1450 lines
199 KiB
XML
1450 lines
199 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.101027" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2032-3921-2-129" ID-Pensoft-UUID="5398FF220B565E43AD6A80E689A77F47" ModsDocID="2032-3921-156-2-129" checkinTime="1681371101542" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Sant'Anna-Santos, Bruno Francisco, Micheli, Rafael, Carvalho, Luiz Fernando Lima & Soffiatti, Patricia" docDate="2023" docId="02A7BD9EBB5F5BEBB540F1CF8BA422CE" docLanguage="en" docName="PlantEcolEvol 156(2): 129-145" docOrigin="Plant Ecology and Evolution 156 (2)" docPubDate="2023-04-12" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.101027" docTitle="Syagrus carvalhoi B. F. Sant'Anna-Santos 2023, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="5398FF220B565E43AD6A80E689A77F47" lastPageNumber="129" masterDocId="5398FF220B565E43AD6A80E689A77F47" masterDocTitle="A new bluish-leaved Syagrus (Arecaceae) from an overlooked OCBIL in the Espinhaco Range (Brazil)" masterLastPageNumber="145" masterPageNumber="129" pageNumber="129" updateTime="1681371402960" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
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<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>A new bluish-leaved Syagrus (Arecaceae) from an overlooked OCBIL in the Espinhaco Range (Brazil)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Sant'Anna-Santos, Bruno Francisco</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8327-2081</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Departamento de Bota ̂ nica, Universidade Federal do Parana ́, Curitiba, Parana ́, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">bsantannaufmg@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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||
</mods:name>
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||
<mods:name type="personal">
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||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Micheli, Rafael</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3890-3737</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Departamento de Bota ̂ nica, Universidade Federal do Parana ́, Curitiba, Parana ́, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Carvalho, Luiz Fernando Lima</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2125-0482</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Departamento de Bota ̂ nica, Universidade Federal do Parana ́, Curitiba, Parana ́, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Soffiatti, Patricia</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5634-7650</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Departamento de Bota ̂ nica, Universidade Federal do Parana ́, Curitiba, Parana ́, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Plant Ecology and Evolution</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2023</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2023-04-12</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>156</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
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||
<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>2</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>129</mods:start>
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<mods:end>145</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.101027</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.101027</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">2032-3921-2-129</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">5398FF220B565E43AD6A80E689A77F47</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:02A7BD9EBB5F5BEBB540F1CF8BA422CE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/02A7BD9EBB5F5BEBB540F1CF8BA422CE" lastPageNumber="129" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="129" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
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<taxonomicName LSID="02A7BD9E-BB5F-5BEB-B540-F1CF8BA422CE" authority="B. F. Sant’Anna-Santos" authorityName="B. F. Sant'Anna-Santos" authorityYear="2023" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Syagrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syagrus carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
Syagrus carvalhoi B.F.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sant’Anna-Santos">Sant'Anna-Santos</normalizedToken>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="129">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="129" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Syagrus carvalhoi. A. Straight leaves. B. Spicate inflorescences and infructescences. C. Close-up to a symmetrical pinnae tip. D. Branched inflorescence. E. Staminate flowers at anthesis. F. Tetrad. G. Triad. H. Staminate flower. I. Filaments connate. J. Petal. K. Stamens: ventral view. L. Pistillode. M. Stamens: dorsal view. N. Transversal-section: valvate petals. O. Pistillate flower. P. Sepal keeled. Q. Petal obscurely nerved. R. Petal: trichomes. S. Pistil. T. Infructescence. U. Endocarp pores. A, C-U from Sant'Anna-Santos 377 (UPCB, holotype), spicate inflorescences and infructescences of B added from habitat photographs. Illustration by Gustavo Surlo." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835436" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Vegetative morphological aspects of Syagrus carvalhoi. A. Colonial habit near a rock outcrop (black arrowheads). B. Detail of A: straight and ascending leaves. C. Prostrated stem (white arrowhead). D. Roots (white arrowhead). E. Unbranched stem (white arrowhead). F. Forked stem (white arrowhead). G. Acaulescent specimen: without aerial stem (white arrowhead). Photographs by Bruno F. Sant'Anna-Santos." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835437" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">, 2</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Reproductive morphological aspects of Syagrus carvalhoi. A. Dried inflorescence: inflorescence peduncle (pe) surrounded by prophyll (pr) and peduncular bract (pb). B. Bifurcate prophyll (white arrowhead). C. Base of a peduncle (pe) and peduncular bract (pb), tomentose (white arrowhead). D. Dorsal surface of the peduncular bract, deeply grooved (white arrowhead). E. Ventral surface of the peduncular bract, deeply grooved (white arrowhead). F. Tetrad after the fall of the staminate flower, bracteoles (br). G. Fruits (fr) with persistent perianth (pp), mostly covered by a brown lepidote indumentum (in) contrasting the green glabrous tip (gt). Photographs by Bruno F. Sant'Anna-Santos." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835438" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">, 3</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Distribution maps of Syagrus carvalhoi. A. Minas Gerais State (MG) in Brazil. B. Location of the Serra do Cabral massif (white arrowhead) in Minas Gerais State. C. Location of S. carvalhoi (white dot) in the southern part of the Serra do Cabral State Park." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835439" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">, 4</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Habitat and morphoanatomical aspects of Syagrus carvalhoi with ecological implications. A. Specimens of Poaceae (3 black arrowheads) and Velloziaceae (2 white arrowheads) near S. carvalhoi (sc). B. Cyperus sp. C. Paepalanthus sp. D. Pinnae frequently folded during the dry season. E. pinna (pi) manually unfolded exposing the adaxial surface; the red dotted circle shows a diagram of the expansion tissue (et) on a midrib cross-section. F. pinna densely covered by epicuticular wax (ew) compared to an area where the wax was manually removed (re). G. Epicuticular wax, SEM. H. The white circle shows a snake (sn) revealed after removing old leaves. I. Hole (ho) caused by predation of fruits (fr) by rodents. J. Insect (in) on an old pseudopetiole. K. Ant (an) walking on a pinna. L. Larva of a beetle (la) feeding on the endocarp (en). Photographs by Bruno F. Sant'Anna-Santos." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835440" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">, 5</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Pinnae anatomy of Syagrus carvalhoi using SEM (A) and LM with cross- (B-H, J-M) and longitudinal (I) sections. A. Adaxial surface: epicuticular waxes (ew) and stomata (st). B. Adaxial surface: guard cells (gc) at the same level of the epidermis (ep); subsidiary cells (sc) at the same level of hypodermis (hy). Cell wall (cw), cuticle (cu). C. Stomata on both surfaces (white arrowheads); palisade parenchyma (pa) throughout the mesophyll; tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (grey arrowhead) and not connected to the abaxial hypodermis (black arrowhead). D. Secondary vascular bundles (t 2) connected to hypodermis (black arrowheads) on both surfaces. E. Primary vascular bundles (t 1) connected to the hypodermis (black arrowheads), conspicuous metaxylem (me), protoxylem (white arrowhead) and phloem (ph). F. Adaxial surface: non-vascular fibre bundle (fi) and tertiary vascular bundle (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (black arrowheads). Palisade parenchyma (pa). G. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with primary vascular bundle (t 1). Palisade parenchyma (pa). H. Tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) and a raphide-containing idioblast (id). I. Idioblast (id) containing raphides (ra). J. Expansion tissue interrupted (surrounded by the dotted white line); fibres in the expansion tissue (white arrowhead); two collateral bundles (white circles); group of fibres (black arrowhead) and accessory bundle (white rectangle). K. Trichome (tr). L. Fibre (black arrowhead) in the expansion tissue (et). M. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with the fibres (black arrowheads) in the expansion tissue (et)." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835441" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">, 6</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Diagrams of the pinnae variation of vein and fibre arrangement of Syagrus carvalhoi (cross-section of the intermediate region). A. Type 1. B. Type 2. C. Type 3. D. Type 4." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/837039" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">, 7</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. 3 D map of the Serra do Cabral massif (A) and some morphological differences between the grass-like Syagrus carvalhoi (B, D, F) and Syagrus cabraliensis (C, E, G). A. Relief of the SC and the location of S. carvalhoi and S. cabraliensis. B. Bluish, straight and ascending leaves. C. Dark green and slightly arched leaves. D. Symmetrical pinna tip. E. Asymmetrical pinna tip. F. Staminate flower with short pedicel (black arrowhead). G. Staminate flower with long pedicel (black arrowhead). Photographs B-G by Bruno F. Sant'Anna-Santos." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835442" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">, 8</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="129" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="B. F. Sant'Anna-Santos" authorityYear="2023" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Syagrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syagrus carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Syagrus carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Syagrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syagrus cabraliensis" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cabraliensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Syagrus cabraliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Noblick & Lorenzi) B.F.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sant’Anna-Santos">Sant'Anna-Santos</normalizedToken>
|
||
, from which it differs by larger, taller clumps (sometimes with colonial habit); taller plants; leaves bluish and straight (vs dark green and slightly arched); pinnae inserted at various angles near the base but otherwise regularly arranged on the upper part of the leaf towards the tip (vs inserted at various angles throughout the entire rachis); pinnae with symmetric tip (vs asymmetric tip); pinnae glaucous on adaxial surface (vs pinnae glossy on adaxial surface); the presence of inconspicuous ramenta (vs without ramenta); rachillae of different sizes throughout the rachis (vs similar-sized rachillae); staminate flowers briefly pedicellate and filaments briefly connate at the base (vs staminate flowers long pedicellate and stamens with free filaments).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835437" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Vegetative morphological aspects of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="B. F. Sant'Anna-Santos" authorityYear="2023" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Syagrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syagrus carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Syagrus carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">A</emphasis>
|
||
. Colonial habit near a rock outcrop (black arrowheads).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">B</emphasis>
|
||
. Detail of A: straight and ascending leaves.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">C</emphasis>
|
||
. Prostrated stem (white arrowhead).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">D</emphasis>
|
||
. Roots (white arrowhead).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">E</emphasis>
|
||
. Unbranched stem (white arrowhead).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">F</emphasis>
|
||
. Forked stem (white arrowhead).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">G</emphasis>
|
||
. Acaulescent specimen: without aerial stem (white arrowhead). Photographs by Bruno F.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sant’Anna-Santos">Sant'Anna-Santos</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="129" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2021-01-08" country="BRAZIL" elevation="1044" latitude="-17.953726" location="Parque Estadual da Serra Cabral" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-44.250683" municipality="Buenopolis" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Minas Gerais" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Brazil">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
|
||
-
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Brazil" name="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
•
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Buenópolis">
|
||
<collectingMunicipality>Buenopolis</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:02A7BD9EBB5F5BEBB540F1CF8BA422CE:E52C704F66B6F712D200C08D7FF724AD" country="BRAZIL" latitude="-17.953726" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-44.250683" municipality="Buenopolis" name="Parque Estadual da Serra Cabral" stateProvince="Minas Gerais">Parque Estadual da Serra Cabral</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="17" direction="south" minutes="57" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="13.41" value="-17.953726">
|
||
17°57
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="’13.41”">'13.41"</normalizedToken>
|
||
S
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="44" direction="west" minutes="15" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="2.46" value="-44.250683">
|
||
44°15
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="’2.46”">'2.46"</normalizedToken>
|
||
W
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.044" unit="m" value="1044.0">
|
||
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.044" unit="m" value="1044.0">1044 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingDate value="2021-01-08">8 Jan. 2021</collectingDate>
|
||
; fl., fr.;
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sant’Anna-Santos">Sant'Anna-Santos</normalizedToken>
|
||
377
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<typeStatus>holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
: UPCB; isotypes: DIAM, IBGE, MBM, UFG
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835438" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Reproductive morphological aspects of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="B. F. Sant'Anna-Santos" authorityYear="2023" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Syagrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syagrus carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Syagrus carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">A</emphasis>
|
||
. Dried inflorescence: inflorescence peduncle (pe) surrounded by prophyll (pr) and peduncular bract (pb).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">B</emphasis>
|
||
. Bifurcate prophyll (white arrowhead).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">C</emphasis>
|
||
. Base of a peduncle (pe) and peduncular bract (pb), tomentose (white arrowhead).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">D</emphasis>
|
||
. Dorsal surface of the peduncular bract, deeply grooved (white arrowhead).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">E</emphasis>
|
||
. Ventral surface of the peduncular bract, deeply grooved (white arrowhead).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">F</emphasis>
|
||
. Tetrad after the fall of the staminate flower, bracteoles (br).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">G</emphasis>
|
||
. Fruits (fr) with persistent perianth (pp), mostly covered by a brown lepidote indumentum (in) contrasting the green glabrous tip (gt). Photographs by Bruno F.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sant’Anna-Santos">Sant'Anna-Santos</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="129" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
Small palm, clustering to colonial, 100-140(-160) cm tall. Stem 30-60
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
7-9 cm, subterranean or prostrate, rarely erect, sometimes forking at or below the ground. Leaves pinnate number 6-13; sheathing leaf base ca 6-16 cm long; pseudopetiole 10-21 cm long; petiole 8-15
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.4-0.7 cm and 0.2-0.4 cm thick, abaxial side of petiole and rachis with scarce white tomentum; rachis 43-83 cm long; pinnae bluish-green on both surfaces, glaucous on both sides, pinnae narrow, single-folded and almost linear, fold quickly during drying, pinnae numbering 19-26 pairs, in clusters of 2-3, inserted at various angles near the base but otherwise regularly arranged on the upper part to the leaf towards the tip, inconspicuous ramenta scales along the abaxial midrib; basal pinnae 23-38
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.3-0.6 cm, middle pinnae 22-41
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.5-1.1 cm, apical pinnae 22.5-29.5
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.1-0.3 cm with an asymmetric tip. Inflorescences spicate or spirally branched, with prophyll 6.5-10
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.0-1.5 cm; peduncular bract 32-45 cm long, woody, narrow, sulcate, with whitish indument thicker at the base of the bract, inflated portion 19.5-35
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.3-2.5 cm, including a 0.8-1.5 cm beak, 1.8-3.1 cm perimeter, 0.8-2 mm thickness; peduncle ca 12.5-18 cm
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.0-5.0 mm, with white indument; inflorescence axis 12-23 cm long; rachis 0-5.5 cm long; rachillae 1-4(-6), glabrous, 6-15 cm long at the apex, 9.5-18 cm long at the base; flowers arranged in triads or tetrads with two central pistillate flowers, each flanked by a staminate flower, both staminate and pistillate flowers with three sepals and three petals. Staminate flowers 6.4-10.8
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
2.5-4.1 mm at the apex, 8.3-16.8
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
2.6-4.3 mm at the base, those at the apex sessile, those at the base frequently pedicellate, pedicels ca 1 mm long, green to yellow, sepals 0.8-2.0
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.5-0.6 mm, glabrous, triangular, no visible nerves, briefly connate at the base, petals 5.5-7.2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
2.0-2.8 mm at the apex, 8.2-10.2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.5-2.8 mm at the base, with acute tips, nerves indistinct; ovate-triangular, valvate, stamens 3.9-9.5 mm long; anthers 2.7-3.5 mm long; filaments 2.1-6.8 mm long, very briefly connate at the base; pistillode trifid, ca 1.0-1.5 mm. Pistillate flowers elongate-pyramidal, 9.9-10.8
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
4.0-5.8 mm at the apex, 11.8-16.4
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.6-7.5 mm at the base, glabrous; sepals 9.9-12.9
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
2.3-2.6 mm, yellow, without visible venation, triangular, imbricate, with scarce hairs at the margin; petals 9.6-10.1
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.8-2.4 mm, obscurely nerved and slightly raised on the lower third of the petal, the lower third of margins with multiseriate hairs, imbricate at the base but valvate at the tips, triangular; pistil 5.4-10
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
2.5-4.0 mm, with lepidote indument from the base of the pistil to nearly the base of the stigmas, stigmas 2.7-3.7 mm long, glabrous; staminodial ring ca 0.4-1.2 mm in height, 6-dentate. Fruits ellipsoid, 1.8-2.7
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.0-1.6 cm, green tip when mature, tip glabrous, rest of the fruit brown, scaly lepidote tomentum, epicarp less than 0.5 mm thick, mesocarp less than 0.5 mm thick, succulent, and fibrous; endocarp 1.4-1.8
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.0-1.3 cm and ca 1 mm thick, trivittate interior. Seeds ellipsoid to nearly globose, endosperm homogeneous. Germination remote tubular.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="129" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="B. F. Sant'Anna-Santos" authorityYear="2023" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Syagrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syagrus carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Syagrus carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is endemic to the southern part of the Serra do Cabral State Park, municipality of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Buenópolis">Buenopolis</normalizedToken>
|
||
, north-central Minas Gerais state, Brazil (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Distribution maps of Syagrus carvalhoi. A. Minas Gerais State (MG) in Brazil. B. Location of the Serra do Cabral massif (white arrowhead) in Minas Gerais State. C. Location of S. carvalhoi (white dot) in the southern part of the Serra do Cabral State Park." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835439" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835439" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution maps of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="B. F. Sant'Anna-Santos" authorityYear="2023" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Syagrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syagrus carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Syagrus carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">A</emphasis>
|
||
. Minas Gerais State (MG) in Brazil.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">B</emphasis>
|
||
. Location of the Serra do Cabral massif (white arrowhead) in Minas Gerais State.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">C</emphasis>
|
||
. Location of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(white dot) in the southern part of the Serra do Cabral State Park.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="129" type="habitat">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Habitat and ecology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
The Serra do Cabral is characterised by two well-defined seasons: rainy, with hot and humid summers and mean precipitation of 750 mm, from November to April, and a dry season, with winters occurring from May to October (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hatschbach, G" journalOrPublisher="Boletim Do Museu Botanico Municipal" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="1 - 33" refId="B19" refString="Hatschbach, G, Guarconi, EAE, Sartori, MA, Ribas, O, 2006. Aspectos fisionomicos da vegetacao da Serra do Cabral - Minas Gerais, Brasil. Boletim Do Museu Botanico Municipal 67 (1): 1 - 33" title="Aspectos fisionomicos da vegetacao da Serra do Cabral - Minas Gerais, Brasil." volume="67" year="2006">Hatschbach et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The mean annual temperature is 22°C, but the relief has a significant influence on the temperatures, with higher areas having mild and more humid summers, with mean annual precipitation of 1500 mm and mean temperatures of 20°C (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hatschbach, G" journalOrPublisher="Boletim Do Museu Botanico Municipal" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="1 - 33" refId="B19" refString="Hatschbach, G, Guarconi, EAE, Sartori, MA, Ribas, O, 2006. Aspectos fisionomicos da vegetacao da Serra do Cabral - Minas Gerais, Brasil. Boletim Do Museu Botanico Municipal 67 (1): 1 - 33" title="Aspectos fisionomicos da vegetacao da Serra do Cabral - Minas Gerais, Brasil." volume="67" year="2006">Hatschbach et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The new species grows on quartzitic campos rupestres, on sandy soils of low fertility near rocky outcrops. Among the distinct relief types that compose the Serra do Cabral massif described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hatschbach, G" journalOrPublisher="Boletim Do Museu Botanico Municipal" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="1 - 33" refId="B19" refString="Hatschbach, G, Guarconi, EAE, Sartori, MA, Ribas, O, 2006. Aspectos fisionomicos da vegetacao da Serra do Cabral - Minas Gerais, Brasil. Boletim Do Museu Botanico Municipal 67 (1): 1 - 33" title="Aspectos fisionomicos da vegetacao da Serra do Cabral - Minas Gerais, Brasil." volume="67" year="2006">Hatschbach et al. (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“plateau”">"plateau"</normalizedToken>
|
||
with altitudes between 1000 and 1206 m. These habitats are well represented by species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Habitat and morphoanatomical aspects of Syagrus carvalhoi with ecological implications. A. Specimens of Poaceae (3 black arrowheads) and Velloziaceae (2 white arrowheads) near S. carvalhoi (sc). B. Cyperus sp. C. Paepalanthus sp. D. Pinnae frequently folded during the dry season. E. pinna (pi) manually unfolded exposing the adaxial surface; the red dotted circle shows a diagram of the expansion tissue (et) on a midrib cross-section. F. pinna densely covered by epicuticular wax (ew) compared to an area where the wax was manually removed (re). G. Epicuticular wax, SEM. H. The white circle shows a snake (sn) revealed after removing old leaves. I. Hole (ho) caused by predation of fruits (fr) by rodents. J. Insect (in) on an old pseudopetiole. K. Ant (an) walking on a pinna. L. Larva of a beetle (la) feeding on the endocarp (en). Photographs by Bruno F. Sant'Anna-Santos." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835440" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">5A</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Velloziaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Pandanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Velloziaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Habitat and morphoanatomical aspects of Syagrus carvalhoi with ecological implications. A. Specimens of Poaceae (3 black arrowheads) and Velloziaceae (2 white arrowheads) near S. carvalhoi (sc). B. Cyperus sp. C. Paepalanthus sp. D. Pinnae frequently folded during the dry season. E. pinna (pi) manually unfolded exposing the adaxial surface; the red dotted circle shows a diagram of the expansion tissue (et) on a midrib cross-section. F. pinna densely covered by epicuticular wax (ew) compared to an area where the wax was manually removed (re). G. Epicuticular wax, SEM. H. The white circle shows a snake (sn) revealed after removing old leaves. I. Hole (ho) caused by predation of fruits (fr) by rodents. J. Insect (in) on an old pseudopetiole. K. Ant (an) walking on a pinna. L. Larva of a beetle (la) feeding on the endocarp (en). Photographs by Bruno F. Sant'Anna-Santos." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835440" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">5A</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cyperaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Habitat and morphoanatomical aspects of Syagrus carvalhoi with ecological implications. A. Specimens of Poaceae (3 black arrowheads) and Velloziaceae (2 white arrowheads) near S. carvalhoi (sc). B. Cyperus sp. C. Paepalanthus sp. D. Pinnae frequently folded during the dry season. E. pinna (pi) manually unfolded exposing the adaxial surface; the red dotted circle shows a diagram of the expansion tissue (et) on a midrib cross-section. F. pinna densely covered by epicuticular wax (ew) compared to an area where the wax was manually removed (re). G. Epicuticular wax, SEM. H. The white circle shows a snake (sn) revealed after removing old leaves. I. Hole (ho) caused by predation of fruits (fr) by rodents. J. Insect (in) on an old pseudopetiole. K. Ant (an) walking on a pinna. L. Larva of a beetle (la) feeding on the endocarp (en). Photographs by Bruno F. Sant'Anna-Santos." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835440" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">5B</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Eriocaulaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Eriocaulaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Habitat and morphoanatomical aspects of Syagrus carvalhoi with ecological implications. A. Specimens of Poaceae (3 black arrowheads) and Velloziaceae (2 white arrowheads) near S. carvalhoi (sc). B. Cyperus sp. C. Paepalanthus sp. D. Pinnae frequently folded during the dry season. E. pinna (pi) manually unfolded exposing the adaxial surface; the red dotted circle shows a diagram of the expansion tissue (et) on a midrib cross-section. F. pinna densely covered by epicuticular wax (ew) compared to an area where the wax was manually removed (re). G. Epicuticular wax, SEM. H. The white circle shows a snake (sn) revealed after removing old leaves. I. Hole (ho) caused by predation of fruits (fr) by rodents. J. Insect (in) on an old pseudopetiole. K. Ant (an) walking on a pinna. L. Larva of a beetle (la) feeding on the endocarp (en). Photographs by Bruno F. Sant'Anna-Santos." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835440" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">5C</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Melastomataceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Xyridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Xyridaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hatschbach, G" journalOrPublisher="Boletim Do Museu Botanico Municipal" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="1 - 33" refId="B19" refString="Hatschbach, G, Guarconi, EAE, Sartori, MA, Ribas, O, 2006. Aspectos fisionomicos da vegetacao da Serra do Cabral - Minas Gerais, Brasil. Boletim Do Museu Botanico Municipal 67 (1): 1 - 33" title="Aspectos fisionomicos da vegetacao da Serra do Cabral - Minas Gerais, Brasil." volume="67" year="2006">Hatschbach et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2011.04.003" author="Echternacht, L" journalOrPublisher="Flora" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="782 - 791" refId="B8" refString="Echternacht, L, Trovo, M, Oliveira, CT, Pirani, JR, 2011. Areas of endemism in the Espinhaco Range in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Flora 206 (9): 782 - 791, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2011.04.003" title="Areas of endemism in the Espinhaco Range in Minas Gerais, Brazil." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2011.04.003" volume="206" year="2011">Echternacht et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29808-5_6" author="Conceicao, AA" editor="Fernandes, G" journalOrPublisher="Springer, Chammony" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="105 - 128" refId="B4" refString="Conceicao, AA, Rapini, A, Carmo, FF, Brito, JC, Silva, GA, Neves, SPS, Jacobi, CM, 2016. Rupestrian grassland vegetation, diversity, and origin. In: Fernandes, G, Ed., Ecology and Conservation of Mountaintop Grasslands in Brazil. Springer, Chammony: 105 - 128, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29808-5_6" title="Rupestrian grassland vegetation, diversity, and origin." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29808-5_6" volumeTitle="Ecology and Conservation of Mountaintop Grasslands in Brazil." year="2016">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Conceição">Conceicao</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.367.2.3" author="Costa, FN" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="133 - 144" refId="B5" refString="Costa, FN, Andrino, CO, Sano, PT, Trovo, M, Echternacht, L, 2018. Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) in the central Espinhaco range in Minas Gerais, Brazil: checklist, endemism, and nomenclatural changes. Phytotaxa 367 (2): 133 - 144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.367.2.3" title="Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) in the central Espinhaco range in Minas Gerais, Brazil: checklist, endemism, and nomenclatural changes." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.367.2.3" volume="367" year="2018">Costa et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, the graminoid species dominate in these high landscapes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29808-5_6" author="Conceicao, AA" editor="Fernandes, G" journalOrPublisher="Springer, Chammony" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="105 - 128" refId="B4" refString="Conceicao, AA, Rapini, A, Carmo, FF, Brito, JC, Silva, GA, Neves, SPS, Jacobi, CM, 2016. Rupestrian grassland vegetation, diversity, and origin. In: Fernandes, G, Ed., Ecology and Conservation of Mountaintop Grasslands in Brazil. Springer, Chammony: 105 - 128, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29808-5_6" title="Rupestrian grassland vegetation, diversity, and origin." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29808-5_6" volumeTitle="Ecology and Conservation of Mountaintop Grasslands in Brazil." year="2016">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Conceição">Conceicao</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the new species goes almost unnoticed due to its grass-like appearance during the rainy season (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Habitat and morphoanatomical aspects of Syagrus carvalhoi with ecological implications. A. Specimens of Poaceae (3 black arrowheads) and Velloziaceae (2 white arrowheads) near S. carvalhoi (sc). B. Cyperus sp. C. Paepalanthus sp. D. Pinnae frequently folded during the dry season. E. pinna (pi) manually unfolded exposing the adaxial surface; the red dotted circle shows a diagram of the expansion tissue (et) on a midrib cross-section. F. pinna densely covered by epicuticular wax (ew) compared to an area where the wax was manually removed (re). G. Epicuticular wax, SEM. H. The white circle shows a snake (sn) revealed after removing old leaves. I. Hole (ho) caused by predation of fruits (fr) by rodents. J. Insect (in) on an old pseudopetiole. K. Ant (an) walking on a pinna. L. Larva of a beetle (la) feeding on the endocarp (en). Photographs by Bruno F. Sant'Anna-Santos." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835440" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">5A</figureCitation>
|
||
), when most species have fresh greenish or bluish leaves. On the other hand,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="B. F. Sant'Anna-Santos" authorityYear="2023" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Syagrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syagrus carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Syagrus carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more easily noticed in the dry season (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Habitat and morphoanatomical aspects of Syagrus carvalhoi with ecological implications. A. Specimens of Poaceae (3 black arrowheads) and Velloziaceae (2 white arrowheads) near S. carvalhoi (sc). B. Cyperus sp. C. Paepalanthus sp. D. Pinnae frequently folded during the dry season. E. pinna (pi) manually unfolded exposing the adaxial surface; the red dotted circle shows a diagram of the expansion tissue (et) on a midrib cross-section. F. pinna densely covered by epicuticular wax (ew) compared to an area where the wax was manually removed (re). G. Epicuticular wax, SEM. H. The white circle shows a snake (sn) revealed after removing old leaves. I. Hole (ho) caused by predation of fruits (fr) by rodents. J. Insect (in) on an old pseudopetiole. K. Ant (an) walking on a pinna. L. Larva of a beetle (la) feeding on the endocarp (en). Photographs by Bruno F. Sant'Anna-Santos." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835440" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">5D</figureCitation>
|
||
) because it is one of the few species whose leaves do not dry out (and do not lose the bluish colour). Instead, the leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a thick epicuticular wax layer covering the lamina and were frequently folded during the dry season - probably by the action of expansion cells on the abaxial surface of the midrib (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Habitat and morphoanatomical aspects of Syagrus carvalhoi with ecological implications. A. Specimens of Poaceae (3 black arrowheads) and Velloziaceae (2 white arrowheads) near S. carvalhoi (sc). B. Cyperus sp. C. Paepalanthus sp. D. Pinnae frequently folded during the dry season. E. pinna (pi) manually unfolded exposing the adaxial surface; the red dotted circle shows a diagram of the expansion tissue (et) on a midrib cross-section. F. pinna densely covered by epicuticular wax (ew) compared to an area where the wax was manually removed (re). G. Epicuticular wax, SEM. H. The white circle shows a snake (sn) revealed after removing old leaves. I. Hole (ho) caused by predation of fruits (fr) by rodents. J. Insect (in) on an old pseudopetiole. K. Ant (an) walking on a pinna. L. Larva of a beetle (la) feeding on the endocarp (en). Photographs by Bruno F. Sant'Anna-Santos." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835440" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">5D-G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Despite the role of expansion tissue in the unfolding and expansion of the mature lamina (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tomlinson, PB" journalOrPublisher="Ciencia Florestal" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" refId="B67" refString="Tomlinson, PB, Horn, JW, Fisher, JB, 2011. The Anatomy of Palms. Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 1-251." title="The Anatomy of Palms. Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 1 - 251." year="2011">Tomlinson et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the folding of the lamina in palms has been associated with the action of expansion tissue cells combined with the water lost from the hypodermis (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-015-9384-2" author="Defaveri, ACA" journalOrPublisher="Brittonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="336 - 349" refId="B6" refString="Defaveri, ACA, Barros, CF, Arruda, RCO, Simas, NK, Sato, A, 2015. Allagoptera arenaria (Arecaceae): leaf anatomy of a palm from the Brazilian shore. Brittonia 67 (4): 336 - 349, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-015-9384-2" title="Allagoptera arenaria (Arecaceae): leaf anatomy of a palm from the Brazilian shore." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-015-9384-2" volume="67" year="2015">Defaveri et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2021.151993" author="Barbosa, LHS" journalOrPublisher="Flora" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination=": 151993" refId="B3" refString="Barbosa, LHS, Silva, GS, Junior, AFN, Appezzato-da-Gloria, B, 2022. Leaf phenotypic variation of Allagoptera campestris (Mart.) Kuntze (Arecaceae) in response to unnatural disturbances in the Cerrado. Flora 287 (1): 151993, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2021.151993" title="Leaf phenotypic variation of Allagoptera campestris (Mart.) Kuntze (Arecaceae) in response to unnatural disturbances in the Cerrado." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2021.151993" volume="287" year="2022">Barbosa et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Closing movements of the lamina under dry conditions were also observed for other palms in semi-arid regions and could reduce the loss of water and the incidence of sunlight on the leaf surface (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4499.364" author="Oliveira, D" journalOrPublisher="Bragantia" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="128 - 134" refId="B52" refString="Oliveira, D, Medeiros, M, Pereira, S, Oliveira, M, Frosi, G, Arruda, E, Santos, M, 2016. Ecophysiological leaf traits of native and exotic palm tree species under semi-arid conditions. Bragantia 75 (2): 128 - 134, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4499.364" title="Ecophysiological leaf traits of native and exotic palm tree species under semi-arid conditions." url="https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4499.364" volume="75" year="2016">Oliveira et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Regarding the local fauna, the constant presence of snakes under the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Habitat and morphoanatomical aspects of Syagrus carvalhoi with ecological implications. A. Specimens of Poaceae (3 black arrowheads) and Velloziaceae (2 white arrowheads) near S. carvalhoi (sc). B. Cyperus sp. C. Paepalanthus sp. D. Pinnae frequently folded during the dry season. E. pinna (pi) manually unfolded exposing the adaxial surface; the red dotted circle shows a diagram of the expansion tissue (et) on a midrib cross-section. F. pinna densely covered by epicuticular wax (ew) compared to an area where the wax was manually removed (re). G. Epicuticular wax, SEM. H. The white circle shows a snake (sn) revealed after removing old leaves. I. Hole (ho) caused by predation of fruits (fr) by rodents. J. Insect (in) on an old pseudopetiole. K. Ant (an) walking on a pinna. L. Larva of a beetle (la) feeding on the endocarp (en). Photographs by Bruno F. Sant'Anna-Santos." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835440" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">5H</figureCitation>
|
||
), as well as the signs of rodent predation on its fruits (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Habitat and morphoanatomical aspects of Syagrus carvalhoi with ecological implications. A. Specimens of Poaceae (3 black arrowheads) and Velloziaceae (2 white arrowheads) near S. carvalhoi (sc). B. Cyperus sp. C. Paepalanthus sp. D. Pinnae frequently folded during the dry season. E. pinna (pi) manually unfolded exposing the adaxial surface; the red dotted circle shows a diagram of the expansion tissue (et) on a midrib cross-section. F. pinna densely covered by epicuticular wax (ew) compared to an area where the wax was manually removed (re). G. Epicuticular wax, SEM. H. The white circle shows a snake (sn) revealed after removing old leaves. I. Hole (ho) caused by predation of fruits (fr) by rodents. J. Insect (in) on an old pseudopetiole. K. Ant (an) walking on a pinna. L. Larva of a beetle (la) feeding on the endocarp (en). Photographs by Bruno F. Sant'Anna-Santos." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835440" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">5I</figureCitation>
|
||
), reinforces the ecological relevance of this palm as a shelter for reptiles and a food source for small mammals in the SC highlands. Different insect species also visit the new species (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Habitat and morphoanatomical aspects of Syagrus carvalhoi with ecological implications. A. Specimens of Poaceae (3 black arrowheads) and Velloziaceae (2 white arrowheads) near S. carvalhoi (sc). B. Cyperus sp. C. Paepalanthus sp. D. Pinnae frequently folded during the dry season. E. pinna (pi) manually unfolded exposing the adaxial surface; the red dotted circle shows a diagram of the expansion tissue (et) on a midrib cross-section. F. pinna densely covered by epicuticular wax (ew) compared to an area where the wax was manually removed (re). G. Epicuticular wax, SEM. H. The white circle shows a snake (sn) revealed after removing old leaves. I. Hole (ho) caused by predation of fruits (fr) by rodents. J. Insect (in) on an old pseudopetiole. K. Ant (an) walking on a pinna. L. Larva of a beetle (la) feeding on the endocarp (en). Photographs by Bruno F. Sant'Anna-Santos." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835440" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">5J-L</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, the most frequent interaction observed was the remarkable presence of beetle larvae feeding on the seeds (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Habitat and morphoanatomical aspects of Syagrus carvalhoi with ecological implications. A. Specimens of Poaceae (3 black arrowheads) and Velloziaceae (2 white arrowheads) near S. carvalhoi (sc). B. Cyperus sp. C. Paepalanthus sp. D. Pinnae frequently folded during the dry season. E. pinna (pi) manually unfolded exposing the adaxial surface; the red dotted circle shows a diagram of the expansion tissue (et) on a midrib cross-section. F. pinna densely covered by epicuticular wax (ew) compared to an area where the wax was manually removed (re). G. Epicuticular wax, SEM. H. The white circle shows a snake (sn) revealed after removing old leaves. I. Hole (ho) caused by predation of fruits (fr) by rodents. J. Insect (in) on an old pseudopetiole. K. Ant (an) walking on a pinna. L. Larva of a beetle (la) feeding on the endocarp (en). Photographs by Bruno F. Sant'Anna-Santos." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835440" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">5L</figureCitation>
|
||
). Palm fruits experience greater predation than dispersion (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Henderson, A" journalOrPublisher="Boletim Do Museu Botanico Municipal" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" refId="B20" refString="Henderson, A, 2002. Evolution and Ecology of Palms. The New York Botanical Garden Press, New York, 1-259." title="Evolution and Ecology of Palms. The New York Botanical Garden Press, New York, 1 - 259." year="2002">Henderson 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Guimaraes, CAL" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" refId="B17" refString="Guimaraes, CAL, Silva, LAM, 2012. Piacava da Bahia (Attalea funifera Martius): do Extrativismo a Cultura Agricola. Editus, Ilheus, 1-262." title="Piacava da Bahia (Attalea funifera Martius): do Extrativismo a Cultura Agricola. Editus, Ilheus, 1 - 262." year="2012">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Guimarães">Guimaraes</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Silva 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which, coupled with intense fires and the physical barriers imposed by the relief, probably affects the dispersibility of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835440" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Habitat and morphoanatomical aspects of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="B. F. Sant'Anna-Santos" authorityYear="2023" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Syagrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syagrus carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Syagrus carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with ecological implications.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">A</emphasis>
|
||
. Specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(3 black arrowheads) and
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Velloziaceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rank="family">Velloziaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(2 white arrowheads) near
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(sc).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">B</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Cyperus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cyperus" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Cyperus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Eriocaulaceae" genus="Paepalanthus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Paepalanthus" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Paepalanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">D</emphasis>
|
||
. Pinnae frequently folded during the dry season.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">E</emphasis>
|
||
. pinna (pi) manually unfolded exposing the adaxial surface; the red dotted circle shows a diagram of the expansion tissue (et) on a midrib cross-section.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">F</emphasis>
|
||
. pinna densely covered by epicuticular wax (ew) compared to an area where the wax was manually removed (re).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">G</emphasis>
|
||
. Epicuticular wax, SEM.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">H</emphasis>
|
||
. The white circle shows a snake (sn) revealed after removing old leaves.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">I</emphasis>
|
||
. Hole (ho) caused by predation of fruits (fr) by rodents.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">J</emphasis>
|
||
. Insect (in) on an old pseudopetiole.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">K</emphasis>
|
||
. Ant (an) walking on a pinna.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">L</emphasis>
|
||
. Larva of a beetle (la) feeding on the endocarp (en). Photographs by Bruno F.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sant’Anna-Santos">Sant'Anna-Santos</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="129" type="phenology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Phenology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">The phenology was monitored between December 2019 and November 2022, and the species flowers and bears fruits throughout the year.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="C60F2F2720392D7757E83A39ECAD75A8" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C60F2F2720392D7757E83A39ECAD75A8" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" start="Table 1" startId="T1">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Table 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="B. F. Sant'Anna-Santos" authorityYear="2023" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Syagrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syagrus carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Syagrus carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cabraliensis" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cabraliensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. cabraliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<table pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Characters</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cabraliensis" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cabraliensis">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. cabraliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Site of occurrence</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Southern part of Serra do Cabral</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Northern part of Serra do Cabral</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Habitat</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Quartizitic campo rupestre</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Ferruginous campo rupestre</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Size (cm)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">100-140(-160)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">37-80(-95)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Pinnae colour</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Bluish</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Dark green</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Pinnae number</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">19-26</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">9-19</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Pinnae tip</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Symmetrical</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Asymmetrical</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Ramenta scales</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Present</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Absent</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Leaves</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Straight</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Slightly arched</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Pinnae arrangement on the upper part of the rachis</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Regular</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Various angles</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Leaf rachis length (cm)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">43-83</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">25-39</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Peduncular bract length (cm)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">32-45</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">12.2-31</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Length of the inflated portion of the peduncular bract (cm)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">19.5-35</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">8.5-19</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Rachis length (cm)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">0-5.5</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">0-2.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Size of the rachillae throughout the rachis</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Different size</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Similar size</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Pedicel length of the basal staminate flowers (mm)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">ca 1</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">1-4.5(-5.0)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Filaments</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Very briefly connate at the base</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Distinct</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Length of the basal pistillate flowers (mm)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">11.8-16.4</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">10.0-11.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Indumentum of the petals of pistillate flowers</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Margins with hairs</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Glabrous</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Number of endocarp pores</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">3</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">3 or 6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Endocarp pore position</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Only subbasal</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Subbasal or subbasal and subapical</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="129" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
The specific epithet
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
is named in honour of Wellington Geraldo Oliveira Carvalho
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Júnior">Junior</normalizedToken>
|
||
, a palm enthusiast who discovered this species. Mr Carvalho and his family have provided financial and logistical support to our research in recent years. So, our
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="team’s">team's</normalizedToken>
|
||
discoveries were only possible thanks to his support and motivation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="129" type="iucn conservation assessment">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">IUCN conservation assessment.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="B. F. Sant'Anna-Santos" authorityYear="2023" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Syagrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syagrus carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Syagrus carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known only within the boundaries of the Serra do Cabral State Park. Near the park, there are small farms where livestock is raised, roads,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pinus" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Pinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Eriocaulaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Eucalyptus" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Eucalyptus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. plantations, and mining gravel extraction (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hatschbach, G" journalOrPublisher="Boletim Do Museu Botanico Municipal" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="1 - 33" refId="B19" refString="Hatschbach, G, Guarconi, EAE, Sartori, MA, Ribas, O, 2006. Aspectos fisionomicos da vegetacao da Serra do Cabral - Minas Gerais, Brasil. Boletim Do Museu Botanico Municipal 67 (1): 1 - 33" title="Aspectos fisionomicos da vegetacao da Serra do Cabral - Minas Gerais, Brasil." volume="67" year="2006">Hatschbach et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.188.1.1" author="Noblick, LR" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="1 - 13" refId="B50" refString="Noblick, LR, Lorenzi, H, Souza, VC, 2014. Four new taxa of acaulescent Syagrus (Arecaceae) from Brazil. Phytotaxa 188 (1): 1 - 13, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.188.1.1" title="Four new taxa of acaulescent Syagrus (Arecaceae) from Brazil." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.188.1.1" volume="188" year="2014">Noblick et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.367.2.3" author="Costa, FN" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="133 - 144" refId="B5" refString="Costa, FN, Andrino, CO, Sano, PT, Trovo, M, Echternacht, L, 2018. Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) in the central Espinhaco range in Minas Gerais, Brazil: checklist, endemism, and nomenclatural changes. Phytotaxa 367 (2): 133 - 144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.367.2.3" title="Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) in the central Espinhaco range in Minas Gerais, Brazil: checklist, endemism, and nomenclatural changes." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.367.2.3" volume="367" year="2018">Costa et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01729-w" author="Sant'Anna-Santos, BF" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination=": 4" refId="B59" refString="Sant'Anna-Santos, BF, 2021. A new endemic and critically endangered species of Butia (Arecaceae) with comments on morpho-anatomical novelties in the genus. Plant Systematics and Evolution 307 (1): 4, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01729-w" title="A new endemic and critically endangered species of Butia (Arecaceae) with comments on morpho-anatomical novelties in the genus." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01729-w" volume="307" year="2021">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sant’Anna-Santos">Sant'Anna-Santos</normalizedToken>
|
||
2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-023-01843-5" author="Sant'Anna-Santos, BF" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" refId="B60" refString="Sant'Anna-Santos, BF, Azevedo, IFP, Micheli, R, Soffiatti, P, 2023. Morpho-anatomical novelties of a dwarf Syagrus (Arecaceae) of canga: implications for ecology, conservation, and taxonomy. Plant Systematics and Evolution 309: 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-023-01843-5" title="Morpho-anatomical novelties of a dwarf Syagrus (Arecaceae) of canga: implications for ecology, conservation, and taxonomy. Plant Systematics and Evolution 309: 8." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-023-01843-5" year="2023">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sant’Anna-Santos">Sant'Anna-Santos</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2023
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Furthermore, according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hatschbach, G" journalOrPublisher="Boletim Do Museu Botanico Municipal" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="1 - 33" refId="B19" refString="Hatschbach, G, Guarconi, EAE, Sartori, MA, Ribas, O, 2006. Aspectos fisionomicos da vegetacao da Serra do Cabral - Minas Gerais, Brasil. Boletim Do Museu Botanico Municipal 67 (1): 1 - 33" title="Aspectos fisionomicos da vegetacao da Serra do Cabral - Minas Gerais, Brasil." volume="67" year="2006">Hatschbach et al. (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the extraction of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“sempre-vivas”">"sempre-vivas"</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Eriocaulaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Eriocaulaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) also constitutes a severe threat to the native vegetation of the area. Additionally, the Serra do Cabral State Park has been severely affected by fire, and the ever-closer presence of humans. Therefore, due to its restricted area of occupancy (AOO = 12 km2) and the extent of occurrence (EOO = 1.922 km2), and according to the
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hopper, SD" journalOrPublisher="Plant and Soil" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" publicationUrl="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines" refId="B24" refString="2022. . https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines" url="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines" year="2022">IUCN (2022)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
categories and criteria,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be considered Critically Endangered (CR): B2ab(ii,iii).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="129" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<typeStatus isOtherTypeStatus="true">Additional specimens examined</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus>paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2020-01-06" collectingDateMax="2020-01-07" collectingDateMin="2020-01-06" collectorName="Sant'Anna-Santos, Firmo" country="BRAZIL" county="Buenopolis" elevation="1206" latitude="-17.939028" location="Parque Estadual da Serra do Cabral" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-44.253136" municipality="Parque Estadual da Serra do Cabral" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Minas Gerais">
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Brazil">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
|
||
-
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Brazil" name="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
•
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Buenópolis">
|
||
<collectingCounty>Buenopolis</collectingCounty>
|
||
</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality>Parque Estadual da Serra do Cabral</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="17" direction="south" minutes="56" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="08.85" value="-17.935791">
|
||
17°56
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="’08.85”">'08.85"</normalizedToken>
|
||
S
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="44" direction="west" minutes="16" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="28.21" value="-44.2745">
|
||
44°16
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="’28.21”">'28.21"</normalizedToken>
|
||
W
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.206" unit="m" value="1206.0">
|
||
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.206" unit="m" value="1206.0">1206 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingDate value="2020-01-06">6 Jan. 2020</collectingDate>
|
||
; fl.;
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sant’Anna-Santos">
|
||
<collectorName>Sant'Anna-Santos</collectorName>
|
||
</normalizedToken>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectorName>Firmo</collectorName>
|
||
236
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; MBM •
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Buenópolis">Buenopolis</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:02A7BD9EBB5F5BEBB540F1CF8BA422CE:47C5D8CED952D0FE8D1FA4BA256B7479" country="BRAZIL" county="Buenopolis" latitude="-17.939028" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-44.253136" municipality="Parque Estadual da Serra do Cabral" name="Parque Estadual da Serra do Cabral" stateProvince="Minas Gerais">Parque Estadual da Serra do Cabral</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="17" direction="south" minutes="56" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="08.85" value="-17.935791">
|
||
17°56
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="’08.85”">'08.85"</normalizedToken>
|
||
S
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="44" direction="west" minutes="16" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="28.21" value="-44.2745">
|
||
44°16
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="’28.21”">'28.21"</normalizedToken>
|
||
W
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.206" unit="m" value="1206.0">
|
||
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.206" unit="m" value="1206.0">1206 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingDate value="2020-01-06">6 Jan. 2020</collectingDate>
|
||
; fr.;
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sant’Anna-Santos">
|
||
<collectorName>Sant'Anna-Santos</collectorName>
|
||
</normalizedToken>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectorName>Firmo</collectorName>
|
||
237
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; MBM •
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Buenópolis">Buenopolis</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:02A7BD9EBB5F5BEBB540F1CF8BA422CE:3D880A672FAADF1B3770876C4A9F6909" country="BRAZIL" county="Buenopolis" latitude="-17.939028" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-44.253136" municipality="Parque Estadual da Serra do Cabral" name="Parque Estadual da Serra do Cabral" stateProvince="Minas Gerais">Parque Estadual da Serra do Cabral</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="17" direction="south" minutes="56" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="08.85" value="-17.935791">
|
||
17°56
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="’08.85”">'08.85"</normalizedToken>
|
||
S
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="44" direction="west" minutes="16" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="28.21" value="-44.2745">
|
||
44°16
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="’28.21”">'28.21"</normalizedToken>
|
||
W
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.206" unit="m" value="1206.0">
|
||
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.206" unit="m" value="1206.0">1206 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingDate value="2020-01-06">6 Jan. 2020</collectingDate>
|
||
; fr.;
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sant’Anna-Santos">
|
||
<collectorName>Sant'Anna-Santos</collectorName>
|
||
</normalizedToken>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectorName>Firmo</collectorName>
|
||
238
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; MBM •
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Buenópolis">Buenopolis</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:02A7BD9EBB5F5BEBB540F1CF8BA422CE:2705AE88D257A0615E7F6D40CEC06B18" country="BRAZIL" county="Buenopolis" latitude="-17.939028" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-44.253136" municipality="Parque Estadual da Serra do Cabral" name="Parque Estadual da Serra do Cabral" stateProvince="Minas Gerais">Parque Estadual da Serra do Cabral</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="17" direction="south" minutes="56" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="20.50" value="-17.939028">
|
||
17°56
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="’20.50”">'20.50"</normalizedToken>
|
||
S
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="44" direction="west" minutes="15" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="11.29" value="-44.253136">
|
||
44°15
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="’11.29”">'11.29"</normalizedToken>
|
||
W
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" unit="m" value="1100.0">
|
||
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingDate value="2020-01-07">7 Jan. 2020</collectingDate>
|
||
; fl.;
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sant’Anna-Santos">
|
||
<collectorName>Sant'Anna-Santos</collectorName>
|
||
</normalizedToken>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectorName>Firmo</collectorName>
|
||
242
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; MBM •
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Buenópolis">Buenopolis</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:02A7BD9EBB5F5BEBB540F1CF8BA422CE:8B4092661704C6E836A0F499FC354C70" country="BRAZIL" county="Buenopolis" latitude="-17.939028" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-44.253136" municipality="Parque Estadual da Serra do Cabral" name="Parque Estadual da Serra do Cabral" stateProvince="Minas Gerais">Parque Estadual da Serra do Cabral</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="17" direction="south" minutes="56" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="20.50" value="-17.939028">
|
||
17°56
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="’20.50”">'20.50"</normalizedToken>
|
||
S
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="44" direction="west" minutes="15" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="11.29" value="-44.253136">
|
||
44°15
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="’11.29”">'11.29"</normalizedToken>
|
||
W
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" unit="m" value="1100.0">
|
||
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingDate value="2020-01-07">7 Jan. 2020</collectingDate>
|
||
; fl., fr.;
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sant’Anna-Santos">
|
||
<collectorName>Sant'Anna-Santos</collectorName>
|
||
</normalizedToken>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectorName>Firmo</collectorName>
|
||
244
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; MBM
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="129" type="pinnae anatomy">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Pinnae anatomy.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
Both adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the pinnae are coated by epicuticular wax in the form of hook-shaped filaments (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Habitat and morphoanatomical aspects of Syagrus carvalhoi with ecological implications. A. Specimens of Poaceae (3 black arrowheads) and Velloziaceae (2 white arrowheads) near S. carvalhoi (sc). B. Cyperus sp. C. Paepalanthus sp. D. Pinnae frequently folded during the dry season. E. pinna (pi) manually unfolded exposing the adaxial surface; the red dotted circle shows a diagram of the expansion tissue (et) on a midrib cross-section. F. pinna densely covered by epicuticular wax (ew) compared to an area where the wax was manually removed (re). G. Epicuticular wax, SEM. H. The white circle shows a snake (sn) revealed after removing old leaves. I. Hole (ho) caused by predation of fruits (fr) by rodents. J. Insect (in) on an old pseudopetiole. K. Ant (an) walking on a pinna. L. Larva of a beetle (la) feeding on the endocarp (en). Photographs by Bruno F. Sant'Anna-Santos." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835440" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">5G</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Pinnae anatomy of Syagrus carvalhoi using SEM (A) and LM with cross- (B-H, J-M) and longitudinal (I) sections. A. Adaxial surface: epicuticular waxes (ew) and stomata (st). B. Adaxial surface: guard cells (gc) at the same level of the epidermis (ep); subsidiary cells (sc) at the same level of hypodermis (hy). Cell wall (cw), cuticle (cu). C. Stomata on both surfaces (white arrowheads); palisade parenchyma (pa) throughout the mesophyll; tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (grey arrowhead) and not connected to the abaxial hypodermis (black arrowhead). D. Secondary vascular bundles (t 2) connected to hypodermis (black arrowheads) on both surfaces. E. Primary vascular bundles (t 1) connected to the hypodermis (black arrowheads), conspicuous metaxylem (me), protoxylem (white arrowhead) and phloem (ph). F. Adaxial surface: non-vascular fibre bundle (fi) and tertiary vascular bundle (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (black arrowheads). Palisade parenchyma (pa). G. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with primary vascular bundle (t 1). Palisade parenchyma (pa). H. Tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) and a raphide-containing idioblast (id). I. Idioblast (id) containing raphides (ra). J. Expansion tissue interrupted (surrounded by the dotted white line); fibres in the expansion tissue (white arrowhead); two collateral bundles (white circles); group of fibres (black arrowhead) and accessory bundle (white rectangle). K. Trichome (tr). L. Fibre (black arrowhead) in the expansion tissue (et). M. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with the fibres (black arrowheads) in the expansion tissue (et)." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835441" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">6A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Stomata occur on both surfaces, with guard cells located at the same level as normal epidermal cells (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Pinnae anatomy of Syagrus carvalhoi using SEM (A) and LM with cross- (B-H, J-M) and longitudinal (I) sections. A. Adaxial surface: epicuticular waxes (ew) and stomata (st). B. Adaxial surface: guard cells (gc) at the same level of the epidermis (ep); subsidiary cells (sc) at the same level of hypodermis (hy). Cell wall (cw), cuticle (cu). C. Stomata on both surfaces (white arrowheads); palisade parenchyma (pa) throughout the mesophyll; tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (grey arrowhead) and not connected to the abaxial hypodermis (black arrowhead). D. Secondary vascular bundles (t 2) connected to hypodermis (black arrowheads) on both surfaces. E. Primary vascular bundles (t 1) connected to the hypodermis (black arrowheads), conspicuous metaxylem (me), protoxylem (white arrowhead) and phloem (ph). F. Adaxial surface: non-vascular fibre bundle (fi) and tertiary vascular bundle (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (black arrowheads). Palisade parenchyma (pa). G. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with primary vascular bundle (t 1). Palisade parenchyma (pa). H. Tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) and a raphide-containing idioblast (id). I. Idioblast (id) containing raphides (ra). J. Expansion tissue interrupted (surrounded by the dotted white line); fibres in the expansion tissue (white arrowhead); two collateral bundles (white circles); group of fibres (black arrowhead) and accessory bundle (white rectangle). K. Trichome (tr). L. Fibre (black arrowhead) in the expansion tissue (et). M. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with the fibres (black arrowheads) in the expansion tissue (et)." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835441" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">6B-C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The lateral subsidiary cells of the stomata are deeper than the epidermis, with its distal portion reaching the pinnae surface (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Pinnae anatomy of Syagrus carvalhoi using SEM (A) and LM with cross- (B-H, J-M) and longitudinal (I) sections. A. Adaxial surface: epicuticular waxes (ew) and stomata (st). B. Adaxial surface: guard cells (gc) at the same level of the epidermis (ep); subsidiary cells (sc) at the same level of hypodermis (hy). Cell wall (cw), cuticle (cu). C. Stomata on both surfaces (white arrowheads); palisade parenchyma (pa) throughout the mesophyll; tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (grey arrowhead) and not connected to the abaxial hypodermis (black arrowhead). D. Secondary vascular bundles (t 2) connected to hypodermis (black arrowheads) on both surfaces. E. Primary vascular bundles (t 1) connected to the hypodermis (black arrowheads), conspicuous metaxylem (me), protoxylem (white arrowhead) and phloem (ph). F. Adaxial surface: non-vascular fibre bundle (fi) and tertiary vascular bundle (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (black arrowheads). Palisade parenchyma (pa). G. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with primary vascular bundle (t 1). Palisade parenchyma (pa). H. Tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) and a raphide-containing idioblast (id). I. Idioblast (id) containing raphides (ra). J. Expansion tissue interrupted (surrounded by the dotted white line); fibres in the expansion tissue (white arrowhead); two collateral bundles (white circles); group of fibres (black arrowhead) and accessory bundle (white rectangle). K. Trichome (tr). L. Fibre (black arrowhead) in the expansion tissue (et). M. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with the fibres (black arrowheads) in the expansion tissue (et)." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835441" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">6B, G</figureCitation>
|
||
). In the cross-section, the hypodermis forms one layer of cells longitudinally elongated to quadrangular shaped on both surfaces (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Pinnae anatomy of Syagrus carvalhoi using SEM (A) and LM with cross- (B-H, J-M) and longitudinal (I) sections. A. Adaxial surface: epicuticular waxes (ew) and stomata (st). B. Adaxial surface: guard cells (gc) at the same level of the epidermis (ep); subsidiary cells (sc) at the same level of hypodermis (hy). Cell wall (cw), cuticle (cu). C. Stomata on both surfaces (white arrowheads); palisade parenchyma (pa) throughout the mesophyll; tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (grey arrowhead) and not connected to the abaxial hypodermis (black arrowhead). D. Secondary vascular bundles (t 2) connected to hypodermis (black arrowheads) on both surfaces. E. Primary vascular bundles (t 1) connected to the hypodermis (black arrowheads), conspicuous metaxylem (me), protoxylem (white arrowhead) and phloem (ph). F. Adaxial surface: non-vascular fibre bundle (fi) and tertiary vascular bundle (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (black arrowheads). Palisade parenchyma (pa). G. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with primary vascular bundle (t 1). Palisade parenchyma (pa). H. Tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) and a raphide-containing idioblast (id). I. Idioblast (id) containing raphides (ra). J. Expansion tissue interrupted (surrounded by the dotted white line); fibres in the expansion tissue (white arrowhead); two collateral bundles (white circles); group of fibres (black arrowhead) and accessory bundle (white rectangle). K. Trichome (tr). L. Fibre (black arrowhead) in the expansion tissue (et). M. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with the fibres (black arrowheads) in the expansion tissue (et)." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835441" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">6B-E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The hypodermis below the stomata is interrupted by substomatal chambers (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Pinnae anatomy of Syagrus carvalhoi using SEM (A) and LM with cross- (B-H, J-M) and longitudinal (I) sections. A. Adaxial surface: epicuticular waxes (ew) and stomata (st). B. Adaxial surface: guard cells (gc) at the same level of the epidermis (ep); subsidiary cells (sc) at the same level of hypodermis (hy). Cell wall (cw), cuticle (cu). C. Stomata on both surfaces (white arrowheads); palisade parenchyma (pa) throughout the mesophyll; tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (grey arrowhead) and not connected to the abaxial hypodermis (black arrowhead). D. Secondary vascular bundles (t 2) connected to hypodermis (black arrowheads) on both surfaces. E. Primary vascular bundles (t 1) connected to the hypodermis (black arrowheads), conspicuous metaxylem (me), protoxylem (white arrowhead) and phloem (ph). F. Adaxial surface: non-vascular fibre bundle (fi) and tertiary vascular bundle (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (black arrowheads). Palisade parenchyma (pa). G. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with primary vascular bundle (t 1). Palisade parenchyma (pa). H. Tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) and a raphide-containing idioblast (id). I. Idioblast (id) containing raphides (ra). J. Expansion tissue interrupted (surrounded by the dotted white line); fibres in the expansion tissue (white arrowhead); two collateral bundles (white circles); group of fibres (black arrowhead) and accessory bundle (white rectangle). K. Trichome (tr). L. Fibre (black arrowhead) in the expansion tissue (et). M. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with the fibres (black arrowheads) in the expansion tissue (et)." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835441" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">6B, G</figureCitation>
|
||
). The lamina symmetry is isolateral, composed only of palisade parenchyma cells throughout the mesophyll (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Pinnae anatomy of Syagrus carvalhoi using SEM (A) and LM with cross- (B-H, J-M) and longitudinal (I) sections. A. Adaxial surface: epicuticular waxes (ew) and stomata (st). B. Adaxial surface: guard cells (gc) at the same level of the epidermis (ep); subsidiary cells (sc) at the same level of hypodermis (hy). Cell wall (cw), cuticle (cu). C. Stomata on both surfaces (white arrowheads); palisade parenchyma (pa) throughout the mesophyll; tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (grey arrowhead) and not connected to the abaxial hypodermis (black arrowhead). D. Secondary vascular bundles (t 2) connected to hypodermis (black arrowheads) on both surfaces. E. Primary vascular bundles (t 1) connected to the hypodermis (black arrowheads), conspicuous metaxylem (me), protoxylem (white arrowhead) and phloem (ph). F. Adaxial surface: non-vascular fibre bundle (fi) and tertiary vascular bundle (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (black arrowheads). Palisade parenchyma (pa). G. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with primary vascular bundle (t 1). Palisade parenchyma (pa). H. Tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) and a raphide-containing idioblast (id). I. Idioblast (id) containing raphides (ra). J. Expansion tissue interrupted (surrounded by the dotted white line); fibres in the expansion tissue (white arrowhead); two collateral bundles (white circles); group of fibres (black arrowhead) and accessory bundle (white rectangle). K. Trichome (tr). L. Fibre (black arrowhead) in the expansion tissue (et). M. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with the fibres (black arrowheads) in the expansion tissue (et)." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835441" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">6C-F</figureCitation>
|
||
). The adaxial tertiary vascular bundles are connected to the hypodermis, while the abaxial tertiary vascular bundles are connected or not to the hypodermis (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Pinnae anatomy of Syagrus carvalhoi using SEM (A) and LM with cross- (B-H, J-M) and longitudinal (I) sections. A. Adaxial surface: epicuticular waxes (ew) and stomata (st). B. Adaxial surface: guard cells (gc) at the same level of the epidermis (ep); subsidiary cells (sc) at the same level of hypodermis (hy). Cell wall (cw), cuticle (cu). C. Stomata on both surfaces (white arrowheads); palisade parenchyma (pa) throughout the mesophyll; tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (grey arrowhead) and not connected to the abaxial hypodermis (black arrowhead). D. Secondary vascular bundles (t 2) connected to hypodermis (black arrowheads) on both surfaces. E. Primary vascular bundles (t 1) connected to the hypodermis (black arrowheads), conspicuous metaxylem (me), protoxylem (white arrowhead) and phloem (ph). F. Adaxial surface: non-vascular fibre bundle (fi) and tertiary vascular bundle (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (black arrowheads). Palisade parenchyma (pa). G. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with primary vascular bundle (t 1). Palisade parenchyma (pa). H. Tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) and a raphide-containing idioblast (id). I. Idioblast (id) containing raphides (ra). J. Expansion tissue interrupted (surrounded by the dotted white line); fibres in the expansion tissue (white arrowhead); two collateral bundles (white circles); group of fibres (black arrowhead) and accessory bundle (white rectangle). K. Trichome (tr). L. Fibre (black arrowhead) in the expansion tissue (et). M. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with the fibres (black arrowheads) in the expansion tissue (et)." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835441" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">6C, F, H</figureCitation>
|
||
). The tertiary bundles have no distinguishable protoxylem and metaxylem and are always partially surrounded by a sclerenchymatic sheath (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Pinnae anatomy of Syagrus carvalhoi using SEM (A) and LM with cross- (B-H, J-M) and longitudinal (I) sections. A. Adaxial surface: epicuticular waxes (ew) and stomata (st). B. Adaxial surface: guard cells (gc) at the same level of the epidermis (ep); subsidiary cells (sc) at the same level of hypodermis (hy). Cell wall (cw), cuticle (cu). C. Stomata on both surfaces (white arrowheads); palisade parenchyma (pa) throughout the mesophyll; tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (grey arrowhead) and not connected to the abaxial hypodermis (black arrowhead). D. Secondary vascular bundles (t 2) connected to hypodermis (black arrowheads) on both surfaces. E. Primary vascular bundles (t 1) connected to the hypodermis (black arrowheads), conspicuous metaxylem (me), protoxylem (white arrowhead) and phloem (ph). F. Adaxial surface: non-vascular fibre bundle (fi) and tertiary vascular bundle (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (black arrowheads). Palisade parenchyma (pa). G. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with primary vascular bundle (t 1). Palisade parenchyma (pa). H. Tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) and a raphide-containing idioblast (id). I. Idioblast (id) containing raphides (ra). J. Expansion tissue interrupted (surrounded by the dotted white line); fibres in the expansion tissue (white arrowhead); two collateral bundles (white circles); group of fibres (black arrowhead) and accessory bundle (white rectangle). K. Trichome (tr). L. Fibre (black arrowhead) in the expansion tissue (et). M. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with the fibres (black arrowheads) in the expansion tissue (et)." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835441" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">6C, F, H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Secondary and primary vascular bundles are connected to the hypodermis on both surfaces, and the hypodermis is sometimes biseriate above or below these veins (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Pinnae anatomy of Syagrus carvalhoi using SEM (A) and LM with cross- (B-H, J-M) and longitudinal (I) sections. A. Adaxial surface: epicuticular waxes (ew) and stomata (st). B. Adaxial surface: guard cells (gc) at the same level of the epidermis (ep); subsidiary cells (sc) at the same level of hypodermis (hy). Cell wall (cw), cuticle (cu). C. Stomata on both surfaces (white arrowheads); palisade parenchyma (pa) throughout the mesophyll; tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (grey arrowhead) and not connected to the abaxial hypodermis (black arrowhead). D. Secondary vascular bundles (t 2) connected to hypodermis (black arrowheads) on both surfaces. E. Primary vascular bundles (t 1) connected to the hypodermis (black arrowheads), conspicuous metaxylem (me), protoxylem (white arrowhead) and phloem (ph). F. Adaxial surface: non-vascular fibre bundle (fi) and tertiary vascular bundle (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (black arrowheads). Palisade parenchyma (pa). G. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with primary vascular bundle (t 1). Palisade parenchyma (pa). H. Tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) and a raphide-containing idioblast (id). I. Idioblast (id) containing raphides (ra). J. Expansion tissue interrupted (surrounded by the dotted white line); fibres in the expansion tissue (white arrowhead); two collateral bundles (white circles); group of fibres (black arrowhead) and accessory bundle (white rectangle). K. Trichome (tr). L. Fibre (black arrowhead) in the expansion tissue (et). M. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with the fibres (black arrowheads) in the expansion tissue (et)." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835441" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">6D-E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The secondary and primary vascular bundles are fully surrounded by a sclerenchymatic sheath (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Pinnae anatomy of Syagrus carvalhoi using SEM (A) and LM with cross- (B-H, J-M) and longitudinal (I) sections. A. Adaxial surface: epicuticular waxes (ew) and stomata (st). B. Adaxial surface: guard cells (gc) at the same level of the epidermis (ep); subsidiary cells (sc) at the same level of hypodermis (hy). Cell wall (cw), cuticle (cu). C. Stomata on both surfaces (white arrowheads); palisade parenchyma (pa) throughout the mesophyll; tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (grey arrowhead) and not connected to the abaxial hypodermis (black arrowhead). D. Secondary vascular bundles (t 2) connected to hypodermis (black arrowheads) on both surfaces. E. Primary vascular bundles (t 1) connected to the hypodermis (black arrowheads), conspicuous metaxylem (me), protoxylem (white arrowhead) and phloem (ph). F. Adaxial surface: non-vascular fibre bundle (fi) and tertiary vascular bundle (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (black arrowheads). Palisade parenchyma (pa). G. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with primary vascular bundle (t 1). Palisade parenchyma (pa). H. Tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) and a raphide-containing idioblast (id). I. Idioblast (id) containing raphides (ra). J. Expansion tissue interrupted (surrounded by the dotted white line); fibres in the expansion tissue (white arrowhead); two collateral bundles (white circles); group of fibres (black arrowhead) and accessory bundle (white rectangle). K. Trichome (tr). L. Fibre (black arrowhead) in the expansion tissue (et). M. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with the fibres (black arrowheads) in the expansion tissue (et)." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835441" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">6D-E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The primary vascular bundles have a larger diameter, three to four phloem poles, noticeable protoxylem and metaxylem elements, and a sclerenchymatic sheath extension (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Pinnae anatomy of Syagrus carvalhoi using SEM (A) and LM with cross- (B-H, J-M) and longitudinal (I) sections. A. Adaxial surface: epicuticular waxes (ew) and stomata (st). B. Adaxial surface: guard cells (gc) at the same level of the epidermis (ep); subsidiary cells (sc) at the same level of hypodermis (hy). Cell wall (cw), cuticle (cu). C. Stomata on both surfaces (white arrowheads); palisade parenchyma (pa) throughout the mesophyll; tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (grey arrowhead) and not connected to the abaxial hypodermis (black arrowhead). D. Secondary vascular bundles (t 2) connected to hypodermis (black arrowheads) on both surfaces. E. Primary vascular bundles (t 1) connected to the hypodermis (black arrowheads), conspicuous metaxylem (me), protoxylem (white arrowhead) and phloem (ph). F. Adaxial surface: non-vascular fibre bundle (fi) and tertiary vascular bundle (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (black arrowheads). Palisade parenchyma (pa). G. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with primary vascular bundle (t 1). Palisade parenchyma (pa). H. Tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) and a raphide-containing idioblast (id). I. Idioblast (id) containing raphides (ra). J. Expansion tissue interrupted (surrounded by the dotted white line); fibres in the expansion tissue (white arrowhead); two collateral bundles (white circles); group of fibres (black arrowhead) and accessory bundle (white rectangle). K. Trichome (tr). L. Fibre (black arrowhead) in the expansion tissue (et). M. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with the fibres (black arrowheads) in the expansion tissue (et)." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835441" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">6E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Secondary vascular bundles are similar to the primary bundles but with smaller sizes and indistinguishable protoxylem and metaxylem elements (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Pinnae anatomy of Syagrus carvalhoi using SEM (A) and LM with cross- (B-H, J-M) and longitudinal (I) sections. A. Adaxial surface: epicuticular waxes (ew) and stomata (st). B. Adaxial surface: guard cells (gc) at the same level of the epidermis (ep); subsidiary cells (sc) at the same level of hypodermis (hy). Cell wall (cw), cuticle (cu). C. Stomata on both surfaces (white arrowheads); palisade parenchyma (pa) throughout the mesophyll; tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (grey arrowhead) and not connected to the abaxial hypodermis (black arrowhead). D. Secondary vascular bundles (t 2) connected to hypodermis (black arrowheads) on both surfaces. E. Primary vascular bundles (t 1) connected to the hypodermis (black arrowheads), conspicuous metaxylem (me), protoxylem (white arrowhead) and phloem (ph). F. Adaxial surface: non-vascular fibre bundle (fi) and tertiary vascular bundle (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (black arrowheads). Palisade parenchyma (pa). G. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with primary vascular bundle (t 1). Palisade parenchyma (pa). H. Tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) and a raphide-containing idioblast (id). I. Idioblast (id) containing raphides (ra). J. Expansion tissue interrupted (surrounded by the dotted white line); fibres in the expansion tissue (white arrowhead); two collateral bundles (white circles); group of fibres (black arrowhead) and accessory bundle (white rectangle). K. Trichome (tr). L. Fibre (black arrowhead) in the expansion tissue (et). M. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with the fibres (black arrowheads) in the expansion tissue (et)." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835441" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">6D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Stegmata with conical to round silica bodies that are somewhat spinulose are frequently associated with the fibres of the vascular bundles (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Pinnae anatomy of Syagrus carvalhoi using SEM (A) and LM with cross- (B-H, J-M) and longitudinal (I) sections. A. Adaxial surface: epicuticular waxes (ew) and stomata (st). B. Adaxial surface: guard cells (gc) at the same level of the epidermis (ep); subsidiary cells (sc) at the same level of hypodermis (hy). Cell wall (cw), cuticle (cu). C. Stomata on both surfaces (white arrowheads); palisade parenchyma (pa) throughout the mesophyll; tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (grey arrowhead) and not connected to the abaxial hypodermis (black arrowhead). D. Secondary vascular bundles (t 2) connected to hypodermis (black arrowheads) on both surfaces. E. Primary vascular bundles (t 1) connected to the hypodermis (black arrowheads), conspicuous metaxylem (me), protoxylem (white arrowhead) and phloem (ph). F. Adaxial surface: non-vascular fibre bundle (fi) and tertiary vascular bundle (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (black arrowheads). Palisade parenchyma (pa). G. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with primary vascular bundle (t 1). Palisade parenchyma (pa). H. Tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) and a raphide-containing idioblast (id). I. Idioblast (id) containing raphides (ra). J. Expansion tissue interrupted (surrounded by the dotted white line); fibres in the expansion tissue (white arrowhead); two collateral bundles (white circles); group of fibres (black arrowhead) and accessory bundle (white rectangle). K. Trichome (tr). L. Fibre (black arrowhead) in the expansion tissue (et). M. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with the fibres (black arrowheads) in the expansion tissue (et)." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835441" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">6G</figureCitation>
|
||
). At the margin, tertiary vascular bundles are attached to both surfaces (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Pinnae anatomy of Syagrus carvalhoi using SEM (A) and LM with cross- (B-H, J-M) and longitudinal (I) sections. A. Adaxial surface: epicuticular waxes (ew) and stomata (st). B. Adaxial surface: guard cells (gc) at the same level of the epidermis (ep); subsidiary cells (sc) at the same level of hypodermis (hy). Cell wall (cw), cuticle (cu). C. Stomata on both surfaces (white arrowheads); palisade parenchyma (pa) throughout the mesophyll; tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (grey arrowhead) and not connected to the abaxial hypodermis (black arrowhead). D. Secondary vascular bundles (t 2) connected to hypodermis (black arrowheads) on both surfaces. E. Primary vascular bundles (t 1) connected to the hypodermis (black arrowheads), conspicuous metaxylem (me), protoxylem (white arrowhead) and phloem (ph). F. Adaxial surface: non-vascular fibre bundle (fi) and tertiary vascular bundle (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (black arrowheads). Palisade parenchyma (pa). G. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with primary vascular bundle (t 1). Palisade parenchyma (pa). H. Tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) and a raphide-containing idioblast (id). I. Idioblast (id) containing raphides (ra). J. Expansion tissue interrupted (surrounded by the dotted white line); fibres in the expansion tissue (white arrowhead); two collateral bundles (white circles); group of fibres (black arrowhead) and accessory bundle (white rectangle). K. Trichome (tr). L. Fibre (black arrowhead) in the expansion tissue (et). M. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with the fibres (black arrowheads) in the expansion tissue (et)." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835441" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">6H</figureCitation>
|
||
). The raphide-containing idioblasts are commonly found in the centremost layers of the mesophyll (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Pinnae anatomy of Syagrus carvalhoi using SEM (A) and LM with cross- (B-H, J-M) and longitudinal (I) sections. A. Adaxial surface: epicuticular waxes (ew) and stomata (st). B. Adaxial surface: guard cells (gc) at the same level of the epidermis (ep); subsidiary cells (sc) at the same level of hypodermis (hy). Cell wall (cw), cuticle (cu). C. Stomata on both surfaces (white arrowheads); palisade parenchyma (pa) throughout the mesophyll; tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (grey arrowhead) and not connected to the abaxial hypodermis (black arrowhead). D. Secondary vascular bundles (t 2) connected to hypodermis (black arrowheads) on both surfaces. E. Primary vascular bundles (t 1) connected to the hypodermis (black arrowheads), conspicuous metaxylem (me), protoxylem (white arrowhead) and phloem (ph). F. Adaxial surface: non-vascular fibre bundle (fi) and tertiary vascular bundle (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (black arrowheads). Palisade parenchyma (pa). G. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with primary vascular bundle (t 1). Palisade parenchyma (pa). H. Tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) and a raphide-containing idioblast (id). I. Idioblast (id) containing raphides (ra). J. Expansion tissue interrupted (surrounded by the dotted white line); fibres in the expansion tissue (white arrowhead); two collateral bundles (white circles); group of fibres (black arrowhead) and accessory bundle (white rectangle). K. Trichome (tr). L. Fibre (black arrowhead) in the expansion tissue (et). M. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with the fibres (black arrowheads) in the expansion tissue (et)." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835441" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">6H-I</figureCitation>
|
||
). The idioblasts are generally empty in thinner and stained sections (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Pinnae anatomy of Syagrus carvalhoi using SEM (A) and LM with cross- (B-H, J-M) and longitudinal (I) sections. A. Adaxial surface: epicuticular waxes (ew) and stomata (st). B. Adaxial surface: guard cells (gc) at the same level of the epidermis (ep); subsidiary cells (sc) at the same level of hypodermis (hy). Cell wall (cw), cuticle (cu). C. Stomata on both surfaces (white arrowheads); palisade parenchyma (pa) throughout the mesophyll; tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (grey arrowhead) and not connected to the abaxial hypodermis (black arrowhead). D. Secondary vascular bundles (t 2) connected to hypodermis (black arrowheads) on both surfaces. E. Primary vascular bundles (t 1) connected to the hypodermis (black arrowheads), conspicuous metaxylem (me), protoxylem (white arrowhead) and phloem (ph). F. Adaxial surface: non-vascular fibre bundle (fi) and tertiary vascular bundle (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (black arrowheads). Palisade parenchyma (pa). G. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with primary vascular bundle (t 1). Palisade parenchyma (pa). H. Tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) and a raphide-containing idioblast (id). I. Idioblast (id) containing raphides (ra). J. Expansion tissue interrupted (surrounded by the dotted white line); fibres in the expansion tissue (white arrowhead); two collateral bundles (white circles); group of fibres (black arrowhead) and accessory bundle (white rectangle). K. Trichome (tr). L. Fibre (black arrowhead) in the expansion tissue (et). M. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with the fibres (black arrowheads) in the expansion tissue (et)." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835441" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">6H</figureCitation>
|
||
), but raphides can be noted in thicker and unstained sections (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Pinnae anatomy of Syagrus carvalhoi using SEM (A) and LM with cross- (B-H, J-M) and longitudinal (I) sections. A. Adaxial surface: epicuticular waxes (ew) and stomata (st). B. Adaxial surface: guard cells (gc) at the same level of the epidermis (ep); subsidiary cells (sc) at the same level of hypodermis (hy). Cell wall (cw), cuticle (cu). C. Stomata on both surfaces (white arrowheads); palisade parenchyma (pa) throughout the mesophyll; tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (grey arrowhead) and not connected to the abaxial hypodermis (black arrowhead). D. Secondary vascular bundles (t 2) connected to hypodermis (black arrowheads) on both surfaces. E. Primary vascular bundles (t 1) connected to the hypodermis (black arrowheads), conspicuous metaxylem (me), protoxylem (white arrowhead) and phloem (ph). F. Adaxial surface: non-vascular fibre bundle (fi) and tertiary vascular bundle (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (black arrowheads). Palisade parenchyma (pa). G. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with primary vascular bundle (t 1). Palisade parenchyma (pa). H. Tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) and a raphide-containing idioblast (id). I. Idioblast (id) containing raphides (ra). J. Expansion tissue interrupted (surrounded by the dotted white line); fibres in the expansion tissue (white arrowhead); two collateral bundles (white circles); group of fibres (black arrowhead) and accessory bundle (white rectangle). K. Trichome (tr). L. Fibre (black arrowhead) in the expansion tissue (et). M. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with the fibres (black arrowheads) in the expansion tissue (et)." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835441" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">6I</figureCitation>
|
||
). The main vascular system of the midrib consists of two collateral bundles; the larger with more conspicuous xylem vessel elements and phloem (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Pinnae anatomy of Syagrus carvalhoi using SEM (A) and LM with cross- (B-H, J-M) and longitudinal (I) sections. A. Adaxial surface: epicuticular waxes (ew) and stomata (st). B. Adaxial surface: guard cells (gc) at the same level of the epidermis (ep); subsidiary cells (sc) at the same level of hypodermis (hy). Cell wall (cw), cuticle (cu). C. Stomata on both surfaces (white arrowheads); palisade parenchyma (pa) throughout the mesophyll; tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (grey arrowhead) and not connected to the abaxial hypodermis (black arrowhead). D. Secondary vascular bundles (t 2) connected to hypodermis (black arrowheads) on both surfaces. E. Primary vascular bundles (t 1) connected to the hypodermis (black arrowheads), conspicuous metaxylem (me), protoxylem (white arrowhead) and phloem (ph). F. Adaxial surface: non-vascular fibre bundle (fi) and tertiary vascular bundle (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (black arrowheads). Palisade parenchyma (pa). G. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with primary vascular bundle (t 1). Palisade parenchyma (pa). H. Tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) and a raphide-containing idioblast (id). I. Idioblast (id) containing raphides (ra). J. Expansion tissue interrupted (surrounded by the dotted white line); fibres in the expansion tissue (white arrowhead); two collateral bundles (white circles); group of fibres (black arrowhead) and accessory bundle (white rectangle). K. Trichome (tr). L. Fibre (black arrowhead) in the expansion tissue (et). M. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with the fibres (black arrowheads) in the expansion tissue (et)." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835441" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">6J</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is surrounded by a fibrous ring and 1-2 accessory bundles on the adaxial surface (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Pinnae anatomy of Syagrus carvalhoi using SEM (A) and LM with cross- (B-H, J-M) and longitudinal (I) sections. A. Adaxial surface: epicuticular waxes (ew) and stomata (st). B. Adaxial surface: guard cells (gc) at the same level of the epidermis (ep); subsidiary cells (sc) at the same level of hypodermis (hy). Cell wall (cw), cuticle (cu). C. Stomata on both surfaces (white arrowheads); palisade parenchyma (pa) throughout the mesophyll; tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (grey arrowhead) and not connected to the abaxial hypodermis (black arrowhead). D. Secondary vascular bundles (t 2) connected to hypodermis (black arrowheads) on both surfaces. E. Primary vascular bundles (t 1) connected to the hypodermis (black arrowheads), conspicuous metaxylem (me), protoxylem (white arrowhead) and phloem (ph). F. Adaxial surface: non-vascular fibre bundle (fi) and tertiary vascular bundle (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (black arrowheads). Palisade parenchyma (pa). G. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with primary vascular bundle (t 1). Palisade parenchyma (pa). H. Tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) and a raphide-containing idioblast (id). I. Idioblast (id) containing raphides (ra). J. Expansion tissue interrupted (surrounded by the dotted white line); fibres in the expansion tissue (white arrowhead); two collateral bundles (white circles); group of fibres (black arrowhead) and accessory bundle (white rectangle). K. Trichome (tr). L. Fibre (black arrowhead) in the expansion tissue (et). M. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with the fibres (black arrowheads) in the expansion tissue (et)." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835441" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">6J</figureCitation>
|
||
). Trichomes were observed on the adaxial surface of the midrib (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Pinnae anatomy of Syagrus carvalhoi using SEM (A) and LM with cross- (B-H, J-M) and longitudinal (I) sections. A. Adaxial surface: epicuticular waxes (ew) and stomata (st). B. Adaxial surface: guard cells (gc) at the same level of the epidermis (ep); subsidiary cells (sc) at the same level of hypodermis (hy). Cell wall (cw), cuticle (cu). C. Stomata on both surfaces (white arrowheads); palisade parenchyma (pa) throughout the mesophyll; tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (grey arrowhead) and not connected to the abaxial hypodermis (black arrowhead). D. Secondary vascular bundles (t 2) connected to hypodermis (black arrowheads) on both surfaces. E. Primary vascular bundles (t 1) connected to the hypodermis (black arrowheads), conspicuous metaxylem (me), protoxylem (white arrowhead) and phloem (ph). F. Adaxial surface: non-vascular fibre bundle (fi) and tertiary vascular bundle (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (black arrowheads). Palisade parenchyma (pa). G. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with primary vascular bundle (t 1). Palisade parenchyma (pa). H. Tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) and a raphide-containing idioblast (id). I. Idioblast (id) containing raphides (ra). J. Expansion tissue interrupted (surrounded by the dotted white line); fibres in the expansion tissue (white arrowhead); two collateral bundles (white circles); group of fibres (black arrowhead) and accessory bundle (white rectangle). K. Trichome (tr). L. Fibre (black arrowhead) in the expansion tissue (et). M. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with the fibres (black arrowheads) in the expansion tissue (et)." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835441" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">6K</figureCitation>
|
||
). The number of small groups of fibres around the main vascular system might be absent or, when present, in groups of 1 to 3 (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Pinnae anatomy of Syagrus carvalhoi using SEM (A) and LM with cross- (B-H, J-M) and longitudinal (I) sections. A. Adaxial surface: epicuticular waxes (ew) and stomata (st). B. Adaxial surface: guard cells (gc) at the same level of the epidermis (ep); subsidiary cells (sc) at the same level of hypodermis (hy). Cell wall (cw), cuticle (cu). C. Stomata on both surfaces (white arrowheads); palisade parenchyma (pa) throughout the mesophyll; tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (grey arrowhead) and not connected to the abaxial hypodermis (black arrowhead). D. Secondary vascular bundles (t 2) connected to hypodermis (black arrowheads) on both surfaces. E. Primary vascular bundles (t 1) connected to the hypodermis (black arrowheads), conspicuous metaxylem (me), protoxylem (white arrowhead) and phloem (ph). F. Adaxial surface: non-vascular fibre bundle (fi) and tertiary vascular bundle (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (black arrowheads). Palisade parenchyma (pa). G. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with primary vascular bundle (t 1). Palisade parenchyma (pa). H. Tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) and a raphide-containing idioblast (id). I. Idioblast (id) containing raphides (ra). J. Expansion tissue interrupted (surrounded by the dotted white line); fibres in the expansion tissue (white arrowhead); two collateral bundles (white circles); group of fibres (black arrowhead) and accessory bundle (white rectangle). K. Trichome (tr). L. Fibre (black arrowhead) in the expansion tissue (et). M. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with the fibres (black arrowheads) in the expansion tissue (et)." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835441" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">6J</figureCitation>
|
||
). The expansion tissue is interrupted and has fibres associated with stegmata (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Pinnae anatomy of Syagrus carvalhoi using SEM (A) and LM with cross- (B-H, J-M) and longitudinal (I) sections. A. Adaxial surface: epicuticular waxes (ew) and stomata (st). B. Adaxial surface: guard cells (gc) at the same level of the epidermis (ep); subsidiary cells (sc) at the same level of hypodermis (hy). Cell wall (cw), cuticle (cu). C. Stomata on both surfaces (white arrowheads); palisade parenchyma (pa) throughout the mesophyll; tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (grey arrowhead) and not connected to the abaxial hypodermis (black arrowhead). D. Secondary vascular bundles (t 2) connected to hypodermis (black arrowheads) on both surfaces. E. Primary vascular bundles (t 1) connected to the hypodermis (black arrowheads), conspicuous metaxylem (me), protoxylem (white arrowhead) and phloem (ph). F. Adaxial surface: non-vascular fibre bundle (fi) and tertiary vascular bundle (t 3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (black arrowheads). Palisade parenchyma (pa). G. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with primary vascular bundle (t 1). Palisade parenchyma (pa). H. Tertiary vascular bundles (t 3) and a raphide-containing idioblast (id). I. Idioblast (id) containing raphides (ra). J. Expansion tissue interrupted (surrounded by the dotted white line); fibres in the expansion tissue (white arrowhead); two collateral bundles (white circles); group of fibres (black arrowhead) and accessory bundle (white rectangle). K. Trichome (tr). L. Fibre (black arrowhead) in the expansion tissue (et). M. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with the fibres (black arrowheads) in the expansion tissue (et)." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835441" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">6L-M</figureCitation>
|
||
). Four patterns of vein and fibre arrangement were observed in the leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Pattern 1 (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Diagrams of the pinnae variation of vein and fibre arrangement of Syagrus carvalhoi (cross-section of the intermediate region). A. Type 1. B. Type 2. C. Type 3. D. Type 4." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/837039" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">7A</figureCitation>
|
||
): on the adaxial surface, there are four nonvascular fibre bundles of various sizes and one tertiary vascular bundle. On the abaxial surface, there are three tertiary vascular bundles (the median one slightly larger) between two primary (or between one primary and one secondary) vascular bundles. Pattern 2 (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Diagrams of the pinnae variation of vein and fibre arrangement of Syagrus carvalhoi (cross-section of the intermediate region). A. Type 1. B. Type 2. C. Type 3. D. Type 4." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/837039" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">7B</figureCitation>
|
||
): on the adaxial surface, there are five to six nonvascular fibre bundles of various sizes and one tertiary vascular bundle. On the abaxial surface, there are five tertiary vascular bundles (three large - the median one slightly larger, plus two small) between two primary (or one primary and one secondary) vascular bundles. Pattern 3 (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Diagrams of the pinnae variation of vein and fibre arrangement of Syagrus carvalhoi (cross-section of the intermediate region). A. Type 1. B. Type 2. C. Type 3. D. Type 4." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/837039" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">7C</figureCitation>
|
||
): on the adaxial surface, there are three nonvascular fibre bundles of similar size and two tertiary vascular bundles. On the abaxial surface, there are four tertiary vascular bundles (three large - the median is slightly larger, plus one small) between two primary (or between one primary and one secondary) vascular bundles. Pattern 4 (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Diagrams of the pinnae variation of vein and fibre arrangement of Syagrus carvalhoi (cross-section of the intermediate region). A. Type 1. B. Type 2. C. Type 3. D. Type 4." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/837039" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">7D</figureCitation>
|
||
): on the adaxial surface, there are two tertiary vascular bundles. On the abaxial surface, there are three tertiary vascular bundles (the median slightly larger) between two primary (or one primary and one secondary) vascular bundles. Pattern 4 did not repeat the arrangement of veins and fibres along the section. So, the number of veins and fibres varies, as shown in Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Diagrams of the pinnae variation of vein and fibre arrangement of Syagrus carvalhoi (cross-section of the intermediate region). A. Type 1. B. Type 2. C. Type 3. D. Type 4." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/837039" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">7C</figureCitation>
|
||
. Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Differences in leaf anatomy between Syagrus carvalhoi and S. cabraliensis." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DFF09AFF51BCE7F4352B37FB67112C72" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" tableUuid="DFF09AFF51BCE7F4352B37FB67112C72">2</tableCitation>
|
||
compares the pinnae anatomy of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cabraliensis" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cabraliensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. cabraliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835441" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Pinnae anatomy of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="B. F. Sant'Anna-Santos" authorityYear="2023" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Syagrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syagrus carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Syagrus carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
using SEM (A) and LM with cross- (B-H, J-M) and longitudinal (I) sections.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">A</emphasis>
|
||
. Adaxial surface: epicuticular waxes (ew) and stomata (st).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">B</emphasis>
|
||
. Adaxial surface: guard cells (gc) at the same level of the epidermis (ep); subsidiary cells (sc) at the same level of hypodermis (hy). Cell wall (cw), cuticle (cu).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">C</emphasis>
|
||
. Stomata on both surfaces (white arrowheads); palisade parenchyma (pa) throughout the mesophyll; tertiary vascular bundles (t3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (grey arrowhead) and not connected to the abaxial hypodermis (black arrowhead).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">D</emphasis>
|
||
. Secondary vascular bundles (t2) connected to hypodermis (black arrowheads) on both surfaces.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">E</emphasis>
|
||
. Primary vascular bundles (t1) connected to the hypodermis (black arrowheads), conspicuous metaxylem (me), protoxylem (white arrowhead) and phloem (ph).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">F</emphasis>
|
||
. Adaxial surface: non-vascular fibre bundle (fi) and tertiary vascular bundle (t3) connected to the adaxial hypodermis (black arrowheads). Palisade parenchyma (pa).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">G</emphasis>
|
||
. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with primary vascular bundle (t1). Palisade parenchyma (pa).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">H</emphasis>
|
||
. Tertiary vascular bundles (t3) and a raphide-containing idioblast (id).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">I</emphasis>
|
||
. Idioblast (id) containing raphides (ra).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">J</emphasis>
|
||
. Expansion tissue interrupted (surrounded by the dotted white line); fibres in the expansion tissue (white arrowhead); two collateral bundles (white circles); group of fibres (black arrowhead) and accessory bundle (white rectangle).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">K</emphasis>
|
||
. Trichome (tr).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">L</emphasis>
|
||
. Fibre (black arrowhead) in the expansion tissue (et).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">M</emphasis>
|
||
. Silica bodies (white arrowheads) associated with the fibres (black arrowheads) in the expansion tissue (et).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="DFF09AFF51BCE7F4352B37FB67112C72" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DFF09AFF51BCE7F4352B37FB67112C72" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" start="Table 2" startId="T2">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Table 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Differences in leaf anatomy between
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="B. F. Sant'Anna-Santos" authorityYear="2023" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Syagrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syagrus carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Syagrus carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cabraliensis" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cabraliensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. cabraliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<table pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Characters</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cabraliensis" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cabraliensis">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. cabraliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Adaxial veins</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Present</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Sometimes</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Expansion tissue</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Interrupted</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Continuous</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Number of small groups of fibres around the main vascular bundle</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">0-3</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">5-12</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Trichomes</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Present</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Absent</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Mesophyll symmetry</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Isolateral</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Dorsiventral</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Guard cells level</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">At the same level of the epidermis</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">At the same level of the hypodermis</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/837039" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Diagrams of the pinnae variation of vein and fibre arrangement of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="B. F. Sant'Anna-Santos" authorityYear="2023" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Syagrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syagrus carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Syagrus carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(cross-section of the intermediate region).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">A</emphasis>
|
||
. Type 1.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">B</emphasis>
|
||
. Type 2.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">C</emphasis>
|
||
. Type 3.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">D</emphasis>
|
||
. Type 4.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="129" type="key to distinguish between syagrus carvalhoi and syagrus cabraliensis">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
Key to distinguish between
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="B. F. Sant'Anna-Santos" authorityYear="2023" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Syagrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syagrus carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Syagrus carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Syagrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syagrus cabraliensis" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cabraliensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Syagrus cabraliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<table inLine="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">1</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Plants with straight leaves; pinnae glaucous on adaxial surface; pinnae with symmetrical tips; 19-26 pairs of pinnae along the rachis; pinnae regularly inserted on the upper part of the rachis; peduncular bract 32-45 cm long; basal and apical rachillae of different length</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">Plants with slightly arched leaves; pinnae glossy on adaxial surface; pinnae with asymmetrical tips; 9-19 pairs of pinnae along the rachis; pinnae inserted at various angles on the upper part of the rachis; peduncular bract 12.2-31 cm long; basal and apical rachillae of similar length</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cabraliensis" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cabraliensis">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. cabraliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="129" type="notes">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Notes.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="B. F. Sant'Anna-Santos" authorityYear="2023" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Syagrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syagrus carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Syagrus carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a grass-like aspect - typically attributed to dwarf palms with narrow pinnae and slender inflorescences according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.294.1.1" author="Noblick, LR" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="001 - 262" refId="B45" refString="Noblick, LR, 2017a. A revision of the genus Syagrus (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 294 (1): 001 - 262, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.294.1.1" title="A revision of the genus Syagrus (Arecaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.294.1.1" volume="294" year="2017 a">Noblick (2017a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Within the genus, a few other dwarf species fit (or nearly fit) the grass-like aspect:
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Noblick & Lorenzi" authorityYear="2010" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Syagrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syagrus angustifolia" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angustifolia">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Syagrus angustifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Noblick & Lorenzi,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Syagrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syagrus campylospatha" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="campylospatha">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Syagrus campylospatha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Becc.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Syagrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syagrus graminifolia" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="graminifolia">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Syagrus graminifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Becc., and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Syagrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syagrus cabraliensis" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cabraliensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Syagrus cabraliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Noblick & Lorenzi) B.F.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sant’Anna-Santos">Sant'Anna-Santos</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.294.1.1" author="Noblick, LR" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="001 - 262" refId="B45" refString="Noblick, LR, 2017a. A revision of the genus Syagrus (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 294 (1): 001 - 262, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.294.1.1" title="A revision of the genus Syagrus (Arecaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.294.1.1" volume="294" year="2017 a">Noblick 2017a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-023-01843-5" author="Sant'Anna-Santos, BF" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" refId="B60" refString="Sant'Anna-Santos, BF, Azevedo, IFP, Micheli, R, Soffiatti, P, 2023. Morpho-anatomical novelties of a dwarf Syagrus (Arecaceae) of canga: implications for ecology, conservation, and taxonomy. Plant Systematics and Evolution 309: 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-023-01843-5" title="Morpho-anatomical novelties of a dwarf Syagrus (Arecaceae) of canga: implications for ecology, conservation, and taxonomy. Plant Systematics and Evolution 309: 8." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-023-01843-5" year="2023">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sant’Anna-Santos">Sant'Anna-Santos</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2023
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In addition to its isolation in the Serra do Cabral,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is easily distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. angustifolia" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angustifolia">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. angustifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. graminifolia" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="graminifolia">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. graminifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by spirally branched inflorescences - versus unilaterally branched inflorescences in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. angustifolia" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angustifolia">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. angustifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. graminifolia" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="graminifolia">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. graminifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, among other notable morphoanatomical differences (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.26.5436" author="Noblick, LR" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="75 - 99" refId="B43" refString="Noblick, LR, 2013b. Leaflet anatomy verifies relationships within Syagrus (Arecaceae) and aids in identification. PhytoKeys 26: 75 - 99, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.26.5436" title="Leaflet anatomy verifies relationships within Syagrus (Arecaceae) and aids in identification." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.26.5436" volume="26" year="2013 b">Noblick 2013b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.294.1.1" author="Noblick, LR" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="001 - 262" refId="B45" refString="Noblick, LR, 2017a. A revision of the genus Syagrus (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 294 (1): 001 - 262, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.294.1.1" title="A revision of the genus Syagrus (Arecaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.294.1.1" volume="294" year="2017 a">2017a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.81.12909" author="Noblick, LR" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="19 - 46" refId="B46" refString="Noblick, LR, 2017b. Key to Syagrus identification using leaflet margin anatomy: Supplement to "A revision of Syagrus (Arecaceae)". PhytoKeys 81: 19 - 46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.81.12909" title="Key to Syagrus identification using leaflet margin anatomy: Supplement to " A revision of Syagrus (Arecaceae) "." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.81.12909" volume="81" year="2017 b">2017b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="B. F. Sant'Anna-Santos" authorityYear="2023" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Syagrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syagrus carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Syagrus carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
still resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. campylospatha" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="campylospatha">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. campylospatha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the spirally branched inflorescences, the colonial habit and the narrow, straight and ascending leaves. However, several morphological characters easily differentiate the two species, for instance, the almost glabrous fruits and the spine-tipped pinnae of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. campylospatha" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="campylospatha">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. campylospatha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.294.1.1" author="Noblick, LR" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="001 - 262" refId="B45" refString="Noblick, LR, 2017a. A revision of the genus Syagrus (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 294 (1): 001 - 262, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.294.1.1" title="A revision of the genus Syagrus (Arecaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.294.1.1" volume="294" year="2017 a">Noblick 2017a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Furthermore, the pinnae anatomy of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. campylospatha" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="campylospatha">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. campylospatha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unique within the genus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.294.1.1" author="Noblick, LR" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="001 - 262" refId="B45" refString="Noblick, LR, 2017a. A revision of the genus Syagrus (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 294 (1): 001 - 262, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.294.1.1" title="A revision of the genus Syagrus (Arecaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.294.1.1" volume="294" year="2017 a">Noblick 2017a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Finally,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. campylospatha" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="campylospatha">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. campylospatha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is endemic to Paraguay and Mato Grosso do Sul state in Brazil (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.294.1.1" author="Noblick, LR" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="001 - 262" refId="B45" refString="Noblick, LR, 2017a. A revision of the genus Syagrus (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 294 (1): 001 - 262, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.294.1.1" title="A revision of the genus Syagrus (Arecaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.294.1.1" volume="294" year="2017 a">Noblick 2017a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), very distant from the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The other grass-like species,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cabraliensis" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cabraliensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. cabraliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, shares some rare characters with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, such as the flowers arranged in tetrads and the stems forking at or below the ground. Thus, based on the rare morphological similarities and the co-occurrence in the SC massif,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is conceivably closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cabraliensis" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cabraliensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. cabraliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Despite the ca 30 km distance between the populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cabraliensis" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cabraliensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. cabraliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. 3 D map of the Serra do Cabral massif (A) and some morphological differences between the grass-like Syagrus carvalhoi (B, D, F) and Syagrus cabraliensis (C, E, G). A. Relief of the SC and the location of S. carvalhoi and S. cabraliensis. B. Bluish, straight and ascending leaves. C. Dark green and slightly arched leaves. D. Symmetrical pinna tip. E. Asymmetrical pinna tip. F. Staminate flower with short pedicel (black arrowhead). G. Staminate flower with long pedicel (black arrowhead). Photographs B-G by Bruno F. Sant'Anna-Santos." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835442" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">8A</figureCitation>
|
||
), the two species are not sympatric. Due to some peculiarities of the relief (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. 3 D map of the Serra do Cabral massif (A) and some morphological differences between the grass-like Syagrus carvalhoi (B, D, F) and Syagrus cabraliensis (C, E, G). A. Relief of the SC and the location of S. carvalhoi and S. cabraliensis. B. Bluish, straight and ascending leaves. C. Dark green and slightly arched leaves. D. Symmetrical pinna tip. E. Asymmetrical pinna tip. F. Staminate flower with short pedicel (black arrowhead). G. Staminate flower with long pedicel (black arrowhead). Photographs B-G by Bruno F. Sant'Anna-Santos." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835442" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">8A</figureCitation>
|
||
), the campos rupestres form an archipelago-like system of mountains (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.23212" author="Alves, RJV" journalOrPublisher="Brazilian Journal of Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="355 - 362" refId="B1" refString="Alves, RJV, Silva, NG, Oliveira, JA, Medeiros, D, 2014. Circumscribing campo rupestre - megadiverse Brazilian rocky montane savanas. Brazilian Journal of Biology 74 (2): 355 - 362, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.23212" title="Circumscribing campo rupestre - megadiverse Brazilian rocky montane savanas." url="https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.23212" volume="74" year="2014">Alves et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which promotes isolation favouring speciation. Furthermore, while
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
grows in quartzitic campos rupestres in the southern SC (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. 3 D map of the Serra do Cabral massif (A) and some morphological differences between the grass-like Syagrus carvalhoi (B, D, F) and Syagrus cabraliensis (C, E, G). A. Relief of the SC and the location of S. carvalhoi and S. cabraliensis. B. Bluish, straight and ascending leaves. C. Dark green and slightly arched leaves. D. Symmetrical pinna tip. E. Asymmetrical pinna tip. F. Staminate flower with short pedicel (black arrowhead). G. Staminate flower with long pedicel (black arrowhead). Photographs B-G by Bruno F. Sant'Anna-Santos." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835442" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">8B</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cabraliensis" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cabraliensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. cabraliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs on a small ferruginous campo rupestre (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. 3 D map of the Serra do Cabral massif (A) and some morphological differences between the grass-like Syagrus carvalhoi (B, D, F) and Syagrus cabraliensis (C, E, G). A. Relief of the SC and the location of S. carvalhoi and S. cabraliensis. B. Bluish, straight and ascending leaves. C. Dark green and slightly arched leaves. D. Symmetrical pinna tip. E. Asymmetrical pinna tip. F. Staminate flower with short pedicel (black arrowhead). G. Staminate flower with long pedicel (black arrowhead). Photographs B-G by Bruno F. Sant'Anna-Santos." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835442" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">8C</figureCitation>
|
||
) on the northern SC (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.188.1.1" author="Noblick, LR" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="1 - 13" refId="B50" refString="Noblick, LR, Lorenzi, H, Souza, VC, 2014. Four new taxa of acaulescent Syagrus (Arecaceae) from Brazil. Phytotaxa 188 (1): 1 - 13, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.188.1.1" title="Four new taxa of acaulescent Syagrus (Arecaceae) from Brazil." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.188.1.1" volume="188" year="2014">Noblick et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.294.1.1" author="Noblick, LR" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="001 - 262" refId="B45" refString="Noblick, LR, 2017a. A revision of the genus Syagrus (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 294 (1): 001 - 262, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.294.1.1" title="A revision of the genus Syagrus (Arecaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.294.1.1" volume="294" year="2017 a">Noblick 2017a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-023-01843-5" author="Sant'Anna-Santos, BF" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" refId="B60" refString="Sant'Anna-Santos, BF, Azevedo, IFP, Micheli, R, Soffiatti, P, 2023. Morpho-anatomical novelties of a dwarf Syagrus (Arecaceae) of canga: implications for ecology, conservation, and taxonomy. Plant Systematics and Evolution 309: 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-023-01843-5" title="Morpho-anatomical novelties of a dwarf Syagrus (Arecaceae) of canga: implications for ecology, conservation, and taxonomy. Plant Systematics and Evolution 309: 8." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-023-01843-5" year="2023">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sant’Anna-Santos">Sant'Anna-Santos</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2023
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is not the first case of a species that occurs only in the northern or the southern part of the SC, an area recognised by the presence of narrow endemics (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.188.1.1" author="Noblick, LR" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="1 - 13" refId="B50" refString="Noblick, LR, Lorenzi, H, Souza, VC, 2014. Four new taxa of acaulescent Syagrus (Arecaceae) from Brazil. Phytotaxa 188 (1): 1 - 13, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.188.1.1" title="Four new taxa of acaulescent Syagrus (Arecaceae) from Brazil." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.188.1.1" volume="188" year="2014">Noblick et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.367.2.3" author="Costa, FN" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="133 - 144" refId="B5" refString="Costa, FN, Andrino, CO, Sano, PT, Trovo, M, Echternacht, L, 2018. Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) in the central Espinhaco range in Minas Gerais, Brazil: checklist, endemism, and nomenclatural changes. Phytotaxa 367 (2): 133 - 144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.367.2.3" title="Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) in the central Espinhaco range in Minas Gerais, Brazil: checklist, endemism, and nomenclatural changes." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.367.2.3" volume="367" year="2018">Costa et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.443.1.4" author="Guarconi, EAE" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="38 - 50" refId="B16" refString="Guarconi, EAE, Sartori, MA, 2020. Checklist of the Bromeliaceae of the Serra do Cabral, Minas Gerais, Brazil, with a description of a new species. Phytotaxa 443 (1): 38 - 50, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.443.1.4" title="Checklist of the Bromeliaceae of the Serra do Cabral, Minas Gerais, Brazil, with a description of a new species." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.443.1.4" volume="443" year="2020">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Guarçoni">Guarconi</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Sartori 2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01729-w" author="Sant'Anna-Santos, BF" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination=": 4" refId="B59" refString="Sant'Anna-Santos, BF, 2021. A new endemic and critically endangered species of Butia (Arecaceae) with comments on morpho-anatomical novelties in the genus. Plant Systematics and Evolution 307 (1): 4, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01729-w" title="A new endemic and critically endangered species of Butia (Arecaceae) with comments on morpho-anatomical novelties in the genus." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01729-w" volume="307" year="2021">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sant’Anna-Santos">Sant'Anna-Santos</normalizedToken>
|
||
2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These endemic dwarf palms of the campos rupestres of the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Espinhaço">Espinhaco</normalizedToken>
|
||
Range revealed a set of rare characters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Noblick, LR" journalOrPublisher="Palms" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="113 - 118" publicationUrl="https://palms.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/v53n3p113-118.pdf" refId="B39" refString="Noblick, LR, 2009. Syagrus evansiana, a new palm from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Palms 53 (3): 113 - 118, https://palms.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/v53n3p113-118.pdf" title="Syagrus evansiana, a new palm from Minas Gerais, Brazil." url="https://palms.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/v53n3p113-118.pdf" volume="53" year="2009">Noblick 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.294.1.1" author="Noblick, LR" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="001 - 262" refId="B45" refString="Noblick, LR, 2017a. A revision of the genus Syagrus (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 294 (1): 001 - 262, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.294.1.1" title="A revision of the genus Syagrus (Arecaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.294.1.1" volume="294" year="2017 a">2017a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Noblick, LR" journalOrPublisher="Palms" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="18 - 42" refId="B49" refString="Noblick, LR, Lorenzi, H, 2010. New Syagrus species from Brazil. Palms 54 (1): 18 - 42" title="New Syagrus species from Brazil." volume="54" year="2010">Noblick and Lorenzi 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.188.1.1" author="Noblick, LR" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="1 - 13" refId="B50" refString="Noblick, LR, Lorenzi, H, Souza, VC, 2014. Four new taxa of acaulescent Syagrus (Arecaceae) from Brazil. Phytotaxa 188 (1): 1 - 13, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.188.1.1" title="Four new taxa of acaulescent Syagrus (Arecaceae) from Brazil." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.188.1.1" volume="188" year="2014">Noblick et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2020-0165" author="Firmo, DHT" journalOrPublisher="Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="379 - 387" refId="B11" refString="Firmo, DHT, Santos, SA, Perez, MEMP, Soffiatti, P, Sant'Anna-Santos, BF, 2021. Reassessing species boundaries in the Syagrus glaucescens complex (Arecaceae) using leaf anatomy. Botany 99 (7): 379 - 387, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2020-0165" title="Reassessing species boundaries in the Syagrus glaucescens complex (Arecaceae) using leaf anatomy." url="https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2020-0165" volume="99" year="2021">Firmo et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01729-w" author="Sant'Anna-Santos, BF" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination=": 4" refId="B59" refString="Sant'Anna-Santos, BF, 2021. A new endemic and critically endangered species of Butia (Arecaceae) with comments on morpho-anatomical novelties in the genus. Plant Systematics and Evolution 307 (1): 4, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01729-w" title="A new endemic and critically endangered species of Butia (Arecaceae) with comments on morpho-anatomical novelties in the genus." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01729-w" volume="307" year="2021">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sant’Anna-Santos">Sant'Anna-Santos</normalizedToken>
|
||
2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-023-01843-5" author="Sant'Anna-Santos, BF" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" refId="B60" refString="Sant'Anna-Santos, BF, Azevedo, IFP, Micheli, R, Soffiatti, P, 2023. Morpho-anatomical novelties of a dwarf Syagrus (Arecaceae) of canga: implications for ecology, conservation, and taxonomy. Plant Systematics and Evolution 309: 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-023-01843-5" title="Morpho-anatomical novelties of a dwarf Syagrus (Arecaceae) of canga: implications for ecology, conservation, and taxonomy. Plant Systematics and Evolution 309: 8." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-023-01843-5" year="2023">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sant’Anna-Santos">Sant'Anna-Santos</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2023
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Regarding the newly discovered dwarf palms for the SC, these endemics possess morphological and anatomical characters that offer new insights for taxonomic, ecological, and evolutionary studies in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. For instance, the small group of fibres in the mesophyll of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="B.F.Sant'Anna-Santos" authorityYear="2021" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Butia" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Butia buenopolensis" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="buenopolensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Butia buenopolensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
made this species unique within its genus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01729-w" author="Sant'Anna-Santos, BF" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination=": 4" refId="B59" refString="Sant'Anna-Santos, BF, 2021. A new endemic and critically endangered species of Butia (Arecaceae) with comments on morpho-anatomical novelties in the genus. Plant Systematics and Evolution 307 (1): 4, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01729-w" title="A new endemic and critically endangered species of Butia (Arecaceae) with comments on morpho-anatomical novelties in the genus." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01729-w" volume="307" year="2021">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sant’Anna-Santos">Sant'Anna-Santos</normalizedToken>
|
||
2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). From an ecological point of view, the well-developed subterranean stems of these dwarf
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the SC may increase their ability to survive intense fires, dry conditions and nutrient-poor soils, as previously stated in the literature (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Glassman, SF" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" refId="B15" refString="Glassman, SF, 1987. Revisions of the palm genus Syagrus Mart. and other selected genera in the Cocos alliance. University of Illinois Press, Champaign, 1-230." title="Revisions of the palm genus Syagrus Mart. and other selected genera in the Cocos alliance. University of Illinois Press, Champaign, 1 - 230." year="1987">Glassman 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Henderson, H" journalOrPublisher="Boletim Do Museu Botanico Municipal" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" refId="B21" refString="Henderson, H, Galeano, G, Bernal, R, 1995. Field Guide to the Palms of the Americas. Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 1-502." title="Field Guide to the Palms of the Americas. Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 1 - 502." year="1995">Henderson et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.294.1.1" author="Noblick, LR" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="001 - 262" refId="B45" refString="Noblick, LR, 2017a. A revision of the genus Syagrus (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 294 (1): 001 - 262, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.294.1.1" title="A revision of the genus Syagrus (Arecaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.294.1.1" volume="294" year="2017 a">Noblick 2017a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-023-01843-5" author="Sant'Anna-Santos, BF" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" refId="B60" refString="Sant'Anna-Santos, BF, Azevedo, IFP, Micheli, R, Soffiatti, P, 2023. Morpho-anatomical novelties of a dwarf Syagrus (Arecaceae) of canga: implications for ecology, conservation, and taxonomy. Plant Systematics and Evolution 309: 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-023-01843-5" title="Morpho-anatomical novelties of a dwarf Syagrus (Arecaceae) of canga: implications for ecology, conservation, and taxonomy. Plant Systematics and Evolution 309: 8." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-023-01843-5" year="2023">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sant’Anna-Santos">Sant'Anna-Santos</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2023
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Additionally, we showed that the pinnae of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are covered by a thick epicuticular wax and are frequently folded during the dry season. These characteristics might reduce leaf exposure to sunlight and water loss by transpiration (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4499.364" author="Oliveira, D" journalOrPublisher="Bragantia" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="128 - 134" refId="B52" refString="Oliveira, D, Medeiros, M, Pereira, S, Oliveira, M, Frosi, G, Arruda, E, Santos, M, 2016. Ecophysiological leaf traits of native and exotic palm tree species under semi-arid conditions. Bragantia 75 (2): 128 - 134, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4499.364" title="Ecophysiological leaf traits of native and exotic palm tree species under semi-arid conditions." url="https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4499.364" volume="75" year="2016">Oliveira et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The expansion tissue in the midrib of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is likely linked to the inward folding when subjected to dry conditions, as previously suggested for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Allagoptera" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Allagoptera arenaria" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arenaria">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Allagoptera arenaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Gomes) Kuntze (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-015-9384-2" author="Defaveri, ACA" journalOrPublisher="Brittonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="336 - 349" refId="B6" refString="Defaveri, ACA, Barros, CF, Arruda, RCO, Simas, NK, Sato, A, 2015. Allagoptera arenaria (Arecaceae): leaf anatomy of a palm from the Brazilian shore. Brittonia 67 (4): 336 - 349, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-015-9384-2" title="Allagoptera arenaria (Arecaceae): leaf anatomy of a palm from the Brazilian shore." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-015-9384-2" volume="67" year="2015">Defaveri et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Allagoptera" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Allagoptera campestris" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="campestris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Allagoptera campestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Mart.) Kuntze (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2021.151993" author="Barbosa, LHS" journalOrPublisher="Flora" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination=": 151993" refId="B3" refString="Barbosa, LHS, Silva, GS, Junior, AFN, Appezzato-da-Gloria, B, 2022. Leaf phenotypic variation of Allagoptera campestris (Mart.) Kuntze (Arecaceae) in response to unnatural disturbances in the Cerrado. Flora 287 (1): 151993, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2021.151993" title="Leaf phenotypic variation of Allagoptera campestris (Mart.) Kuntze (Arecaceae) in response to unnatural disturbances in the Cerrado." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2021.151993" volume="287" year="2022">Barbosa et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The morphological and anatomical differences between these species are shown in Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. 3 D map of the Serra do Cabral massif (A) and some morphological differences between the grass-like Syagrus carvalhoi (B, D, F) and Syagrus cabraliensis (C, E, G). A. Relief of the SC and the location of S. carvalhoi and S. cabraliensis. B. Bluish, straight and ascending leaves. C. Dark green and slightly arched leaves. D. Symmetrical pinna tip. E. Asymmetrical pinna tip. F. Staminate flower with short pedicel (black arrowhead). G. Staminate flower with long pedicel (black arrowhead). Photographs B-G by Bruno F. Sant'Anna-Santos." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835442" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">8</figureCitation>
|
||
, Tables
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Differences between Syagrus carvalhoi and S. cabraliensis." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C60F2F2720392D7757E83A39ECAD75A8" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" tableUuid="C60F2F2720392D7757E83A39ECAD75A8">1</tableCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Differences in leaf anatomy between Syagrus carvalhoi and S. cabraliensis." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DFF09AFF51BCE7F4352B37FB67112C72" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" tableUuid="DFF09AFF51BCE7F4352B37FB67112C72">2</tableCitation>
|
||
, and the key. Morphologically, it is easy to differentiate
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cabraliensis" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cabraliensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. cabraliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: the former is represented by taller plants, larger and taller clumps (sometimes with colonial habit); bluish leaves that are straight and ascending, pinnae with symmetrical tips; staminate flowers with brief pedicels (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. 3 D map of the Serra do Cabral massif (A) and some morphological differences between the grass-like Syagrus carvalhoi (B, D, F) and Syagrus cabraliensis (C, E, G). A. Relief of the SC and the location of S. carvalhoi and S. cabraliensis. B. Bluish, straight and ascending leaves. C. Dark green and slightly arched leaves. D. Symmetrical pinna tip. E. Asymmetrical pinna tip. F. Staminate flower with short pedicel (black arrowhead). G. Staminate flower with long pedicel (black arrowhead). Photographs B-G by Bruno F. Sant'Anna-Santos." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835442" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">8B-G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Anatomically, the pinnae of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were very useful in differentiating it from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cabraliensis" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cabraliensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. cabraliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. For instance, the midrib is a source of characters that did not show variation between the specimens evaluated (Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Differences in leaf anatomy between Syagrus carvalhoi and S. cabraliensis." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DFF09AFF51BCE7F4352B37FB67112C72" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" tableUuid="DFF09AFF51BCE7F4352B37FB67112C72">2</tableCitation>
|
||
). The patterns of veins and the arrangement of fibre bundles were also helpful in differentiating
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cabraliensis" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cabraliensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. cabraliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Differences in leaf anatomy between Syagrus carvalhoi and S. cabraliensis." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DFF09AFF51BCE7F4352B37FB67112C72" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" tableUuid="DFF09AFF51BCE7F4352B37FB67112C72">2</tableCitation>
|
||
), despite the variation observed along the intermediate region (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Diagrams of the pinnae variation of vein and fibre arrangement of Syagrus carvalhoi (cross-section of the intermediate region). A. Type 1. B. Type 2. C. Type 3. D. Type 4." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/837039" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">7A-C</figureCitation>
|
||
) of the former.
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.81.12909" author="Noblick, LR" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="19 - 46" refId="B46" refString="Noblick, LR, 2017b. Key to Syagrus identification using leaflet margin anatomy: Supplement to "A revision of Syagrus (Arecaceae)". PhytoKeys 81: 19 - 46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.81.12909" title="Key to Syagrus identification using leaflet margin anatomy: Supplement to " A revision of Syagrus (Arecaceae) "." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.81.12909" volume="81" year="2017 b">Noblick (2017b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
first cited the variation in pinnae anatomy in the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Syagrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syagrus" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Syagrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genus using the pinnae margin anatomy. For some taxa,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.81.12909" author="Noblick, LR" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="19 - 46" refId="B46" refString="Noblick, LR, 2017b. Key to Syagrus identification using leaflet margin anatomy: Supplement to "A revision of Syagrus (Arecaceae)". PhytoKeys 81: 19 - 46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.81.12909" title="Key to Syagrus identification using leaflet margin anatomy: Supplement to " A revision of Syagrus (Arecaceae) "." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.81.12909" volume="81" year="2017 b">Noblick (2017b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
carefully used more than one image to represent the pinnae anatomy, as we did here for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Diagrams of the pinnae variation of vein and fibre arrangement of Syagrus carvalhoi (cross-section of the intermediate region). A. Type 1. B. Type 2. C. Type 3. D. Type 4." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/837039" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">7</figureCitation>
|
||
). Thus, a broad and standardised sampling is essential to guarantee the correct characterisation of the studied species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.81.12909" author="Noblick, LR" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="19 - 46" refId="B46" refString="Noblick, LR, 2017b. Key to Syagrus identification using leaflet margin anatomy: Supplement to "A revision of Syagrus (Arecaceae)". PhytoKeys 81: 19 - 46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.81.12909" title="Key to Syagrus identification using leaflet margin anatomy: Supplement to " A revision of Syagrus (Arecaceae) "." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.81.12909" volume="81" year="2017 b">Noblick 2017b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.180.66018" author="Noblick, LR" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="31 - 52" refId="B51" refString="Noblick, LR, Sant'Anna-Santos, BF, 2021. Diversity of leaf anatomy within a single leaflet and between leaflets of four Butia (Arecaceae, Arecoideae) species. PhytoKeys 180: 31 - 52, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.180.66018" title="Diversity of leaf anatomy within a single leaflet and between leaflets of four Butia (Arecaceae, Arecoideae) species." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.180.66018" volume="180" year="2021">
|
||
Noblick and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sant’Anna-Santos">Sant'Anna-Santos</normalizedToken>
|
||
2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Including
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 11 species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Syagrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syagrus" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Syagrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possess variation in pinnae anatomy (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.188.1.1" author="Noblick, LR" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="1 - 13" refId="B50" refString="Noblick, LR, Lorenzi, H, Souza, VC, 2014. Four new taxa of acaulescent Syagrus (Arecaceae) from Brazil. Phytotaxa 188 (1): 1 - 13, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.188.1.1" title="Four new taxa of acaulescent Syagrus (Arecaceae) from Brazil." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.188.1.1" volume="188" year="2014">Noblick et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.81.12909" author="Noblick, LR" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="19 - 46" refId="B46" refString="Noblick, LR, 2017b. Key to Syagrus identification using leaflet margin anatomy: Supplement to "A revision of Syagrus (Arecaceae)". PhytoKeys 81: 19 - 46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.81.12909" title="Key to Syagrus identification using leaflet margin anatomy: Supplement to " A revision of Syagrus (Arecaceae) "." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.81.12909" volume="81" year="2017 b">Noblick 2017b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-023-01843-5" author="Sant'Anna-Santos, BF" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" refId="B60" refString="Sant'Anna-Santos, BF, Azevedo, IFP, Micheli, R, Soffiatti, P, 2023. Morpho-anatomical novelties of a dwarf Syagrus (Arecaceae) of canga: implications for ecology, conservation, and taxonomy. Plant Systematics and Evolution 309: 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-023-01843-5" title="Morpho-anatomical novelties of a dwarf Syagrus (Arecaceae) of canga: implications for ecology, conservation, and taxonomy. Plant Systematics and Evolution 309: 8." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-023-01843-5" year="2023">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sant’Anna-Santos">Sant'Anna-Santos</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2023
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Syagrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syagrus glazioviana" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glazioviana">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Syagrus glazioviana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Becc. stands out as an extreme regarding such variation, requiring six different images of the same pinnae region (margin) to illustrate the pinnae anatomy of this taxon (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.81.12909" author="Noblick, LR" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="19 - 46" refId="B46" refString="Noblick, LR, 2017b. Key to Syagrus identification using leaflet margin anatomy: Supplement to "A revision of Syagrus (Arecaceae)". PhytoKeys 81: 19 - 46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.81.12909" title="Key to Syagrus identification using leaflet margin anatomy: Supplement to " A revision of Syagrus (Arecaceae) "." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.81.12909" volume="81" year="2017 b">Noblick 2017b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Considering the large area of occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. glazioviana" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glazioviana">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. glazioviana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it could either indicate a true case of intra-specific variation within a single species or a complex of several closely related unresolved species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.81.12909" author="Noblick, LR" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="19 - 46" refId="B46" refString="Noblick, LR, 2017b. Key to Syagrus identification using leaflet margin anatomy: Supplement to "A revision of Syagrus (Arecaceae)". PhytoKeys 81: 19 - 46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.81.12909" title="Key to Syagrus identification using leaflet margin anatomy: Supplement to " A revision of Syagrus (Arecaceae) "." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.81.12909" volume="81" year="2017 b">Noblick 2017b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nevertheless, it is important to emphasise that variation in pinnae anatomy could be expected in narrow endemic species, as shown by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-023-01843-5" author="Sant'Anna-Santos, BF" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" refId="B60" refString="Sant'Anna-Santos, BF, Azevedo, IFP, Micheli, R, Soffiatti, P, 2023. Morpho-anatomical novelties of a dwarf Syagrus (Arecaceae) of canga: implications for ecology, conservation, and taxonomy. Plant Systematics and Evolution 309: 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-023-01843-5" title="Morpho-anatomical novelties of a dwarf Syagrus (Arecaceae) of canga: implications for ecology, conservation, and taxonomy. Plant Systematics and Evolution 309: 8." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-023-01843-5" year="2023">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sant’Anna-Santos">Sant'Anna-Santos</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. (2023)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cabraliensis" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cabraliensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. cabraliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and here for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, although such variation is possible, it should not be considered a rule for all taxa. For example, no variation was observed in the pinnae anatomy of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="B.F.Sant'Anna-Santos" authorityYear="2021" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Butia" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Butia buenopolensis" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="buenopolensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Butia buenopolensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, another micro-endemic palm from the southern part of the SC (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01729-w" author="Sant'Anna-Santos, BF" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination=": 4" refId="B59" refString="Sant'Anna-Santos, BF, 2021. A new endemic and critically endangered species of Butia (Arecaceae) with comments on morpho-anatomical novelties in the genus. Plant Systematics and Evolution 307 (1): 4, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01729-w" title="A new endemic and critically endangered species of Butia (Arecaceae) with comments on morpho-anatomical novelties in the genus." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01729-w" volume="307" year="2021">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sant’Anna-Santos">Sant'Anna-Santos</normalizedToken>
|
||
2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Thus, even for narrow endemics, several samples should be collected, and the anatomical data correlated with morphological data, field observations and species distribution before a taxonomic decision. This hitherto unknown species from Serra do Cabral State Park is from the southern part of the Serra do Cabral massif, an area where the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
flora still needs field efforts in comparison to the northern part of the SC as well as other areas of the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Espinhaço">Espinhaco</normalizedToken>
|
||
Range (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hatschbach, G" journalOrPublisher="Boletim Do Museu Botanico Municipal" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="1 - 33" refId="B19" refString="Hatschbach, G, Guarconi, EAE, Sartori, MA, Ribas, O, 2006. Aspectos fisionomicos da vegetacao da Serra do Cabral - Minas Gerais, Brasil. Boletim Do Museu Botanico Municipal 67 (1): 1 - 33" title="Aspectos fisionomicos da vegetacao da Serra do Cabral - Minas Gerais, Brasil." volume="67" year="2006">Hatschbach et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rapini, A" journalOrPublisher="Megadiversidade" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" publicationUrl="https://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/herbarioVirtual/" refId="B57" refString="2022. . https://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/herbarioVirtual/" url="https://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/herbarioVirtual/" year="2022">Reflora 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Soares, KP" journalOrPublisher="Ciencia Florestal" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" publicationUrl="https://specieslink.net/search/" refId="B66" refString="2022. . https://specieslink.net/search/" url="https://specieslink.net/search/" year="2022">SpeciesLink Network 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the last few years, field efforts of our team have resulted in important advances in the knowledge of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Serra do Cabral, such as the discovery of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="B.F.Sant'Anna-Santos" authorityYear="2021" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Butia" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Butia buenopolensis" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="buenopolensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Butia buenopolensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01729-w" author="Sant'Anna-Santos, BF" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination=": 4" refId="B59" refString="Sant'Anna-Santos, BF, 2021. A new endemic and critically endangered species of Butia (Arecaceae) with comments on morpho-anatomical novelties in the genus. Plant Systematics and Evolution 307 (1): 4, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01729-w" title="A new endemic and critically endangered species of Butia (Arecaceae) with comments on morpho-anatomical novelties in the genus." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01729-w" volume="307" year="2021">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sant’Anna-Santos">Sant'Anna-Santos</normalizedToken>
|
||
2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the reassessment of the morphology and anatomy of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cabraliensis" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cabraliensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. cabraliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-023-01843-5" author="Sant'Anna-Santos, BF" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" refId="B60" refString="Sant'Anna-Santos, BF, Azevedo, IFP, Micheli, R, Soffiatti, P, 2023. Morpho-anatomical novelties of a dwarf Syagrus (Arecaceae) of canga: implications for ecology, conservation, and taxonomy. Plant Systematics and Evolution 309: 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-023-01843-5" title="Morpho-anatomical novelties of a dwarf Syagrus (Arecaceae) of canga: implications for ecology, conservation, and taxonomy. Plant Systematics and Evolution 309: 8." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-023-01843-5" year="2023">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sant’Anna-Santos">Sant'Anna-Santos</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2023
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and at least one new
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Syagrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syagrus" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Syagrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species not yet described (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2020-0165" author="Firmo, DHT" journalOrPublisher="Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" pagination="379 - 387" refId="B11" refString="Firmo, DHT, Santos, SA, Perez, MEMP, Soffiatti, P, Sant'Anna-Santos, BF, 2021. Reassessing species boundaries in the Syagrus glaucescens complex (Arecaceae) using leaf anatomy. Botany 99 (7): 379 - 387, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2020-0165" title="Reassessing species boundaries in the Syagrus glaucescens complex (Arecaceae) using leaf anatomy." url="https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2020-0165" volume="99" year="2021">Firmo et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These findings highlight the endemism of the
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
family in the SC with species with rare characters as well as the need for more collection efforts. The restricted distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
suggests that the taxon only grows in that specific habitat and is dependent on its preservation for survival. So, there is an urgent need for additional research to help develop conservation strategies that are more comprehensive and might effectively protect the biodiversity of this overlooked OCBIL.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.5091/plecevo.101027.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/835442" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" start="Figure 8" startId="F8">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
||
3D map of the Serra do Cabral massif (A) and some morphological differences between the grass-like
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="B. F. Sant'Anna-Santos" authorityYear="2023" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Syagrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syagrus carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Syagrus carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(B, D, F) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Syagrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syagrus cabraliensis" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cabraliensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">Syagrus cabraliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(C, E, G).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">A</emphasis>
|
||
. Relief of the SC and the location of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. carvalhoi" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. carvalhoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cabraliensis" order="Arecales" pageId="0" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cabraliensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">S. cabraliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">B</emphasis>
|
||
. Bluish, straight and ascending leaves.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">C</emphasis>
|
||
. Dark green and slightly arched leaves.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">D</emphasis>
|
||
. Symmetrical pinna tip.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">E</emphasis>
|
||
. Asymmetrical pinna tip.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">F</emphasis>
|
||
. Staminate flower with short pedicel (black arrowhead).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="129">G</emphasis>
|
||
. Staminate flower with long pedicel (black arrowhead). Photographs B-G by Bruno F.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sant’Anna-Santos">Sant'Anna-Santos</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |