp; Vaughn &amp; Rosen &amp; Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Xerobates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xerobates lepidocephalus" order="Testudines" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lepidocephalus" status="sp. n.">Xerobates lepidocephalus</taxonomicName>
(ex errore)
<bibRefCitation id="E7E71E9909B2F9FCE03D2B243C1A2244" author="Ottley, JR" journalOrPublisher="Great Basin Naturalist" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" pagination="496 - 502" refId="B44" refString="Ottley, JR, Velazques Solis, VM, 1989. An extant, indigenous tortoise population in Baja California Sur, Mexico, with the description of a new species of Xerobates (Testudines: Testudinidae). Great Basin Naturalist 49: 496 - 502" title="An extant, indigenous tortoise population in Baja California Sur, Mexico, with the description of a new species of Xerobates (Testudines: Testudinidae)." volume="49" year="1989">
Ottley and
<normalizedToken id="BBFCBD15253427F2F3EDEC9562F9B4A6" originalValue="Velázques">Velazques</normalizedToken>
Solis 1989
</bibRefCitation>
. In error by
<bibRefCitation id="96322B049025F9DF4DCF0A0D117C8D33" author="Crumly, CR" editor="Bury, RB" journalOrPublisher="Fish and Wildlife Research" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" pagination="32 - 36" refId="B13" refString="Crumly, CR, Grismer, LL, 1994. Validity of the tortoise Xerobates lepidocephalus Ottley and Velazquez [sic] in Baja California. In: Bury, RB, Germano, DJ, Eds., Biology of North American Tortoises. Fish and Wildlife Research 13: 32 - 36" title="Validity of the tortoise Xerobates lepidocephalus Ottley and Velazquez [sic] in Baja California." volume="13" volumeTitle="Biology of North American Tortoises." year="1994">Crumly and Grismer (1994)</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E435F75C847144B0D4E9D16FA4139398" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
<taxonomicName id="C8843F9B30481949EE5817F26B027AA7" authority="Edwards &amp; Karl &amp; Vaughn &amp; Rosen &amp; Torres &amp; Murphy, 2016" authorityName="Edwards &amp; Karl &amp; Vaughn &amp; Rosen &amp; Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus morafkai" order="Testudines" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morafkai" status="sp. n.">Gopherus morafkai</taxonomicName>
Murphy, Berry, Edwards, Leviton, Lathrop &amp; Riedle, 2011 (partim)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="776EBF037D480F52FD1701D801C77A9B" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" type="holotype">
<paragraph id="B3F57033BAC059143D88CB83C1205BFF" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Holotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BDD33D71CD6164EE0E46B803C57B8B31" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
AMNH (American Museum of Natural History) R64160; adult male from Alamos (approximate location
<geoCoordinate id="77C291EC90A203EF2BCEE5ACEBA934CD" degrees="27" direction="north" minutes="02" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="27.033333">27°02'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="0944C992611343E4CEAF4C968D9E28EF" degrees="108" direction="west" minutes="55" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-108.916664">108°55'W</geoCoordinate>
, elevation 433 m), Sonora, Mexico, collected on 27 August-2 September 1942 by Charles M. Bogert and preserved in ethanol (Figs
<figureCitation id="7289079EF0FE51082205154ACA3AC313" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Dorsal view of the holotype of Gopherus evgoodei, AMNH R 64160. Scale bar 50 mm in 10 mm increments." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.562.6124.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77324" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">6</figureCitation>
-
<figureCitation id="B7B88F1E112D6956784C64D52BDCA5B3" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Ventral surface of the right rear foot of the holotype of Gopherus evgoodei, AMNH R 64160." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.562.6124.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77332" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">14</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="646CA0883229EA39319E9B1AF8C4596A" ID-Zenodo-Dep="971128" doi="10.3897/zookeys.562.6124.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77325" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
<paragraph id="7E46EEC5B11BA941D51C51E4C8DAA736" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
<emphasis id="75D37E4C4120C51F0814F10160D035F8" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Figure 7.</emphasis>
Ventral view of the holotype of
<taxonomicName id="62F79B32B262FFD2BA45D3B47172B451" authorityName="Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Melendez Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus evgoodei" order="Testudines" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="evgoodei">
<emphasis id="8E288BE7E91A5FAEBA87B0355C0BE000" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Gopherus evgoodei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, AMNH R64160. Scale bar 50 mm in 10 mm increments.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="29587B421E2B634FE1FA4E1C9142FAE1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="971130" doi="10.3897/zookeys.562.6124.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77326" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" start="Figure 8" startId="F8">
<paragraph id="9AA0BC9167A95FA5590658C0706CF5A5" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
<emphasis id="C0E076FA67DC3D5AEE7A828C118A13BD" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Figure 8.</emphasis>
Anterior view of the holotype of
<taxonomicName id="8FFEFBEA77D377784CF404A8BA07E269" authorityName="Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Melendez Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus evgoodei" order="Testudines" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="evgoodei">
<emphasis id="AD1BB6D2493299531B53B34AB273CFDC" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Gopherus evgoodei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, AMNH R64160.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="9287BE2140B88988D18833E10A8F0597" ID-Zenodo-Dep="971132" doi="10.3897/zookeys.562.6124.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77327" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" start="Figure 9" startId="F9">
<paragraph id="0F8B5F60AF8EDEA4DABD2065CCB633EC" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
<emphasis id="36B435C110AE8EEE89CD3925D2E346D2" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Figure 9.</emphasis>
Posterior view of the holotype of
<taxonomicName id="FBB4763075DEA417C1AF92DDE582FF59" authorityName="Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Melendez Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus evgoodei" order="Testudines" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="evgoodei">
<emphasis id="CB2C0E85F492C55F005768B75A62A4F2" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Gopherus evgoodei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, AMNH R64160.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="62FE05D7F7C55D05EA0B91276373C138" ID-Zenodo-Dep="971108" doi="10.3897/zookeys.562.6124.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77328" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" start="Figure 10" startId="F10">
<paragraph id="7738943B7B61254B5FD066DB4BE60389" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
<emphasis id="AD1D87C9DC650B246B63B5713EA7CCB5" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Figure 10.</emphasis>
Left lateral view of the holotype of
<taxonomicName id="BAC7F441F369AB03E2627E90688258FF" authorityName="Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Melendez Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus evgoodei" order="Testudines" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="evgoodei">
<emphasis id="3F336254387A7D2CDF5DEAE5BC3FDB37" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Gopherus evgoodei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, AMNH R64160.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="B75D4A356C30416FE7905031D245D477" ID-Zenodo-Dep="971110" doi="10.3897/zookeys.562.6124.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77329" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" start="Figure 11" startId="F11">
<paragraph id="57A651711B15EF58F992EF2CB814BB29" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
<emphasis id="32CB0168F89537B317FF9F5001D283AA" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Figure 11.</emphasis>
Right lateral view of the holotype of
<taxonomicName id="8DB78BB6DE32A69E528C4AF13D7B5A3F" authorityName="Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Melendez Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus evgoodei" order="Testudines" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="evgoodei">
<emphasis id="2E7F76581D3577846ECAC5CA1D422766" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Gopherus evgoodei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, AMNH R64160.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="0D1D2E6C16B1C5CFE51D80C8746B36C8" ID-Zenodo-Dep="971112" doi="10.3897/zookeys.562.6124.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77330" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" start="Figure 12" startId="F12">
<paragraph id="B101EC9A16456B1B19724BAC04A082E0" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
<emphasis id="78ACBE92147EF98666F65BF4EFB3CF70" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Figure 12.</emphasis>
Detail of head scales of the holotype of
<taxonomicName id="075972501B89D33DDC382BB410FD7AC3" authorityName="Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Melendez Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus evgoodei" order="Testudines" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="evgoodei">
<emphasis id="9FDFEF17FD2FD3584FCD80E8942AC47E" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Gopherus evgoodei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, AMNH R64160.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="1781B824B9B9EC833993C5959D4B10B4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="971114" doi="10.3897/zookeys.562.6124.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77331" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" start="Figure 13" startId="F13">
<paragraph id="2EB70474A07B9C67AA789298800E2C06" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
<emphasis id="1E12BDDD8D902FEA75BD0BEA77D41835" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Figure 13.</emphasis>
Detail of the tail of the holotype of
<taxonomicName id="6B135397D7F7D621372659EED76BF758" authorityName="Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Melendez Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus evgoodei" order="Testudines" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="evgoodei">
<emphasis id="C42392C38C0D4774E7ABA1C66E4C8EB6" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Gopherus evgoodei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, AMNH R64160.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="0B38BE690946543F6DC71FCD1DB70BC2" ID-Zenodo-Dep="971116" doi="10.3897/zookeys.562.6124.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77332" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" start="Figure 14" startId="F14">
<paragraph id="E442BF91206C0D9CF908AE03034D859D" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
<emphasis id="1963B93547D2C02996530F841AE95E3A" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Figure 14.</emphasis>
Ventral surface of the right rear foot of the holotype of
<taxonomicName id="6BC5D84B8EDAFF829328814CA52E53DB" authorityName="Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Melendez Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus evgoodei" order="Testudines" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="evgoodei">
<emphasis id="F57ECFDBAFF2F1E8D2767E34AAFACD0B" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Gopherus evgoodei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, AMNH R64160.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="49B8A16979AFE32354C4CA331CC3D2E9" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" type="paratypes">
<paragraph id="BEA030D9831FAFC3B1C8381DF7792E4F" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Paratypes.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="346870ADC2F8A8AB6EB5769CE256E7B6" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">AMNH R64157, an adult male; AMNH R64158, an adult female; and ROM (Royal Ontario Museum) 53301 (formerly AMNH R64159), an adult female; all with same collecting data as the holotype and all preserved in ethanol.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D1E3CBAB2CA33CBD1E1FD25D17D20630" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="139" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" type="referred specimens">
<paragraph id="DB64C527F063A54BD608E446EAC8FDEC" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Referred specimens.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="95471C02EE60D4E88F53146D5B16C4A3" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="139" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
ASU (Arizona State University, Tempe) 6427, ASU 6543-44, ASU 6605-06, ASU 6620-22, ASU 6702-03, ASU 6769, ASU 8534-39, CAS (California Academy of Sciences) 142243, CM (Carnegie Museum) Herps:62200, CNAR (
<normalizedToken id="F17976856EEDC3DC2CEE5440AC96526C" originalValue="Colección">Coleccion</normalizedToken>
Nacional de Anfibios y Reptiles)-4002, LACM (Los Angeles County Museum) 105338, LSUMZ (Louisiana State UniversityMuseum of Zoology, Baton Rouge) 34925, MSB (Museum of Southwestern Biology) MSB 41497-99, MVZ (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology) 129943, SMNS (Staatliches Museum fuer Naturkunde, Stuttgart) 7367-68, SMNS 7515, TNHC (Texas Memorial Museum) 60607, UAZ (University of Arizona) 28105, UAZ 35405, UAZ 36875-76,
<pageBreakToken id="1385F2E154140ABA80C914CD4B0C2502" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" start="start">UAZ</pageBreakToken>
56589-PSV, UAZ 56607-PSV, and UIMNH (University of IllinoisMuseum of Natural History) 85836.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6366B297A1030F3482AFA8A532B2F5FD" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="141" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="BC449BC68FCD5F4DC7F34D986DE11B22" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A45C3CADA08ACB2579E99B71822E72D6" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="141" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">
Molecular data can readily diagnose all species of
<taxonomicName id="36BC403041894D2103A46FA9F9AE178F" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus" order="Testudines" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3F4DC1A84D8224869BF6B70FF20AA1AD" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Gopherus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and their hybrids (
<bibRefCitation id="E1A1DC6E05144E45CC5CFC5FAB5A1212" author="Murphy, RW" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" pagination="39 - 71" publicationUrl="10.3897/zookeys.113.1353" refId="B41" refString="Murphy, RW, Berry, KH, Edwards, T, Leviton, AE, Lathrop, A, Riedle, JD, 2011. The dazed and confused identity of Agassiz's land tortoise, Gopherus agassizii (Testudines, Testudinidae) with the description of a new species, and its consequences for conservation. ZooKeys 113: 39 - 71, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.113.1353" title="The dazed and confused identity of Agassiz's land tortoise, Gopherus agassizii (Testudines, Testudinidae) with the description of a new species, and its consequences for conservation." url="10.3897/zookeys.113.1353" volume="113" year="2011">Murphy et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
; Edwards et al. 2016). Morphologically,
<taxonomicName id="72DEB8E9CED74B7051EB09AB7D74F656" authorityName="Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Meléndez-Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" lsidName="G. evgoodei" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="evgoodei">
<emphasis id="3F0E5178876CFF392DFFE3D9FF21780B" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">G. evgoodei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="77BB077B1A1D08AFE329CC0B07CF0EC5" lsidName="G. agassizii" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="agassizii">
<emphasis id="C7044F3C2250E0147003825905C1350D" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">G. agassizii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="0861C0A46DB1C2275C4722E0165F7363" authorityName="Murphy, Berry, Edwards, Leviton, Lathrop &amp; Riedle" authorityYear="2011" lsidName="G. morafkai" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="morafkai">
<emphasis id="AFC238B7E90FA4055F377A265BECD5D7" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">G. morafkai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(the
<taxonomicName id="425265B6827F9673B30E54E7B889BA8F" authorityName="Edwards &amp; Karl &amp; Vaughn &amp; Rosen &amp; Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus agassizii" order="Testudines" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agassizii">
<emphasis id="45475C3AAF81E374AD0F026C2D5260B2" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Gopherus agassizii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group) can be separated generally from both
<taxonomicName id="0AA4144E29AF607EAFFEC97832125B91" lsidName="G. flavomarginatus" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="flavomarginatus">
<emphasis id="F47F850590C3273482DE79E80CC53E96" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">G. flavomarginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Legler and
<taxonomicName id="BC0584E7D8DF2E3AA87C305AEEA9D029" lsidName="G. polyphemus" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="polyphemus">
<emphasis id="E1C7DC9DBE89DA68BE78C3E226AE21B4" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">G. polyphemus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Daudin) in having relatively smaller front feet. Whereas the distance from the bases of the first to fourth claws is the same on all feet in the
<taxonomicName id="FC19D61A9E11E54CC3ED20614F6F8FBD" authorityName="Edwards &amp; Karl &amp; Vaughn &amp; Rosen &amp; Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus agassizii" order="Testudines" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agassizii">
<emphasis id="E86B81266172797027D6AA289479F8FF" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Gopherus agassizii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, in the latter two species the distance from the bases of the first and third claws on the forelimb is about the same as the distance between the bases of the first and fourth claws on the hindlimb (
<bibRefCitation id="EB846F31A0BE4809BF1E41B25C6D68B6" author="Auffenberg, W" journalOrPublisher="Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" pagination="1 - 2" refId="B1" refString="Auffenberg, W, Franz, R, 1978. Gopherus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 211: 1 - 2" title="Gopherus." volume="211" year="1978">Auffenberg and Franz 1978</bibRefCitation>
). Living captive specimens of the
<taxonomicName id="9A6552A5223AA4B5306C5D2F653B94D8" authorityName="Edwards &amp; Karl &amp; Vaughn &amp; Rosen &amp; Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus agassizii" order="Testudines" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agassizii">
<emphasis id="C84EB56EDB941A761CE594566068D46D" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Gopherus agassizii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group and
<taxonomicName id="1B9445046580CAC86750C1F8DD676B2E" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1857" lsidName="G. berlandieri" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="berlandieri">
<emphasis id="0AD2681DF87E0F4C2E331F405606439A" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">G. berlandieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cannot all be distinguished morphologically because of extensive hybridization (
<bibRefCitation id="53435DB43C12050986DC2A2D417CDB5F" author="Edwards, T" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Wildlife Management" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" pagination="801 - 807" publicationUrl="10.2193/2009-199" refId="B15" refString="Edwards, T, Jarchow, CJ, Jones, CA, Bonine, KE, 2010. Tracing genetic lineages of captive desert tortoises in Arizona. Journal of Wildlife Management 74: 801 - 807, DOI: 10.2193/2009-199" title="Tracing genetic lineages of captive desert tortoises in Arizona." url="10.2193/2009-199" volume="74" year="2010">Edwards et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
) and developmental abnormalities in shell, head and limb integument from poor nutrition (
<bibRefCitation id="21B13C9191077AC312AB801B7A405FFE" author="Donoghue, S" editor="Mader, R" journalOrPublisher="Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis, Missouri" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" pagination="251 - 298" publicationUrl="10.1016/b0-72-169327-x/50022-5" refId="B14" refString="Donoghue, S, 2006. Nutrition. In: Mader, R, Ed., Reptile Medicine and Surgery. Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis, Missouri: 251 - 298, DOI: 10.1016/b0-72-169327-x/50022-5" title="Nutrition." url="10.1016/b0-72-169327-x/50022-5" volumeTitle="Reptile Medicine and Surgery." year="2006">Donoghue 2006</bibRefCitation>
). However, in native non-hybrid individuals,
<taxonomicName id="7E0E290114CD859CA8A1B9150BDC63DB" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1857" lsidName="G. berlandieri" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="berlandieri">
<emphasis id="295960E9947B16F40AEC338DA2982DED" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">G. berlandieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be separated from the
<taxonomicName id="6B91B6C7D91E3E7EE986445E11884CB8" authorityName="Edwards &amp; Karl &amp; Vaughn &amp; Rosen &amp; Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus agassizii" order="Testudines" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agassizii">
<emphasis id="A70C8FE6AA8ABBED603C345799A53A4D" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Gopherus agassizii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group in having a wedge-shaped snout when viewed from above in contrast to a rounded snout (Fig.
<figureCitation id="462C0FF2CA3D51078025A1EA04400204" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Detail of head scales of the holotype of Gopherus evgoodei, AMNH R 64160." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.562.6124.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77330" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">12</figureCitation>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="6A71ED73A952C1CC80AD88AC2FE353B8" author="Auffenberg, W" journalOrPublisher="Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" pagination="1 - 2" refId="B1" refString="Auffenberg, W, Franz, R, 1978. Gopherus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 211: 1 - 2" title="Gopherus." volume="211" year="1978">Auffenberg and Franz 1978</bibRefCitation>
). Further, the gular projections of
<taxonomicName id="AF5BB0D03674A2E822223EC48F308AEB" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1857" lsidName="G. berlandieri" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="berlandieri">
<emphasis id="43F057FDBF9CCCB644136678EDF48EE4" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">G. berlandieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
often diverge in large males and the species often exhibits paired axillary scales preceding each bridge. In contrast, the gular projections do not normally diverge in the
<taxonomicName id="528C0E1BAAD8B407AB96A6646C84ED73" authorityName="Edwards &amp; Karl &amp; Vaughn &amp; Rosen &amp; Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus agassizii" order="Testudines" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agassizii">
<emphasis id="C9ADDD520D8171B96AA77E2BC9514260" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Gopherus agassizii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group and there is a single axillary
<pageBreakToken id="72FEDC08916F93E1F2DC0C431C05A176" pageId="9" pageNumber="140" start="start">scale</pageBreakToken>
. Morphological characters among the
<taxonomicName id="EC16E55010FDFBE5B52842BD739AB4E4" authorityName="Edwards &amp; Karl &amp; Vaughn &amp; Rosen &amp; Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus agassizii" order="Testudines" pageId="9" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agassizii">
<emphasis id="2390A6F52A949B171FE0FB528100296D" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="140">Gopherus agassizii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group exhibit overlap (
<bibRefCitation id="A27A2C916B6DA1B3E74DE551CF374374" author="Germano, DJ" journalOrPublisher="American Midland Naturalist" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" pagination="319 - 335" publicationUrl="10.2307/2426513" refId="B27" refString="Germano, DJ, 1993. Shell morphology of North American tortoises. American Midland Naturalist 129: 319 - 335, DOI: 10.2307/2426513" title="Shell morphology of North American tortoises." url="10.2307/2426513" volume="129" year="1993">Germano 1993</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="11737615BF62F97D73AAEA672E5ED076" author="McLuckie, AM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Herpetology" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" pagination="36 - 44" publicationUrl="10.2307/1565541" refId="B39" refString="McLuckie, AM, Lamb, T, Schwalbe, CR, McCord, RD, 1999. Genetic and morphometric assessment of an unusual tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) population in the Black Mountains of Arizona. Journal of Herpetology 33: 36 - 44, DOI: 10.2307/1565541" title="Genetic and morphometric assessment of an unusual tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) population in the Black Mountains of Arizona." url="10.2307/1565541" volume="33" year="1999">McLuckie et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
) and characters like coloration in desert tortoises can be highly variable (
<bibRefCitation id="015D91BE9C7DF732D5010598372D0E00" author="Legler, J" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Oakland, CA, USA" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" refId="B33" refString="Legler, J, Vogt, RC, 2013. The Turtles of Mexico: Land and Freshwater Forms. University of California Press, Oakland, CA, USA" title="The Turtles of Mexico: Land and Freshwater Forms" year="2013">Legler and Vogt 2013</bibRefCitation>
). However,
<taxonomicName id="481EF4D80526B370B9BB01F5BA391208" authorityName="Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Meléndez-Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" lsidName="G. evgoodei" pageId="9" pageNumber="140" rank="species" species="evgoodei">
<emphasis id="4866EDAC71E5B3D1E5462DEC5147735A" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="140">G. evgoodei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="B49FCAF8D5E04EB41BEE7F3DC0704FBD" authorityName="Murphy, Berry, Edwards, Leviton, Lathrop &amp; Riedle" authorityYear="2011" lsidName="G. morafkai" pageId="9" pageNumber="140" rank="species" species="morafkai">
<emphasis id="FB357B573655D033272132D7966321BF" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="140">G. morafkai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<pageBreakToken id="D3F9C2D97EE5135FFEC4FD337A835DD1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" start="start">and</pageBreakToken>
<taxonomicName id="375E3CCFDE8AF504582120A98B0E5430" lsidName="G. agassizii" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rank="species" species="agassizii">
<emphasis id="A10E5B20E1A646D076B9B44B01E5C29E" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">G. agassizii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Table
<tableCitation id="C2742DF951772671C37687D2E1BF6F37" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Least-square means (LSM) and sample size (N) for ANOVA for five morphometric characters that are highly descriptive for G. evgoodei and frequency percentages for one character. Mixed samples from localities in the Sinaloan thornscrub-Sonoran desertscrub ecotone with the occurrence of both G. evgoodei and G. morafkai genotypes and / or hybrids. Carapace shape measures ' roundness' of carapace." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/36761A7EC34EB7943EE5BB14B6ED40F0" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" tableUuid="36761A7EC34EB7943EE5BB14B6ED40F0">1</tableCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4BD00919E0050E763D3366636BB344F8" authorityName="Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Melendez Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus evgoodei" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="evgoodei">
<emphasis id="14F9E94F4FC22C05F0A02B54E5480B56" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">Gopherus evgoodei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is flatter in shell profile (Fig.
<figureCitation id="F2A399F9C58441DC799140122417E8CE" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. The flat shell profile / shape of carapace generally distinguishes G. evgoodei from other species of desert tortoises. Live, wild-caught individuals from (i-iv) Rancho Las Cabras and (v-vi) Rancho La Sierrita near Alamos, Sonora, Mexico (in Tropical Deciduous Forest)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.562.6124.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77320" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">2</figureCitation>
). It has rounded foot pads, multiple enlarged spurs on the radial-humeral joint (Fig.
<figureCitation id="BE551129152C6531E77B2FABB5A95613" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. The rounded ventral surface of the rear feet (i-ii) and multiple enlarged, raised scales present on surface of forelegs generally (iii-iv) diagnose G. evgoodei in relation to other species of desert tortoises. i-ii same individual in Figure 2 from Rancho Las Cabras near Alamos, Sonora, Mexico (in Tropical Deciduous Forest) iii-iv two individuals from Rancho Las Cabras." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.562.6124.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77321" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">3</figureCitation>
). The new species has short tails (Fig.
<figureCitation id="8FF4E75329018DDDF14605D9FF30AEC7" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Gopherus evgoodei differs from other species of desert tortoises in having a very short tail. i Rancho El Chupadero east of Guaymas (in thornscrub habitat); ii Rancho Las Cabras; and iii-i Rancho La Sierrita near Alamos, Sonora, Mexico (in Tropical Deciduous Forest)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.562.6124.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77322" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">4</figureCitation>
), orange tones in the integument (skin) and shell (Fig.
<figureCitation id="6F45012BEAB8012A3F3D45D564FC6D9F" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Gopherus evgoodei differs from other species of desert tortoises in often having yellow / orange integument (skin) and shell. i Rancho El Divisadero ii-iii Rancho Las Cabras; and iv-v Rancho La Sierrita near Alamos, Sonora, Mexico (in Tropical Deciduous Forest)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.562.6124.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77323" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">5</figureCitation>
), and a distinctly shallower concavity on the plastron of males.
</paragraph>
<caption id="36761A7EC34EB7943EE5BB14B6ED40F0" ID-Table-UUID="36761A7EC34EB7943EE5BB14B6ED40F0" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/36761A7EC34EB7943EE5BB14B6ED40F0" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" start="Table 1" startId="T1">
<paragraph id="4F007A54DAEB03D3D5222AD3F166AAE6" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis id="2E755F20BE645DA6C9FC2A3965EBC2BB" bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">Table 1.</emphasis>
Least-square means (LSM) and sample size (N) for ANOVA for five morphometric characters that are highly descriptive for
<taxonomicName id="CDB5DA02EE3A44629A1886899EDEE41D" authorityName="Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Meléndez-Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" lsidName="G. evgoodei" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rank="species" species="evgoodei">
<emphasis id="65B5FE36A81AFA126C7581E5D4404275" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">G. evgoodei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and frequency percentages for one character. Mixed samples from localities in the Sinaloan thornscrub-Sonoran desertscrub ecotone with the occurrence of both
<taxonomicName id="4589C17A389C7D433238D26DFE0372F3" authorityName="Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Meléndez-Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" lsidName="G. evgoodei" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rank="species" species="evgoodei">
<emphasis id="78310E081411EDF1253D0D87A28D982A" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">G. evgoodei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D48AF93E0DE01F9590CB49A5444683A3" authorityName="Murphy, Berry, Edwards, Leviton, Lathrop &amp; Riedle" authorityYear="2011" lsidName="G. morafkai" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rank="species" species="morafkai">
<emphasis id="8FBF28C5017B976646347D79B348B074" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">G. morafkai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
genotypes and/or hybrids. Carapace shape measures
<normalizedToken id="7DD145214FA139A7E85DBBD720D5522D" originalValue="‘roundness’">'roundness'</normalizedToken>
of carapace.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="5502CE98CEB8ABA15A396563A60670DF" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">
<table id="BC9E3B5B02F10CE886EEC935D317C322" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">
<tr id="5672563E2A0C7E0B4165A53B7FFA49AF" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">
<th id="8B4E1DBC9023A5272D9DA3E365F44669" colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">-</th>
<th id="73BCEDC314262E7A481B14AD7A7E846A" colspan="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Variable</th>
</tr>
<tr id="2FB31C803E86D3D276459F5051B020D6" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">
<th id="1CEDA6C2875B8825261A38B4B2A70DC2" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="2">Lineage (Location)</th>
<th id="676C518D6B73D75FC46028C35325AD5E" colspan="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Shell Color</th>
<th id="5A0BE35F6B1A18FE315CC78CAFCA193C" colspan="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Integument color</th>
<th id="82A49B75B5103370725A1904711597C2" colspan="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Tail length</th>
<th id="744F4744BCD52CDE2FDE1978523A999B" colspan="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Male plastron concavity</th>
<th id="D4B6EB283945CE754D5C4FB7A6C7240D" colspan="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Carapace shape</th>
<th id="A1783345488EDF16278979EEDC26CD4F" colspan="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Humeral spurs</th>
</tr>
<tr id="DAA321A3B676BA89463D6A3A93EAAFCC" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">
<th id="FF43AE6FA1F24A178EEC67E833F6F95B" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">
<abbrev id="09044F81FF1CA39F44B3AA720974FB71" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">LSM</abbrev>
</th>
<th id="D3E89C0CB26ED41D62F6C3285BA4E13E" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">N</th>
<th id="1F0E818242619AA81F950A930B7A70C4" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">
<abbrev id="9393BEB25C4F18DBA1B266869D147BE0" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">LSM</abbrev>
</th>
<th id="7E839A13A9B9BDC03A0FFDE9C806E648" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">N</th>
<th id="2ADE0849B2D6F021A9FDAF37EB72657B" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">
<abbrev id="08B2B7DACB7C3D5845E05EA702FA5FA7" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">LSM</abbrev>
</th>
<th id="0E4AB7194758118B00447119F9868E84" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">N</th>
<th id="006EA94272803E5FAA8F08A976DF4B1C" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">
<abbrev id="8EBABFD10B53D525F83CD7FD8516A795" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">LSM</abbrev>
</th>
<th id="7109ED023AB3196C11ADA145AAC8BBDD" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">N</th>
<th id="F2EE0492478C911AC39BB5F05737CA59" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">
<abbrev id="9A4DBFA782B576E798080C13BD292182" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">LSM</abbrev>
</th>
<th id="D5FAD8F92824145C65D5BE8579AFDF75" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">N</th>
<th id="E178B6203273C83723E50CB4A3AEFC77" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">% with spurs</th>
<th id="4AC353285DB9BE4E0CD42F2221494170" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">N</th>
</tr>
<tr id="FE2E35EE3FEF879C9D8F3A49B57DA5E6" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">
<td id="D8AA84EAC411F1050911EAAE8FAEAA22" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="0F886CDA32839F8A159AE99653A48574" authorityName="Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Meléndez-Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" lsidName="G. evgoodei" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rank="species" species="evgoodei">
<emphasis id="167C005A35124193FB076D0CC61629E5" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">G. evgoodei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Mexico)
</td>
<td id="E9721A213DB156D1FE412BA1F38E5B3C" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">601.686</td>
<td id="262CB79ED710EE7A959A467E381A38E7" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">35</td>
<td id="16E75C52B980412CED4D211CDCC535E9" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">593.543</td>
<td id="F85FF309E8D0E38067941949774C8443" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">35</td>
<td id="AE9389464BCE927B102EC5D3C9A17A16" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">0.61</td>
<td id="9DB332D6D230DF2D34877C48BA307D82" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">33</td>
<td id="FB40AF21877477A26BB27A9BC0D8C10C" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">10.185</td>
<td id="C74371C9BD3A5946382995D1CA3C7545" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">17</td>
<td id="137A897277EFD43407687C51577023C4" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">0.419</td>
<td id="3CD6A0D410E00A0DF5CA2F6CAC219EBB" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">36</td>
<td id="41C4FF6D90FD7E50674A553631B84FAF" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">100.0</td>
<td id="6E0000629FE46143380D68D8D224B723" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">37</td>
</tr>
<tr id="2AF9EF83030579FD01CB9CDDF13F9E34" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">
<td id="E1FD9D7090F5F714B58B782BD7FDD282" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">
Mixed
<taxonomicName id="77168F80D91E5C025B54E3F53137028C" authorityName="Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Meléndez-Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" lsidName="G. evgoodei" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rank="species" species="evgoodei">
<emphasis id="83C745482D38F8F59345D3B1D8D943DC" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">G. evgoodei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName id="2358E6BB30EC8EDD74AAD960230AA4D9" authorityName="Murphy, Berry, Edwards, Leviton, Lathrop &amp; Riedle" authorityYear="2011" lsidName="G. morafkai" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rank="species" species="morafkai">
<emphasis id="991CC587962AF21334882AD9ABFB5789" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">G. morafkai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Mexico)
</td>
<td id="6ECCCE5292503A0F628E4DC25DDA8464" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">574.8</td>
<td id="96EC9A7278D67E6BF072D56B9181D713" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">10</td>
<td id="BCDB562F6E3F2F543951CEE6D42E33B6" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">560.667</td>
<td id="7D8E288DFE4A48910E00DC1080762AE9" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">9</td>
<td id="66E4C8C84F32A363614A3EFD0FE1989C" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">0.778</td>
<td id="AF52F6A466BAC5E6C8E59D008AC661FF" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">9</td>
<td id="543F406C5E78921E5764354BC7DE8FFA" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">13.8</td>
<td id="B052BBC12F5F9056729B27E252C55290" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">4</td>
<td id="C12C1F91ECF39BC5940A86D8C4DCF8AD" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">0.447</td>
<td id="025E5ECA40A1EB983339711998360F29" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">10</td>
<td id="F9937CB2B620CDD37420632B0089A90E" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">62.5</td>
<td id="4E30D4E6F1E2ECAC96003FAD22544A67" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">8</td>
</tr>
<tr id="8CF07A7B3AE7A25289574E9114AA0E27" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">
<td id="8643A2B4D98EB24385C09739765666EC" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="B4565D580272D3287A2CCAF98385A883" authorityName="Murphy, Berry, Edwards, Leviton, Lathrop &amp; Riedle" authorityYear="2011" lsidName="G. morafkai" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rank="species" species="morafkai">
<emphasis id="8C5D494DAD2ABAA2F2F08703034A49A7" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">G. morafkai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Mexico)
</td>
<td id="1F273277196EE9BE9B31667E29BA6423" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">548.25</td>
<td id="D1316D6C95C45258BE4B5BEADFAF073C" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">16</td>
<td id="2D34C64A5305FD54C4364DB6CABF6CC0" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">541.563</td>
<td id="6A26CACD7959AF64D6081C258D2B80F6" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">16</td>
<td id="EFC2126ED5C3B40A928F0627282121CB" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">0.833</td>
<td id="22EC75CECFF68BACC35C9444CF8BF3AF" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">12</td>
<td id="2BA5F6F476DFE47BC7FAF76C2963FD85" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">11.35</td>
<td id="BE5BCDEB38864C735B2EAEF30430F25E" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">8</td>
<td id="A88926941A0CE5C43069B62C94A85F20" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">0.454</td>
<td id="1EF41DD94CE06A5EC9D04F5C96AAE950" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">16</td>
<td id="91FE7581CE6FF681D172BF0541F86B93" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">25.0</td>
<td id="1ADB475B57FB65823293EFBEDF6903B5" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">16</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6AA1B985444C872B2A34040FEF8E1529" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">
<td id="827856F139641761882F51173FE4DA6C" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="4AB79C594EF1C7E59F19A8E0E54FA0FA" lsidName="G. agassizii" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rank="species" species="agassizii">
<emphasis id="62703882547F2CF9649319E900275EBD" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">G. agassizii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Imperial County, California)
</td>
<td id="563DD24D237278D584D84ACB6FD94DA5" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">562.706</td>
<td id="4669B490B387A6E51685851A542B3A3C" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">17</td>
<td id="9DD9D7FA4EC4E50A5729CF96BBF950AD" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">546.882</td>
<td id="1D949B2B78F397242C037FB05A21D8E1" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">17</td>
<td id="8E77FF9488D943947028FFEB37E8A789" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">0.947</td>
<td id="7AD201F86E955827B6AA7B0B410E9C9E" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">19</td>
<td id="FD8C5BC7E941820C3917A08618200058" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">25.312</td>
<td id="C8EF8F6FCCE2598DB6A52BED9340A002" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">10</td>
<td id="CDBF8AFE4A02CD6D72B6964A55D1AB0F" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">0.449</td>
<td id="B93E7DAB407F8D1DF3877DAD57BE1862" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">18</td>
<td id="D739B6268763AC219C45DC5FCF49CAAA" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">15.8</td>
<td id="C35280BCBBDADC6ABFD01E7DDE96C244" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">19</td>
</tr>
<tr id="BB0E05C3998CE87553E281E79A656A0A" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">
<td id="506419C317038967FE6AF1CD7BAC73F5" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="C35A33EC96C81EF0AAF615B6D913CB5D" lsidName="G. agassizii" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rank="species" species="agassizii">
<emphasis id="B2D9CA5E80D8508FD150BC451203C989" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">G. agassizii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(San Bernardino County, California)
</td>
<td id="49BDBE924EDAAD9BDE352A10C11D1C1B" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">549.654</td>
<td id="C7778500BC929684C669BB58C69C821B" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">26</td>
<td id="80C715A66942E1C6F3CB10282EA8D354" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">552.882</td>
<td id="EBED369D259DF3006FCB1EBD7BFE804C" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">17</td>
<td id="0FCEB8D26C41E63319B5F507FCD6CB0E" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">0.96</td>
<td id="C569ED77AA66CDA73101F687157A4BF0" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">25</td>
<td id="F396D16EC160E816DB22BDC630E35952" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">19.786</td>
<td id="1FEEDF368E66824AA9A1C1962C13CE15" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">8</td>
<td id="85D1313BA692B2981FB6EB96351399E1" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">0.461</td>
<td id="42C23FAB9D12BFDF38BBC2C782D01D7B" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">25</td>
<td id="0DB40E1819EAD0F6FB0FAA0DFF4794B5" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">73.9</td>
<td id="5CEF0E93BFD574B6356CF7F1F9ADB6CD" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">23</td>
</tr>
<tr id="D4A6590E6017AE0A9EA65A113A8D4533" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">
<td id="566C1728434E72A3B2590BF5600C7811" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="76E43E8E24CBB01A4D0330E60FB79449" lsidName="G. agassizii" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rank="species" species="agassizii">
<emphasis id="101B2DB15EA0F653CF19E6533CBA1715" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">G. agassizii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Kern County, California)
</td>
<td id="6DA225732EFE47F6683E154B20A50CF2" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">563.219</td>
<td id="B23826197D6EB3FB7F54373A0B74B9C2" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">64</td>
<td id="8B691751E5102AF7DCF400CF4277720D" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">543.578</td>
<td id="5B0A475243EEA1D2CD0AC1241D05D983" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">64</td>
<td id="4CC4095FAAD091AF08DBD6373AA27C86" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">0.934</td>
<td id="FBD35E1DEC04BAF6268C09DFC46D01E5" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">61</td>
<td id="00FB73E6DD7EA2DD6C4241AB734970F8" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">22.844</td>
<td id="1C0C9E44684F11136C3DB865C4114276" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">36</td>
<td id="125F6CD5EFC01E7C5989552BF731B187" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">0.454</td>
<td id="4A177B4FD2BBD92A97357968F56529D5" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">63</td>
<td id="A02C6D68CA391CF49E22CC14F780BEB8" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">74.6</td>
<td id="F5804ABFAFDA035DF7DA1E05DB844EB9" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">63</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B3BCA99C262D2866CA79C61F797AF729" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="142" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" type="description of holotype">
<paragraph id="E75A198D20351AF53CDBA8288FAF3781" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">Description of holotype</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4D4FB28C4FBF5D79F3DBAD47B7E98A59" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="142" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">
(parallels that of
<taxonomicName id="9BF7935909780740190161CEBDA7B7E6" authorityName="Murphy, Berry, Edwards, Leviton, Lathrop &amp; Riedle" authorityYear="2011" lsidName="G. morafkai" pageId="10" pageNumber="141" rank="species" species="morafkai">
<emphasis id="46952A98C8BDFC8C140A22442EECE148" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="141">G. morafkai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="1908EF7887CFE31AD528B1CF5B846D00" author="Murphy, RW" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" pagination="39 - 71" publicationUrl="10.3897/zookeys.113.1353" refId="B41" refString="Murphy, RW, Berry, KH, Edwards, T, Leviton, AE, Lathrop, A, Riedle, JD, 2011. The dazed and confused identity of Agassiz's land tortoise, Gopherus agassizii (Testudines, Testudinidae) with the description of a new species, and its consequences for conservation. ZooKeys 113: 39 - 71, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.113.1353" title="The dazed and confused identity of Agassiz's land tortoise, Gopherus agassizii (Testudines, Testudinidae) with the description of a new species, and its consequences for conservation." url="10.3897/zookeys.113.1353" volume="113" year="2011">Murphy et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
). An adult male, with carapace length at the midline (MCL) = 209 mm; curved carapace length from nuchal scute to supracaudal scute = 254 mm; plastron from tip of gular horn to tip of anal scutes = 219 mm; plastron from gular notch to anal notch = 202 mm; maximum height of shell at 3rd vertebral scute = 83 mm; width at 3rd/4th marginal scute seam = 137 mm; width at 6th marginal scute = 140 mm; greatest width at mid-8th marginal scute = 158 mm; plastron concavity depth = 10.1 mm; head length = 51.3 mm; and tail = 8 mm. Eleven marginal scutes present on both right and left edges of the carapace. Five toenails present on each forelimb and four toenails on each hind limb. The third nail of each hind limb slightly longer than the others. Multiple enlarged, raised scales present on the anterior ventral surface of each foreleg. No scale
<normalizedToken id="6B3DEBD3149E87CC46CA9AF978DCE92C" originalValue="“spikiness”">&quot;spikiness&quot;</normalizedToken>
on the posterior femoral surface of the rear legs. Scales on head smooth and asymmetrical, with two large pre-frontal scales and smaller scales in the temporal area. Shape of head prefrontal profile rounded/bulging. Shell profile/shape of the carapace appearing nearly flat. Shape of ventral surface of rear feet rounded and lacking projecting, enlarged scales on the posterior plantar surface. Areolae and&gt;17 growth
<pageBreakToken id="37703C64B15DE88F33A3F79A3C6ABACC" pageId="11" pageNumber="142" start="start">laminae</pageBreakToken>
present on all carapacial scutes, although areola are diminishing, especially on the anterior scutes. In alcohol, the color of areolae dark, fading to dark brown with orange hue in outer portion of carapacial scutes. Color of areolae on the plastron dark brown and rest of the plastron medium orange brown. Head and neck tan to dark tan with an orange hue. Skin in the axillary and inguinal areas lighter in coloration; light tan fading to medium tan toward axillary. Nails dark brown, lighter brown at the tips.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="296BF469CFB3EB6A594586D23E8AC718" pageId="11" pageNumber="142" type="coloration of the species in life">
<paragraph id="97AF00AABAF42289C693163B7FC19649" pageId="11" pageNumber="142">Coloration of the species in life.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E2275D95ED3526DF1BBEE88680510FD9" pageId="11" pageNumber="142">
<taxonomicName id="92423095361DD3B1B5576B7AFD8E45B3" authorityName="Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Melendez Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus evgoodei" order="Testudines" pageId="11" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="evgoodei">
<emphasis id="E0F1E96171B9653D68DF1F674B4CFEBA" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="142">Gopherus evgoodei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may exhibit orange or yellow mottling or spotting on the shell and integument. Because color constitutes a diagnostic feature, these data are given above.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FC50DFE4B20E9EF67FF8CA5AFDA2BA3B" pageId="11" pageNumber="142" type="variation">
<paragraph id="B124C32B869703A6CAF69D50BF9EA07D" pageId="11" pageNumber="142">Variation.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="38280B5B1F45E713854DF3D2DDF25BCC" pageId="11" pageNumber="142">
As with all species of
<taxonomicName id="06F8646D61901765CFB5E1DB788E62C5" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus" order="Testudines" pageId="11" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="031EF090F9D71F41AF2B6211C442CFEB" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="142">Gopherus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, substantial variability exists among individuals for most morphological features (
<bibRefCitation id="451AD494DFA07F87C17F41828E06709D" author="Germano, DJ" journalOrPublisher="American Midland Naturalist" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" pagination="319 - 335" publicationUrl="10.2307/2426513" refId="B27" refString="Germano, DJ, 1993. Shell morphology of North American tortoises. American Midland Naturalist 129: 319 - 335, DOI: 10.2307/2426513" title="Shell morphology of North American tortoises." url="10.2307/2426513" volume="129" year="1993">Germano 1993</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CF3639353926B2F5DAE78D4608114A0E" author="McLuckie, AM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Herpetology" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" pagination="36 - 44" publicationUrl="10.2307/1565541" refId="B39" refString="McLuckie, AM, Lamb, T, Schwalbe, CR, McCord, RD, 1999. Genetic and morphometric assessment of an unusual tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) population in the Black Mountains of Arizona. Journal of Herpetology 33: 36 - 44, DOI: 10.2307/1565541" title="Genetic and morphometric assessment of an unusual tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) population in the Black Mountains of Arizona." url="10.2307/1565541" volume="33" year="1999">McLuckie et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="E1D3160671433DA39BDDC386CFD52D26" author="Bogert, CM" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" pagination="301 - 425" refId="B4" refString="Bogert, CM, Oliver, JA, 1945. A preliminary analysis of the herpetofauna of Sonora. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 83: 301 - 425" title="A preliminary analysis of the herpetofauna of Sonora." volume="83" year="1945">Bogert and Oliver (1945)</bibRefCitation>
first recognized the distinct morphology of tortoises at Alamos, but they were unable to quantify it due to small sample sizes. Shell profile is generally flat but may also appear domed in some individuals. Spikiness of scales on forelimbs can vary widely and the shape of the plantar surface of the rear feet, while generally rounded, can be difficult to classify in some cases.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DD7D9B44E6AC5071CA0BF073B7BACA5C" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="144" pageId="11" pageNumber="142" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="44311C2AFEB05D0F47649A126FBBE351" pageId="11" pageNumber="142">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7AB5B545941E6D2A5A65E084BFD38191" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="144" pageId="11" pageNumber="142">
The distribution of
<taxonomicName id="0F302B979121DC67B497BDDBB0A24782" authorityName="Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Meléndez-Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" lsidName="G. evgoodei" pageId="11" pageNumber="142" rank="species" species="evgoodei">
<emphasis id="F92F5F377B033DA2A4C766398D834DFF" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="142">G. evgoodei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="D68D5C1DCF2CD8599F257609CE3DB4C5" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Conservative estimate of the distribution of G. evgoodei in Mexico indicated by diagonal lines. Desert tortoise range limit, modified based on our field sampling, from Germano et al. (1994). Squares indicate museum and literature records of occurrence of G. spp. Circles are sample locations from Edwards et al. (2015) for both G. morafkai (black) and G. evgoodei (white). Localities in the Sinaloan thornscrub-Sonoran desertscrub ecotone indicated by split circles, which indicate the occurrence of both G. evgoodei and G. morafkai genotypes and / or hybrids." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.562.6124.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77319" pageId="11" pageNumber="142">1</figureCitation>
) occupies roughly 24,000 km2 and corresponds to habitat. The species primarily occurs in tropical deciduous forest (TDF) and relatively mesic Sinaloan thornscrub (STS) in the state of Sonora, Mexico, and its distribution extends southward into TDF and the southern part of the
<pageBreakToken id="8CF6A7D58181641CBE404B0B49EAE9F2" pageId="12" pageNumber="143" start="start">STS</pageBreakToken>
where it still remains intact in northern Sinaloa south of the
<normalizedToken id="F091C3D9F115258B01679B29B6BCBEDE" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Fuerte (
<bibRefCitation id="64B9725C6FB3E017CE1A5124101F37F6" author="Loomis, RB" journalOrPublisher="Herpetologica" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" refId="B35" refString="Loomis, RB, Geest, JC, 1964. The desert tortoise Gopherus agassizii in Sinaloa, Mexico. Herpetologica 20, 203 pp." title="The desert tortoise Gopherus agassizii in Sinaloa, Mexico." volume="20" year="1964">Loomis and Geest 1964</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="FBEDA3A1947520F8B8B24295A45FEF37" author="Edwards, T" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Wildlife Management" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" publicationUrl="10.1111/jbi.12664" refId="B16" refString="Edwards, T, Vaughn, M, Rosen, PC, Melendez-Torres, C, Karl, AE, Culver, M, Murphy, RW, 2015. Shaping species with ephemeral boundaries; the distribution and genetic structure of the desert tortoise (Gopherus morafkai) in the Sonoran Desert. In: Journal of Biogeography., DOI: 10.1111/jbi.12664" title="Shaping species with ephemeral boundaries; the distribution and genetic structure of the desert tortoise (Gopherus morafkai) in the Sonoran Desert." url="10.1111/jbi.12664" volumeTitle="Journal of Biogeography." year="2015">Edwards et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
). It also occurs in the TDF of extreme southwestern Chihuahua (
<bibRefCitation id="90C065791B67DCAC6DD8ABBC76157BE2" author="Smith, HM" journalOrPublisher="Herpetological Review" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" refId="B46" refString="Smith, HM, Chiszar, D, Lemos-Espinal, A, Woolrich-Pina, JG, 2004. Geographic distribution: Gopherus agassizii. Herpetological Review 35, 284 pp." title="Geographic distribution: Gopherus agassizii." volume="35" year="2004">Smith et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
). Thus,
<taxonomicName id="908ED7C92D4E7A677C6CA6170BF8A78A" authorityName="Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Meléndez-Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" lsidName="G. evgoodei" pageId="12" pageNumber="143" rank="species" species="evgoodei">
<emphasis id="CBA08EB263020237AF8452C3E866C198" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="143">G. evgoodei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occupies both STS and Sinaloan TDF (
<bibRefCitation id="CCD9F3D4146352A9E3D8C009F794AA74" author="Fritts, TH" editor="Bury, RB" journalOrPublisher="Biology of North American Tortoises" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" pagination="49 - 56" refId="B22" refString="Fritts, TH, Jennings, RD, 1994. Distribution, habitat use, and status of the desert tortoise in Mexico. Biology of North American Tortoises 13: 49 - 56" title="Distribution, habitat use, and status of the desert tortoise in Mexico." volume="13" volumeTitle="Biology of North American Tortoises" year="1994">Fritts and Jennings 1994</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D515659125C4F15C1B021B348566730F" author="Berry, KH" journalOrPublisher="Chelonian Conservation and Biology" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" pagination="249 - 262" refId="B3" refString="Berry, KH, Morafka, DJ, Murphy, RW, 2002. Defining the desert tortoise(s): our first priority for a coherent conservation strategy. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 4: 249 - 262" title="Defining the desert tortoise (s): our first priority for a coherent conservation strategy." volume="4" year="2002">Berry et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
). The eastern limit of its known range is the foothills of the Sierra Madre Occidental at elevations of 800-1,000 m where the TDF transitions rather abruptly into oak woodlands (
<bibRefCitation id="81DE8C73973C276C32EEE8D19556ADDF" author="Bury, RB" editor="Van Devender, TR" journalOrPublisher="Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum and University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" pagination="86 - 108" refId="B10" refString="Bury, RB, Germano, DJ, Van Devender, TR, Martin, BE, 2002. The desert tortoise in Mexico. In: Van Devender, TR, Ed., The Sonoran Desert Tortoise; Natural History, Biology, and Conservation. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum and University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ: 86 - 108" title="The desert tortoise in Mexico." volumeTitle="The Sonoran Desert Tortoise; Natural History, Biology, and Conservation." year="2002">Bury et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
). Although the southern limit of its range remains undetermined, continuous TDF extends along the West Coast of Mexico from Sonora through Sinaloa to Nayarit (&gt;500 km), although it only maintains an average width of 50 km (
<bibRefCitation id="32D6ACF72F48172C1394DBB2F1B64A56" author="Krizman, RD" journalOrPublisher="University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" refId="B31" refString="Krizman, RD, 1972. Environment and Season in a Tropical Deciduous Forest in Northwestern Mexico. University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ" title="Environment and Season in a Tropical Deciduous Forest in Northwestern Mexico" year="1972">Krizman 1972</bibRefCitation>
). It is unlikely that
<taxonomicName id="19D2AC15EE7F9BC70527E7536AC4FD74" authorityName="Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Meléndez-Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" lsidName="G. evgoodei" pageId="12" pageNumber="143" rank="species" species="evgoodei">
<emphasis id="949315185C5CA3653B8C8C30E6A39093" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="143">G. evgoodei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs very much further south in Sinaloa than currently known, or as far south as Nayarit, based on an absence of records for this relatively conspicuous and readily recognizable animal, and presumably due to as yet unidentified environmental limitations (
<bibRefCitation id="3AADD9C06CC75E4D1C39E5296502B3DD" author="Bury, RB" editor="Van Devender, TR" journalOrPublisher="Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum and University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" pagination="86 - 108" refId="B10" refString="Bury, RB, Germano, DJ, Van Devender, TR, Martin, BE, 2002. The desert tortoise in Mexico. In: Van Devender, TR, Ed., The Sonoran Desert Tortoise; Natural History, Biology, and Conservation. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum and University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ: 86 - 108" title="The desert tortoise in Mexico." volumeTitle="The Sonoran Desert Tortoise; Natural History, Biology, and Conservation." year="2002">Bury et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
). The northern boundary of
<taxonomicName id="15D3982ED59260EB181A70E05304E62C" authorityName="Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Meléndez-Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" lsidName="G. evgoodei" pageId="12" pageNumber="143" rank="species" species="evgoodei">
<emphasis id="179EBFA083D6B322695D9D92C5A18B10" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="143">G. evgoodei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
corresponds approximately to the transition from STS to SDS (
<bibRefCitation id="E140C538981ABEE34CA9FB2C497774F5" author="Edwards, T" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Wildlife Management" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" publicationUrl="10.1111/jbi.12664" refId="B16" refString="Edwards, T, Vaughn, M, Rosen, PC, Melendez-Torres, C, Karl, AE, Culver, M, Murphy, RW, 2015. Shaping species with ephemeral boundaries; the distribution and genetic structure of the desert tortoise (Gopherus morafkai) in the Sonoran Desert. In: Journal of Biogeography., DOI: 10.1111/jbi.12664" title="Shaping species with ephemeral boundaries; the distribution and genetic structure of the desert tortoise (Gopherus morafkai) in the Sonoran Desert." url="10.1111/jbi.12664" volumeTitle="Journal of Biogeography." year="2015">Edwards et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
). Although characteristic thornscrub maintains 100% ground cover, where it grades into desertscrub it becomes patchy (
<bibRefCitation id="DB395C24EC0D711BB129347435B4F030" author="Felger, RS" journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press, New York" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" refId="B21" refString="Felger, RS, Johnson, MB, Wilson, MF, 2001. Trees of Sonora, Mexico. Oxford University Press, New York" title="Trees of Sonora, Mexico" year="2001">Felger et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
). The transition of TDF and thornscrub to desertscrub dominated by more xeric species often occurs at elevations between 200 and 300 m a.s.l., but with notable exceptions (
<bibRefCitation id="A436044DF4E973C767309F85C9534DE4" author="Van Devender, TR" editor="Robichaux, RH" journalOrPublisher="University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ" pageId="21" pageNumber="152" pagination="36 - 101" refId="B55" refString="Van Devender, TR, Sanders, AC, Wilson, RK, Meyer, SA, 2000. Vegetation, flora, and seasons of the Rio Cuchujaqui, a tropical deciduous forest near Alamos, Sonora, Mexico. In: Robichaux, RH, Yetman, DA, Eds., The Tropical Deciduous Forest of Alamos: Biodiversity of a Threatened Ecosystem in Mexico. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ: 36 - 101" title="Vegetation, flora, and seasons of the Rio Cuchujaqui, a tropical deciduous forest near Alamos, Sonora, Mexico." volumeTitle="The Tropical Deciduous Forest of Alamos: Biodiversity of a Threatened Ecosystem in Mexico." year="2000">Van Devender et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
). Broadly, the distribution approaches
<pageBreakToken id="BFF566CEC8893879B3C227EF80A394E1" pageId="13" pageNumber="144" start="start">the</pageBreakToken>
boundary of the Sonoran Desert as defined by
<bibRefCitation id="5B1C99BDA37B8AC63BD077EC66AC010B" author="Brown, DE" journalOrPublisher="Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, U. S. Forest Service" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" refId="B7" refString="Brown, DE, Lowe, CH, 1980. Biotic communities of the Southwest. Map. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service" title="Biotic communities of the Southwest. Map" year="1980">Brown and Lowe (1980)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="9CB0F9F64DBE56B1441DBFA8A4F7D4E0" author="Turner, RM" journalOrPublisher="Desert Plants" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" pagination="181 - 221" refId="B50" refString="Turner, RM, 1982. Sonoran desertscrub. Desert Plants 4: 181 - 221" title="Sonoran desertscrub." volume="4" year="1982">Turner (1982)</bibRefCitation>
. However, this transition zone is patchy, with a mosaic of SDS and STS. Both
<taxonomicName id="65799271611F83F193FDBC89175596A6" authorityName="Murphy, Berry, Edwards, Leviton, Lathrop &amp; Riedle" authorityYear="2011" lsidName="G. morafkai" pageId="13" pageNumber="144" rank="species" species="morafkai">
<emphasis id="3D367916D6DD09FF4BD6162ABFCB0AC0" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="144">G. morafkai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A407CD66958F290377C2D3D4BB437AF7" authorityName="Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Meléndez-Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" lsidName="G. evgoodei" pageId="13" pageNumber="144" rank="species" species="evgoodei">
<emphasis id="C0314F649A47362E2109AA1757F122E8" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="144">G. evgoodei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occur in the more arid, desert-like ecotone-phase of STS, where limited hybridization has been observed (
<bibRefCitation id="04475DB889A003C37F6F1BFD6C8E2386" author="Edwards, T" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Wildlife Management" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" publicationUrl="10.1111/jbi.12664" refId="B16" refString="Edwards, T, Vaughn, M, Rosen, PC, Melendez-Torres, C, Karl, AE, Culver, M, Murphy, RW, 2015. Shaping species with ephemeral boundaries; the distribution and genetic structure of the desert tortoise (Gopherus morafkai) in the Sonoran Desert. In: Journal of Biogeography., DOI: 10.1111/jbi.12664" title="Shaping species with ephemeral boundaries; the distribution and genetic structure of the desert tortoise (Gopherus morafkai) in the Sonoran Desert." url="10.1111/jbi.12664" volumeTitle="Journal of Biogeography." year="2015">Edwards et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
; Fig.
<figureCitation id="1639091FD902E6E65057232456C5E8A5" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Conservative estimate of the distribution of G. evgoodei in Mexico indicated by diagonal lines. Desert tortoise range limit, modified based on our field sampling, from Germano et al. (1994). Squares indicate museum and literature records of occurrence of G. spp. Circles are sample locations from Edwards et al. (2015) for both G. morafkai (black) and G. evgoodei (white). Localities in the Sinaloan thornscrub-Sonoran desertscrub ecotone indicated by split circles, which indicate the occurrence of both G. evgoodei and G. morafkai genotypes and / or hybrids." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.562.6124.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77319" pageId="13" pageNumber="144">1</figureCitation>
). As such, we conservatively estimate the distribution of
<taxonomicName id="0311BEB208A3A8EA6A6035B6155EEED8" authorityName="Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Meléndez-Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" lsidName="G. evgoodei" pageId="13" pageNumber="144" rank="species" species="evgoodei">
<emphasis id="4F23A962591F0A251E732787743496FC" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="144">G. evgoodei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by excluding sites where
<taxonomicName id="FDBCB90961FE34A295536BA32E29204E" authorityName="Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Meléndez-Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" lsidName="G. evgoodei" pageId="13" pageNumber="144" rank="species" species="evgoodei">
<emphasis id="096C72061215A19A519CC4C17AB56DCE" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="144">G. evgoodei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="92E70E63D20A877439D5CC52BBE618C9" authorityName="Murphy, Berry, Edwards, Leviton, Lathrop &amp; Riedle" authorityYear="2011" lsidName="G. morafkai" pageId="13" pageNumber="144" rank="species" species="morafkai">
<emphasis id="C7CD45BF889DD33F579B9DC58C2BD2B9" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="144">G. morafkai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
come into contact (Fig.
<figureCitation id="CDC3BF70A3C256DE507BAD1FAFA9D314" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Conservative estimate of the distribution of G. evgoodei in Mexico indicated by diagonal lines. Desert tortoise range limit, modified based on our field sampling, from Germano et al. (1994). Squares indicate museum and literature records of occurrence of G. spp. Circles are sample locations from Edwards et al. (2015) for both G. morafkai (black) and G. evgoodei (white). Localities in the Sinaloan thornscrub-Sonoran desertscrub ecotone indicated by split circles, which indicate the occurrence of both G. evgoodei and G. morafkai genotypes and / or hybrids." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.562.6124.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77319" pageId="13" pageNumber="144">1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7F3EB4F0A2C4F70249EAFB0DA8EF507B" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="145" pageId="13" pageNumber="144" type="natural history">
<paragraph id="18A24AD2AA2CE8915FFCC0E041E7B2C2" pageId="13" pageNumber="144">Natural history.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="314480315C3EEB7CA3CB6486F62699BF" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="145" pageId="13" pageNumber="144">
<taxonomicName id="1E120C8E7EBB0643A1C15839F257434C" authorityName="Edwards &amp; Karl &amp; Vaughn &amp; Rosen &amp; Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus agassizii" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="144" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agassizii">
<emphasis id="E29C76C5041FED84D1BFC5226B2D3BD5" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="144">Gopherus agassizii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="7C7D1B01C6B0296167C0E2C469933B7E" authorityName="Murphy, Berry, Edwards, Leviton, Lathrop &amp; Riedle" authorityYear="2011" lsidName="G. morafkai" pageId="13" pageNumber="144" rank="species" species="morafkai">
<emphasis id="9FBB9E4BB0FB3E2796CBB5A3EFD056DD" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="144">G. morafkai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="2F716C060669FB9EE23D20EC9905FD02" authorityName="Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Meléndez-Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" lsidName="G. evgoodei" pageId="13" pageNumber="144" rank="species" species="evgoodei">
<emphasis id="07D4B690B6544F540A3FD6AF46F81543" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="144">G. evgoodei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appear to have diverged roughly 5.7-5.9 Ma from a common ancestor that was potentially widespread throughout what is now the Mojave, Colorado and Sonoran desert regions (Edwards et
<pageBreakToken id="B6AC68BE285B897A99C1092E50EE5722" pageId="14" pageNumber="145" start="start">al</pageBreakToken>
. 2016).
<taxonomicName id="54EBF945EE4189B283806587BFFD6327" authorityName="Edwards &amp; Karl &amp; Vaughn &amp; Rosen &amp; Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus agassizii" order="Testudines" pageId="14" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agassizii">
<emphasis id="B6C6583761F69BD35B93CD934090EB37" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="145">Gopherus agassizii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
likely diverged first via allopatric speciation when the Bouse embayment extended northward between 8-4 Ma (
<bibRefCitation id="D1DEB1510D35CAE90021378D3F868204" author="Lamb, T" journalOrPublisher="Evolution" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" pagination="76 - 87" publicationUrl="10.2307/2409165" refId="B32" refString="Lamb, T, Avise, JC, Gibbons, JW, 1989. Phylogeographic patterns in mitochondrial-DNA of the desert tortoise (Xerobates agassizi [sic]), and evolutionary relationships among the North-American gopher tortoises. Evolution 43: 76 - 87, DOI: 10.2307/2409165" title="Phylogeographic patterns in mitochondrial-DNA of the desert tortoise (Xerobates agassizi [sic]), and evolutionary relationships among the North-American gopher tortoises." url="10.2307/2409165" volume="43" year="1989">Lamb et al. 1989</bibRefCitation>
). This waterway (now the Colorado River) created a barrier between the Sonoran and Mojave deserts. About the same time,
<taxonomicName id="8A5BD9C497831654F252BF8CCE3690FD" authorityName="Murphy, Berry, Edwards, Leviton, Lathrop &amp; Riedle" authorityYear="2011" lsidName="G. morafkai" pageId="14" pageNumber="145" rank="species" species="morafkai">
<emphasis id="CA255E38160C12E9EEC0ACA6084E1480" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="145">G. morafkai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="6C30ECB1C5B6910AEE327D3EA7F9B19E" authorityName="Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Meléndez-Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" lsidName="G. evgoodei" pageId="14" pageNumber="145" rank="species" species="evgoodei">
<emphasis id="93BEF7213AC5ACC7DC7EE9AF151EA61A" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="145">G. evgoodei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
began to segregate into tropical and arid ecosystems, possibly under a parapatric model of speciation (ecological isolation), although allopatric speciation owing to climatic change and ephemeral isolation can also explain the split. By the end of the Miocene (5.3 Ma) much of the Sonoran region was likely covered in tropical forests or desert thornscrub but orogenesis initiated the drying trend that lead to the formation of the current North American deserts. The changing environment would have created new arid niches in the northern portion of the ancestral range of the desert tortoise. This could have started the ecological divergence of the three species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0784912072EAB7B83CDE93EAD1AFB440" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="147" pageId="14" pageNumber="145" type="microhabitat">
<paragraph id="C2182DDCDF5B6E21DF222892950A3EC4" pageId="14" pageNumber="145">Microhabitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6DD61F0B0DA274C99C4461B8DA11C5D3" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="147" pageId="14" pageNumber="145">
Ecologically,
<taxonomicName id="210DFE72E22A889C2658273DF2DE5D9E" authorityName="Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Meléndez-Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" lsidName="G. evgoodei" pageId="14" pageNumber="145" rank="species" species="evgoodei">
<emphasis id="54129ABD4089ACC2AB89C7B8B1C43856" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="145">G. evgoodei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occupies hills and low mountains with at least some large boulders or rock outcrops in the TDF, and the TDF-STS ecotone. Its
<pageBreakToken id="9131D17092BA7E82CCA7E3CDC8A3A3D0" pageId="15" pageNumber="146" start="start">distribution</pageBreakToken>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="6F24E5FB404204683EA0BC77BF0AB722" authorityName="Murphy, Berry, Edwards, Leviton, Lathrop &amp; Riedle" authorityYear="2011" lsidName="G. morafkai" pageId="15" pageNumber="146" rank="species" species="morafkai">
<emphasis id="9E8EFF992FC11FB7E4D9E68D0F823B9E" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="146">G. morafkai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its strong association with TDF and STS, as well as its absence from SDS. Similar to
<taxonomicName id="FC09F172C2CA9B7261C3505EB42A4C2C" authorityName="Murphy, Berry, Edwards, Leviton, Lathrop &amp; Riedle" authorityYear="2011" lsidName="G. morafkai" pageId="15" pageNumber="146" rank="species" species="morafkai">
<emphasis id="8B0DDA38D7B30B01B19141593F3C2691" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="146">G. morafkai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="BF1EB8C18B09524E72E0A560F0EC7FA5" authorityName="Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Meléndez-Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" lsidName="G. evgoodei" pageId="15" pageNumber="146" rank="species" species="evgoodei">
<emphasis id="026B638C9F91B6B86F5D0E44031C9243" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="146">G. evgoodei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
often associates with slopes where rock outcrops and boulders are common. In TDF, the tortoise generally
<pageBreakToken id="FCB17657D83082BE01740E648D0D80A5" pageId="16" pageNumber="147" start="start">excavates</pageBreakToken>
burrows under already existing boulders or enters and modifies existing rock cavities. In flatter areas where boulders are not be available, it digs burrows in soil, although possibly not as extensively as its congeners. During 2012-2013 surveys in Sonora, only 9 of 44 tortoise burrows (20%) in TDF were in soil. In comparison, 56 of 87 burrows (64%) occurred in soil in STS and SDS. Local variation was not surprising. In northern Sinaloa, Vargas V (1994) reported
<taxonomicName id="7059DE5F559DDB36023F39A41D1B8BDD" authorityName="Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Meléndez-Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" lsidName="G. evgoodei" pageId="16" pageNumber="147" rank="species" species="evgoodei">
<emphasis id="6CEF0BBCABBEA4D6D7175A61EC24CF21" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="147">G. evgoodei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
used packrat middens, dry cacti and even burrows dug by other animals (e.g. nine-banded armadillo,
<taxonomicName id="1E7A73228DFF4574285328FC960B9D8A" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Dasypus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dasypus novemcinctus" order="Cingulata" pageId="16" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="novemcinctus">
<emphasis id="ECCD2CD5214FAEE4A5923596CEF38B0D" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="147">Dasypus novemcinctus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Our observations of
<taxonomicName id="6BFEF480174B99C050217E4BB3FA2433" authorityName="Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Meléndez-Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" lsidName="G. evgoodei" pageId="16" pageNumber="147" rank="species" species="evgoodei">
<emphasis id="7DCF5EF31393DEBEDA9D7602C1BE05B9" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="147">G. evgoodei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as part of an ongoing radio-telemetry study near Alamos, Sonora, suggested that
<normalizedToken id="9922E831008B4D2B37DD38A46144C773" originalValue="Goode’s">Goode's</normalizedToken>
Thornscrub Tortoise uses several burrows a year and exhibits strong site-tenacity, returning to familiar dens year after year (unpublished data), just like its sister-species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0749C1A2EC9271194E42EE9B8A1B746E" pageId="16" pageNumber="147" type="activity">
<paragraph id="83F241D63C35207F83CD24E163A23F4F" pageId="16" pageNumber="147">Activity.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="23912E781AF1C03C99C76A8FD5F33665" pageId="16" pageNumber="147">
Presumably, tortoise activity corresponds with monsoonal rains and vegetation growth (
<bibRefCitation id="4108C20F7A9901EB05920D625E4615BA" author="Bury, RB" editor="Van Devender, TR" journalOrPublisher="Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum and University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" pagination="86 - 108" refId="B10" refString="Bury, RB, Germano, DJ, Van Devender, TR, Martin, BE, 2002. The desert tortoise in Mexico. In: Van Devender, TR, Ed., The Sonoran Desert Tortoise; Natural History, Biology, and Conservation. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum and University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ: 86 - 108" title="The desert tortoise in Mexico." volumeTitle="The Sonoran Desert Tortoise; Natural History, Biology, and Conservation." year="2002">Bury et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
<normalizedToken id="F5AA0E02B68E432DC3A6CF9BE7AA9D76" originalValue="Goode’s">Goode's</normalizedToken>
Thornscrub Tortoise is active from at least June well into November; we lack data on activity during the dry season. In Sonora, the TDF hugs the western edge of the Sierra Madre Occidental and the biome hosts extremely lush vegetation during periods of summer rainfall (July-September). During dry periods, the TDF is almost entirely leafless, but with many spectacularly blooming trees and large columnar cacti (
<bibRefCitation id="3FDBF4161C0316BD9C1FFB12A91E84B5" author="Krizman, RD" journalOrPublisher="University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" refId="B31" refString="Krizman, RD, 1972. Environment and Season in a Tropical Deciduous Forest in Northwestern Mexico. University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ" title="Environment and Season in a Tropical Deciduous Forest in Northwestern Mexico" year="1972">Krizman 1972</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F42A0A3A6715B807ADCF418532E5C345" author="Van Devender, TR" editor="Robichaux, RH" journalOrPublisher="University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ" pageId="21" pageNumber="152" pagination="36 - 101" refId="B55" refString="Van Devender, TR, Sanders, AC, Wilson, RK, Meyer, SA, 2000. Vegetation, flora, and seasons of the Rio Cuchujaqui, a tropical deciduous forest near Alamos, Sonora, Mexico. In: Robichaux, RH, Yetman, DA, Eds., The Tropical Deciduous Forest of Alamos: Biodiversity of a Threatened Ecosystem in Mexico. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ: 36 - 101" title="Vegetation, flora, and seasons of the Rio Cuchujaqui, a tropical deciduous forest near Alamos, Sonora, Mexico." volumeTitle="The Tropical Deciduous Forest of Alamos: Biodiversity of a Threatened Ecosystem in Mexico." year="2000">Van Devender et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="45C52CC59B1FB2442BF344BE774E33FE" pageId="16" pageNumber="147">
Little is known about daily activity patterns, reproduction, movements or forage of
<taxonomicName id="B8276E3E3324C2BB973A5B966E9E895B" authorityName="Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Meléndez-Torres &amp; Murphy" authorityYear="2016" lsidName="G. evgoodei" pageId="16" pageNumber="147" rank="species" species="evgoodei">
<emphasis id="FB04EBC825C9574CC14E085EFF8B500E" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="147">G. evgoodei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Like other species of
<taxonomicName id="E4C5F18E53867BC3EBEAC8A2791DAB1E" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A790A0131CFF181547F0E9070E88307B" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="147">Gopherus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, their activity relates to forage availability and ambient temperatures.
<bibRefCitation id="97DAF6E94E0281412D44C813FD4C808A" author="Van Devender, TR" editor="Van Devender, TR" journalOrPublisher="University of Arizona Press and the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson, AZ" pageId="21" pageNumber="152" pagination="159 - 193" refId="B56" refString="Van Devender, TR, Averill-Murray, RC, Esque, TC, Holm, PA, Dickenson, VM, Schwalbe, CR, Wirt, EW, Barrett, SL, 2002. Grasses, mallows, desert vine, and more: diet of the desert tortoise in Arizona and Sonora. In: Van Devender, TR, Ed., The Sonoran Desert Tortoise: Natural History, Biology, and Conservation. University of Arizona Press and the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson, AZ: 159 - 193" title="Grasses, mallows, desert vine, and more: diet of the desert tortoise in Arizona and Sonora." volumeTitle="The Sonoran Desert Tortoise: Natural History, Biology, and Conservation." year="2002">Van Devender et al. (2002)</bibRefCitation>
reported that scat from tortoises near Alamos, Sonora contained many species of plants not found in the Sonoran Desert, suggesting differences in foraging activity and selection, although species-availability might also account for this. We observed adults to begin seasonal activity shortly in advance of the growth of forage, usually in June at the leading edge of the monsoons, and enter winter dens by sometime in December and remain underground during the dry, cool winter season (unpublished data).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D5690A92BECC12F1CADC1448FB290F1D" pageId="16" pageNumber="147" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8384F7EA9F1EDE2923FCCFB08650CBF2" pageId="16" pageNumber="147">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C2881B3A2EB0B25388AD7044B308CD3" pageId="16" pageNumber="147">The new species is a patronym, a noun in the genitive case, in recognition of Eric V. Goode, a conservationist, naturalist, and founder of the Turtle Conservancy. He has contributed generously to the conservation of this species via the preservation of land in Mexico, and he actively pursues the conservation of turtles and tortoises on a global scale. Eric sets an important precedent by complementing this taxonomic description with a tangible action that contributes to the conservation of the new species in its native habitat.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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