575 lines
70 KiB
XML
575 lines
70 KiB
XML
<document id="F4F318EBDC74E405335E6BE83C05E42B" ID-DOI="10.17348/jbrit.v15.i2.1206" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14111022" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1634280027544" checkinUser="donat" docAuthor="Fawcett, Susan & Smith, Alan R." docDate="2021" docId="03B787F6FFDB9B7F621D7836FB04FC4C" docLanguage="en" docName="2021_ThelypteridaceaeFerns_OACopy3.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Fort Worth, Texas, USA: BRIT Press" docTitle="Cyclosorus sensu Copeland 1947" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="42" masterDocId="FF8EFF8EFFE99B4B602B7D49FFA7FFBB" masterDocTitle="A Generic Classification of the Thelypteridaceae" pageNumber="40" updateTime="1731444927364" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="2E0479A9A6E572C8E6B51913DEACCCA8">
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<mods:title id="3225E1CB47E1A969569810F7DB644A23">A Generic Classification of the Thelypteridaceae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="FB1AB795B0C591C40F132B1FA1E066EE" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="10D5D5A666C4D5830C65DF83306CF760">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="7D43F76AEF1FA17CDCA7CD3F50E6D757">Fawcett, Susan</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="A2CC7DFF1C477B604A9C6DBF90C1D49F" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="D0A9A72726824A2DFE1C655860558B42">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="E78CB127080F788C20B5F80E8F7F0ECC">Smith, Alan R.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="4B1B3C96E3899C31ED9F97076B8F8A30">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:originInfo id="20A20DE995F7889A9EF60E19141B02A3">
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<mods:dateIssued id="54EC5AABF4301E96B677F28760C2E7BC">2021</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="B8EDA6087B9A2C10A78C3F03590682F9">BRIT Press</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="71379AE2E1A28B50EC3DA5EE671FD466">
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<mods:placeTerm id="B1051A311D72EADD07E5601FC8756E38">Fort Worth, Texas, USA</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:classification id="4FC52D6AA7CAE26FB4D60B9BA2B3905C">book</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="E67FEE1C95005C923C3A630750A71C4A" type="DOI">10.17348/jbrit.v15.i2.1206</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="C88BBD0DDD79E7EEC1EA33BEEE62F8A9" type="Zenodo-Dep">14111022</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03B787F6FFDB9B7F621D7836FB04FC4C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14076326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14076326" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B787F6FFDB9B7F621D7836FB04FC4C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B787F6FFDB9B7F621D7836FB04FC4C" lastPageId="52" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="50" pageNumber="40">
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<subSubSection id="C304656BFFDB9B79621D7836FD54FA22" box="[566,755,1407,1433]" pageId="50" pageNumber="40" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFDB9B79621D7836FD54FA22" blockId="50.[97,1225,1407,1495]" box="[566,755,1407,1433]" pageId="50" pageNumber="40">
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||
<heading id="D0E9818CFFDB9B79621D7836FD54FA22" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[566,755,1407,1433]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="50" pageNumber="40" reason="0">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDB9B79621D7836FD54FA22" ID-CoL="3Y46" authorityName="sensu Copeland" authorityYear="1947" box="[566,755,1407,1433]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="50" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDB9B79621D7836FD54FA22" bold="true" box="[566,755,1407,1433]" pageId="50" pageNumber="40">CYCLOSORUS</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFDB9B79604A78E1FDFEFA06" box="[97,601,1447,1469]" pageId="50" pageNumber="40" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFDB9B79604A78E1FDFEFA06" blockId="50.[97,1225,1407,1495]" box="[97,601,1447,1469]" pageId="50" pageNumber="40">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ABF10F1FFDB9B79604A78E1FDF2FA06" author="" box="[97,597,1447,1469]" journal="Reg. Bot. Berol." page="128" pageId="50" pageNumber="40" score="0.016057899257897745" volume="2" year="1833">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDB9B79604A78E1FE46FA06" ID-CoL="3Y46" authority="Link, Hort. Reg. Bot. Berol." box="[97,481,1447,1469]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="50" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDB9B79604A78E1FF75FA06" bold="true" box="[97,210,1448,1469]" pageId="50" pageNumber="40">Cyclosorus</emphasis>
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Link, Hort. Reg. Bot. Berol.
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</taxonomicName>
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2:128. 1833
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFDB9B79627378E1FE14FA6E" pageId="50" pageNumber="40" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFDB9B79627378E1FE14FA6E" blockId="50.[97,1225,1407,1495]" pageId="50" pageNumber="40">
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—
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<typeStatus id="54A58842FFDB9B79625978E2FD36FA00" box="[626,657,1451,1467]" pageId="50" pageNumber="40">
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<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFDB9B79625978E2FD36FA00" box="[626,657,1451,1467]" pageId="50" pageNumber="40">TYPE</collectionCode>
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</typeStatus>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDB9B7962B078E3FC1DFA07" ID-CoL="7C7QN" authority="(Schkuhr) Link" authorityName="Link" baseAuthorityName="Schkuhr" box="[667,954,1450,1468]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="50" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gongylodes">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDB9B7962B078E3FC99FA00" box="[667,830,1450,1467]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="40">Cyclosorus gongylodes</emphasis>
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(Schkuhr) Link
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</taxonomicName>
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[=
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDB9B7963FF78E3FB12FA07" ID-CoL="HFYV" authority="Schkuhr" authorityName="Schkuhr" box="[980,1205,1450,1468]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Aspidium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="50" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gongylodes">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDB9B7963FF78E3FBCAFA00" box="[980,1133,1450,1467]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="40">Aspidium gongylodes</emphasis>
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Schkuhr
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</taxonomicName>
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] =
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDB9B79608A788CFE14FA6E" ID-CoL="32XDV" authority="(Willd.) H. Ito" box="[161,435,1477,1495]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="50" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="interruptus">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDB9B79608A788CFEE2FA6E" box="[161,325,1477,1494]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="40">Cyclosorus interruptus</emphasis>
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(Willd.) H. Ito
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFDB9B7960AA78A2FE7BFA47" box="[129,476,1515,1532]" pageId="50" pageNumber="40" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFDB9B7960AA78A2FE7BFA47" blockId="50.[129,476,1515,1532]" box="[129,476,1515,1532]" pageId="50" pageNumber="40">
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For additional synonymy, see
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFDB9B79614A78A2FE70FA47" author="Holttum" box="[353,471,1515,1532]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="50" pageNumber="40" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">Holttum (1982)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C304656BFFDB9B79604A7B58FD6BF99C" box="[97,716,1553,1575]" pageId="50" pageNumber="40" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFDB9B79604A7B58FD6BF99C" blockId="50.[97,1226,1553,1799]" box="[97,716,1553,1575]" pageId="50" pageNumber="40">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDB9B79604A7B58FF65F99D" box="[97,194,1553,1574]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="40">Etymology</emphasis>
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.—Gr.
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDB9B7961287B58FE9AF99D" box="[259,317,1553,1574]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="40">kyklos</emphasis>
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||
, circle +
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDB9B7961BA7B5BFE65F99C" box="[401,450,1554,1575]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="40">sorus</emphasis>
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, sori; ferns with round sori.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C304656BFFDB9B7860B97B7BFDC2FD6C" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="50" pageNumber="40" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFDB9B7860B97B7BFDC2FD6C" blockId="50.[97,1226,1553,1799]" lastBlockId="51.[121,1250,162,1783]" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="50" pageNumber="40">
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Plants terrestrial, medium-sized (>
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<quantity id="4CE69B05FFDB9B7961D97B7BFD95F9FC" box="[498,562,1586,1607]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="40" unit="cm" value="40.0">40 cm</quantity>
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) to large (fronds to ca.
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||
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFDB9B7963367B7BFCC1F9FC" box="[797,870,1586,1607]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="40" unit="cm" value="100.0">100 cm</quantity>
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tall);
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDB9B7963887B7BFBA4F9FC" bold="true" box="[931,1027,1586,1607]" pageId="50" pageNumber="40">rhizomes</emphasis>
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very long-creeping, branching, blackish when dried; rhizome scales sparse or nearly absent back from the rhizome apex;
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDB9B79640B7B1BFBC4F9DC" bold="true" box="[1056,1123,1618,1639]" pageId="50" pageNumber="40">fronds</emphasis>
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distant (to
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<quantity id="4CE69B05FFDB9B79604A7B3BFF3CF93C" box="[97,155,1650,1671]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="40" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
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apart), monomorphic, pinnate-pinnatifid, erect or arching;
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDB9B7962FF7B3BFCA8F93C" bold="true" box="[724,783,1650,1671]" pageId="50" pageNumber="40">stipes</emphasis>
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||
blackish at bases, stramineous distally, adaxially grooved;
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDB9B7960CA7BDBFEF4F91D" bold="true" box="[225,339,1681,1703]" pageId="50" pageNumber="40">stipe scales</emphasis>
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sparse, ovate-lanceolate, brown, setulose on margins and glabrous on surfaces;
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDB9B7964627BD8FB2CF91D" bold="true" box="[1097,1163,1681,1702]" pageId="50" pageNumber="40">blades</emphasis>
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chartaceous to subcoriaceous (often somewhat leathery), drying greenish or reddish, pinnate-pinnatifid, with proximal pinnae not reduced or lowermost pair only slightly so, lacking auricles at acroscopic base; blade apices usually short, pinnatifid to subconform and pinna-like but usually much shorter than longest lateral pinnae; rachises generally hairy to glabrous or glabrescent, hairs if present 0.1–1.0 mm long, not scaly, lacking proliferous buds in axils of pinnae;
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7864B07DEBFB46FF0C" bold="true" box="[1179,1249,162,183]" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">pinnae</emphasis>
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10–30 pairs, linear-lanceolate, short-stalked (
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<quantity id="4CE69B05FFDA9B7862097D8BFDD4FF6C" box="[546,627,194,215]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="1.0">1–4 mm</quantity>
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), usually alternate or becoming alternate distally, lacking auricles, bases rounded to truncate, adaxially with a groove that is not continuous with the rachis groove, shallowly lobed ca.
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<superScript id="7C6B9BA8FFDA9B7860527C4BFF27FEB5" attach="none" box="[121,128,258,270]" fontSize="5" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">1</superScript>
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⁄
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<subScript id="179A34A5FFDA9B7860A87C40FF2DFEAE" attach="left" box="[131,138,265,277]" fontSize="5" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">4</subScript>
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||
–
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<superScript id="7C6B9BA8FFDA9B7860BC7C4BFF39FEB5" attach="none" box="[151,158,258,270]" fontSize="5" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">1</superScript>
|
||
⁄
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||
<subScript id="179A34A5FFDA9B7860897C40FF0EFEAE" attach="left" box="[162,169,265,277]" fontSize="5" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">2</subScript>
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their width, or in
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDA9B7861737C4BFE1EFEAC" box="[344,441,258,279]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="striatus">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7861737C4BFE1EFEAC" box="[344,441,258,279]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">C. striatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to ca. 5/6 their width;
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7862BB7C4BFD62FEAC" bold="true" box="[656,709,258,279]" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">veins</emphasis>
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simple, 9–18(–30) pairs per segment, usually prominent on both sides, unbranched, basal pairs from adjacent segments united at an obtuse angle below the sinus, and forming an excurrent vein (usually
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<quantity id="4CE69B05FFDA9B7861577C0BFE68FEEC" box="[380,463,322,343]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="3.0" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="2.0">2–4 mm</quantity>
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||
long) running to the sinus, next pair more oblique and meeting margin at or just above the sinus, free vein ends reaching segment margins;
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7862977C28FC89FECD" bold="true" box="[700,814,353,374]" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">aerophores</emphasis>
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||
inconspicuous or absent at pinna bases, not swollen;
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||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7860E47CCBFE3FFE2C" bold="true" box="[207,408,386,407]" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">indument abaxially</emphasis>
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||
of stipes, rachises, costae, veins, and often laminar tissue between veins lacking or of hyaline acicular, spreading hairs, these 0.1–0.4 mm, blades lacking capitate hairs, often (on
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDA9B7863FA7CEBFBE8FE0C" box="[977,1103,418,439]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="interruptus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7863FA7CEBFBE8FE0C" box="[977,1103,418,439]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">C. interruptus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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) with orangish to reddish, sessile, spherical glands on costules, veins, and sometimes on laminar tissue between veins, also with scattered ovate, flat, pale brown scales on costae and sometimes on costules and veins in
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDA9B7863B17CABFC5EFE4C" box="[922,1017,482,503]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="striatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7863B17CABFC5EFE4C" box="[922,1017,482,503]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">C. striatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7864287CABFB6EFE4C" bold="true" box="[1027,1225,482,503]" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">indument adaxially</emphasis>
|
||
of generally short (ca. 0.2 mm) hyaline, unicellular setae on stipes, rachises, and costae, hairs lacking on veins and tissue between veins;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7861207F68FEC5FD8D" bold="true" box="[267,354,545,566]" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">pustules</emphasis>
|
||
absent on laminar tissue on both sides;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7862F77F6BFD58FD8C" box="[732,767,546,567]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">sori</emphasis>
|
||
medial to supramedial, circular, often absent from proximal 1 or 2 pairs of veins, not coalescent at maturity, indusiate, indusia sparingly hairy or glabrescent on margins and sometimes on surfaces, caducous with age;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7862157F2BFD04FDCC" bold="true" box="[574,675,610,631]" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">sporangia</emphasis>
|
||
without setae or glands on the capsules, but often each with orangish to reddish long-stalked (2–4 cells) gland on the sporangial stalk;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B78636D7FC8FC2FFD2D" bold="true" box="[838,904,641,662]" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">spores</emphasis>
|
||
dark brown, with perispore irregularly spinulose or with short perforate ridges, lacking thin wings;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7862D97FEBFD5AFD0C" box="[754,765,674,695]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">x</emphasis>
|
||
= 36 (both spp. counted), diploids and tetraploids known (see
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7860C77F8BFEB9FD6C" box="[236,286,706,727]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">Notes</emphasis>
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), intergeneric hybrids not known.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFDA9B7860827FABFCF1FCCC" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFDA9B7860827FABFCF1FCCC" blockId="51.[121,1250,162,1783]" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7860827FABFEA4FD4C" box="[169,259,738,759]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
.—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFDA9B7861347FABFE08FD4C" author="Holttum" box="[287,431,738,759]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" pagination="17 - 52" part="19" refId="ref109463" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1971. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World. Blumea 19: 17 - 52." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World" type="journal article" year="1971">Holttum (1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFDA9B78619C7FABFE40FD4C" author="Holttum" box="[439,487,738,759]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) considered the essential characters of the genus to include the very long-creeping, nearly scale-less rhizomes, blades truncate at the base (without greatly reduced proximal pinnae), anastomosing veins (usually one pair), costae bearing persistent flat, ovate scales abaxially, the presence of long-stalked glands on the sporangial stalks and receptacle (illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFDA9B7862167E0BFD5FFCEC" author="Holttum" box="[573,760,834,855]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" pagination="195 - 215" part="43" refId="ref110127" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E., U. SEN, & D. MITTRA. 1970. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae. II. A comparative study of the type-species of Thelypteris Schmidel, Cyclosorus Link, and Ampelopteris Kunze. Blumea 43: 195 - 215." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae. II. A comparative study of the type-species of Thelypteris Schmidel, Cyclosorus Link, and Ampelopteris Kunze" type="journal article" year="1970">Holttum et al. 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFDA9B78632A7E0BFCD7FCEC" author="Smith" box="[769,880,834,855]" firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot." pageId="51" pageNumber="41" pagination="1 - 143" part="59" refId="ref114165" refString="SMITH, A. R. 1971. Systematics of the neotropical species of Thelypteris section Cyclosorus. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 59: 1 - 143." title="Systematics of the neotropical species of Thelypteris section Cyclosorus" type="journal article" year="1971">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DAF802FFDA9B78632A7E0BFC9CFCEC" box="[769,827,834,855]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">Smith</collectingRegion>
|
||
1971
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and often sessile orangish or reddish glands on the laminae. No other genus shares this combination of characters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFDA9B7860827EC8FD41FB2C" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFDA9B7860827EC8FD41FB2C" blockId="51.[121,1250,162,1783]" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7860827EC8FDB8FC2D" box="[169,543,897,918]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">
|
||
Biogeography and ecology.—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDA9B7861927EC8FDB8FC2D" box="[441,543,897,918]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Cyclosorus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFDA9B78620D7ECBFDE6FC2C" box="[550,577,898,919]" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B78620D7ECBFD9AFC2C" box="[550,573,898,919]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">s.s</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, as defined here, includes only two or three species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFDA9B78647B7ECBFB7AFC2C" author="Holttum" box="[1104,1245,898,919]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" pagination="17 - 52" part="19" refId="ref109463" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1971. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World. Blumea 19: 17 - 52." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World" type="journal article" year="1971">Holttum 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFDA9B7860527EEBFF14FC0C" author="Holttum" box="[121,179,930,951]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="J. S. African Bot." pageId="51" pageNumber="41" pagination="123 - 168" part="40" refId="ref109577" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1974 a. Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands. J. S. African Bot. 40: 123 - 168." title="Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands" type="journal article" year="1974" yearSuffix="a">1974a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFDA9B7860907EEBFF4BFC0C" author="Holttum" box="[187,236,930,951]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), plants of freshwater swamps and wetlands, in ponds, or along streams and rivers, tropics and subtropics, growing at generally low elevations, 0–1000(–1800) m. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A58842FFDA9B7862977E8BFD40FC6C" box="[700,743,962,983]" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDA9B78637A7E88FC13FC6D" box="[849,948,961,982]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B78637A7E88FC13FC6D" box="[849,948,961,982]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">Cyclosorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is pantropical, extremely polymorphic, and not recently studied over its broad range.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFDA9B78628C7EABFC8FFC4C" author="Smith" box="[679,808,994,1015]" firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot." pageId="51" pageNumber="41" pagination="1 - 143" part="59" refId="ref114165" refString="SMITH, A. R. 1971. Systematics of the neotropical species of Thelypteris section Cyclosorus. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 59: 1 - 143." title="Systematics of the neotropical species of Thelypteris section Cyclosorus" type="journal article" year="1971">Smith (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
tentatively recognized three varieties in the American tropics, from Florida, Antilles, southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFDA9B786248794BFD0CFBAC" box="[611,683,1026,1047]" name="Mexico" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFDA9B7862E2794BFCA9FBAC" box="[713,782,1026,1047]" name="Bolivia" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFDA9B78633C794BFCCBFBAC" box="[791,876,1026,1047]" name="Uruguay" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFDA9B78638B794BFC5DFBAC" box="[928,1018,1026,1047]" name="Paraguay" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
. This same species, perhaps comprising other varieties, occurs in Africa, southeastern Asia,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFDA9B786337796BFCCEFB8C" box="[796,873,1058,1079]" name="Malaysia" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">Malesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Melanesia, Australasia, and Polynesia (including Hawai’i). The second species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDA9B7861D57908FDF9FBEC" box="[510,606,1089,1111]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="striatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7861D57908FDF9FBEC" box="[510,606,1089,1111]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">C. striatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is restricted to tropical Africa and is clearly related, based on both morphology and nucleotide sequence data.
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFDA9B786231792BFD8DFBCC" box="[538,554,1122,1143]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||
late Miocene fossil described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFDA9B78634D792BFB8BFBCC" author="Robledo" box="[870,1068,1122,1143]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Robledo" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasil. Paleontol." pageId="51" pageNumber="41" pagination="225 - 238" part="18" refId="ref113487" refString="ROBLEDO, J. M., L. C. SARZETTI, & L. M. ANZOTEGUI. 2015. Phytophagy on fossil ferns from Argentina (Palo Pintado Formation, late Miocene): a review of their fossil record and ichnotaxonomy. Revista Brasil. Paleontol. 18: 225 - 238." title="Phytophagy on fossil ferns from Argentina (Palo Pintado Formation, late Miocene): a review of their fossil record and ichnotaxonomy" type="journal article" year="2015">Robledo et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDA9B78644E792BFB60FBCC" box="[1125,1223,1122,1143]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argentina">Argentina</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is referable to
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7860C379C8FEC8FB2C" box="[232,367,1153,1175]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDA9B7860C379C8FECCFB2C" box="[232,363,1153,1175]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="interruptus">C. interruptus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
suggesting the species is at least 5 mya.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFDA9B7F608279EBFE18FCEC" lastPageId="52" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFDA9B78608279EBFF75FA2C" blockId="51.[121,1250,162,1783]" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B78608279EBFDA6FB0D" box="[169,513,1185,1207]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies</emphasis>
|
||
.—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFDA9B78623579EBFD1DFB0C" author="Holttum" box="[542,698,1186,1207]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" pagination="17 - 52" part="19" refId="ref109463" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1971. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World. Blumea 19: 17 - 52." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World" type="journal article" year="1971">Holttum (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided a general characterization of the genus in its restricted sense and later (1974a, 1977b, 1982) offered treatments of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDA9B7862DC7988FCFDFB6D" box="[759,858,1217,1238]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7862DC7988FCFDFB6D" box="[759,858,1217,1238]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">Cyclosorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Africa, the Pacific and Australasia, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFDA9B78605279ABFF61FB4C" box="[121,198,1250,1271]" name="Malaysia" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">Malesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.In his 1974a paper he also presented a tentative key to all species in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDA9B78636E79A8FC00FB4D" box="[837,935,1249,1270]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B78636E79A8FC00FB4D" box="[837,935,1249,1270]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">Cyclosorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, separating the glabrous variants as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDA9B7860B97848FE38FAAC" authority="(Thunb.) Pic. Serm." authorityName="Pic. Serm." baseAuthorityName="Thunb." box="[146,415,1281,1303]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tottus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7860B97848FF47FAAC" box="[146,224,1281,1303]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">C. tottus</emphasis>
|
||
(Thunb.) Pic.Serm.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with a South African
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A58842FFDA9B78625E7848FD07FAAD" box="[629,672,1281,1302]" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">type</typeStatus>
|
||
(many glabrous plants also occur in the Neotropics), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDA9B7864E77848FF46FA8C" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="interruptus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7864E77848FF46FA8C" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">C. interruptus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFDA9B7860CE786BFEA7FA8D" box="[229,256,1313,1335]" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7860CE786BFF5CFA8C" box="[229,251,1314,1335]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">s.s</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, variously hairy, with a southern Indian
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A58842FFDA9B7862A97868FD17FA8D" box="[642,688,1313,1334]" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">type</typeStatus>
|
||
. In the same paper he also acknowledged that species intermediates existed. Because the elements and intricate interrelationships within this complex have been inadequately studied over their entire range, we prefer, in this work, to subsume
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDA9B7862C47828FC9BFACC" box="[751,828,1377,1399]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tottus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7862C47828FC9BFACC" box="[751,828,1377,1399]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">C. tottus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDA9B7863AE7828FBA2FACC" box="[901,1029,1377,1399]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="interruptus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7863AE7828FBA2FACC" box="[901,1029,1377,1399]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">C. interruptus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the oldest name in the complex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFDA9B7F608378EBFB11FF6C" blockId="51.[121,1250,162,1783]" lastBlockId="52.[97,1226,162,1015]" lastPageId="52" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">
|
||
Prior to Holttum’s seminal works mentioned above, most authors included several other genera within
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B78645378E8FB45FA0D" box="[1144,1250,1441,1462]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDA9B78645378E8FB79FA0D" box="[1144,1246,1441,1462]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cyclosorus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
This broad circumscription was adopted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFDA9B786202788BFD69FA6C" author="Copeland" box="[553,718,1474,1495]" firstAuthor="Copeland" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Cryptog. Phytopathol." pageId="51" pageNumber="41" pagination="1 - 247" part="5" refId="ref107963" refString="COPELAND, E. B. 1947. Genera filicum, the genera of ferns. Ann. Cryptog. Phytopathol. 5: 1 - 247." title="Genera filicum, the genera of ferns" type="journal article" year="1947">Copeland (1947)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and followed by many subsequent authors. Even after Holttum’s studies,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFDA9B78610778ABFE62FA4C" author="Lin" box="[300,453,1505,1527]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Lin" journalOrPublisher="Science Press, Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, U. S. A." pageId="51" pageNumber="41" pagination="319 - 396" refId="ref111240" refString="LIN, Y. X., Z. Y. LI, K. IWATSUKI, & A. R. SMITH. 2013. Thelypteridaceae. In Z. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven, & D. Y. Hong, eds., Flora of China, Vol. 2 - 3 (Pteridophytes). Science Press, Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, U. S. A. Pp. 319 - 396." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Z. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven, & D. Y. Hong" year="2013">Lin et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFDA9B7861DE78ABFDE9FA4C" author="Li" box="[501,590,1506,1527]" firstAuthor="Li" journalOrPublisher="J. Syst. Evol." pageId="51" pageNumber="41" pagination="609 - 638" part="51" refId="ref111155" refString="LI, Z. Y., H. E. ZHAO- RONG, & X. C. ZHANG. 2013. A taxonomic revision of Cyclosorus subgenus Cyclosoriopsis (Thelypteridaceae) from China. J. Syst. Evol. 51: 609 - 638." title="A taxonomic revision of Cyclosorus subgenus Cyclosoriopsis (Thelypteridaceae) from China" type="journal article" year="2013">Li (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, working primarily with Chinese species, included
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDA9B78646B78A8FB3DFA4D" box="[1088,1178,1505,1526]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B78646B78A8FB3DFA4D" box="[1088,1178,1505,1526]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">Christella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDA9B7860527B48FF79F9AD" box="[121,222,1537,1558]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7860527B48FF79F9AD" box="[121,222,1537,1558]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">Cyclosorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDA9B7861EB7B48FDCFF9AD" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[448,616,1537,1558]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7861EB7B48FDCFF9AD" box="[448,616,1537,1558]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDA9B78625E7B4BFCADF9AC" authorityName="sensu Holttum. In" authorityYear="1982" box="[629,778,1538,1559]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B78625E7B4BFCADF9AC" box="[629,778,1538,1559]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">Pneumatopteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDA9B7863697B48FC77F9AD" box="[834,976,1537,1558]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amblovenatum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7863697B48FC77F9AD" box="[834,976,1537,1558]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">Amblovenatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. All of these segregates are recognized as genera herein. By extension, the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDA9B7862B77B68FC8CF98D" box="[668,811,1569,1590]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amblovenatum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7862B77B68FC8CF98D" box="[668,811,1569,1590]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">Amblovenatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(formerly
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7863BC7B68FBB1F98D" box="[919,1046,1569,1590]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">Amphineuron</emphasis>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDA9B7864007B6BFB35F98C" box="[1067,1170,1570,1591]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7864007B6BFB35F98C" box="[1067,1170,1570,1591]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">Mesopteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDA9B7864B47B68FB7DF98D" box="[1183,1242,1569,1590]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pakau" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7864B47B68FB7DF98D" box="[1183,1242,1569,1590]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">Pakau</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDA9B7860527B08FF4EF9ED" box="[121,233,1601,1622]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Reholttumia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7860527B08FF4EF9ED" box="[121,233,1601,1622]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">Reholttumia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDA9B7860D87B08FED0F9ED" box="[243,375,1601,1622]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7860D87B08FED0F9ED" box="[243,375,1601,1622]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">Strophocaulon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and other genera as well, are often included in an expanded concept of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDA9B7864087B08FB22F9ED" box="[1059,1157,1601,1622]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7864087B08FB22F9ED" box="[1059,1157,1601,1622]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">Cyclosorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Without providing new evidence, an extreme view was adopted by Mazumdar and Mukhopadhyay (2013), who subsumed all cyclosoroid genera within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDA9B78615D7BC8FE7FF92D" box="[374,472,1665,1686]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B78615D7BC8FE7FF92D" box="[374,472,1665,1686]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">Cyclosorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As discussed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFDA9B7862A97BCBFCA7F92C" author="Smith" box="[642,768,1666,1687]" editor="Kubitzki, K." firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="K. U. Kramer & P. S. Green. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. Pp" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" pagination="263 - 272" refId="ref114359" refString="SMITH, A. R. 1990. Thelypteridaceae. In: Kubitzki, K., ed. The families and genera of vascular plants. I. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Vol. eds. K. U. Kramer & P. S. Green. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. Pp. 263 - 272." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The families and genera of vascular plants. I. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Vol" year="1990">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DAF802FFDA9B7862A97BCBFD1BF92C" box="[642,700,1666,1687]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">Smith</collectingRegion>
|
||
(1990)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, if one adopts that taxonomy, the earliest available generic name is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDA9B78613A7BEBFED2F90C" box="[273,373,1698,1719]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Meniscium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B78613A7BEBFED2F90C" box="[273,373,1698,1719]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">Meniscium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDA9B7861AA7BE8FDADF90D" box="[385,522,1697,1718]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7861AA7BE8FDADF90D" box="[385,522,1697,1718]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">Stegnogramma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also preempts
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDA9B7862BC7BE8FD5FF90D" box="[663,760,1697,1718]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7862BC7BE8FD5FF90D" box="[663,760,1697,1718]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">Cyclosorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). An even more extreme taxonomic view was taken by Christenhusz and Chase (2014), who included all thelypteroid genera—about 1200 species—in the single genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDA9B7860527BA8FF41F94D" box="[121,230,1761,1782]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="51" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDA9B7860527BA8FF41F94D" box="[121,230,1761,1782]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="41">Thelypteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As a consequence of recent phylogenetic insight (especially
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFDA9B7863787BA8FBAAF94C" author="He & Zhang" box="[851,1037,1761,1783]" firstAuthor="He" journalOrPublisher="Molec. Phylogen. Evol." pageId="51" pageNumber="41" pagination="757 - 764" part="65" refId="ref109255" refString="HE, L. J. & X. C. ZHANG. 2012. Exploring generic delimitation within the fern family Thelypteridaceae. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 65: 757 - 764." title="Exploring generic delimitation within the fern family Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="2012">He & Zhang 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFDA9B7864337BABFB79F94C" author="ALMEIDA, T. E & S. HENNEQUIN & H. SCHNEIDER & A. R. SMITH & J. A. N. BATISTA & A. J. RAMALHO & K. PROITE & K. & A. SALINO" box="[1048,1246,1761,1783]" journalOrPublisher="Molec. Phylogen. Evol." pageId="51" pageNumber="41" pagination="688 - 700" part="94" refId="ref106225" refString="ALMEIDA, T. E., S. HENNEQUIN, H. SCHNEIDER, A. R. SMITH, J. A. N. BATISTA, A. J. RAMALHO, K. PROITE, & K. & A. SALINO. 2016. Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 94: 688 - 700." title="Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera" type="journal article" year="2016">Almeida et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; and Fawcett et al. in press), reconsideration of morphological characters, and a judgment that a more finely constructed taxonomy facilitates further evolutionary studies, we here choose to recognize
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDD9B7F63677D88FC08FF6D" box="[844,943,193,214]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F63677D88FC08FF6D" box="[844,943,193,214]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Cyclosorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in its most restricted sense.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFDD9B7F60BA7DA8FD42FE0C" blockId="52.[97,1226,162,1015]" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDD9B7F60BA7DA8FF53FF4D" ID-CoL="3Y46" box="[145,244,225,246]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F60BA7DA8FF53FF4D" box="[145,244,225,246]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Cyclosorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belongs to the large cyclosoroid clade, which is defined by the synapomorphy of
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F64217DABFBB2FF4C" box="[1034,1045,226,247]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">x</emphasis>
|
||
= 36, and by most species having anastomosing veins.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDD9B7F61EF7C48FD8FFEAD" ID-CoL="3Y46" box="[452,552,257,278]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F61EF7C48FD8FFEAD" box="[452,552,257,278]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Cyclosorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
forms a clade with the southeast Asian genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDD9B7F63DF7C48FBD4FEAD" ID-CoL="5PVX" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityYear="1971" box="[1012,1139,257,278]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F63DF7C48FBD4FEAD" box="[1012,1139,257,278]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Mesophlebion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
plus the paleotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDD9B7F60CD7C68FEC7FE8D" ID-CoL="629W5" box="[230,352,289,310]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Ampelopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F60CD7C68FEC7FE8D" box="[230,352,289,310]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Ampelopteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and these three are in turn sister to the neotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDD9B7F63437C6BFC6AFE8C" ID-CoL="5P44" box="[872,973,290,311]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Meniscium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F63437C6BFC6AFE8C" box="[872,973,290,311]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Meniscium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFDD9B7F63F07C6BFBB4FE8C" box="[987,1043,290,311]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="21.[121,129,1674,1694]" captionTargetBox="[123,1242,160,1631]" captionTargetId="figure-8@21.[121,1246,150,1639]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIG. 1. A synoptical treeillustrating relationships among genera of Thelypteridaceae based on Fawcett et al.(in press)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14111042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14111042/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F63F07C6BFBB4FE8C" bold="true" box="[987,1043,290,311]" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Fig. 1</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFDD9B7F640C7C6BFB61FE8C" author="Holttum" box="[1063,1222,290,311]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Allertonia" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" pagination="169 - 234" part="1" refId="ref109882" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1977 b. The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia. Allertonia 1: 169 - 234." title="The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia" type="journal article" year="1977" yearSuffix="b">Holttum (1977b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFDD9B7F604A7C0BFF36FEEC" author="Holttum" box="[97,145,322,343]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) considered the closest relationship of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDD9B7F62237C08FDCCFEED" ID-CoL="3Y46" box="[520,619,321,342]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F62237C08FDCCFEED" box="[520,619,321,342]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Cyclosorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be with predominantly temperate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDD9B7F63F97C08FB9DFEED" ID-CoL="7VLR" box="[978,1082,321,342]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F63F97C08FB9DFEED" box="[978,1082,321,342]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Thelypteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFDD9B7F64147C0BFBFDFEEC" box="[1087,1114,322,343]" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F64147C0BFBF2FEEC" box="[1087,1109,322,343]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">s.s</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, which has only two species, and with monotypic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDD9B7F61E57C28FDE0FECD" ID-CoL="629W5" box="[462,583,353,374]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Ampelopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F61E57C28FDE0FECD" box="[462,583,353,374]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Ampelopteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but affinity with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDD9B7F62DB7C28FCFFFECD" ID-CoL="7VLR" box="[752,856,353,374]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F62DB7C28FCFFFECD" box="[752,856,353,374]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Thelypteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFDD9B7F63767C2BFCDEFECC" box="[861,889,354,375]" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F63767C2BFCD5FECC" box="[861,882,354,375]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">s.s</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is now thought to be remote (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFDD9B7F64B97C2BFF71FE2C" author="He & Zhang" firstAuthor="He" journalOrPublisher="Molec. Phylogen. Evol." pageId="52" pageNumber="42" pagination="757 - 764" part="65" refId="ref109255" refString="HE, L. J. & X. C. ZHANG. 2012. Exploring generic delimitation within the fern family Thelypteridaceae. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 65: 757 - 764." title="Exploring generic delimitation within the fern family Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="2012">He & Zhang 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFDD9B7F60F57CCBFE3EFE2C" author="ALMEIDA, T. E & S. HENNEQUIN & H. SCHNEIDER & A. R. SMITH & J. A. N. BATISTA & A. J. RAMALHO & K. PROITE & K. & A. SALINO" box="[222,409,386,407]" journalOrPublisher="Molec. Phylogen. Evol." pageId="52" pageNumber="42" pagination="688 - 700" part="94" refId="ref106225" refString="ALMEIDA, T. E., S. HENNEQUIN, H. SCHNEIDER, A. R. SMITH, J. A. N. BATISTA, A. J. RAMALHO, K. PROITE, & K. & A. SALINO. 2016. Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 94: 688 - 700." title="Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera" type="journal article" year="2016">Almeida et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFDD9B7F618A7CCBFDE3FE2C" author="Patel" box="[417,580,386,407]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Patel" journalOrPublisher="Int. J. Pl. Sci." pageId="52" pageNumber="42" pagination="1016 - 1035" part="180" refId="ref112729" refString="PATEL, N., S. FAWCETT, M. SUNDUE, & J. BUDKE. 2019 a. Evolution of perine morphology in Thelypteridaceae. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 180: 1016 - 1035." title="Evolution of perine morphology in Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="2019" yearSuffix="a">Patel et al. 2019a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Fawcett et al. in press). Possibly, the similar habitat—marshes and swamps—influenced Holttum to think the two genera were related.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFDD9B7F60BA7C8BFC76FD2C" blockId="52.[97,1226,162,1015]" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F60BA7C8BFF62FE6C" box="[145,197,450,471]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Notes</emphasis>
|
||
.—Spores of both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDD9B7F61537C88FD8EFE6C" box="[376,553,449,471]" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F61537C88FE7BFE6D" box="[376,476,449,470]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Cyclosorus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were described as having “cavate folds with echinate elements” and “short, perforate ridges” by Tryon and Lugardon (1991), and spores of their Panamanian accession of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDD9B7F64357CABFB07FE4C" ID-CoL="32XDV" box="[1054,1184,482,503]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="interruptus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F64357CABFB07FE4C" box="[1054,1184,482,503]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">C. interruptus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Ugandan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDD9B7F60957F4BFEB8FDAC" ID-CoL="32XNW" box="[190,287,514,535]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="striatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F60957F4BFEB8FDAC" box="[190,287,514,535]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">C. striatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resemble
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDD9B7F61AB7F4BFDA5FDAC" ID-CoL="32XDV" box="[384,514,514,535]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="interruptus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F61AB7F4BFDA5FDAC" box="[384,514,514,535]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">C. interruptus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
material from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFDD9B7F62B97F4BFCB5FDAC" box="[658,786,514,535]" name="New Zealand" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFDD9B7F63357F4BFC64FDAC" author="Patel" box="[798,963,514,535]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Patel" journalOrPublisher="Int. J. Pl. Sci." pageId="52" pageNumber="42" pagination="1016 - 1035" part="180" refId="ref112729" refString="PATEL, N., S. FAWCETT, M. SUNDUE, & J. BUDKE. 2019 a. Evolution of perine morphology in Thelypteridaceae. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 180: 1016 - 1035." title="Evolution of perine morphology in Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="2019" yearSuffix="a">Patel et al. 2019a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but differ from the spores observed in material from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFDD9B7F61757F6BFE3BFD8C" box="[350,412,546,567]" name="China" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which have few broad crests and little secondary sculpturing (Dai et. al. 2002;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFDD9B7F64BB7F6BFF73FDEC" author="Wang & Dai" firstAuthor="Wang" journalOrPublisher="Science Press, Beijing, China" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" refId="ref115680" refString="WANG Q. X. & X. L. DAI. 2010. Spores of Polypodiales (Filicales) from China. Science Press, Beijing, China." title="Spores of Polypodiales (Filicales) from China" type="book" year="2010">Wang & Dai 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The spores of the related genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDD9B7F623D7F08FD37FDED" ID-CoL="629W5" box="[534,656,577,598]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Ampelopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F623D7F08FD37FDED" box="[534,656,577,598]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Ampelopteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFDD9B7F62B77F0BFC2CFDEC" author="Tryon & Lugardon" box="[668,907,578,599]" firstAuthor="Tryon" journalOrPublisher="Springer-Verlag, New York, U. S. A" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" refId="ref115218" refString="TRYON, A. F. & B. LUGARDON. 1991. Spores of Pteridophyta. Springer-Verlag, New York, U. S. A." title="Spores of Pteridophyta" type="book" year="1991">Tryon & Lugardon 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 153.4) are virtually indistinguishable from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDD9B7F61347F28FE14FDCC" box="[287,435,609,631]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F61347F28FE24FDCD" box="[287,387,609,630]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Cyclosorus</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spores imaged in the same plate, while spores of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDD9B7F63B27F28FBB0FDCD" ID-CoL="5PVX" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityYear="1971" box="[921,1047,609,630]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F63B27F28FBB0FDCD" box="[921,1047,609,630]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Mesophlebion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also have broadly winged spores with little secondary sculpturing (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFDD9B7F62197FCBFCBAFD2C" author="Tryon & Lugardon" box="[562,797,642,663]" firstAuthor="Tryon" journalOrPublisher="Springer-Verlag, New York, U. S. A" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" refId="ref115218" refString="TRYON, A. F. & B. LUGARDON. 1991. Spores of Pteridophyta. Springer-Verlag, New York, U. S. A." title="Spores of Pteridophyta" type="book" year="1991">Tryon & Lugardon 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, figs. 153.5, 153.6).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFDD9B7F60A47FEBFE18FCEC" blockId="52.[97,1226,162,1015]" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">
|
||
Chromosome counts are known from plants of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDD9B7F62657FE8FD68FD0C" box="[590,719,673,695]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="interruptus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F62657FE8FD68FD0C" box="[590,719,673,695]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">C. interruptus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
growing in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFDD9B7F63147FEBFC25FD0C" box="[831,898,674,695]" name="Ghana" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFDD9B7F63A27FEBFC43FD0C" box="[905,996,674,695]" name="Tanzania" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFDD9B7F63C07FEBFB84FD0C" box="[1003,1059,674,695]" name="Japan" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFDD9B7F64007FEBFBC7FD0C" box="[1067,1120,674,695]" name="India" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFDD9B7F644C7FEBFB61FD0C" box="[1127,1222,674,695]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFDD9B7F60A27F8BFF65FD6C" box="[137,194,706,727]" name="Japan" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
.Manton and Sledge (1954) found meiotic irregularities, with both triploid and tetraploids from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFDD9B7F64687F8BFB06FD6C" box="[1091,1185,706,727]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but most counts made from plants of the Paleotropics are diploid. Two counts from neotropical localities, Florida and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFDD9B7F604A7E4BFF08FCAC" box="[97,175,770,791]" name="Jamaica" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, are tetraploid. The taxonomic significance of these regional ploidy differences is unknown, but it seems quite possible, even likely, that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDD9B7F614B7E68FE43FC8C" box="[352,484,801,823]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="interruptus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F614B7E68FE43FC8C" box="[352,484,801,823]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">C. interruptus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as construed herein, represents a species complex. The second species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDD9B7F649F7E68FF00FCEC" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="striatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F649F7E68FF00FCEC" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">C. striatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, has been counted as diploid.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFDD9B7F60BA7E28FC55FCCC" box="[145,1010,865,887]" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" type="taxon_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFDD9B7F60BA7E28FC55FCCC" blockId="52.[97,1226,162,1015]" box="[145,1010,865,887]" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F60BA7E28FE99FCCC" box="[145,318,865,887]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Constituent species</emphasis>
|
||
.—*
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDD9B7F614E7E28FD65FCCC" authority="(Willd.) H. Ito" authorityName="H. Ito" baseAuthorityName="Willd." box="[357,706,865,887]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="interruptus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F614E7E28FD92FCCC" box="[357,565,865,887]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Cyclosorus interruptus</emphasis>
|
||
(Willd.) H. Ito
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; *
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDD9B7F62FE7E28FC55FCCC" authority="(Schum.) Pic. Serm." box="[725,1010,865,887]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="striatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F62FE7E28FC92FCCC" box="[725,821,865,887]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">C. striatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Schum.) Pic.Serm.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFDD9B7F60BA7EC8FB04FC4C" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFDD9B7F60BA7EC8FB04FC4C" blockId="52.[97,1226,162,1015]" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F60BA7EC8FE8FFC2C" box="[145,296,897,919]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Excluded species</emphasis>
|
||
.—Many species in the family have combinations in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDD9B7F63337EC8FCDCFC2D" box="[792,891,897,918]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F63337EC8FCDCFC2D" box="[792,891,897,918]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Cyclosorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFDD9B7F63827ECBFF35FC0C" author="Mazumdar & Mukhopadhyay" firstAuthor="Mazumdar" journalOrPublisher="Bionature" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" pagination="13 - 34" part="33" refId="ref111962" refString="MAZUMDAR, J. & R. MUKHOPADHYAY. 2013. Nomenclatural notes on some members of Thelypteridaceae. II. Bionature 33: 13 - 34." title="Nomenclatural notes on some members of Thelypteridaceae. II" type="journal article" year="2013">Mazumdar & Mukhopadhyay 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but only two species are included in our concept, which follows
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFDD9B7F63377EEBFC14FC0C" author="Holttum" box="[796,947,930,951]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" pagination="17 - 52" part="19" refId="ref109463" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1971. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World. Blumea 19: 17 - 52." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World" type="journal article" year="1971">Holttum (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFDD9B7F63CF7EEBFBC3FC0C" author="PPG I" box="[996,1124,930,951]" firstAuthor="PPG I" journalOrPublisher="J. Syst. Evol." pageId="52" pageNumber="42" pagination="563 - 603" part="54" refId="ref112966" refString="PPG I. 2016. A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns. J. Syst. Evol. 54: 563 - 603." title="A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns" type="journal article" year="2016">PPG I (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Excluded species belong to many different genera in our treatment, especially,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDD9B7F62C57E88FCDEFC6D" box="[750,889,961,982]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amblovenatum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F62C57E88FCDEFC6D" box="[750,889,961,982]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Amblovenatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDD9B7F63A87E88FC7AFC6D" box="[899,989,961,982]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F63A87E88FC7AFC6D" box="[899,989,961,982]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Christella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDD9B7F63C27E88FBF3FC6D" box="[1001,1108,961,982]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Goniopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F63C27E88FBF3FC6D" box="[1001,1108,961,982]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Goniopteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDD9B7F64747E8BFB64FC6C" box="[1119,1219,962,983]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Meniscium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F64747E8BFB64FC6C" box="[1119,1219,962,983]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Meniscium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDD9B7F604A7EABFF63FC4C" box="[97,196,994,1015]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F604A7EABFF63FC4C" box="[97,196,994,1015]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Mesopteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDD9B7F60E57EA8FEEEFC4D" box="[206,329,993,1014]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pelazoneuron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F60E57EA8FEEEFC4D" box="[206,329,993,1014]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Pelazoneuron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDD9B7F617F7EABFE43FC4C" authorityName="sensu Holttum. In" authorityYear="1982" box="[340,484,994,1015]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F617F7EABFE43FC4C" box="[340,484,994,1015]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Pneumatopteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDD9B7F61C47EA8FDCFFC4D" authorityName="sensu Holttum. These" authorityYear="1982" box="[495,616,993,1014]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pronephrium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F61C47EA8FDCFFC4D" box="[495,616,993,1014]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Pronephrium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its segregate genera,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDD9B7F637C7EA8FC60FC4D" box="[855,967,993,1014]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Reholttumia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F637C7EA8FC60FC4D" box="[855,967,993,1014]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Reholttumia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFDD9B7F63D17EA8FB39FC4D" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[1018,1182,993,1014]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFDD9B7F63D17EA8FB39FC4D" box="[1018,1182,993,1014]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="42">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |