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<document id="40E337D6AF908EB9F595D3B0FB5678DA" ID-CLB-Dataset="8722" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4908.4.10" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9a6fdd6c-cc00-475b-aa18-154257c1717e" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4447032" ID-ZooBank="6C3E52A4-1FE3-472D-9724-6BF31441A18A" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1610976402164" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Chernyshev, Alexei V. &amp; Polyakova, Neonila E." docDate="2021" docId="B728775DFFC5B523C186CB2C497B42C9" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa4908.4.10.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4908 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Cephalothrix suni Chernyshev &amp; Polyakova 2021, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="602F23A5-7D8A-47BF-AB88-10D40D72C6BA" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="591" masterDocId="4B110F25FFC1B52BC111C96B48754340" masterDocTitle="An integrative description of a new Cephalothrix species (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea) from the South China Sea" masterLastPageNumber="594" masterPageNumber="584" pageNumber="588" updateTime="1698924561121" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="2ECF35CAB16E9ABD764C5588505A3E41">An integrative description of a new Cephalothrix species (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea) from the South China Sea</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="A847CE03B622407C66309DF9075DBA91" type="personal">
<mods:role id="52D6F40E32AA2DD4995703E0010C3A30">
<mods:roleTerm id="56E448A5D96565824EF9A70B4F0BA87D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="CBEABF698FD0152C49D188C4F0E92932">Chernyshev, Alexei V.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="F7B6DB56563EE34A5D3C6785F16E6BF0" type="ORCID">0000-0002-2203-3001</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="A1811C01E6907D11557EBC18220EE88D">A. V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Palchevskogo Street 17, Vladivostok 690041, Russia &amp; nemertea 1969 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 2203 - 3001</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="00494D710596E0E97149A4044FC877C9" type="email">nemertea1969@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:role id="827AC04AAC566BF2AB43EAB468353D00">
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<mods:namePart id="A78CB0636B7D3DF15D6CF4183C7CCC8D">Polyakova, Neonila E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="BCFBBE9AFEB4ABB811BDA167A905B91E" type="ORCID">0000-0002-4304-1270</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="61F6F951A811FF196C670CB8D9FE06D5">A. V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Palchevskogo Street 17, Vladivostok 690041, Russia &amp; nila. polyakova @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 4304 - 1270</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="17E88068A1ED8638107FE503C9E4C191" type="email">nila.polyakova@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="E300E48AB62DF54AD3574BB40276C03B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="404723F0E2E3F30A380A1DD3B2D7B385">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="34E6B4478C76A1E30E5245AC8051BBF7">2021-01-18</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="1B92466FD621C71929CBEB063B24073D">4908</mods:number>
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<treatment id="B728775DFFC5B523C186CB2C497B42C9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4455270" ID-GBIF-Taxon="177013491" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4455270" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:602F23A5-7D8A-47BF-AB88-10D40D72C6BA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B728775DFFC5B523C186CB2C497B42C9" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="591" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">
<subSubSection id="779B95C0FFC5B52FC186CB2C49A24121" box="[151,471,583,610]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="3F3EC64BFFC5B52FC186CB2C49A24121" blockId="4.[151,982,583,682]" box="[151,471,583,610]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">
<heading id="64767127FFC5B52FC186CB2C49A24121" bold="true" box="[151,471,583,610]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" reason="1">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC5B52FC186CB2C49A24121" bold="true" box="[151,471,583,610]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">
<taxonomicName id="F881BDC8FFC5B52FC186CB2C49074121" authority="Chernyshev &amp; Polyakova, 2021" authorityName="Chernyshev &amp; Polyakova" authorityYear="2021" box="[151,370,583,610]" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Cephalothricidae" genus="Cephalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archinemertea" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="suni" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC5B52FC186CB2C49074121" bold="true" box="[151,370,583,610]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Cephalothrix suni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="16C6A722FFC5B52FC06BCB2C49A24121" box="[378,471,583,609]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="779B95C0FFC5B52FC186CB004A9041A6" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" type="description">
<paragraph id="3F3EC64BFFC5B52FC186CB0049DE41C5" blockId="4.[151,982,583,682]" box="[151,427,619,646]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">
(
<figureCitation id="A7BADACEFFC5B52FC18ECB00496841C6" box="[159,285,619,646]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1560,1584]" captionTargetBox="[411,1159,181,1533]" captionTargetId="figure-32@5.[408,1179,181,1536]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Cephalothrix suni sp. nov. (A) holotype: ventral view. (B) paratype: ventral view of the anterior body. Scale bars: (A), 2 mm; (B), 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447034/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Figs 1A, B</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="A7BADACEFFC5B52FC038CB00494241C5" box="[297,311,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1658,1682]" captionTargetBox="[177,1410,181,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-17@6.[177,1410,181,1635]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cephalothrix suni sp. nov., cLSM micrographs of the body and proboscis labelled with phalloidin: substack of transverse sections through the anterior foregut region (A, B, E), arrows indicate the inner part of the split OCM (B); substack of transverse sections through the posterior foregut region (C); substack of longitudinal sections through the body-wall musculature with crisscrossed DM in the foregut region (D); substack of transverse sections through the anterior foregut region (arrow indicate dorsal muscle cross) (F); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis musculature (arrows indicate DM) (G); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis epithelium with larger (arrows) and smaller (arrowheads) pseudocnidae (H); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis epithelium with long (arrowheads) and shorter (arrows) collars of sensory cells (I). Abbreviations: dm, diagonal musculature; dn, dorsal nerve; fg, foregut; icm, inner circular musculature; lm, longitudinal musculature; ln, lateral nerve cord; lp, longitudinal muscle plate; lv, lateral blood vessel; ocm, outer circular musculature; olm, outer part of LM; pr, proboscis; rh, rhynchocoel; vm, musculature of blood vessel. Scale bars: A, C – 100 µm; B, D–F – 50 µm; G, I – 20 µm; H – 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447037" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447037/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">2</figureCitation>
A-I; 3A-I)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3F3EC64BFFC5B52FC186CBE44BA341EA" blockId="4.[151,982,583,682]" box="[151,982,655,682]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">
<uri id="4B10CA49FFC5B52FC186CBE44BA341EA" box="[151,982,655,682]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
<uuid id="4B27FC9EFFC5B52FC0BACBE44BA341EA" box="[427,982,655,682]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">602F23A5-7D8A-47BF-AB88-10D40D72C6BA</uuid>
</uri>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3F3EC64BFFC5B52FC186CBA44A9041A6" blockId="4.[151,771,718,773]" box="[151,741,718,743]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">
syn.
<taxonomicName id="F881BDC8FFC5B52FC1D6CBA5493841A6" authorityName="Oersted" authorityYear="1843" box="[199,333,718,742]" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Cephalothricidae" genus="Cephalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archinemertea" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC5B52FC1D6CBA5493841A6" box="[199,333,718,742]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Cephalothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. VIE:
<bibRefCitation id="5B10BBBAFFC5B52FC0BCCBA54A2B41A6" author="Chen, H. &amp; Strand, M. &amp; Norenburg, J. L. &amp; Sun, S. &amp; Kajihara, H. &amp; Chernyshev, A. V. &amp; Maslakova, S. A. &amp; Sundberg P." box="[429,606,718,742]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" pagination="12885" refId="ref4800" refString="Chen, H., Strand, M., Norenburg, J. L., Sun, S., Kajihara, H., Chernyshev, A. V., Maslakova, S. A. &amp; Sundberg P. (2010) Statistical Parsimony Networks and Species Assemblages in Cephalotrichid Nemerteans (Nemertea). PLoS One, 5 (9), e 12885. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0012885" type="journal article" year="2010">
Chen
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC5B52FC0F8CBA44A6941A6" box="[489,540,718,742]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">et al.</emphasis>
, 2010
</bibRefCitation>
, tab. 2, N 21.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="779B95C0FFC5B52FC186CB864B764045" box="[151,771,749,773]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="3F3EC64BFFC5B52FC186CB864B764045" blockId="4.[151,771,718,773]" box="[151,771,749,773]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">
<taxonomicName id="F881BDC8FFC5B52FC186CB864A2B4045" authority=": Chernyshev, 2016, p. 288" authorityName="Chernyshev" authorityPageNumber="288" authorityYear="2016" box="[151,606,749,773]" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Cephalothricidae" genus="Cephalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archinemertea" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="suni">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC5B52FC186CB8649384045" box="[151,333,749,773]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Cephalothrix suni</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="5B10BBBAFFC5B52FC04ACB864A614045" author="Chernyshev, A. V." box="[347,532,749,773]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" pagination="279 - 314" refId="ref4885" refString="Chernyshev, A. V. (2016) Nemerteans of the coastal waters of Vietnam. In: Adrianov, A. V. &amp; Lutaenko, K. A. (Eds.), Biodiversity of the Western Part of the South China Sea. Dalnauka, Vladivostok, pp. 279 - 314." type="book chapter" year="2016">Chernyshev, 2016</bibRefCitation>
, p. 288
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC5B52FC37DCB854A8E4045" box="[620,763,749,773]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">nomen nudum</emphasis>
)
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="779B95C0FFC5B52FC186CA5849034709" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="3F3EC64BFFC5B52FC186CA584B3B40F9" blockId="4.[151,1437,819,1926]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC5B52FC186CA584930400D" bold="true" box="[151,325,819,845]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Type material.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="8FE9CC16FFC5B52FC05DCA584D224031" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3022771302" collectingDate="2010-05-15" collectionCode="MIMB, V" country="China" county="Chernyshev" latitude="9.716666" location="Nam Du Island" longLatPrecision="1299" longitude="104.38333" municipality="Sea" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="E03A78E9FFC5B52FC05DCA5849C1400D" box="[332,436,819,845]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
No. 40373 (
<collectionCode id="59905E8EFFC5B52FC350CA584AE1400D" box="[577,660,819,845]" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/063z-3mpp" name="Museum of the Institute of Marine Biology" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">MIMB</collectionCode>
), slides with transverse sectionas,
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(
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,
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),
<location id="3A5E9090FFC5B52FC1D1CA3C49744031" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B728775DFFC5B523C186CB2C497B42C9:3A5E9090FFC5B52FC1D1CA3C49744031" box="[192,257,855,881]" country="China" county="Chernyshev" latitude="9.716666" longLatPrecision="1299" longitude="104.38333" municipality="Sea" name="South" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">South</location>
<collectingCountry id="479686DBFFC5B52FC018CA3C49394031" box="[265,332,855,881]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">China</collectingCountry>
<collectingMunicipality id="DF5A5C31FFC5B52FC042CA3C490B4031" box="[339,382,855,881]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Sea</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingCountry id="479686DBFFC5B52FC098CA3C499E4031" box="[393,491,855,881]" name="Vietnam" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
,
<date id="4B3FE08BFFC5B52FC0E7CA334AE34031" box="[502,662,855,882]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" value="2010-05-15">
<collectingDate id="5B7B1963FFC5B52FC0E7CA334AE34031" box="[502,662,855,882]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" value="2010-05-15">May 15, 2010</collectingDate>
</date>
, intertidal, calcareous red algae, collected by A.
<collectionCode id="59905E8EFFC5B52FC5BFCA3C4CB14031" box="[1198,1220,855,881]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
.
<collectingCounty id="D65FBEC7FFC5B52FC5DECA3C4D224031" box="[1231,1367,855,881]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Chernyshev</collectingCounty>
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="8FE9CC16FFC5B52FC470CA334B3E40F9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3022771303" collectingDate="2005-01-13" collectionCode="MIMB, V" country="China" county="Chernyshev" latitude="12.566667" location="Van Phong Bay" longLatPrecision="1293" longitude="109.4" municipality="Sea" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus id="E03A78E9FFC5B52FC470CA3348B240D6" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
No. 40374 (
<collectionCode id="59905E8EFFC5B52FC04DCA1049DA40D5" box="[348,431,891,917]" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/063z-3mpp" name="Museum of the Institute of Marine Biology" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">MIMB</collectionCode>
),
<location id="3A5E9090FFC5B52FC0D4CA174A0D40D6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B728775DFFC5B523C186CB2C497B42C9:3A5E9090FFC5B52FC0D4CA174A0D40D6" box="[453,632,891,918]" country="China" county="Chernyshev" latitude="12.566667" longLatPrecision="1293" longitude="109.4" municipality="Sea" name="Van Phong Bay" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Van Phong Bay</location>
(
<geoCoordinate id="5AB5A08CFFC5B52FC39BCA164A8040D6" box="[650,757,892,920]" degrees="12" direction="north" minutes="34" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" precision="925" value="12.566667">12°34′ N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="5AB5A08CFFC5B52FC212CA164B0C40D6" box="[771,889,892,920]" degrees="109" direction="east" minutes="24" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" precision="925" value="109.4">109°24′ E</geoCoordinate>
),
<location id="3A5E9090FFC5B52FC281CA104BA440D5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B728775DFFC5B523C186CB2C497B42C9:3A5E9090FFC5B52FC281CA104BA440D5" box="[912,977,891,917]" country="China" county="Chernyshev" latitude="12.566667" longLatPrecision="1293" longitude="109.4" municipality="Sea" name="South" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">South</location>
<collectingCountry id="479686DBFFC5B52FC2CACA104C6B40D5" box="[987,1054,891,917]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">China</collectingCountry>
<collectingMunicipality id="DF5A5C31FFC5B52FC536CA104C2740D5" box="[1063,1106,891,917]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Sea</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingCountry id="479686DBFFC5B52FC571CA104CB740D5" box="[1120,1218,891,917]" name="Vietnam" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
,
<date id="4B3FE08BFFC5B52FC5C1CA174DED40D6" box="[1232,1432,891,918]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" value="2005-01-13">
<collectingDate id="5B7B1963FFC5B52FC5C1CA174DED40D6" box="[1232,1432,891,918]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" value="2005-01-13">January 13, 2005</collectingDate>
</date>
, intertidal, calcareous red algae, collected by A.
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.
<collectingCounty id="D65FBEC7FFC5B52FC3D2CAF44B3E40F9" box="[707,843,927,953]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Chernyshev</collectingCounty>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3F3EC64BFFC5B52FC1D6CAA84C2E4741" blockId="4.[151,1437,819,1926]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC5B52FC1D6CAA84982409D" bold="true" box="[199,503,963,989]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Other material examined</emphasis>
.
<materialsCitation id="8FE9CC16FFC5B52FC316CAA84C224741" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3022771301" collectingDate="2005-01-18" collectionCode="V" country="China" county="Sea" latitude="12.55" location="Three" longLatPrecision="1293" longitude="109.38333" municipality="South" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" specimenCount="1">
<location id="3A5E9090FFC5B52FC316CAA84A3D409D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B728775DFFC5B523C186CB2C497B42C9:3A5E9090FFC5B52FC316CAA84A3D409D" box="[519,584,963,989]" country="China" county="Sea" latitude="12.55" longLatPrecision="1293" longitude="109.38333" municipality="South" name="Three" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Three</location>
specimens,
<location id="3A5E9090FFC5B52FC3C5CAAF4BF3409E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B728775DFFC5B523C186CB2C497B42C9:3A5E9090FFC5B52FC3C5CAAF4BF3409E" box="[724,902,963,990]" country="China" county="Sea" latitude="12.55" longLatPrecision="1293" longitude="109.38333" municipality="South" name="Van Phong Bay" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Van Phong Bay</location>
(
<geoCoordinate id="5AB5A08CFFC5B52FC286CAAE4C74409E" box="[919,1025,964,992]" degrees="12" direction="north" minutes="33" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" precision="925" value="12.55">12°33′ N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="5AB5A08CFFC5B52FC51CCAAE4CF4409E" box="[1037,1153,964,992]" degrees="109" direction="east" minutes="23" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" precision="925" value="109.38333">109°23′ E</geoCoordinate>
),
<collectingMunicipality id="DF5A5C31FFC5B52FC586CAA84CAD409D" box="[1175,1240,963,989]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">South</collectingMunicipality>
<collectingCountry id="479686DBFFC5B52FC5F0CAA84D51409D" box="[1249,1316,963,989]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">China</collectingCountry>
<collectingCounty id="D65FBEC7FFC5B52FC43CCAA84D2D409D" box="[1325,1368,963,989]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Sea</collectingCounty>
, Vietnam,
<date id="4B3FE08BFFC5B52FC1C4CA8349ED4742" box="[213,408,999,1026]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" value="2005-01-18">
<collectingDate id="5B7B1963FFC5B52FC1C4CA8349ED4742" box="[213,408,999,1026]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" value="2005-01-18">January 18, 2005</collectingDate>
</date>
, intertidal, calcareous red algae, collected by A.
<collectionCode id="59905E8EFFC5B52FC2BECA8C4BB04741" box="[943,965,999,1025]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
. Chernyshev
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3F3EC64BFFC5B52FC1D6CD6049034709" blockId="4.[151,1437,819,1926]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC5B52FC1D6CD604A6E4765" bold="true" box="[199,539,1035,1061]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">GenBank accession numbers</emphasis>
.
<typeStatus id="E03A78E9FFC5B52FC336CD604AFA4765" box="[551,655,1035,1061]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
(
<accessionNumber id="20D25BA8FFC5B52FC38DCD604B6F4765" box="[668,794,1035,1061]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KU840272" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">
<collectionCode id="59905E8EFFC5B52FC38DCD604AB04765" box="[668,709,1035,1061]" country="USA" name="Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" type="University or college">KU</collectionCode>
840272
</accessionNumber>
–
<bibRefCitation id="5B10BBBAFFC5B52FC223CD604C6F4765" author="Sundberg, P. &amp; Kvist, S. &amp; Strand, M." box="[818,1050,1035,1062]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" pagination="0155541" refId="ref6469" refString="Sundberg, P., Kvist, S. &amp; Strand, M. (2016) Evaluating the utility of single-locus DNA barcoding for the identification of ribbon worms (phylum Nemertea). PLoS ONE 11: e 0155541." type="journal article" year="2016">
Sundberg
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC5B52FC2B3CD674BA74765" box="[930,978,1035,1061]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">et al</emphasis>
. 2016
</bibRefCitation>
; see
<tableCitation id="7203F3F0FFC5B52FC55ACD604CEB4765" box="[1099,1182,1035,1061]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,239,255,279]" captionText="TABLE 2. List of species included in the phylogenetic analysis with GenBank accession numbers for sequences (sequences new to this study in bold)" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Table 2</tableCitation>
),
<typeStatus id="E03A78E9FFC5B52FC5A0CD674D644766" box="[1201,1297,1036,1062]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
(
<accessionNumber id="20D25BA8FFC5B52FC40FCD604DE94765" box="[1310,1436,1035,1061]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/GU726621" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">GU726621</accessionNumber>
–
<bibRefCitation id="5B10BBBAFFC5B52FC1BDCD44491F4709" author="Chen, H. &amp; Strand, M. &amp; Norenburg, J. L. &amp; Sun, S. &amp; Kajihara, H. &amp; Chernyshev, A. V. &amp; Maslakova, S. A. &amp; Sundberg P." box="[172,362,1071,1098]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" pagination="12885" refId="ref4800" refString="Chen, H., Strand, M., Norenburg, J. L., Sun, S., Kajihara, H., Chernyshev, A. V., Maslakova, S. A. &amp; Sundberg P. (2010) Statistical Parsimony Networks and Species Assemblages in Cephalotrichid Nemerteans (Nemertea). PLoS One, 5 (9), e 12885. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0012885" type="journal article" year="2010">
Chen
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC5B52FC1FFCD5B49554709" box="[238,288,1071,1097]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">et al</emphasis>
. 2010
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="779B95C0FFC5B52FC1D6CD384CD2472E" box="[199,1191,1107,1134]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="3F3EC64BFFC5B52FC1D6CD384CD2472E" blockId="4.[151,1437,819,1926]" box="[199,1191,1107,1134]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC5B52FC1D6CD38493B472D" bold="true" box="[199,334,1107,1133]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Etymology.</emphasis>
The specific epithet honors Prof. Sun Shichun (Ocean University of
<collectingCountry id="479686DBFFC5B52FC542CD384CEE472E" box="[1107,1179,1107,1134]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">China</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="779B95C0FFC5B523C1D6CD1C497B42C9" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="592" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" type="description">
<paragraph id="3F3EC64BFFC5B52FC1D6CD1C494946CE" blockId="4.[151,1437,819,1926]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC5B52FC1D6CD1C492C47D1" bold="true" box="[199,345,1143,1169]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Description.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC5B52FC071CD1C4A5547D1" box="[352,544,1143,1169]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">External features</emphasis>
. Body
<quantity id="F8796BAEFFC5B52FC363CD1C4A9E47D2" box="[626,747,1143,1170]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" unit="mm" value="65.0" valueMax="80.0" valueMin="50.0">50–80 mm</quantity>
long but less than
<quantity id="F8796BAEFFC5B52FC2AFCD1C4B8A47D2" box="[958,1023,1143,1170]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
wide. Bluntly rounded head not narrower than trunk; anterior tip of head red (
<typeStatus id="E03A78E9FFC5B52FC374CDF04ABF47F6" box="[613,714,1179,1206]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
) or orange (
<typeStatus id="E03A78E9FFC5B52FC25FCDF04BC147F5" box="[846,948,1179,1205]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
), demarcated posteriorly by white band (
<figureCitation id="A7BADACEFFC5B52FC464CDF048D14799" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1560,1584]" captionTargetBox="[411,1159,181,1533]" captionTargetId="figure-32@5.[408,1179,181,1536]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Cephalothrix suni sp. nov. (A) holotype: ventral view. (B) paratype: ventral view of the anterior body. Scale bars: (A), 2 mm; (B), 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447034/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Fig 1</figureCitation>
). Eyes absent. Background colour pale yellowish; dark pigment present on ventral side only. Small round mouth rimmed by brown ring with thicker anterior and posterior margins; two thin brown longitudinal stripes connected with in posterior part of the ring and extend to gut region (
<figureCitation id="A7BADACEFFC5B52FC227CC6C4B0C4661" box="[822,889,1287,1313]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1560,1584]" captionTargetBox="[411,1159,181,1533]" captionTargetId="figure-32@5.[408,1179,181,1536]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Cephalothrix suni sp. nov. (A) holotype: ventral view. (B) paratype: ventral view of the anterior body. Scale bars: (A), 2 mm; (B), 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447034/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). Gut region with transverse dark drown bands; very thin transverse ring (epidermal furrow?) runs through each band. Brown spots also arranged between bands, sometimes forming irregular longitudinal stripes. Worms crawl on the dorsal side of their bodies, with the ventral side facing up.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3F3EC64BFFC5B52FC1D6CCFC4CA144C6" blockId="4.[151,1437,819,1926]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC5B52FC1D6CCFC49DA46F1" box="[199,431,1431,1457]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Internal morphology</emphasis>
. Body wall: E =
<quantity id="F8796BAEFFC5B52FC37ECCFC4A9146F2" box="[623,740,1431,1458]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" unit="mm" value="23.0" valueMax="26.0" valueMin="20.0">20–26 µm</quantity>
, D =
<quantity id="F8796BAEFFC5B52FC233CCFC4B0E46F2" box="[802,891,1431,1458]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="5.0">5–8 µm</quantity>
, OCM =
<quantity id="F8796BAEFFC5B52FC2F5CCFC4C4846F2" box="[996,1085,1431,1458]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="4.0">4–7 µm</quantity>
, LM =
<quantity id="F8796BAEFFC5B52FC581CCFC4D7346F2" box="[1168,1286,1431,1458]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.65" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" unit="mm" value="26.5" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="18.0">18–35 µm</quantity>
; outer part of LM and inner part of split OCM present (
<figureCitation id="A7BADACEFFC5B52FC375CCD04AB54695" box="[612,704,1467,1493]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1658,1682]" captionTargetBox="[177,1410,181,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-17@6.[177,1410,181,1635]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cephalothrix suni sp. nov., cLSM micrographs of the body and proboscis labelled with phalloidin: substack of transverse sections through the anterior foregut region (A, B, E), arrows indicate the inner part of the split OCM (B); substack of transverse sections through the posterior foregut region (C); substack of longitudinal sections through the body-wall musculature with crisscrossed DM in the foregut region (D); substack of transverse sections through the anterior foregut region (arrow indicate dorsal muscle cross) (F); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis musculature (arrows indicate DM) (G); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis epithelium with larger (arrows) and smaller (arrowheads) pseudocnidae (H); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis epithelium with long (arrowheads) and shorter (arrows) collars of sensory cells (I). Abbreviations: dm, diagonal musculature; dn, dorsal nerve; fg, foregut; icm, inner circular musculature; lm, longitudinal musculature; ln, lateral nerve cord; lp, longitudinal muscle plate; lv, lateral blood vessel; ocm, outer circular musculature; olm, outer part of LM; pr, proboscis; rh, rhynchocoel; vm, musculature of blood vessel. Scale bars: A, C – 100 µm; B, D–F – 50 µm; G, I – 20 µm; H – 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447037" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447037/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Figs 2B</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="A7BADACEFFC5B52FC3DACCD04AAD4695" box="[715,728,1467,1493]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1405,1429]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1381]" captionTargetId="figure-32@7.[151,1435,181,1381]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3 Cephalothrix suni sp. nov. (A-H) transverse histological sections of the holotype: precerebral region (arrows indicate four precerebral nerves) (A); cerebral region (arrow indicates rhynchocoel vessel) (B); postcerebral region (arrow indicates median ventral nerve) (C); preoral region (arrows indicate bifurcation of the median ventral nerve) (D); mouth region (arrows indicate two buccal nerves) (E); anterior foregut region (arrows indicate two buccal nerves) (F); anterior foregut region (arrows indicate joining of the buccal nerves) (F); middle foregut region (H). (I) thick transverse section in glycerol. Abbreviations: br, brain; cv, cephalic vessel; fg, foregut; ln, lateral nerve cord; lv, lateral vessel; m, mouth; pr, proboscis; rd, rhynchodaeum. Scale bars: 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447039" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447039/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">3</figureCitation>
C-E;); in cerebral and foregut regions, crisscrossed DM located between dermis and OCM (
<figureCitation id="A7BADACEFFC5B52FC0C0CCB44A3F46BA" box="[465,586,1503,1530]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1658,1682]" captionTargetBox="[177,1410,181,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-17@6.[177,1410,181,1635]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cephalothrix suni sp. nov., cLSM micrographs of the body and proboscis labelled with phalloidin: substack of transverse sections through the anterior foregut region (A, B, E), arrows indicate the inner part of the split OCM (B); substack of transverse sections through the posterior foregut region (C); substack of longitudinal sections through the body-wall musculature with crisscrossed DM in the foregut region (D); substack of transverse sections through the anterior foregut region (arrow indicate dorsal muscle cross) (F); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis musculature (arrows indicate DM) (G); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis epithelium with larger (arrows) and smaller (arrowheads) pseudocnidae (H); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis epithelium with long (arrowheads) and shorter (arrows) collars of sensory cells (I). Abbreviations: dm, diagonal musculature; dn, dorsal nerve; fg, foregut; icm, inner circular musculature; lm, longitudinal musculature; ln, lateral nerve cord; lp, longitudinal muscle plate; lv, lateral blood vessel; ocm, outer circular musculature; olm, outer part of LM; pr, proboscis; rh, rhynchocoel; vm, musculature of blood vessel. Scale bars: A, C – 100 µm; B, D–F – 50 µm; G, I – 20 µm; H – 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447037" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447037/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Fig. 2D, F</figureCitation>
); in foregut region, dorsal muscular cross present between OCM and rhynchocoel wall (
<figureCitation id="A7BADACEFFC5B52FC024CF6849FF455D" box="[309,394,1539,1565]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1658,1682]" captionTargetBox="[177,1410,181,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-17@6.[177,1410,181,1635]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cephalothrix suni sp. nov., cLSM micrographs of the body and proboscis labelled with phalloidin: substack of transverse sections through the anterior foregut region (A, B, E), arrows indicate the inner part of the split OCM (B); substack of transverse sections through the posterior foregut region (C); substack of longitudinal sections through the body-wall musculature with crisscrossed DM in the foregut region (D); substack of transverse sections through the anterior foregut region (arrow indicate dorsal muscle cross) (F); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis musculature (arrows indicate DM) (G); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis epithelium with larger (arrows) and smaller (arrowheads) pseudocnidae (H); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis epithelium with long (arrowheads) and shorter (arrows) collars of sensory cells (I). Abbreviations: dm, diagonal musculature; dn, dorsal nerve; fg, foregut; icm, inner circular musculature; lm, longitudinal musculature; ln, lateral nerve cord; lp, longitudinal muscle plate; lv, lateral blood vessel; ocm, outer circular musculature; olm, outer part of LM; pr, proboscis; rh, rhynchocoel; vm, musculature of blood vessel. Scale bars: A, C – 100 µm; B, D–F – 50 µm; G, I – 20 µm; H – 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447037" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447037/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Fig. 2F</figureCitation>
); very thin ICM adjoins ventral wall of anterior foregut portion and connected with musculature of lateral blood vessel (
<figureCitation id="A7BADACEFFC5B52FC0DACF4C4A144502" box="[459,609,1575,1602]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1658,1682]" captionTargetBox="[177,1410,181,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-17@6.[177,1410,181,1635]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cephalothrix suni sp. nov., cLSM micrographs of the body and proboscis labelled with phalloidin: substack of transverse sections through the anterior foregut region (A, B, E), arrows indicate the inner part of the split OCM (B); substack of transverse sections through the posterior foregut region (C); substack of longitudinal sections through the body-wall musculature with crisscrossed DM in the foregut region (D); substack of transverse sections through the anterior foregut region (arrow indicate dorsal muscle cross) (F); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis musculature (arrows indicate DM) (G); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis epithelium with larger (arrows) and smaller (arrowheads) pseudocnidae (H); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis epithelium with long (arrowheads) and shorter (arrows) collars of sensory cells (I). Abbreviations: dm, diagonal musculature; dn, dorsal nerve; fg, foregut; icm, inner circular musculature; lm, longitudinal musculature; ln, lateral nerve cord; lp, longitudinal muscle plate; lv, lateral blood vessel; ocm, outer circular musculature; olm, outer part of LM; pr, proboscis; rh, rhynchocoel; vm, musculature of blood vessel. Scale bars: A, C – 100 µm; B, D–F – 50 µm; G, I – 20 µm; H – 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447037" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447037/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Fig. 2A, B, E</figureCitation>
); posterior foregut portion lacks ICM (
<figureCitation id="A7BADACEFFC5B52FC51ECF4C4C124501" box="[1039,1127,1575,1601]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1658,1682]" captionTargetBox="[177,1410,181,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-17@6.[177,1410,181,1635]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cephalothrix suni sp. nov., cLSM micrographs of the body and proboscis labelled with phalloidin: substack of transverse sections through the anterior foregut region (A, B, E), arrows indicate the inner part of the split OCM (B); substack of transverse sections through the posterior foregut region (C); substack of longitudinal sections through the body-wall musculature with crisscrossed DM in the foregut region (D); substack of transverse sections through the anterior foregut region (arrow indicate dorsal muscle cross) (F); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis musculature (arrows indicate DM) (G); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis epithelium with larger (arrows) and smaller (arrowheads) pseudocnidae (H); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis epithelium with long (arrowheads) and shorter (arrows) collars of sensory cells (I). Abbreviations: dm, diagonal musculature; dn, dorsal nerve; fg, foregut; icm, inner circular musculature; lm, longitudinal musculature; ln, lateral nerve cord; lp, longitudinal muscle plate; lv, lateral blood vessel; ocm, outer circular musculature; olm, outer part of LM; pr, proboscis; rh, rhynchocoel; vm, musculature of blood vessel. Scale bars: A, C – 100 µm; B, D–F – 50 µm; G, I – 20 µm; H – 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447037" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447037/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
). Longitudinal muscle plate between rhynchocoel and digestive tract present (
<figureCitation id="A7BADACEFFC5B52FC3D0CF204B624525" box="[705,791,1611,1637]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1658,1682]" captionTargetBox="[177,1410,181,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-17@6.[177,1410,181,1635]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cephalothrix suni sp. nov., cLSM micrographs of the body and proboscis labelled with phalloidin: substack of transverse sections through the anterior foregut region (A, B, E), arrows indicate the inner part of the split OCM (B); substack of transverse sections through the posterior foregut region (C); substack of longitudinal sections through the body-wall musculature with crisscrossed DM in the foregut region (D); substack of transverse sections through the anterior foregut region (arrow indicate dorsal muscle cross) (F); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis musculature (arrows indicate DM) (G); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis epithelium with larger (arrows) and smaller (arrowheads) pseudocnidae (H); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis epithelium with long (arrowheads) and shorter (arrows) collars of sensory cells (I). Abbreviations: dm, diagonal musculature; dn, dorsal nerve; fg, foregut; icm, inner circular musculature; lm, longitudinal musculature; ln, lateral nerve cord; lp, longitudinal muscle plate; lv, lateral blood vessel; ocm, outer circular musculature; olm, outer part of LM; pr, proboscis; rh, rhynchocoel; vm, musculature of blood vessel. Scale bars: A, C – 100 µm; B, D–F – 50 µm; G, I – 20 µm; H – 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447037" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447037/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Fig. 2F</figureCitation>
). Proboscis musculature consists of OCM, DM, LM, and very thin ICM (
<figureCitation id="A7BADACEFFC5B52FC054CF0449EA45C9" box="[325,415,1647,1673]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1658,1682]" captionTargetBox="[177,1410,181,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-17@6.[177,1410,181,1635]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cephalothrix suni sp. nov., cLSM micrographs of the body and proboscis labelled with phalloidin: substack of transverse sections through the anterior foregut region (A, B, E), arrows indicate the inner part of the split OCM (B); substack of transverse sections through the posterior foregut region (C); substack of longitudinal sections through the body-wall musculature with crisscrossed DM in the foregut region (D); substack of transverse sections through the anterior foregut region (arrow indicate dorsal muscle cross) (F); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis musculature (arrows indicate DM) (G); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis epithelium with larger (arrows) and smaller (arrowheads) pseudocnidae (H); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis epithelium with long (arrowheads) and shorter (arrows) collars of sensory cells (I). Abbreviations: dm, diagonal musculature; dn, dorsal nerve; fg, foregut; icm, inner circular musculature; lm, longitudinal musculature; ln, lateral nerve cord; lp, longitudinal muscle plate; lv, lateral blood vessel; ocm, outer circular musculature; olm, outer part of LM; pr, proboscis; rh, rhynchocoel; vm, musculature of blood vessel. Scale bars: A, C – 100 µm; B, D–F – 50 µm; G, I – 20 µm; H – 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447037" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447037/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Fig. 2G</figureCitation>
); large pseudocnidae 5.6–6.5 ×
<quantity id="F8796BAEFFC5B52FC211CF044BF745CA" box="[768,898,1647,1674]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" unit="mm" value="2.2" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="1.9">1.9–2.5 µm</quantity>
, small pseudocnidae 3.3–4.1 ×
<quantity id="F8796BAEFFC5B52FC5F1CF044D1545CA" box="[1248,1376,1647,1674]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" unit="mm" value="1.1" valueMax="1.3" valueMin="0.9">0.9–1.3 µm</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="A7BADACEFFC5B52FC47ECF0448C845ED" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1658,1682]" captionTargetBox="[177,1410,181,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-17@6.[177,1410,181,1635]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cephalothrix suni sp. nov., cLSM micrographs of the body and proboscis labelled with phalloidin: substack of transverse sections through the anterior foregut region (A, B, E), arrows indicate the inner part of the split OCM (B); substack of transverse sections through the posterior foregut region (C); substack of longitudinal sections through the body-wall musculature with crisscrossed DM in the foregut region (D); substack of transverse sections through the anterior foregut region (arrow indicate dorsal muscle cross) (F); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis musculature (arrows indicate DM) (G); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis epithelium with larger (arrows) and smaller (arrowheads) pseudocnidae (H); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis epithelium with long (arrowheads) and shorter (arrows) collars of sensory cells (I). Abbreviations: dm, diagonal musculature; dn, dorsal nerve; fg, foregut; icm, inner circular musculature; lm, longitudinal musculature; ln, lateral nerve cord; lp, longitudinal muscle plate; lv, lateral blood vessel; ocm, outer circular musculature; olm, outer part of LM; pr, proboscis; rh, rhynchocoel; vm, musculature of blood vessel. Scale bars: A, C – 100 µm; B, D–F – 50 µm; G, I – 20 µm; H – 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447037" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447037/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Fig. 2H</figureCitation>
); proboscis epithelium with longer (
<quantity id="F8796BAEFFC5B52FC345CFF84ABC45EE" box="[596,713,1683,1710]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" unit="mm" value="24.5" valueMax="26.0" valueMin="23.0">23–26 µm</quantity>
) and shorter (
<quantity id="F8796BAEFFC5B52FC277CFF84BA945EE" box="[870,988,1683,1710]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="588" unit="mm" value="15.5" valueMax="17.0" valueMin="14.0">14–17 µm</quantity>
) collars of sensory cells (
<figureCitation id="A7BADACEFFC5B52FC5EDCFF84D3E45ED" box="[1276,1355,1683,1709]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1658,1682]" captionTargetBox="[177,1410,181,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-17@6.[177,1410,181,1635]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cephalothrix suni sp. nov., cLSM micrographs of the body and proboscis labelled with phalloidin: substack of transverse sections through the anterior foregut region (A, B, E), arrows indicate the inner part of the split OCM (B); substack of transverse sections through the posterior foregut region (C); substack of longitudinal sections through the body-wall musculature with crisscrossed DM in the foregut region (D); substack of transverse sections through the anterior foregut region (arrow indicate dorsal muscle cross) (F); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis musculature (arrows indicate DM) (G); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis epithelium with larger (arrows) and smaller (arrowheads) pseudocnidae (H); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis epithelium with long (arrowheads) and shorter (arrows) collars of sensory cells (I). Abbreviations: dm, diagonal musculature; dn, dorsal nerve; fg, foregut; icm, inner circular musculature; lm, longitudinal musculature; ln, lateral nerve cord; lp, longitudinal muscle plate; lv, lateral blood vessel; ocm, outer circular musculature; olm, outer part of LM; pr, proboscis; rh, rhynchocoel; vm, musculature of blood vessel. Scale bars: A, C – 100 µm; B, D–F – 50 µm; G, I – 20 µm; H – 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447037" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447037/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Fig. 2I</figureCitation>
). Ratio of brain–head tip to brain–mouth distances 1: 1.4 (based on transverse sections). Gut epithelium with dark pigment (
<figureCitation id="A7BADACEFFC5B52FC1B1CFB0489A45B5" box="[160,239,1755,1781]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1405,1429]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1381]" captionTargetId="figure-32@7.[151,1435,181,1381]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3 Cephalothrix suni sp. nov. (A-H) transverse histological sections of the holotype: precerebral region (arrows indicate four precerebral nerves) (A); cerebral region (arrow indicates rhynchocoel vessel) (B); postcerebral region (arrow indicates median ventral nerve) (C); preoral region (arrows indicate bifurcation of the median ventral nerve) (D); mouth region (arrows indicate two buccal nerves) (E); anterior foregut region (arrows indicate two buccal nerves) (F); anterior foregut region (arrows indicate joining of the buccal nerves) (F); middle foregut region (H). (I) thick transverse section in glycerol. Abbreviations: br, brain; cv, cephalic vessel; fg, foregut; ln, lateral nerve cord; lv, lateral vessel; m, mouth; pr, proboscis; rd, rhynchodaeum. Scale bars: 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447039" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447039/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Fig. 3I</figureCitation>
). Four cephalic nerves present (
<figureCitation id="A7BADACEFFC5B52FC348CFB04AC145B5" box="[601,692,1755,1781]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1405,1429]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1381]" captionTargetId="figure-32@7.[151,1435,181,1381]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3 Cephalothrix suni sp. nov. (A-H) transverse histological sections of the holotype: precerebral region (arrows indicate four precerebral nerves) (A); cerebral region (arrow indicates rhynchocoel vessel) (B); postcerebral region (arrow indicates median ventral nerve) (C); preoral region (arrows indicate bifurcation of the median ventral nerve) (D); mouth region (arrows indicate two buccal nerves) (E); anterior foregut region (arrows indicate two buccal nerves) (F); anterior foregut region (arrows indicate joining of the buccal nerves) (F); middle foregut region (H). (I) thick transverse section in glycerol. Abbreviations: br, brain; cv, cephalic vessel; fg, foregut; ln, lateral nerve cord; lv, lateral vessel; m, mouth; pr, proboscis; rd, rhynchodaeum. Scale bars: 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447039" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447039/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
). Single large median ventral nerve extends backwards from ventral brain commissure (
<figureCitation id="A7BADACEFFC5B52FC08DCF9449874459" box="[412,498,1791,1817]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1405,1429]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1381]" captionTargetId="figure-32@7.[151,1435,181,1381]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3 Cephalothrix suni sp. nov. (A-H) transverse histological sections of the holotype: precerebral region (arrows indicate four precerebral nerves) (A); cerebral region (arrow indicates rhynchocoel vessel) (B); postcerebral region (arrow indicates median ventral nerve) (C); preoral region (arrows indicate bifurcation of the median ventral nerve) (D); mouth region (arrows indicate two buccal nerves) (E); anterior foregut region (arrows indicate two buccal nerves) (F); anterior foregut region (arrows indicate joining of the buccal nerves) (F); middle foregut region (H). (I) thick transverse section in glycerol. Abbreviations: br, brain; cv, cephalic vessel; fg, foregut; ln, lateral nerve cord; lv, lateral vessel; m, mouth; pr, proboscis; rd, rhynchodaeum. Scale bars: 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447039" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447039/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
) and forms two buccal nerves immediately in front of mouth (
<figureCitation id="A7BADACEFFC5B52FC5A3CF944D784459" box="[1202,1293,1791,1817]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1405,1429]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1381]" captionTargetId="figure-32@7.[151,1435,181,1381]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3 Cephalothrix suni sp. nov. (A-H) transverse histological sections of the holotype: precerebral region (arrows indicate four precerebral nerves) (A); cerebral region (arrow indicates rhynchocoel vessel) (B); postcerebral region (arrow indicates median ventral nerve) (C); preoral region (arrows indicate bifurcation of the median ventral nerve) (D); mouth region (arrows indicate two buccal nerves) (E); anterior foregut region (arrows indicate two buccal nerves) (F); anterior foregut region (arrows indicate joining of the buccal nerves) (F); middle foregut region (H). (I) thick transverse section in glycerol. Abbreviations: br, brain; cv, cephalic vessel; fg, foregut; ln, lateral nerve cord; lv, lateral vessel; m, mouth; pr, proboscis; rd, rhynchodaeum. Scale bars: 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447039" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447039/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
); two buccal nerves (
<figureCitation id="A7BADACEFFC5B52FC1FECE484915447E" box="[239,352,1827,1854]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1405,1429]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1381]" captionTargetId="figure-32@7.[151,1435,181,1381]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3 Cephalothrix suni sp. nov. (A-H) transverse histological sections of the holotype: precerebral region (arrows indicate four precerebral nerves) (A); cerebral region (arrow indicates rhynchocoel vessel) (B); postcerebral region (arrow indicates median ventral nerve) (C); preoral region (arrows indicate bifurcation of the median ventral nerve) (D); mouth region (arrows indicate two buccal nerves) (E); anterior foregut region (arrows indicate two buccal nerves) (F); anterior foregut region (arrows indicate joining of the buccal nerves) (F); middle foregut region (H). (I) thick transverse section in glycerol. Abbreviations: br, brain; cv, cephalic vessel; fg, foregut; ln, lateral nerve cord; lv, lateral vessel; m, mouth; pr, proboscis; rd, rhynchodaeum. Scale bars: 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447039" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447039/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Fig. 3E, F</figureCitation>
) join together (
<figureCitation id="A7BADACEFFC5B52FC31ACE484A17447D" box="[523,610,1827,1853]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1405,1429]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1381]" captionTargetId="figure-32@7.[151,1435,181,1381]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3 Cephalothrix suni sp. nov. (A-H) transverse histological sections of the holotype: precerebral region (arrows indicate four precerebral nerves) (A); cerebral region (arrow indicates rhynchocoel vessel) (B); postcerebral region (arrow indicates median ventral nerve) (C); preoral region (arrows indicate bifurcation of the median ventral nerve) (D); mouth region (arrows indicate two buccal nerves) (E); anterior foregut region (arrows indicate two buccal nerves) (F); anterior foregut region (arrows indicate joining of the buccal nerves) (F); middle foregut region (H). (I) thick transverse section in glycerol. Abbreviations: br, brain; cv, cephalic vessel; fg, foregut; ln, lateral nerve cord; lv, lateral vessel; m, mouth; pr, proboscis; rd, rhynchodaeum. Scale bars: 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447039" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447039/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Fig. 3G</figureCitation>
) and become invisible immediately behind mouth (
<figureCitation id="A7BADACEFFC5B52FC5B1CE484C8F447D" box="[1184,1274,1827,1853]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1405,1429]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1381]" captionTargetId="figure-32@7.[151,1435,181,1381]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3 Cephalothrix suni sp. nov. (A-H) transverse histological sections of the holotype: precerebral region (arrows indicate four precerebral nerves) (A); cerebral region (arrow indicates rhynchocoel vessel) (B); postcerebral region (arrow indicates median ventral nerve) (C); preoral region (arrows indicate bifurcation of the median ventral nerve) (D); mouth region (arrows indicate two buccal nerves) (E); anterior foregut region (arrows indicate two buccal nerves) (F); anterior foregut region (arrows indicate joining of the buccal nerves) (F); middle foregut region (H). (I) thick transverse section in glycerol. Abbreviations: br, brain; cv, cephalic vessel; fg, foregut; ln, lateral nerve cord; lv, lateral vessel; m, mouth; pr, proboscis; rd, rhynchodaeum. Scale bars: 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447039" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447039/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Fig. 3H</figureCitation>
). Dorsal nerve located between DM and OCM (
<figureCitation id="A7BADACEFFC5B52FC31DCE2C4A164421" box="[524,611,1863,1889]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1658,1682]" captionTargetBox="[177,1410,181,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-17@6.[177,1410,181,1635]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cephalothrix suni sp. nov., cLSM micrographs of the body and proboscis labelled with phalloidin: substack of transverse sections through the anterior foregut region (A, B, E), arrows indicate the inner part of the split OCM (B); substack of transverse sections through the posterior foregut region (C); substack of longitudinal sections through the body-wall musculature with crisscrossed DM in the foregut region (D); substack of transverse sections through the anterior foregut region (arrow indicate dorsal muscle cross) (F); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis musculature (arrows indicate DM) (G); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis epithelium with larger (arrows) and smaller (arrowheads) pseudocnidae (H); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis epithelium with long (arrowheads) and shorter (arrows) collars of sensory cells (I). Abbreviations: dm, diagonal musculature; dn, dorsal nerve; fg, foregut; icm, inner circular musculature; lm, longitudinal musculature; ln, lateral nerve cord; lp, longitudinal muscle plate; lv, lateral blood vessel; ocm, outer circular musculature; olm, outer part of LM; pr, proboscis; rh, rhynchocoel; vm, musculature of blood vessel. Scale bars: A, C – 100 µm; B, D–F – 50 µm; G, I – 20 µm; H – 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447037" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447037/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Fig. 2F</figureCitation>
). Blood system typical for cephalotrichids; rhynchocoel vessel of
<typeStatus id="E03A78E9FFC5B52FC442CE234DF64422" box="[1363,1411,1864,1890]" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">type</typeStatus>
A according to Kajihara’s (2010) classification (
<figureCitation id="A7BADACEFFC5B52FC389CE004A8544C5" box="[664,752,1899,1925]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1405,1429]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1381]" captionTargetId="figure-32@7.[151,1435,181,1381]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3 Cephalothrix suni sp. nov. (A-H) transverse histological sections of the holotype: precerebral region (arrows indicate four precerebral nerves) (A); cerebral region (arrow indicates rhynchocoel vessel) (B); postcerebral region (arrow indicates median ventral nerve) (C); preoral region (arrows indicate bifurcation of the median ventral nerve) (D); mouth region (arrows indicate two buccal nerves) (E); anterior foregut region (arrows indicate two buccal nerves) (F); anterior foregut region (arrows indicate joining of the buccal nerves) (F); middle foregut region (H). (I) thick transverse section in glycerol. Abbreviations: br, brain; cv, cephalic vessel; fg, foregut; ln, lateral nerve cord; lv, lateral vessel; m, mouth; pr, proboscis; rd, rhynchodaeum. Scale bars: 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447039" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447039/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="588">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
). Mushroom-like excretory organs present.
</paragraph>
<caption id="6BFE96C3FFC4B52EC186CF73490A4514" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447034" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4447034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447034/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="589" startId="5.[151,250,1560,1584]" targetBox="[411,1159,181,1533]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="3F3EC64BFFC4B52EC186CF73490A4514" blockId="5.[151,1437,1560,1620]" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC4B52EC186CF7349664570" bold="true" box="[151,275,1560,1584]" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F881BDC8FFC4B52EC00BCF7349A54570" authority="Chernyshev &amp; Polyakova, 2021" authorityName="Chernyshev &amp; Polyakova" authorityYear="2021" box="[282,464,1560,1584]" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Cephalothricidae" genus="Cephalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archinemertea" pageId="5" pageNumber="589" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="suni" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC4B52EC00BCF7349A54570" box="[282,464,1560,1584]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">Cephalothrix suni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC4B52EC0C6CF734A524570" bold="true" box="[471,551,1560,1584]" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="16C6A722FFC4B52EC0C6CF734A524570" box="[471,551,1560,1584]" pageId="5" pageNumber="589" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(A) holotype: ventral view. (B) paratype: ventral view of the anterior body. Scale bars: (A), 2 mm; (B), 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="3F3EC64BFFC4B52EC1D6CFCC490D44A1" blockId="5.[151,1437,1702,2017]" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC4B52EC1D6CFCC49244581" box="[199,337,1703,1729]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">Comparison</emphasis>
. Almost all species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="F881BDC8FFC4B52EC3CBCFCD4B1B4580" authorityName="Oersted" authorityYear="1843" box="[730,878,1702,1728]" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Cephalothricidae" genus="Cephalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archinemertea" pageId="5" pageNumber="589" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus" sensu="lato">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC4B52EC3CBCFCD4B1B4580" box="[730,878,1702,1728]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">Cephalothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="16C6A722FFC4B52EC268CFCD4BEF4580" box="[889,922,1702,1728]" pageId="5" pageNumber="589" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
have more or less uniformly coloured body without any pattern, except for
<taxonomicName id="F881BDC8FFC4B52EC0E3CFA14B5B45A4" authorityName="Sundberg, Gibson &amp; Olsson" authorityYear="2003" box="[498,814,1738,1764]" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Cephalothricidae" genus="Cephalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archinemertea" pageId="5" pageNumber="589" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="queenslandica">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC4B52EC0E3CFA14B5B45A4" box="[498,814,1738,1764]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">Cephalothrix queenslandica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which, the same as the new species, possesses a distinct colour pattern consisting of transverse brown bands. However, according to the original description (
<bibRefCitation id="5B10BBBAFFC4B52EC5E2CF8548A6446D" author="Sundberg, P. &amp; Gibson, R. &amp; Olsson, U." pageId="5" pageNumber="589" pagination="279 - 296" refId="ref6403" refString="Sundberg, P., Gibson, R. &amp; Olsson, U. (2003) Phylogenetic analysis of a group of palaeonemerteans (Nemertea) including two new species from Queensland and the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zoologica Scripta, 32, 279 - 296. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1463 - 6409.2002.00032. x" type="journal article" year="2003">
Sundberg
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC4B52EC474CF844DE84448" box="[1381,1437,1774,1800]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">et al.</emphasis>
2003
</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="F881BDC8FFC4B52EC1F6CE794A51446C" authorityName="Sundberg, Gibson &amp; Olsson" authorityYear="2003" box="[231,548,1810,1836]" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Cephalothricidae" genus="Cephalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archinemertea" pageId="5" pageNumber="589" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="queenslandica">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC4B52EC1F6CE794A51446C" box="[231,548,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">Cephalothrix queenslandica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a brown anterior tip (in contrast to orange or red tip in
<taxonomicName id="F881BDC8FFC4B52EC5D2CE784D66446C" authorityName="Chernyshev &amp; Polyakova" authorityYear="2021" box="[1219,1299,1811,1837]" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Cephalothricidae" genus="Cephalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archinemertea" pageId="5" pageNumber="589" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="suni">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC4B52EC5D2CE784D66446C" box="[1219,1299,1811,1837]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">C. suni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), transverse brown bands on the dorsal body surface (in contrast to the bands on the ventral surface in
<taxonomicName id="F881BDC8FFC4B52EC56ACE5C4CBF4410" authorityName="Chernyshev &amp; Polyakova" authorityYear="2021" box="[1147,1226,1847,1873]" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Cephalothricidae" genus="Cephalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archinemertea" pageId="5" pageNumber="589" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="suni">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC4B52EC56ACE5C4CBF4410" box="[1147,1226,1847,1873]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">C. suni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and two cephalic nerves (in contrast to four ones in
<taxonomicName id="F881BDC8FFC4B52EC307CE304A134434" authorityName="Chernyshev &amp; Polyakova" authorityYear="2021" box="[534,614,1883,1909]" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Cephalothricidae" genus="Cephalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archinemertea" pageId="5" pageNumber="589" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="suni">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC4B52EC307CE304A134434" box="[534,614,1883,1909]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">C. suni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The uncorrected
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC4B52EC22BCE304B3D4434" box="[826,840,1883,1908]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">p</emphasis>
-distance between the 18S rRNA sequences (no other sequences for
<taxonomicName id="F881BDC8FFC4B52EC026CE14498F44D8" authorityName="Sundberg, Gibson &amp; Olsson" authorityYear="2003" box="[311,506,1918,1945]" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Cephalothricidae" genus="Cephalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archinemertea" pageId="5" pageNumber="589" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="queenslandica">
C.
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC4B52EC049CE15498F44D8" box="[344,506,1918,1944]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">queenslandica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are known) of
<taxonomicName id="F881BDC8FFC4B52EC3B4CE144B1D44D8" authorityName="Sundberg, Gibson &amp; Olsson" authorityYear="2003" box="[677,872,1918,1945]" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Cephalothricidae" genus="Cephalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archinemertea" pageId="5" pageNumber="589" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="queenslandica">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC4B52EC3B4CE144ACD44D9" box="[677,696,1919,1945]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC4B52EC3D7CE154B1D44D8" box="[710,872,1918,1944]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">queenslandica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F881BDC8FFC4B52EC28FCE144B9B44D8" authorityName="Chernyshev &amp; Polyakova" authorityYear="2021" box="[926,1006,1919,1945]" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Cephalothricidae" genus="Cephalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archinemertea" pageId="5" pageNumber="589" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="suni">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC4B52EC28FCE144B9B44D8" box="[926,1006,1919,1945]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">C. suni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
constitutes 0.5%. For comparison, the
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC4B52EC186CEC848D044FC" box="[151,165,1955,1980]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">p</emphasis>
-distance between the 18S rRNA sequences of
<taxonomicName id="F881BDC8FFC4B52EC3AECEC94DE944FD" authority="Sundberg, Gibson &amp; Olsson, 2003" authorityName="Sundberg, Gibson &amp; Olsson" authorityYear="2003" box="[703,1436,1954,1981]" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Cephalothricidae" genus="Cephalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archinemertea" pageId="5" pageNumber="589" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="hongkongiensis">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC4B52EC3AECEC94C7F44FC" box="[703,1034,1954,1980]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">Cephalothrix hongkongiensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="5B10BBBAFFC4B52EC502CEC94DE944FD" author="Sundberg, P. &amp; Gibson, R. &amp; Olsson, U." box="[1043,1436,1954,1981]" pageId="5" pageNumber="589" pagination="279 - 296" refId="ref6403" refString="Sundberg, P., Gibson, R. &amp; Olsson, U. (2003) Phylogenetic analysis of a group of palaeonemerteans (Nemertea) including two new species from Queensland and the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zoologica Scripta, 32, 279 - 296. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1463 - 6409.2002.00032. x" type="journal article" year="2003">Sundberg, Gibson &amp; Olsson, 2003</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F881BDC8FFC4B52EC1D6CEAC496344A0" authorityName="Chernyshev &amp; Polyakova" authorityYear="2021" box="[199,278,1991,2017]" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Cephalothricidae" genus="Cephalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archinemertea" pageId="5" pageNumber="589" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="suni">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC4B52EC1D6CEAC496344A0" box="[199,278,1991,2017]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="589">C. suni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is 0.2%.
</paragraph>
<caption id="6BFE96C3FFC7B52DC186CF114A3A44BB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447037" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4447037" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447037/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="590" startId="6.[151,250,1658,1682]" targetBox="[177,1410,181,1635]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="3F3EC64BFFC7B52DC186CF114A3A44BB" blockId="6.[151,1437,1658,2043]" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC7B52DC186CF11496045D3" bold="true" box="[151,277,1658,1683]" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F881BDC8FFC7B52DC00CCF1049A045D2" authority="Chernyshev &amp; Polyakova, 2021" authorityName="Chernyshev &amp; Polyakova" authorityYear="2021" box="[285,469,1659,1683]" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Cephalothricidae" genus="Cephalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archinemertea" pageId="6" pageNumber="590" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="suni" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC7B52DC00CCF1049A045D2" box="[285,469,1659,1683]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">Cephalothrix suni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC7B52DC0CFCF104A4545D3" bold="true" box="[478,560,1659,1683]" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="16C6A722FFC7B52DC0CFCF104A4545D3" box="[478,560,1659,1683]" pageId="6" pageNumber="590" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, cLSM micrographs of the body and proboscis labelled with phalloidin: substack of transverse sections through the anterior foregut region (A, B, E), arrows indicate the inner part of the split OCM (B); substack of transverse sections through the posterior foregut region (C); substack of longitudinal sections through the body-wall musculature with crisscrossed DM in the foregut region (D); substack of transverse sections through the anterior foregut region (arrow indicate dorsal muscle cross) (F); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis musculature (arrows indicate DM) (G); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis epithelium with larger (arrows) and smaller (arrowheads) pseudocnidae (H); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis epithelium with long (arrowheads) and shorter (arrows) collars of sensory cells (I). Abbreviations:
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC7B52DC334CE1C4A3144CF" box="[549,580,1911,1935]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">dm</emphasis>
, diagonal musculature;
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC7B52DC227CE1C4B3A44CF" box="[822,847,1911,1935]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">dn</emphasis>
, dorsal nerve;
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC7B52DC2F4CE1C4B8C44CF" box="[997,1017,1911,1935]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">fg</emphasis>
, foregut;
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC7B52DC54ACE1C4CF544CE" box="[1115,1152,1911,1934]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">icm</emphasis>
, inner circular musculature;
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC7B52DC186CEF048C544F3" box="[151,176,1947,1971]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">lm</emphasis>
, longitudinal musculature;
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC7B52DC0DDCEF0499544F3" box="[460,480,1947,1971]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">ln</emphasis>
, lateral nerve cord;
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC7B52DC3A0CEF04AB044F3" box="[689,709,1947,1971]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">lp</emphasis>
, longitudinal muscle plate;
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC7B52DC2F4CEF04B8244F3" box="[997,1015,1947,1971]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">lv</emphasis>
, lateral blood vessel;
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC7B52DC5CACEF04D7044F2" box="[1243,1285,1947,1970]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">ocm</emphasis>
, outer circular musculature;
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC7B52DC031CED449334497" box="[288,326,1983,2007]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">olm</emphasis>
, outer part of LM;
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC7B52DC314CED44A694496" box="[517,540,1983,2006]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">pr</emphasis>
, proboscis;
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC7B52DC384CED44ADE4497" box="[661,683,1983,2007]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">rh</emphasis>
, rhynchocoel;
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC7B52DC250CED44B2A4496" box="[833,863,1983,2006]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="590">vm</emphasis>
, musculature of blood vessel. Scale bars: A, C – 100 µm; B, D–F – 50 µm; G, I – 20 µm; H – 10 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="6BFE96C3FFC6B52CC186CC16496D452E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447039" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4447039" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447039/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="591" startId="7.[151,250,1405,1429]" targetBox="[151,1435,181,1381]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="3F3EC64BFFC6B52CC186CC16496D452E" blockId="7.[151,1436,1405,1646]" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC6B52CC186CC16497846D5" bold="true" box="[151,269,1405,1429]" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F881BDC8FFC6B52CC005CC1649BF46D5" authority="Chernyshev &amp; Polyakova, 2021" authorityName="Chernyshev &amp; Polyakova" authorityYear="2021" box="[276,458,1405,1429]" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Cephalothricidae" genus="Cephalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archinemertea" pageId="7" pageNumber="591" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="suni" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC6B52CC005CC1649BF46D5" box="[276,458,1405,1429]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">Cephalothrix suni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC6B52CC0C0CC164A5746D5" bold="true" box="[465,546,1405,1429]" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="16C6A722FFC6B52CC0C0CC164A5746D5" box="[465,546,1405,1429]" pageId="7" pageNumber="591" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(A-H) transverse histological sections of the holotype: precerebral region (arrows indicate four precerebral nerves) (A); cerebral region (arrow indicates rhynchocoel vessel) (B); postcerebral region (arrow indicates median ventral nerve) (C); preoral region (arrows indicate bifurcation of the median ventral nerve) (D); mouth region (arrows indicate two buccal nerves) (E); anterior foregut region (arrows indicate two buccal nerves) (F); anterior foregut region (arrows indicate joining of the buccal nerves) (F); middle foregut region (H). (I) thick transverse section in glycerol. Abbreviations:
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC6B52CC46ECF664DE34565" box="[1407,1430,1549,1573]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">br</emphasis>
, brain;
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC6B52CC1C9CF59489B4509" box="[216,238,1586,1609]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">cv</emphasis>
, cephalic vessel;
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC6B52CC0B1CF5A49C14509" box="[416,436,1585,1609]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">fg</emphasis>
, foregut;
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC6B52CC306CF5A4A5E4509" box="[535,555,1585,1609]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">ln</emphasis>
, lateral nerve cord;
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC6B52CC3E5CF5A4B734509" box="[756,774,1585,1609]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">lv</emphasis>
, lateral vessel;
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC6B52CC2B2CF594BC04509" box="[931,949,1586,1609]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">m</emphasis>
, mouth;
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC6B52CC501CF594C524509" box="[1040,1063,1586,1609]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">pr</emphasis>
, proboscis;
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC6B52CC5B0CF5A4CC24509" box="[1185,1207,1585,1609]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">rd</emphasis>
, rhynchodaeum. Scale bars: 50 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="3F3EC64BFFC6B52CC1D6CFD44AA245BD" blockId="7.[151,1436,1727,2042]" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC6B52CC1D6CFD44AEE4599" box="[199,667,1727,1753]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">Geographical and ecological distribution</emphasis>
. South
<collectingCountry id="479686DBFFC6B52CC3E3CFD44B404599" box="[754,821,1727,1753]" name="China" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">China</collectingCountry>
Sea, South
<collectingCountry id="479686DBFFC6B52CC2ADCFD44C6B4599" box="[956,1054,1727,1753]" name="Vietnam" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
, Van Phong Bay, and off Nam Du Island; intertidal zone, among calcareous red algae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3F3EC64BFFC6B52CC1D6CE6C4C3044CD" blockId="7.[151,1436,1727,2042]" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC6B52CC1D6CE6C495C4461" box="[199,297,1799,1825]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">Remarks</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="F881BDC8FFC6B52CC02BCE6349F94461" authorityName="Chernyshev &amp; Polyakova" authorityYear="2021" box="[314,396,1800,1826]" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Cephalothricidae" genus="Cephalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archinemertea" pageId="7" pageNumber="591" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="suni">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC6B52CC02BCE6349F94461" box="[314,396,1800,1826]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">C. suni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is apparently the most common species of
<taxonomicName id="F881BDC8FFC6B52CC294CE6C4C6C4461" authorityName="Oersted" authorityYear="1843" box="[901,1049,1799,1825]" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Cephalothricidae" genus="Cephalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archinemertea" pageId="7" pageNumber="591" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC6B52CC294CE6C4C6C4461" box="[901,1049,1799,1825]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">Cephalothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in coastal waters off
<collectingCountry id="479686DBFFC6B52CC404CE6C4D0D4461" box="[1301,1400,1799,1825]" name="Vietnam" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
. In addition, another
<taxonomicName id="F881BDC8FFC6B52CC04CCE4049844405" authorityName="Oersted" authorityYear="1843" box="[349,497,1835,1861]" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Cephalothricidae" genus="Cephalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archinemertea" pageId="7" pageNumber="591" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC6B52CC04CCE4049844405" box="[349,497,1835,1861]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">Cephalothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (
<bibRefCitation id="5B10BBBAFFC6B52CC349CE404B564405" author="Chernyshev, A. V." box="[600,803,1835,1861]" pageId="7" pageNumber="591" pagination="279 - 314" refId="ref4885" refString="Chernyshev, A. V. (2016) Nemerteans of the coastal waters of Vietnam. In: Adrianov, A. V. &amp; Lutaenko, K. A. (Eds.), Biodiversity of the Western Part of the South China Sea. Dalnauka, Vladivostok, pp. 279 - 314." type="book chapter" year="2016">Chernyshev 2016</bibRefCitation>
; GenBank accession no.
<accessionNumber id="20D25BA8FFC6B52CC52CCE474CB34405" box="[1085,1222,1835,1862]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/MW118027" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">MW118027</accessionNumber>
) has been found in coastal waters off
<collectingCountry id="479686DBFFC6B52CC078CE2449BD4429" box="[361,456,1871,1897]" name="Vietnam" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
(Cu Lao Cham Islands). The latter is similar to the undescribed species
<taxonomicName id="F881BDC8FFC6B52CC41BCE3B498044CD" authority="sensu Leasi &amp; Norenburg 2014" authorityName="sensu Leasi &amp; Norenburg" authorityYear="2014" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Cephalothricidae" genus="Cephalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archinemertea" pageId="7" pageNumber="591" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="fasciculus">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC6B52CC41BCE3B4DE94429" box="[1290,1436,1871,1898]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">C. fasciculus</emphasis>
sensu
<bibRefCitation id="5B10BBBAFFC6B52CC1CDCE18498044CD" author="Leasi, F. &amp; Norenburg, J. L." box="[220,501,1907,1933]" pageId="7" pageNumber="591" pagination="104385" refId="ref5838" refString="Leasi, F. &amp; Norenburg, J. L. (2014) The necessity of DNA taxonomy to reveal cryptic diversity and spatial distribution of meiofauna, with a focus on Nemertea. PLoS ONE, 9 (8), e 104385. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0104385" type="journal article" year="2014">Leasi &amp; Norenburg 2014</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="479686DBFFC6B52CC328CE184AF444CD" box="[569,641,1907,1933]" name="Belize" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">Belize</collectingCountry>
(GenBank accession no. KM083814.1).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3F3EC64BFFC6B523C1D6CEFC497B42C9" blockId="7.[151,1436,1727,2042]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,393]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="592" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC6B52CC1D6CEFC49CB44F1" box="[199,446,1943,1969]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">Phylogenetic analysis</emphasis>
. According to a phylogenetic analysis, the genus
<taxonomicName id="F881BDC8FFC6B52CC2E2CEFC4CF244F1" authorityName="Oersted" authorityYear="1843" box="[1011,1159,1943,1969]" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Cephalothricidae" genus="Cephalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archinemertea" pageId="7" pageNumber="591" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC6B52CC2E2CEFC4CF244F1" box="[1011,1159,1943,1969]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">Cephalothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is monophyletic and includes three highly supported clades:
<taxonomicName id="F881BDC8FFC6B52CC341CED04CFB4495" authority="sensu Chernyshev &amp; Kajihara 2019" authorityName="sensu Chernyshev &amp; Kajihara" authorityYear="2019" box="[592,1166,1979,2006]" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Cephalothricidae" genus="Cephalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archinemertea" pageId="7" pageNumber="591" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC6B52CC341CED04A914495" box="[592,740,1979,2005]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">Cephalothrix</emphasis>
sensu
<bibRefCitation id="5B10BBBAFFC6B52CC226CED04CFB4495" author="Chernyshev, A. V. &amp; Kajihara, H." box="[823,1166,1979,2005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="591" pagination="193 - 207" refId="ref4943" refString="Chernyshev, A. V. &amp; Kajihara, H. (2019) Comparative muscular morphology in Archinemertea (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea). Zoomorphology, 138, 193 - 207. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00435 - 019 - 00440 - w" type="journal article" year="2019">Chernyshev &amp; Kajihara 2019</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="F881BDC8FFC6B52CC58CCED0499044B9" authority="sensu Chernyshev &amp; Kajihara 2019" authorityName="sensu Chernyshev &amp; Kajihara" authorityYear="2019" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Cephalotrichidae" genus="Procephalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archinemertea" pageId="7" pageNumber="591" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC6B52CC58CCED04D214495" box="[1181,1364,1979,2005]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="591">Procephalothrix</emphasis>
sensu
<bibRefCitation id="5B10BBBAFFC6B52CC186CEB4499044B9" author="Chernyshev, A. V. &amp; Kajihara, H." box="[151,485,2015,2041]" pageId="7" pageNumber="591" pagination="193 - 207" refId="ref4943" refString="Chernyshev, A. V. &amp; Kajihara, H. (2019) Comparative muscular morphology in Archinemertea (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea). Zoomorphology, 138, 193 - 207. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00435 - 019 - 00440 - w" type="journal article" year="2019">Chernyshev &amp; Kajihara 2019</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and ‘interstitial cephalotrichids’ with two undescribed species. The new species belongs to clade
<taxonomicName id="F881BDC8FFC9B523C029C9FC499B43F1" authorityName="sensu Chernyshev &amp; Kajihara" authorityYear="2019" box="[312,494,151,177]" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Cephalotrichidae" genus="Procephalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archinemertea" pageId="8" pageNumber="592" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC9B523C029C9FC499B43F1" box="[312,494,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="592">Procephalothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, where
<taxonomicName id="F881BDC8FFC9B523C356C9FC4B6543F0" authorityName="Chernyshev &amp; Polyakova" authorityYear="2021" box="[583,784,151,177]" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Cephalothricidae" genus="Cephalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archinemertea" pageId="8" pageNumber="592" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="suni">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC9B523C356C9FC4B6543F0" box="[583,784,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="592">Cephalothrix suni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="F881BDC8FFC9B523C20CC9FC4C1643F1" authority="(Johnston, 1837)" baseAuthorityName="Johnston" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[797,1123,151,177]" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Cephalothricidae" genus="Cephalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archinemertea" pageId="8" pageNumber="592" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="rufifrons">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC9B523C20CC9FC4BEB43F1" box="[797,926,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="592">C. rufifrons</emphasis>
(Johnston, 1837)
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC9B523C57FC9FC4D3643F1" box="[1134,1347,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="592">
<taxonomicName id="F881BDC8FFC9B523C57FC9FC4D4A43F1" authorityName="Sundberg, Gibson &amp; Olsson" authorityYear="2003" box="[1134,1343,151,177]" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Cephalothricidae" genus="Cephalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archinemertea" pageId="8" pageNumber="592" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="hongkongiensis">C. hongkongiensis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F881BDC8FFC9B523C45BC9FC4A3D4395" authority="Korotkevitsch, 1982" authorityName="Korotkevitsch" authorityYear="1982" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Cephalothricidae" genus="Cephalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archinemertea" pageId="8" pageNumber="592" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="mokievskii">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC9B523C45BC9FC49284395" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="592">Cephalothrix mokievskii</emphasis>
Korotkevitsch, 1982
</taxonomicName>
(see Chernyshev 2020), and
<taxonomicName id="F881BDC8FFC9B523C299C9D04CF84395" authority="(Iwata, 1952)" baseAuthorityName="Iwata" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[904,1165,186,213]" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Cephalothricidae" genus="Cephalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archinemertea" pageId="8" pageNumber="592" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="simula">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC9B523C299C9D04B874395" box="[904,1010,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="592">C. simula</emphasis>
(Iwata, 1952)
</taxonomicName>
form a highly supported subclade of species with orange, red, or dark yellow anterior tip. This subclade is sister to subclade with two undescribed
<taxonomicName id="F881BDC8FFC9B523C1E1C86849F1425D" authorityName="sensu Chernyshev &amp; Kajihara" authorityYear="2019" box="[240,388,259,285]" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Cephalothricidae" genus="Cephalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archinemertea" pageId="8" pageNumber="592" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC9B523C1E1C86849F1425D" box="[240,388,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="592">Cephalothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Arctic and Antarctic waters. Recently,
<bibRefCitation id="5B10BBBAFFC9B523C26FC8684CA8425D" author="Chernyshev, A. V. &amp; Kajihara, H." box="[894,1245,259,285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="592" pagination="193 - 207" refId="ref4943" refString="Chernyshev, A. V. &amp; Kajihara, H. (2019) Comparative muscular morphology in Archinemertea (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea). Zoomorphology, 138, 193 - 207. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00435 - 019 - 00440 - w" type="journal article" year="2019">Chernyshev &amp; Kajihara (2019)</bibRefCitation>
have shown that the name
<taxonomicName id="F881BDC8FFC9B523C015C84C49CE4201" authorityName="sensu Chernyshev &amp; Kajihara" authorityYear="2019" box="[260,443,295,321]" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Cephalotrichidae" genus="Procephalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archinemertea" pageId="8" pageNumber="592" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC9B523C015C84C49CE4201" box="[260,443,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="592">Procephalothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be ‘resurrected’ for the clade that contains
<taxonomicName id="F881BDC8FFC9B523C2C6C84C4DE94201" authority="(Johnston, 1828)" baseAuthorityName="Johnston" baseAuthorityYear="1828" box="[983,1436,295,321]" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Cephalothricidae" genus="Cephalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archinemertea" pageId="8" pageNumber="592" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="filiformis">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC9B523C2C6C84C4CAC4201" box="[983,1241,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="592">Cephalothrix filiformis</emphasis>
(Johnston, 1828)
</taxonomicName>
(
<typeStatus id="E03A78E9FFC9B523C18EC82048A44225" box="[159,209,331,357]" pageId="8" pageNumber="592">type</typeStatus>
species of
<taxonomicName id="F881BDC8FFC9B523C05DC8204A774225" authorityName="sensu Chernyshev &amp; Kajihara" authorityYear="2019" box="[332,514,331,357]" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Cephalotrichidae" genus="Procephalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archinemertea" pageId="8" pageNumber="592" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0DF51A59FFC9B523C05DC8204A774225" box="[332,514,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="592">Procephalothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and other species with the outer part of LM located between the lateral nerve cord and OCM.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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