456 lines
41 KiB
XML
456 lines
41 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3788578" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8094be38-8ec7-4cd1-89b2-0173f551d554" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163750508" ID-ISSN="1313–2970" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3788578" ID-ZooBank="F4D24A8D-3EBF-4688-910D-413E328F92BF" approvalRequired="22" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="22" checkinTime="1587982620088" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Schmidt, Christian & Anweiler, Gary" docDate="2010" docId="03D7D51E9C69E603FF0EFE91FBEB0C7E" docLanguage="en" docName="ZK_article_2174.pdf" docOrigin="ZooKeys 39 (39)" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@258e5601" docStyleName="zookeys.2008.journal_article" docTitle="Charadra deridens" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="177" masterDocId="FFEEAD669C66E613FF82FFA2FFAF082A" masterDocTitle="The North American species of Charadra Walker, with a revision of the Charadra pata (Druce) group (Noctuidae, Pantheinae)" masterLastPageNumber="181" masterPageNumber="161" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" updateTime="1643563573501" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The North American species of Charadra Walker, with a revision of the Charadra pata (Druce) group (Noctuidae, Pantheinae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Schmidt, Christian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa ,, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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||
<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Anweiler, Gary</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>University of Alberta Strickland Entomology Museum ,, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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||
</mods:titleInfo>
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||
<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2010</mods:date>
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||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2010-03-18</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>39</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>39</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>161</mods:start>
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<mods:end>181</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.3897/zookeys.39.432</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">8094be38-8ec7-4cd1-89b2-0173f551d554</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1313–2970</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576639</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">F4D24A8D-3EBF-4688-910D-413E328F92BF</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3788578" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163750508" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3788578" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D7D51E9C69E603FF0EFE91FBEB0C7E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D7D51E9C69E603FF0EFE91FBEB0C7E" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="177" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
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<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="176" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph blockId="15.[140,529,307,369]" box="[140,478,307,334]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
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<heading box="[140,478,307,334]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" reason="3">
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<taxonomicName authority="(Guenee)" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" box="[140,478,307,334]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,365,307,334]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Charadra deridens</emphasis>
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(Guenée)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="15.[140,529,307,369]" box="[140,529,342,369]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Figs 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 27, 33</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="176" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1058,413,686]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
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<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[140,241,413,439]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Phalaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[140,241,413,439]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Phalaena</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName authority="Martyn, 1797" authorityName="Martyn" authorityYear="1797" box="[248,598,413,440]" class="Insecta" family="Bombycidae" genus="Bombyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corylina">
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<emphasis box="[248,428,413,439]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Bombyx corylina</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Martyn T" box="[436,598,413,440]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" refId="ref9762" refString="Martyn T (1797) Psyche. Figures of nondescript lepidopterous insects of rare moths and butterflies from different parts of the world. Vincent, London, 6 pp., 32 plates." type="book" year="1797">Martyn, 1797</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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: pl. 26 fig. 70;
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[770,1058,413,439]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">syn. n., nomen oblitum.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Guenee, 1852 in Boisduval & Guenee 1852: 35" authorityName="Guenee, 1852 in Boisduval & Guenee" authorityYear="1852" box="[140,898,448,475]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Diphthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
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<emphasis box="[140,348,448,474]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Diphthera deridens</emphasis>
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Guenée,
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<quantity box="[456,545,448,475]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.70408" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" unit="in" value="1852.0">1852 in</quantity>
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<bibRefCitation author="Boisduval JBAD de & Guenee A" box="[552,898,448,475]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" refId="ref9387" refString="Boisduval JBAD de, Guenee A (1852) Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Species General des Lepidopteres. Tome Cinquieme. Noctuelites. Tome 1. Roret, Paris, 407 pp." type="book" year="1852">Boisduval & Guenée 1852: 35</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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pl. 3, fig. 8.
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<taxonomicName authority="Walker, 1857: 709" authorityName="Walker" authorityPageNumber="709" authorityYear="1857" box="[140,581,483,510]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronycta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="circulifera">
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<emphasis box="[140,360,483,510]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Acronycta circulifera</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Walker F" box="[367,581,483,510]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" pagination="493 - 764" refId="ref10062" refString="Walker F (1857) List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Volume 11. Edward Newman, London, 493 - 764." type="book chapter" year="1857">Walker, 1857: 709</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1058,413,686]" box="[140,568,518,545]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
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<treatmentCitationGroup box="[140,568,518,545]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
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<treatmentCitation author="Walker F" box="[140,564,518,545]" page="446" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" year="1865">
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<taxonomicName authority="Walker, 1865: 446" authorityName="Walker" authorityPageNumber="446" authorityYear="1865" box="[140,564,518,545]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="contigua">
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<emphasis box="[140,343,519,545]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Charadra contigua</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Walker F" box="[350,564,518,545]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" pagination="324 - 706" refId="ref10094" refString="Walker F (1865) List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Volume 32. Edward Newman, London, 324 - 706." type="book chapter" year="1865">Walker, 1865: 446</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1058,413,686]" box="[140,682,554,580]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
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<treatmentCitationGroup box="[140,682,554,580]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
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<treatmentCitation author="Smith JB" box="[140,591,554,580]" page="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" year="1906">
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<taxonomicName authority="J. B. Smith, 1906: 10" authorityName="J. B. Smith" authorityPageNumber="10" authorityYear="1906" box="[140,591,554,580]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ingenua">
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<emphasis box="[140,337,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Charadra ingenua</emphasis>
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J. B.
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<bibRefCitation author="Smith JB" box="[402,591,554,580]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" pagination="9 - 30" refId="ref9897" refString="Smith JB (1906) New Noctuidae for 1906. - no. 1. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 14: 9 - 30." type="journal article" year="1906">Smith, 1906: 10</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[603,682,554,580]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">syn. n.</emphasis>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1058,413,686]" box="[140,583,589,616]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
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<treatmentCitationGroup box="[140,583,589,616]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
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<treatmentCitation author="Smith JB" box="[140,579,589,616]" page="80" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" year="1908">
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<taxonomicName authority="J. B. Smith, 1908: 80" authorityName="J. B. Smith" authorityPageNumber="80" authorityYear="1908" box="[140,579,589,616]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sudena">
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<emphasis box="[140,325,589,615]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Charadra sudena</emphasis>
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J. B.
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<bibRefCitation author="Smith JB" box="[390,579,589,615]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" pagination="79 - 98" refId="ref9925" refString="Smith JB (1908) New species of Noctuidae for 1908. I. With notes on Charadra, Raphia and Pseudanarta. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 16: 79 - 98." type="journal article" year="1908">Smith, 1908: 80</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1058,413,686]" box="[140,900,624,651]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
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‡
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<taxonomicName box="[154,354,624,650]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
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<emphasis box="[154,354,624,650]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Charadra deridens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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ab.
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<emphasis box="[402,530,624,650]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">nigrosuffusa</emphasis>
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Strand, [1917]: 46;
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[763,900,624,650]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">unavailable</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[140,792,659,686]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1058,413,686]" box="[140,792,659,686]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
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<taxonomicName box="[140,340,659,685]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
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<emphasis box="[140,340,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Charadra deridens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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form
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<emphasis box="[410,486,660,686]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">fumosa</emphasis>
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Draudt, in Seitz 1924: 19.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="177" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1108,729,1672]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,313,729,756]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
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<emphasis box="[140,198,730,756]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" reason="1">
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<typeStatus box="[140,198,730,756]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Type</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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material.
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</emphasis>
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<emphasis box="[322,615,730,756]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
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<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[322,423,730,756]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Phalaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phalaena</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Martyn" authorityYear="1797" box="[433,615,730,756]" class="Insecta" family="Bombycidae" genus="Bombyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corylina">Bombyx corylina</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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–
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<typeStatus box="[646,701,730,756]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Type</typeStatus>
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locality: [
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<collectingCountry box="[816,879,729,756]" name="United States of America" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">USA</collectingCountry>
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:]
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<collectingCountry box="[899,993,730,756]" name="Georgia" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Georgia</collectingCountry>
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. Unstated number of
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<typeStatus box="[267,325,766,792]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">types</typeStatus>
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[unknown].
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[475,533,765,791]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Note</emphasis>
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– this name was transferred to the genus
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1865" box="[1003,1107,765,791]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1003,1107,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Charadra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation author="Poole RW" box="[175,323,800,826]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" pagination="1 - 500" refId="ref9831" refString="Poole RW (1989) Lepidopterorum Catalogus (new series). Fascicle 118. Noctuidae. Part 1. Abablemma to Heraclia (part): 1 - 500." type="book chapter" year="1989">Poole (1989)</bibRefCitation>
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and therein stated to probably be conspecific with
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<taxonomicName box="[909,1032,800,827]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
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<emphasis box="[909,1032,800,827]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">C. deridens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Martyn" authorityYear="1797" class="Insecta" family="Bombycidae" genus="Bombyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corylina">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Bombyx corylina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has otherwise not appeared in the published literature in the past 200 years, nor since
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<bibRefCitation author="Poole RW" box="[320,480,871,897]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" pagination="1 - 500" refId="ref9831" refString="Poole RW (1989) Lepidopterorum Catalogus (new series). Fascicle 118. Noctuidae. Part 1. Abablemma to Heraclia (part): 1 - 500." type="book chapter" year="1989">Poole’s (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mention. To preserve the name
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[848,1048,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
|
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<emphasis box="[848,1048,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Charadra deridens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
for a well-known North American species, which has appeared in many publications since its description, we treat
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Martyn" authorityName="Martyn" authorityYear="1797" box="[427,708,941,968]" class="Insecta" family="Bombycidae" genus="Bombyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corylina">
|
||
<emphasis box="[427,611,941,967]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Bombyx corylina</emphasis>
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||
Martyn
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a
|
||
<emphasis box="[775,945,941,967]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">nomen oblitum</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Guenee" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1816" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Diphtera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
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||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Diphtera deridens</emphasis>
|
||
Guenée
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a
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||
<emphasis box="[389,580,977,1002]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">nomen protectum</emphasis>
|
||
under the provisions of Article 23.9.2 of the International Code of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature" box="[394,772,1011,1038]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" refId="ref9646" refString="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. (1999) International Code for Zoological Nomenclature, Fourth Edition. Th e International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, UK [online]. Available at: http: // www. iczn. org / iczn / index. jsp [accessed January 2010]." type="url" year="1999">Zoological Nomenclature (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Th e suppression of the name
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Martyn" authorityYear="1797" box="[140,226,1047,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Bombycidae" genus="Bombyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corylina">
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||
<emphasis box="[140,226,1047,1073]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">corylina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
requires that 1) it has not been used as a valid name after 1899 (the usage of the name in
|
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<bibRefCitation author="Poole RW" box="[292,442,1082,1108]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" pagination="1 - 500" refId="ref9831" refString="Poole RW (1989) Lepidopterorum Catalogus (new series). Fascicle 118. Noctuidae. Part 1. Abablemma to Heraclia (part): 1 - 500." type="book chapter" year="1989">Poole (1989)</bibRefCitation>
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||
must not be taken into account under the provisions of Article 23.9.6), and 2) the junior synonym (
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Ochsenheimer, 1816" authorityName="Ochsenheimer" authorityYear="1816" box="[650,739,1117,1143]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Diphtera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
|
||
<emphasis box="[650,739,1117,1143]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">deridens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) has been used as the presumed valid name, in at least 25 works, published by at least 10 authors in the immediately preceding 50 years and encompassing a span of not less than 10 years. A search of the Zoological Record indicates that both provisions are met.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1108,729,1672]" box="[185,759,1258,1284]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Guenee, 1852 in Boisduval & Guenee" authorityYear="1852" box="[185,393,1258,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Diphthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,393,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Diphthera deridens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
<typeStatus box="[420,475,1258,1284]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality: North America.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1108,729,1672]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1857" box="[185,413,1293,1319]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronycta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="circulifera">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,413,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Acronycta circulifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
– [
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608938017" box="[458,1014,1292,1320]" collectionCode="BMNH" country="United States of America" location="Female" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[458,522,1292,1319]" name="United States of America" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
:] East Florida.
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D7D51E9C69E603FF0EFE91FBEB0C7E:8EA132D39C69E61CFD40FAAFFCBC0D0D" box="[706,787,1293,1319]" country="United States of America" name="Female" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Female</location>
|
||
<typeStatus box="[799,903,1293,1319]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectionCode box="[919,1014,1294,1320]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
; photograph examined.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1108,729,1672]" box="[185,1108,1363,1390]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1865" box="[185,381,1363,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="contigua">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,381,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Charadra contigua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
– [
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608937993" box="[412,851,1363,1390]" collectionCode="BMNH" country="Georgia" location="Male" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
USA:]
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[489,580,1363,1389]" name="Georgia" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D7D51E9C69E603FF0EFE91FBEB0C7E:8EA132D39C69E61CFDCFFAF1FD2A0D47" box="[589,645,1363,1389]" country="Georgia" name="Male" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Male</location>
|
||
<typeStatus box="[650,750,1363,1389]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectionCode box="[759,851,1364,1390]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
; photograph examined.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1108,729,1672]" lastBlockId="16.[140,1108,167,1109]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="177" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[185,388,1399,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ingenua">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,388,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Charadra ingenua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
– Type locality: [
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[602,665,1398,1425]" name="United States of America" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
:] Durango,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[810,920,1399,1425]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Male
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1005,1107,1399,1425]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(Fig. 4) designated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Todd EL" box="[390,539,1434,1460]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" refId="ref10000" refString="Todd EL (1982) Th e noctuid type material of John B. Smith (Lepidoptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1645, 228 pp." type="book" year="1982">Todd (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectionCode box="[549,644,1434,1460]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
; examined.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[779,837,1434,1460]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Note</emphasis>
|
||
–
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[866,1063,1434,1460]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ingenua">
|
||
<emphasis box="[866,1063,1434,1460]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Charadra ingenua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been a “ghost species,” rarely mentioned in the literature and with few specimens in collections. The
|
||
<typeStatus box="[322,424,1504,1530]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is a specimen typical of eastern
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[779,886,1504,1530]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Guenee, 1852 in Boisduval & Guenee" authorityYear="1852" box="[892,1014,1504,1531]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Diphthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
|
||
<emphasis box="[892,1014,1504,1531]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">C. deridens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations, which are slightly smaller and have less contrastingly marked forewings and paler hindwings than eastern North American
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Guenee, 1852 in Boisduval & Guenee" authorityYear="1852" box="[607,730,1575,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Diphthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
|
||
<emphasis box="[607,730,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">C. deridens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Examination of specimens from western
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[235,342,1610,1636]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||
matching the type of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[601,722,1610,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ingenua">
|
||
<emphasis box="[601,722,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">C. ingenua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not distinguishable in genital characters from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Guenee, 1852 in Boisduval & Guenee" authorityYear="1852" box="[323,446,1645,1672]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Diphthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
|
||
<emphasis box="[323,446,1645,1672]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">C. deridens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, so we place
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[596,716,1646,1672]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ingenua" status="syn. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[596,716,1646,1672]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">C. ingenua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[725,800,1646,1672]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">syn. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
in synonymy with
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="177" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">C. deri- dens</emphasis>
|
||
. Specimens from the
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[435,559,167,193]" name="Guadeloupe" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Guadalupe</collectingCountry>
|
||
Mountains of west Texas reported as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[987,1107,167,193]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ingenua">
|
||
<emphasis box="[987,1107,167,193]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">C. ingenua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Blanchard A & Franclemont JG" box="[175,575,202,228]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" pagination="797 - 798" refId="ref9353" refString="Blanchard A, Franclemont JG (1981) Charadra ingenua Smith in west Texas (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Pantheinae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 83: 797 - 798" type="journal article" year="1981">Blanchard and Franclemont (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
are
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Schmidt & Anweiler, 2010" authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[623,735,202,228]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moneta" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[623,735,202,228]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">C. moneta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[743,804,202,228]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(see below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[140,1108,167,1109]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="J. B. Smith" authorityYear="1908" box="[185,374,237,263]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sudena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,374,237,263]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Charadra sudena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608937998" collectionCode="AMNH" country="United States of America" location="Florida" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Florida" typeStatus="lectotype">
|
||
Type locality: [
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[582,645,236,263]" name="United States of America" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
:]
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[667,751,237,263]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Miami. Male
|
||
<typeStatus box="[928,1030,237,263]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
designated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Todd EL" box="[243,392,272,298]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" refId="ref10000" refString="Todd EL (1982) Th e noctuid type material of John B. Smith (Lepidoptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1645, 228 pp." type="book" year="1982">Todd (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectionCode box="[403,498,272,298]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
; photograph examined.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[140,1108,167,1109]" box="[185,1011,307,334]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[185,386,307,333]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,386,307,333]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Charadra deridens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ab.
|
||
<emphasis box="[433,561,308,334]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">nigrosuffusa</emphasis>
|
||
– an unavailable infrasubspecific name.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[140,1108,167,1109]" box="[185,992,342,369]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[185,386,343,369]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,386,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Charadra deridens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
form
|
||
<emphasis box="[456,532,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">fumosa</emphasis>
|
||
–
|
||
<typeStatus box="[560,615,343,369]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality: None given [unknown].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="177" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[140,1108,167,1109]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,312,377,403]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,307,377,403]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" reason="1">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[323,450,378,404]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
|
||
<emphasis box="[323,450,378,404]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">C. deridens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be identified by it being the only
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1865" box="[916,1020,378,404]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[916,1020,378,404]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Charadra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species throughout its range, and is characterized by the typically monochromatic colouring of the forewing (lacking brown shades), and the black scaling in the orbicular spot (diffuse and brownish in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[437,553,484,510]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moneta">
|
||
<emphasis box="[437,553,484,510]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">C. moneta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[581,785,483,509]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
|
||
<emphasis box="[581,785,483,509]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Charadra deridens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may prove to be sympatric with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[200,314,519,545]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moneta">
|
||
<emphasis box="[200,314,519,545]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">C. moneta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[354,500,519,545]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||
and western
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[653,718,519,545]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
, but the two can be distinguished by the more contrasting ‘pupil’ of the orbicular spot in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[786,875,554,580]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
|
||
<emphasis box="[786,875,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">deridens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the white-grey rather than brownish forewing colour of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[611,690,590,615]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moneta">
|
||
<emphasis box="[611,690,590,615]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">moneta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as by the genital differences presented in the diagnosis of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[469,582,625,651]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moneta">
|
||
<emphasis box="[469,582,625,651]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">C. moneta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="177" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[140,1108,167,1109]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,494,659,685]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,336,659,685]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" reason="1">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
and biology.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Widely distributed, from
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[799,937,659,686]" country="Canada" name="Nova Scotia" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Nova Scotia</collectingRegion>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
|
||
(not yet recorded from
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[501,589,695,722]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Alberta</collectingRegion>
|
||
), south to
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[715,799,695,721]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[811,872,695,721]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Knudson E & Bordelon C" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" pagination="2004" refId="ref9734" refString="Knudson E, Bordelon C (2004) Checklist of the Lepidoptera of Texas. Texas Lepidoptera Survey, Publ. 6, 1999. 2004 Edition." type="journal article" year="2004">Knudson and Bordelon 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and northeastern
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[484,629,730,756]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Raton, Colfax Co.). The larva, illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wagner DL" box="[174,348,765,792]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" refId="ref10032" refString="Wagner DL (2005) Caterpillars of eastern North America: a guide to identification and natural history. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 512 pp." type="book" year="2005">Wagner (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, feeds primarily on beech, oak, and white birch.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="177" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[140,1108,167,1109]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,298,800,826]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,293,800,826]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" reason="1">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Although quite consistent in appearance within a given geographic region, there is a moderate amount of variation in phenotypes across its range, and a melanic form (Fig. 16) occurs in the northeastern part of its range (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Klots AB" box="[911,1044,871,898]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" pagination="58 - 59" refId="ref9702" refString="Klots AB (1968) Melanism in Connecticut Charadra deridens (Guenee) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 76: 58 - 59." type="journal article" year="1968">Klots 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The palest specimens are from Atlantic
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[553,639,906,932]" name="Canada" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Fig. 11, 15), particularly
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[960,1104,906,932]" country="Canada" name="Nova Scotia" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Nova Scotia</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Kentucky specimens are on average smaller with a slight brown cast and reduced white scaling (Figs 14, 18), whereas Colorado specimens are paler overall with less contrasting forewing markings (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[411,497,1012,1037]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ingenua">
|
||
<emphasis box="[411,497,1012,1037]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">ingenua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Fig. 12).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[140,1108,167,1109]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">
|
||
Four specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[393,512,1047,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
|
||
<emphasis box="[393,512,1047,1073]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">C. deridens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[579,670,1047,1073]" country="Canada" name="Ontario" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Ontario</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[723,801,1047,1073]" country="United States of America" name="Kansas" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Kansas</collectingRegion>
|
||
expressed three haplotypes, differing by less than 1%, and at least 2.5% divergent from three
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[877,989,1082,1108]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moneta">
|
||
<emphasis box="[877,989,1082,1108]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">C. moneta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
samples.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |