treatments-xml/data/03/D7/D5/03D7D51E9C69E603FF0EFE91FBEB0C7E.xml

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<mods:title>The North American species of Charadra Walker, with a revision of the Charadra pata (Druce) group (Noctuidae, Pantheinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Schmidt, Christian</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa ,, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Anweiler, Gary</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>University of Alberta Strickland Entomology Museum ,, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2010</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2010-03-18</mods:number>
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<mods:number>39</mods:number>
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<mods:number>39</mods:number>
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<mods:start>161</mods:start>
<mods:end>181</mods:end>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.3897/zookeys.39.432</mods:identifier>
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<paragraph blockId="15.[140,529,307,369]" box="[140,478,307,334]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
<heading box="[140,478,307,334]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" reason="3">
<taxonomicName authority="(Guenee)" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" box="[140,478,307,334]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,365,307,334]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Charadra deridens</emphasis>
(Guenée)
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="15.[140,529,307,369]" box="[140,529,342,369]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Figs 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 27, 33</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="176" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1058,413,686]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[140,241,413,439]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Phalaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[140,241,413,439]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Phalaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName authority="Martyn, 1797" authorityName="Martyn" authorityYear="1797" box="[248,598,413,440]" class="Insecta" family="Bombycidae" genus="Bombyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corylina">
<emphasis box="[248,428,413,439]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Bombyx corylina</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Martyn T" box="[436,598,413,440]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" refId="ref9762" refString="Martyn T (1797) Psyche. Figures of nondescript lepidopterous insects of rare moths and butterflies from different parts of the world. Vincent, London, 6 pp., 32 plates." type="book" year="1797">Martyn, 1797</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: pl. 26 fig. 70; 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[770,1058,413,439]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">syn. n., nomen oblitum.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Guenee, 1852 in Boisduval &amp; Guenee 1852: 35" authorityName="Guenee, 1852 in Boisduval &amp; Guenee" authorityYear="1852" box="[140,898,448,475]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Diphthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
<emphasis box="[140,348,448,474]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Diphthera deridens</emphasis>
Guenée, 
<quantity box="[456,545,448,475]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.70408" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" unit="in" value="1852.0">1852 in</quantity>
<bibRefCitation author="Boisduval JBAD de &amp; Guenee A" box="[552,898,448,475]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" refId="ref9387" refString="Boisduval JBAD de, Guenee A (1852) Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Species General des Lepidopteres. Tome Cinquieme. Noctuelites. Tome 1. Roret, Paris, 407 pp." type="book" year="1852">Boisduval &amp; Guenée 1852: 35</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
pl. 3, fig. 8. 
<taxonomicName authority="Walker, 1857: 709" authorityName="Walker" authorityPageNumber="709" authorityYear="1857" box="[140,581,483,510]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronycta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="circulifera">
<emphasis box="[140,360,483,510]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Acronycta circulifera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Walker F" box="[367,581,483,510]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" pagination="493 - 764" refId="ref10062" refString="Walker F (1857) List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Volume 11. Edward Newman, London, 493 - 764." type="book chapter" year="1857">Walker, 1857: 709</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1058,413,686]" box="[140,568,518,545]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
<treatmentCitationGroup box="[140,568,518,545]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
<treatmentCitation author="Walker F" box="[140,564,518,545]" page="446" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" year="1865">
<taxonomicName authority="Walker, 1865: 446" authorityName="Walker" authorityPageNumber="446" authorityYear="1865" box="[140,564,518,545]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="contigua">
<emphasis box="[140,343,519,545]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Charadra contigua</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Walker F" box="[350,564,518,545]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" pagination="324 - 706" refId="ref10094" refString="Walker F (1865) List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Volume 32. Edward Newman, London, 324 - 706." type="book chapter" year="1865">Walker, 1865: 446</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1058,413,686]" box="[140,682,554,580]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
<treatmentCitationGroup box="[140,682,554,580]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
<treatmentCitation author="Smith JB" box="[140,591,554,580]" page="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" year="1906">
<taxonomicName authority="J. B. Smith, 1906: 10" authorityName="J. B. Smith" authorityPageNumber="10" authorityYear="1906" box="[140,591,554,580]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ingenua">
<emphasis box="[140,337,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Charadra ingenua</emphasis>
J. B. 
<bibRefCitation author="Smith JB" box="[402,591,554,580]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" pagination="9 - 30" refId="ref9897" refString="Smith JB (1906) New Noctuidae for 1906. - no. 1. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 14: 9 - 30." type="journal article" year="1906">Smith, 1906: 10</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[603,682,554,580]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">syn. n.</emphasis>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1058,413,686]" box="[140,583,589,616]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
<treatmentCitationGroup box="[140,583,589,616]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
<treatmentCitation author="Smith JB" box="[140,579,589,616]" page="80" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" year="1908">
<taxonomicName authority="J. B. Smith, 1908: 80" authorityName="J. B. Smith" authorityPageNumber="80" authorityYear="1908" box="[140,579,589,616]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sudena">
<emphasis box="[140,325,589,615]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Charadra sudena</emphasis>
J. B. 
<bibRefCitation author="Smith JB" box="[390,579,589,615]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" pagination="79 - 98" refId="ref9925" refString="Smith JB (1908) New species of Noctuidae for 1908. I. With notes on Charadra, Raphia and Pseudanarta. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 16: 79 - 98." type="journal article" year="1908">Smith, 1908: 80</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1058,413,686]" box="[140,900,624,651]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
‡ 
<taxonomicName box="[154,354,624,650]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
<emphasis box="[154,354,624,650]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Charadra deridens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ab. 
<emphasis box="[402,530,624,650]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">nigrosuffusa</emphasis>
Strand, [1917]: 46; 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[763,900,624,650]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">unavailable</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[140,792,659,686]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1058,413,686]" box="[140,792,659,686]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
<taxonomicName box="[140,340,659,685]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
<emphasis box="[140,340,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Charadra deridens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
form 
<emphasis box="[410,486,660,686]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">fumosa</emphasis>
Draudt, in Seitz 1924: 19.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="177" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1108,729,1672]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,313,729,756]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
<emphasis box="[140,198,730,756]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" reason="1">
<typeStatus box="[140,198,730,756]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Type</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
material.
</emphasis>
<emphasis box="[322,615,730,756]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[322,423,730,756]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Phalaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phalaena</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Martyn" authorityYear="1797" box="[433,615,730,756]" class="Insecta" family="Bombycidae" genus="Bombyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corylina">Bombyx corylina</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
– 
<typeStatus box="[646,701,730,756]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Type</typeStatus>
locality: [
<collectingCountry box="[816,879,729,756]" name="United States of America" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">USA</collectingCountry>
:] 
<collectingCountry box="[899,993,730,756]" name="Georgia" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Georgia</collectingCountry>
. Unstated number of 
<typeStatus box="[267,325,766,792]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">types</typeStatus>
[unknown]. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[475,533,765,791]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Note</emphasis>
– this name was transferred to the genus 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1865" box="[1003,1107,765,791]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1003,1107,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Charadra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation author="Poole RW" box="[175,323,800,826]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" pagination="1 - 500" refId="ref9831" refString="Poole RW (1989) Lepidopterorum Catalogus (new series). Fascicle 118. Noctuidae. Part 1. Abablemma to Heraclia (part): 1 - 500." type="book chapter" year="1989">Poole (1989)</bibRefCitation>
and therein stated to probably be conspecific with 
<taxonomicName box="[909,1032,800,827]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
<emphasis box="[909,1032,800,827]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">C. deridens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Martyn" authorityYear="1797" class="Insecta" family="Bombycidae" genus="Bombyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corylina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Bombyx corylina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has otherwise not appeared in the published literature in the past 200 years, nor since 
<bibRefCitation author="Poole RW" box="[320,480,871,897]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" pagination="1 - 500" refId="ref9831" refString="Poole RW (1989) Lepidopterorum Catalogus (new series). Fascicle 118. Noctuidae. Part 1. Abablemma to Heraclia (part): 1 - 500." type="book chapter" year="1989">Poole’s (1989)</bibRefCitation>
mention. To preserve the name 
<taxonomicName box="[848,1048,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
<emphasis box="[848,1048,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Charadra deridens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for a well-known North American species, which has appeared in many publications since its description, we treat 
<taxonomicName authority="Martyn" authorityName="Martyn" authorityYear="1797" box="[427,708,941,968]" class="Insecta" family="Bombycidae" genus="Bombyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corylina">
<emphasis box="[427,611,941,967]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Bombyx corylina</emphasis>
Martyn
</taxonomicName>
as a 
<emphasis box="[775,945,941,967]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">nomen oblitum</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName authority="Guenee" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1816" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Diphtera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Diphtera deridens</emphasis>
Guenée
</taxonomicName>
as a 
<emphasis box="[389,580,977,1002]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">nomen protectum</emphasis>
under the provisions of Article 23.9.2 of the International Code of 
<bibRefCitation author="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature" box="[394,772,1011,1038]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" refId="ref9646" refString="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. (1999) International Code for Zoological Nomenclature, Fourth Edition. Th e International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, UK [online]. Available at: http: // www. iczn. org / iczn / index. jsp [accessed January 2010]." type="url" year="1999">Zoological Nomenclature (1999)</bibRefCitation>
. Th e suppression of the name 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Martyn" authorityYear="1797" box="[140,226,1047,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Bombycidae" genus="Bombyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corylina">
<emphasis box="[140,226,1047,1073]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">corylina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
requires that 1) it has not been used as a valid name after 1899 (the usage of the name in 
<bibRefCitation author="Poole RW" box="[292,442,1082,1108]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" pagination="1 - 500" refId="ref9831" refString="Poole RW (1989) Lepidopterorum Catalogus (new series). Fascicle 118. Noctuidae. Part 1. Abablemma to Heraclia (part): 1 - 500." type="book chapter" year="1989">Poole (1989)</bibRefCitation>
must not be taken into account under the provisions of Article 23.9.6), and 2) the junior synonym (
<taxonomicName authority="Ochsenheimer, 1816" authorityName="Ochsenheimer" authorityYear="1816" box="[650,739,1117,1143]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Diphtera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
<emphasis box="[650,739,1117,1143]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">deridens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) has been used as the presumed valid name, in at least 25 works, published by at least 10 authors in the immediately preceding 50 years and encompassing a span of not less than 10 years. A search of the Zoological Record indicates that both provisions are met.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1108,729,1672]" box="[185,759,1258,1284]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Guenee, 1852 in Boisduval &amp; Guenee" authorityYear="1852" box="[185,393,1258,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Diphthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
<emphasis box="[185,393,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Diphthera deridens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– 
<typeStatus box="[420,475,1258,1284]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Type</typeStatus>
locality: North America.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1108,729,1672]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1857" box="[185,413,1293,1319]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronycta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="circulifera">
<emphasis box="[185,413,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Acronycta circulifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– [
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608938017" box="[458,1014,1292,1320]" collectionCode="BMNH" country="United States of America" location="Female" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry box="[458,522,1292,1319]" name="United States of America" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">USA</collectingCountry>
:] East Florida. 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D7D51E9C69E603FF0EFE91FBEB0C7E:8EA132D39C69E61CFD40FAAFFCBC0D0D" box="[706,787,1293,1319]" country="United States of America" name="Female" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Female</location>
<typeStatus box="[799,903,1293,1319]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">holotype</typeStatus>
. 
<collectionCode box="[919,1014,1294,1320]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">BMNH</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
; photograph examined.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1108,729,1672]" box="[185,1108,1363,1390]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1865" box="[185,381,1363,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="contigua">
<emphasis box="[185,381,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Charadra contigua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– [
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608937993" box="[412,851,1363,1390]" collectionCode="BMNH" country="Georgia" location="Male" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
USA:] 
<collectingCountry box="[489,580,1363,1389]" name="Georgia" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Georgia</collectingCountry>
. 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D7D51E9C69E603FF0EFE91FBEB0C7E:8EA132D39C69E61CFDCFFAF1FD2A0D47" box="[589,645,1363,1389]" country="Georgia" name="Male" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Male</location>
<typeStatus box="[650,750,1363,1389]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">holotype</typeStatus>
. 
<collectionCode box="[759,851,1364,1390]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">BMNH</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
; photograph examined.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1108,729,1672]" lastBlockId="16.[140,1108,167,1109]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="177" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
<taxonomicName box="[185,388,1399,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ingenua">
<emphasis box="[185,388,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Charadra ingenua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– Type locality: [
<collectingCountry box="[602,665,1398,1425]" name="United States of America" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">USA</collectingCountry>
:] Durango, 
<collectingRegion box="[810,920,1399,1425]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Colorado</collectingRegion>
. Male 
<typeStatus box="[1005,1107,1399,1425]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">lectotype</typeStatus>
(Fig. 4) designated by 
<bibRefCitation author="Todd EL" box="[390,539,1434,1460]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" refId="ref10000" refString="Todd EL (1982) Th e noctuid type material of John B. Smith (Lepidoptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1645, 228 pp." type="book" year="1982">Todd (1982)</bibRefCitation>
. 
<collectionCode box="[549,644,1434,1460]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">AMNH</collectionCode>
; examined. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[779,837,1434,1460]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Note</emphasis>
– 
<taxonomicName box="[866,1063,1434,1460]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ingenua">
<emphasis box="[866,1063,1434,1460]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Charadra ingenua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been a “ghost species,” rarely mentioned in the literature and with few specimens in collections. The 
<typeStatus box="[322,424,1504,1530]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">lectotype</typeStatus>
is a specimen typical of eastern 
<collectingRegion box="[779,886,1504,1530]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Colorado</collectingRegion>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Guenee, 1852 in Boisduval &amp; Guenee" authorityYear="1852" box="[892,1014,1504,1531]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Diphthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
<emphasis box="[892,1014,1504,1531]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">C. deridens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
populations, which are slightly smaller and have less contrastingly marked forewings and paler hindwings than eastern North American 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Guenee, 1852 in Boisduval &amp; Guenee" authorityYear="1852" box="[607,730,1575,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Diphthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
<emphasis box="[607,730,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">C. deridens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Examination of specimens from western 
<collectingRegion box="[235,342,1610,1636]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Colorado</collectingRegion>
matching the type of 
<taxonomicName box="[601,722,1610,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ingenua">
<emphasis box="[601,722,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">C. ingenua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are not distinguishable in genital characters from 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Guenee, 1852 in Boisduval &amp; Guenee" authorityYear="1852" box="[323,446,1645,1672]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Diphthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
<emphasis box="[323,446,1645,1672]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">C. deridens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, so we place 
<taxonomicName box="[596,716,1646,1672]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ingenua" status="syn. n.">
<emphasis box="[596,716,1646,1672]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">C. ingenua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[725,800,1646,1672]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">syn. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
in synonymy with 
<emphasis italics="true" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="177" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">C. deri- dens</emphasis>
. Specimens from the 
<collectingCountry box="[435,559,167,193]" name="Guadeloupe" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Guadalupe</collectingCountry>
Mountains of west Texas reported as 
<taxonomicName box="[987,1107,167,193]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ingenua">
<emphasis box="[987,1107,167,193]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">C. ingenua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation author="Blanchard A &amp; Franclemont JG" box="[175,575,202,228]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" pagination="797 - 798" refId="ref9353" refString="Blanchard A, Franclemont JG (1981) Charadra ingenua Smith in west Texas (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Pantheinae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 83: 797 - 798" type="journal article" year="1981">Blanchard and Franclemont (1981)</bibRefCitation>
are 
<taxonomicName authority="Schmidt &amp; Anweiler, 2010" authorityName="Schmidt &amp; Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[623,735,202,228]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moneta" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[623,735,202,228]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">C. moneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[743,804,202,228]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(see below).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="16.[140,1108,167,1109]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">
<taxonomicName authorityName="J. B. Smith" authorityYear="1908" box="[185,374,237,263]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sudena">
<emphasis box="[185,374,237,263]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Charadra sudena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608937998" collectionCode="AMNH" country="United States of America" location="Florida" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Florida" typeStatus="lectotype">
Type locality: [
<collectingCountry box="[582,645,236,263]" name="United States of America" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">USA</collectingCountry>
:] 
<collectingRegion box="[667,751,237,263]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Florida</collectingRegion>
, Miami. Male 
<typeStatus box="[928,1030,237,263]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">lectotype</typeStatus>
designated by 
<bibRefCitation author="Todd EL" box="[243,392,272,298]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" refId="ref10000" refString="Todd EL (1982) Th e noctuid type material of John B. Smith (Lepidoptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1645, 228 pp." type="book" year="1982">Todd (1982)</bibRefCitation>
. 
<collectionCode box="[403,498,272,298]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">AMNH</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
; photograph examined.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="16.[140,1108,167,1109]" box="[185,1011,307,334]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">
<taxonomicName box="[185,386,307,333]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
<emphasis box="[185,386,307,333]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Charadra deridens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ab. 
<emphasis box="[433,561,308,334]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">nigrosuffusa</emphasis>
– an unavailable infrasubspecific name.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="16.[140,1108,167,1109]" box="[185,992,342,369]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">
<taxonomicName box="[185,386,343,369]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
<emphasis box="[185,386,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Charadra deridens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
form 
<emphasis box="[456,532,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">fumosa</emphasis>
– 
<typeStatus box="[560,615,343,369]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Type</typeStatus>
locality: None given [unknown].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="177" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph blockId="16.[140,1108,167,1109]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,312,377,403]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">
<emphasis box="[185,307,377,403]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" reason="1">Diagnosis</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName box="[323,450,378,404]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
<emphasis box="[323,450,378,404]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">C. deridens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be identified by it being the only 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1865" box="[916,1020,378,404]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[916,1020,378,404]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Charadra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species throughout its range, and is characterized by the typically monochromatic colouring of the forewing (lacking brown shades), and the black scaling in the orbicular spot (diffuse and brownish in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt &amp; Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[437,553,484,510]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moneta">
<emphasis box="[437,553,484,510]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">C. moneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<taxonomicName box="[581,785,483,509]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
<emphasis box="[581,785,483,509]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Charadra deridens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may prove to be sympatric with 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt &amp; Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[200,314,519,545]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moneta">
<emphasis box="[200,314,519,545]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">C. moneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<collectingRegion box="[354,500,519,545]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
and western 
<collectingRegion box="[653,718,519,545]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Texas</collectingRegion>
, but the two can be distinguished by the more contrasting ‘pupil’ of the orbicular spot in 
<taxonomicName box="[786,875,554,580]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
<emphasis box="[786,875,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">deridens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the white-grey rather than brownish forewing colour of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt &amp; Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[611,690,590,615]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moneta">
<emphasis box="[611,690,590,615]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">moneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as well as by the genital differences presented in the diagnosis of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt &amp; Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[469,582,625,651]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moneta">
<emphasis box="[469,582,625,651]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">C. moneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="177" type="distribution">
<paragraph blockId="16.[140,1108,167,1109]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,494,659,685]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">
<emphasis box="[185,336,659,685]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" reason="1">Distribution</emphasis>
and biology.
</emphasis>
Widely distributed, from 
<collectingRegion box="[799,937,659,686]" country="Canada" name="Nova Scotia" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Nova Scotia</collectingRegion>
to 
<collectingRegion country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
(not yet recorded from 
<collectingRegion box="[501,589,695,722]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Alberta</collectingRegion>
), south to 
<collectingRegion box="[715,799,695,721]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Florida</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion box="[811,872,695,721]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Texas</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Knudson E &amp; Bordelon C" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" pagination="2004" refId="ref9734" refString="Knudson E, Bordelon C (2004) Checklist of the Lepidoptera of Texas. Texas Lepidoptera Survey, Publ. 6, 1999. 2004 Edition." type="journal article" year="2004">Knudson and Bordelon 2004</bibRefCitation>
) and northeastern 
<collectingRegion box="[484,629,730,756]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
(Raton, Colfax Co.). The larva, illustrated by 
<bibRefCitation author="Wagner DL" box="[174,348,765,792]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" refId="ref10032" refString="Wagner DL (2005) Caterpillars of eastern North America: a guide to identification and natural history. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 512 pp." type="book" year="2005">Wagner (2005)</bibRefCitation>
, feeds primarily on beech, oak, and white birch.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="177" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="16.[140,1108,167,1109]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,298,800,826]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">
<emphasis box="[185,293,800,826]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" reason="1">Remarks</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Although quite consistent in appearance within a given geographic region, there is a moderate amount of variation in phenotypes across its range, and a melanic form (Fig. 16) occurs in the northeastern part of its range (
<bibRefCitation author="Klots AB" box="[911,1044,871,898]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" pagination="58 - 59" refId="ref9702" refString="Klots AB (1968) Melanism in Connecticut Charadra deridens (Guenee) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 76: 58 - 59." type="journal article" year="1968">Klots 1968</bibRefCitation>
). The palest specimens are from Atlantic 
<collectingCountry box="[553,639,906,932]" name="Canada" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Canada</collectingCountry>
(Fig. 11, 15), particularly 
<collectingRegion box="[960,1104,906,932]" country="Canada" name="Nova Scotia" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Nova Scotia</collectingRegion>
. Kentucky specimens are on average smaller with a slight brown cast and reduced white scaling (Figs 14, 18), whereas Colorado specimens are paler overall with less contrasting forewing markings (
<taxonomicName box="[411,497,1012,1037]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ingenua">
<emphasis box="[411,497,1012,1037]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">ingenua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Fig. 12).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="16.[140,1108,167,1109]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">
Four specimens of 
<taxonomicName box="[393,512,1047,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deridens">
<emphasis box="[393,512,1047,1073]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">C. deridens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingRegion box="[579,670,1047,1073]" country="Canada" name="Ontario" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Ontario</collectingRegion>
and 
<collectingRegion box="[723,801,1047,1073]" country="United States of America" name="Kansas" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Kansas</collectingRegion>
expressed three haplotypes, differing by less than 1%, and at least 2.5% divergent from three 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt &amp; Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[877,989,1082,1108]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moneta">
<emphasis box="[877,989,1082,1108]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">C. moneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
samples.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>