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<document id="B49EEB39F30E8C6AA251E8781A20CBD0" ID-CLB-Dataset="32747" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4293.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="dc2674e2-e260-4b6e-ad3a-731d610bccc5" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="828475" ID-ZooBank="6FF96B5C-1F80-47ED-9962-19603DCBF550" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1500108894142" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="ÁLVARO L. PEÑA CANTERO" docDate="2017" docId="C84B87CACC0AFFABE8DD043B0FF4F737" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4293.1.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4293 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Staurotheca densa Pena Cantero &amp; Vervoort 2003" docType="treatment" docVersion="20" lastPageNumber="31" masterDocId="3472FFB2CC16FFB5E84A00470F1FF553" masterDocTitle="Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Ross Sea (Antarctica) collected by the New Zealand Antarctic expedition BioRoss 2004 with RV Tangaroa" masterLastPageNumber="65" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="29" updateTime="1698465181473" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="F8AACA38777ED8B151F3CEF9B4CA282B">Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Ross Sea (Antarctica) collected by the New Zealand Antarctic expedition BioRoss 2004 with RV Tangaroa</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5B6F1D9102C20227ADCFF07F071A4458">ÁLVARO L. PEÑA CANTERO</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="C84B87CACC0AFFABE8DD043B0FF4F737" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4386816" ID-GBIF-Taxon="132548884" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4386816" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C84B87CACC0AFFABE8DD043B0FF4F737" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C84B87CACC0AFFABE8DD043B0FF4F737" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<subSubSection id="08F86557CC0AFFA9E8DD043B0E14F1E4" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="405D36DCCC0AFFA9E8DD043B0C18F1C5" blockId="28.[151,775,1148,1207]" box="[151,775,1148,1174]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<heading id="1B1581B0CC0AFFA9E8DD043B0C18F1C5" bold="true" box="[151,775,1148,1174]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC0AFFA9E8DD043B0C18F1C5" authority="Pena Cantero &amp; Vervoort, 2003" authorityName="Pena Cantero &amp; Vervoort" authorityYear="2003" box="[151,775,1148,1174]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Staurotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="densa">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC0AFFA9E8DD043B0C18F1C5" bold="true" box="[151,775,1148,1174]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC0AFFA9E8DD043B0E6AF1C5" bold="true" box="[151,373,1148,1174]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Staurotheca densa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="24734B2DCC0AFFA9E936043B0C18F1C5" author="Pena" box="[380,775,1148,1174]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Vervoort, W. (2003) Species of Staurotheca Allman, 1888 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Sertulariidae) from US Antarctic expeditions, with the description of three new species. Journal of Natural History, 37, 2653 - 2722. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930210155701" type="journal article" year="2003">Peña Cantero &amp; Vervoort, 2003</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="405D36DCCC0AFFA9E8DD04D90E14F1E4" blockId="28.[151,775,1148,1207]" box="[151,267,1182,1207]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
(
<figureCitation id="D8D92A59CC0AFFA9E8D504D90FEEF1E4" box="[159,241,1182,1207]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1880,1902]" captionTargetBox="[229,1355,216,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[206,1384,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 10. Staurotheca compressa Briggs, 1938: A, hydrotheca. Staurotheca densa Peña Cantero &amp; Vervoort, 2003: B, hydrotheca. Staurotheca dichotoma Allman, 1888: C, hydrotheca. Staurotheca gracilis sp. nov.: D, basal part of a branch with hydrothecal arrangement; E – G, hydrothecae. Staurotheca nonscripta Peña Cantero, Svoboda &amp; Vervoort, 1997: I, hydrotheca. (A, from Stn 178; B from Stn 67; C, from Stn 140; D – E, G – H from the holotype; F from the paratype; I from Stn 148). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C, E – H), 500 µm (D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/828495/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
B)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="08F86557CC0AFFA9E8DD04A10A78F1AF" box="[151,1383,1254,1276]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="405D36DCCC0AFFA9E8DD04A10A78F1AF" blockId="28.[151,1383,1254,1276]" box="[151,1383,1254,1276]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="60F211F2CC0AFFA9E8DD04A10A78F1AF" box="[151,1383,1254,1276]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC0AFFA9E8DD04A10DC8F1AF" authority="Pena Cantero &amp; Vervoort, 2003: 2678" authorityName="Pena Cantero &amp; Vervoort" authorityPageNumber="2678" authorityYear="2003" box="[151,727,1254,1276]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Staurotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="densa">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC0AFFA9E8DD04A10E4EF1AF" box="[151,337,1254,1276]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Staurotheca densa</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="C14310CDCC0AFFA9E91D04A00DC8F1AF" author="Pena" box="[343,727,1254,1276]" page="2678" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="2003">
<bibRefCitation id="24734B2DCC0AFFA9E91D04A00D85F1AF" author="Pena" box="[343,666,1254,1276]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Vervoort, W. (2003) Species of Staurotheca Allman, 1888 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Sertulariidae) from US Antarctic expeditions, with the description of three new species. Journal of Natural History, 37, 2653 - 2722. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930210155701" type="journal article" year="2003">Peña Cantero &amp; Vervoort, 2003</bibRefCitation>
: 2678
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–2680, fig. 6 (synonymy);
<treatmentCitation id="C14310CDCC0AFFA9EBAC04A00BFCF1AF" author="Pena" box="[998,1251,1254,1276]" page="459" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="2008">
<bibRefCitation id="24734B2DCC0AFFA9EBAC04A00BAFF1AF" author="Pena" box="[998,1200,1254,1276]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2008) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Spanish Antarctic expedition Bentart 95. Polar Biology, 31, 451 - 464." type="journal article" year="2008">Peña Cantero, 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 459
</treatmentCitation>
; 2009: 1749.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="08F86557CC0AFFA9E8DD056E0A90F20D" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="405D36DCCC0AFFA9E8DD056E0A90F20D" blockId="28.[151,1437,1321,1998]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC0AFFA9E8DD056E0E9FF011" bold="true" box="[151,384,1321,1346]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Material examined.</emphasis>
Stn 24, fragment
<quantity id="871A9B39CC0AFFA9EA03056D0D96F012" box="[585,649,1322,1345]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
long, in bad condition (NIWA 117520); Stn 25, four colonies up to
<quantity id="871A9B39CC0AFFA9EDCA056D0FDCF036" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
in diameter, with female gonothecae, basibiont of
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC0AFFA9EB4E050A0B2FF036" box="[772,1072,1357,1382]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC0AFFA9EB4E050A0B2FF036" box="[772,1072,1357,1382]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Rhizorhagium antarcticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNCN 2.03/552); Stn 48, two fragments, 20 and
<quantity id="871A9B39CC0AFFA9E92005350EA5F0DA" box="[362,442,1394,1418]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="14.0">14 mm</quantity>
long (NIWA 117521); Stn 52, fragment
<quantity id="871A9B39CC0AFFA9EBCD05350CC8F0DA" box="[903,983,1394,1418]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
long (NIWA 117522); Stn 53, one stem
<quantity id="871A9B39CC0AFFA9E8DD05D20FF7F0FE" box="[151,232,1429,1454]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="55.0">55 mm</quantity>
high basibiont of
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC0AFFA9E9F505D20DF2F0FE" box="[447,749,1429,1454]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC0AFFA9E9F505D20DF2F0FE" box="[447,749,1429,1454]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Rhizorhagium antarcticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and one fragment
<quantity id="871A9B39CC0AFFA9EB9B05D10B3CF0FE" box="[977,1059,1430,1454]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="18.0">18 mm</quantity>
long basibiont of
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC0AFFA9ECB005D20A83F0FD" box="[1274,1436,1429,1454]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Hebella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="plana">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC0AFFA9ECB005D20A83F0FD" box="[1274,1436,1429,1454]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Hebella plana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNCN 2.03/553); Stn 63, mass of branches, ca.
<quantity id="871A9B39CC0AFFA9EA9A05FE0C3EF082" box="[720,801,1465,1490]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="60.0">60 mm</quantity>
long, with female gonothecae (NIWA 117523); Stn 67, three palmate colonies up to
<quantity id="871A9B39CC0AFFA9E996059A0D26F0A6" box="[476,569,1501,1526]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="160.0">160 mm</quantity>
high, mass of stems ca.
<quantity id="871A9B39CC0AFFA9EB0705990C83F0A6" box="[845,924,1502,1526]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
in diameter, and four fragments up to
<quantity id="871A9B39CC0AFFA9ED0705990A82F0A6" box="[1357,1437,1502,1526]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="42.0">42 mm</quantity>
long (MNCN 2.03/554); Stn 96, colony
<quantity id="871A9B39CC0AFFA9EA3B06460DDBF34A" box="[625,708,1537,1562]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="85.0">85 mm</quantity>
long (NIWA 117524); Stn 123, colony fragment
<quantity id="871A9B39CC0AFFA9ED4606450A7FF34A" box="[1292,1376,1538,1562]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity>
long (MNCN 2.03/555); Stn 125, several fragments up to
<quantity id="871A9B39CC0AFFA9EAA106610C25F36E" box="[747,826,1574,1598]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="28.0">28 mm</quantity>
long (NIWA 117525); Stn 126, six colonies up to
<quantity id="871A9B39CC0AFFA9ED3806610FDCF332" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="200.0">200 mm</quantity>
high and
<quantity id="871A9B39CC0AFFA9E90B060D0EBDF332" box="[321,418,1610,1634]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="130.0">130 mm</quantity>
wide, with male and female gonothecae, basibiont of
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC0AFFA9EC66060E0BCFF331" box="[1068,1232,1609,1634]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Hebella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="plana">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC0AFFA9EC66060E0BCFF331" box="[1068,1232,1609,1634]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Hebella plana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC0AFFA9ECAE060D0A8BF331" box="[1252,1428,1609,1634]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Lafoeidae" genus="Lafoea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dumosa">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC0AFFA9ECAE060D0A8BF331" box="[1252,1428,1609,1634]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Lafoea dumosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC0AFFA9E8DD062A0C62F3D5" authority="Pena Cantero, Svoboda &amp; Vervoort, 2002" authorityName="Pena Cantero, Svoboda &amp; Vervoort" authorityYear="2002" box="[151,893,1645,1670]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Symplectoscyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="anae">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC0AFFA9E8DD062A0EBEF3D6" box="[151,417,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Symplectoscyphus anae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="24734B2DCC0AFFA9E9ED06290C62F3D5" author="Pena" box="[423,893,1645,1670]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L., Svoboda, A. &amp; Vervoort, W. (2002) Species of Symplectoscyphus Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa, Sertulariidae) from recent Antarctic expeditions with R. V. Polarstern, with the description of four new species. Journal of Natural History, 36, 1509 - 1568." type="journal article" year="2002">Peña Cantero, Svoboda &amp; Vervoort, 2002</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC0AFFA9EBF2062A0B9BF3D5" box="[952,1156,1645,1670]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Symplectoscyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC0AFFA9EBF2062A0B9BF3D5" box="[952,1156,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Symplectoscyphus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (NIWA 117526); Stn 129, one fragment
<quantity id="871A9B39CC0AFFA9E92406D60EAEF3FA" box="[366,433,1681,1706]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
long (NIWA 117527); Stn 130, 16 colonies up to
<quantity id="871A9B39CC0AFFA9EBA706D50B53F3FA" box="[1005,1100,1682,1706]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="200.0">200 mm</quantity>
high and
<quantity id="871A9B39CC0AFFA9ECF406D50A02F3FA" box="[1214,1309,1682,1706]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="120.0">120 mm</quantity>
wide, with male and female gonothecae, basibiont of
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC0AFFA9EAC506F20C90F39D" box="[655,911,1717,1742]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Lafoeidae" genus="Abietinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="operculata">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC0AFFA9EAC506F20C90F39D" box="[655,911,1717,1742]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Abietinella operculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC0AFFA9EBE806F20BA3F39D" box="[930,1212,1717,1742]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Antarctoscyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="spiralis">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC0AFFA9EBE806F20BA3F39D" box="[930,1212,1717,1742]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Antarctoscyphus spiralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC0AFFA9EC8506F20A8BF39D" box="[1231,1428,1717,1742]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Lafoeidae" genus="Billardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="subrufa">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC0AFFA9EC8506F20A8BF39D" box="[1231,1428,1717,1742]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Billardia subrufa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC0AFFA9E8DD069E0EBEF3A1" box="[151,417,1753,1778]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Campanularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hicksoni">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC0AFFA9E8DD069E0EBEF3A1" box="[151,417,1753,1778]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Campanularia hicksoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC0AFFA9E9F8069E0D91F3A2" box="[434,654,1753,1778]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tangaroa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC0AFFA9E9F8069E0D91F3A2" box="[434,654,1753,1778]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Halecium tangaroa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="69A557B5CC0AFFA9EAD2069E0DEAF3A1" box="[664,757,1753,1778]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="species">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC0AFFA9EAD2069E0DEAF3A1" bold="true" box="[664,757,1753,1778]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC0AFFA9EB4F069D0CABF3A1" box="[773,948,1753,1778]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Lafoeidae" genus="Lafoea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dumosa">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC0AFFA9EB4F069D0CABF3A1" box="[773,948,1753,1778]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Lafoea dumosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC0AFFA9EB8F069E0B8EF3A1" box="[965,1169,1753,1778]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Symplectoscyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC0AFFA9EB8F069E0B8EF3A1" box="[965,1169,1753,1778]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Symplectoscyphus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., and
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC0AFFA9ECB4069E0E02F246" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC0AFFA9ECB4069E0E02F246" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Rhizorhagium antarcticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NIWA 117528); Stn 132, at least two colonies up to
<quantity id="871A9B39CC0AFFA9EB3206B90CC9F246" box="[888,982,1790,1814]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="190.0">190 mm</quantity>
high, with male and female gonothecae, basibiont of
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC0AFFA9E96107660E87F269" box="[299,408,1825,1850]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC0AFFA9E96107660E87F269" box="[299,408,1825,1850]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Halecium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. and
<emphasis id="7296EACECC0AFFA9EA4807660DDEF269" box="[514,705,1825,1850]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Sympletoscyphus</emphasis>
sp. (MNCN 2.03/556); Stn 197, mass of stems ca.
<quantity id="871A9B39CC0AFFA9ED6207650A63F26A" box="[1320,1404,1826,1850]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity>
in diameter, with female gonothecae (MNCN 2.03/557); Stn 198, two fragments up to
<quantity id="871A9B39CC0AFFA9EC0907010B8DF20E" box="[1091,1170,1862,1886]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
long (NIWA 117529).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="08F86557CC0AFFA9E88D072A0E3CF29D" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="description">
<paragraph id="405D36DCCC0AFFA9E88D072A0E3CF29D" blockId="28.[151,1437,1321,1998]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC0AFFA9E88D072A0EFDF2D5" bold="true" box="[199,482,1901,1926]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Measurements (in µm).</emphasis>
<emphasis id="7296EACECC0AFFA9E9A6072A0D70F2D5" box="[492,623,1901,1926]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Hydrotheca</emphasis>
: abcauline wall 680–730, free part of adcauline wall 260–360, adnate part of adcauline wall 500–590, adcauline wall 850–880, diameter at aperture 260–280.
<emphasis id="7296EACECC0AFFA9ECF807D50A8BF2FA" box="[1202,1428,1938,1961]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Larger nematocysts</emphasis>
: 20–21.5
<date id="345C101CCC0AFFA9E8B307F10E3CF29D" box="[249,291,1973,1998]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">x 5.</date>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="149D6654CC0BFFA8E8DD071F0D3FF2BA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/828495/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" targetBox="[229,1355,216,1856]" targetPageId="29">
<paragraph id="405D36DCCC0BFFA8E8DD071F0D3FF2BA" blockId="29.[151,1437,1880,2025]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC0BFFA8E8DD071F0E3CF23E" bold="true" box="[151,291,1880,1902]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC0BFFA8E966071F0DB1F23D" authority="Briggs, 1938" authorityName="Briggs" authorityYear="1938" box="[300,686,1880,1903]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Staurotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="compressa">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC0BFFA8E966071F0D04F23C" box="[300,539,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Staurotheca compressa</emphasis>
Briggs, 1938
</taxonomicName>
: A, hydrotheca.
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC0BFFA8EB14071F0A68F23D" authority="Pena Cantero &amp; Vervoort, 2003" authorityName="Pena Cantero &amp; Vervoort" authorityYear="2003" box="[862,1399,1880,1902]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Staurotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="densa">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC0BFFA8EB14071F0B03F23D" box="[862,1052,1880,1902]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Staurotheca densa</emphasis>
Peña Cantero &amp; Vervoort, 2003
</taxonomicName>
: B, hydrotheca.
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC0BFFA8E95E07300D8BF2DE" authority="Allman, 1888" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1888" box="[276,660,1911,1933]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Staurotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dichotoma">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC0BFFA8E95E07300EE1F2DE" box="[276,510,1911,1933]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Staurotheca dichotoma</emphasis>
Allman, 1888
</taxonomicName>
: C, hydrotheca.
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC0BFFA8EB7007300B18F2DE" box="[826,1031,1911,1933]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Staurotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gracilis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC0BFFA8EB7007300B18F2DE" box="[826,1031,1911,1933]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Staurotheca gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="69A557B5CC0BFFA8EC4407300B40F2DF" box="[1038,1119,1911,1932]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="species">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC0BFFA8EC4407300B40F2DF" bold="true" box="[1038,1119,1911,1932]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
: D, basal part of a branch with hydrothecal arrangement; E–G, hydrothecae.
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC0BFFA8EA2E07D10A1BF2FF" authority="Pena Cantero, Svoboda &amp; Vervoort, 1997" authorityName="Pena Cantero, Svoboda &amp; Vervoort" authorityYear="1997" box="[612,1284,1942,1964]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Staurotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nonscripta">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC0BFFA8EA2E07D10C4FF2FF" box="[612,848,1942,1964]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Staurotheca nonscripta</emphasis>
Peña Cantero, Svoboda &amp; Vervoort, 1997
</taxonomicName>
: I, hydrotheca. (A, from Stn 178; B from Stn 67; C, from Stn 140; D–E, G–H from the holotype; F from the paratype; I from Stn 148). Scale bar: 250 µm (A–C, E–H), 500 µm (D).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="08F86557CC08FFABE88D00DC0FF4F737" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="405D36DCCC08FFABE88D00DC0B1FF5AF" blockId="30.[151,1436,155,612]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC08FFABE88D00DC0E24F5E7" bold="true" box="[199,315,155,180]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Remarks.</emphasis>
The colonies may be polysiphonic basally. Although this species typically has three to four hydrothecae per verticil, decussate pairs are occasionally found. This species is also characterized by having a slight, but distinct abcauline projection at the hydrothecal aperture (
<figureCitation id="D8D92A59CC08FFABEBC700A40CC0F5AF" box="[909,991,227,252]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1880,1902]" captionTargetBox="[229,1355,216,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[206,1384,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 10. Staurotheca compressa Briggs, 1938: A, hydrotheca. Staurotheca densa Peña Cantero &amp; Vervoort, 2003: B, hydrotheca. Staurotheca dichotoma Allman, 1888: C, hydrotheca. Staurotheca gracilis sp. nov.: D, basal part of a branch with hydrothecal arrangement; E – G, hydrothecae. Staurotheca nonscripta Peña Cantero, Svoboda &amp; Vervoort, 1997: I, hydrotheca. (A, from Stn 178; B from Stn 67; C, from Stn 140; D – E, G – H from the holotype; F from the paratype; I from Stn 148). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C, E – H), 500 µm (D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/828495/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
B).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="405D36DCCC08FFABE88D01400BF6F4E3" blockId="30.[151,1436,155,612]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC08FFABE88D01400EE0F473" bold="true" box="[199,511,263,288]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Ecology and distribution.</emphasis>
Reviewed by
<bibRefCitation id="24734B2DCC08FFABEAE4014F0B2DF473" box="[686,1074,264,288]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Vervoort, W. (2003) Species of Staurotheca Allman, 1888 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Sertulariidae) from US Antarctic expeditions, with the description of three new species. Journal of Natural History, 37, 2653 - 2722. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930210155701" type="journal article">Peña Cantero &amp; Vervoort (2003)</bibRefCitation>
. Shelf species found at depths between 73 and
<quantity id="871A9B39CC08FFABE91A016C0E87F410" box="[336,408,299,324]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="m" value="570.0">570 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="24734B2DCC08FFABE9ED016B0C13F417" author="Pena" box="[423,780,300,324]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Vervoort, W. (2003) Species of Staurotheca Allman, 1888 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Sertulariidae) from US Antarctic expeditions, with the description of three new species. Journal of Natural History, 37, 2653 - 2722. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930210155701" type="journal article" year="2003">Peña Cantero &amp; Vervoort 2003</bibRefCitation>
); present material from
<quantity id="871A9B39CC08FFABEC50016B0BADF410" box="[1050,1202,299,324]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2299999999999995" metricValueMax="7.359999999999999" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="m" value="423.0" valueMax="736.0" valueMin="110.0">110 to 736 m</quantity>
, increasing its lower bathymetric limit, basibiont for colonies of
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC08FFABEADC01080C8BF43B" box="[662,916,335,360]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Lafoeidae" genus="Abietinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="operculata">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC08FFABEADC01080C8BF43B" box="[662,916,335,360]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Abietinella operculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC08FFABEBEC01080BA1F43B" box="[934,1214,335,360]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Antarctoscyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="spiralis">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC08FFABEBEC01080BA1F43B" box="[934,1214,335,360]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Antarctoscyphus spiralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC08FFABEC9A01080A8BF43B" box="[1232,1428,335,360]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Lafoeidae" genus="Billardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="subrufa">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC08FFABEC9A01080A8BF43B" box="[1232,1428,335,360]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Billardia subrufa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC08FFABE8DD01340E81F4DF" box="[151,414,371,396]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Campanularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hicksoni">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC08FFABE8DD01340E81F4DF" box="[151,414,371,396]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Campanularia hicksoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC08FFABE9E601340D99F4DF" box="[428,646,371,396]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tangaroa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC08FFABE9E601340D99F4DF" box="[428,646,371,396]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Halecium tangaroa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="69A557B5CC08FFABEAC701340DF9F4DF" box="[653,742,371,396]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" rank="species">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC08FFABEAC701340DF9F4DF" bold="true" box="[653,742,371,396]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC08FFABEABE01340C7EF4DF" box="[756,865,371,396]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC08FFABEABE01340C7EF4DF" box="[756,865,371,396]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Halecium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.,
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC08FFABEBDC01340B29F4DF" box="[918,1078,371,396]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Hebella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="plana">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC08FFABEBDC01340B29F4DF" box="[918,1078,371,396]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Hebella plana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC08FFABEC0E01330BEFF4DF" box="[1092,1264,371,396]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Lafoeidae" genus="Lafoea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dumosa">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC08FFABEC0E01330BEFF4DF" box="[1092,1264,371,396]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Lafoea dumosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC08FFABECB401340E02F4FC" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC08FFABECB401340E02F4FC" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Rhizorhagium antarcticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC08FFABE96101D00D2BF4FC" box="[299,564,407,432]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Symplectoscyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="anae">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC08FFABE96101D00D2BF4FC" box="[299,564,407,432]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Symplectoscyphus anae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC08FFABEA3801D00C21F4E3" box="[626,830,407,432]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Symplectoscyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC08FFABEA3801D00C21F4E3" box="[626,830,407,432]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Symplectoscyphus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., and with gonothecae in February.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="405D36DCCC08FFABE88D01FC0FF4F737" blockId="30.[151,1436,155,612]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
Circum-Antarctic species (
<bibRefCitation id="24734B2DCC08FFABE9B301FB0C79F487" author="Pena" box="[505,870,444,468]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Vervoort, W. (2003) Species of Staurotheca Allman, 1888 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Sertulariidae) from US Antarctic expeditions, with the description of three new species. Journal of Natural History, 37, 2653 - 2722. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930210155701" type="journal article" year="2003">Peña Cantero &amp; Vervoort 2003</bibRefCitation>
), recently recorded from off Trinity
<collectingCountry id="38F5764CCC08FFABED4401FC0A4DF487" box="[1294,1362,443,468]" name="Iceland" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Island</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="24734B2DCC08FFABED2E01FB0E29F4AB" author="Pena" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2008) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Spanish Antarctic expedition Bentart 95. Polar Biology, 31, 451 - 464." type="journal article" year="2008">Peña Cantero 2008</bibRefCitation>
) and from the Balleny Islands (Peña Cantero 2009). See
<bibRefCitation id="24734B2DCC08FFABEBA101A70A70F4AB" box="[1003,1391,480,504]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Vervoort, W. (2003) Species of Staurotheca Allman, 1888 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Sertulariidae) from US Antarctic expeditions, with the description of three new species. Journal of Natural History, 37, 2653 - 2722. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930210155701" type="journal article">Peña Cantero &amp; Vervoort (2003)</bibRefCitation>
for previous records. In the Ross Sea, already known off
<collectingRegion id="8226F83ECC08FFABEB4902430C22F74F" box="[771,829,516,540]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Cape</collectingRegion>
Hallett and Pennell Bank (
<bibRefCitation id="24734B2DCC08FFABEC3D02430FCBF713" author="Pena" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Vervoort, W. (2003) Species of Staurotheca Allman, 1888 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Sertulariidae) from US Antarctic expeditions, with the description of three new species. Journal of Natural History, 37, 2653 - 2722. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930210155701" type="journal article" year="2003">Peña Cantero &amp; Vervoort 2003</bibRefCitation>
). Present material from Robertson Bay and off
<collectingRegion id="8226F83ECC08FFABEABF026F0C30F713" box="[757,815,552,576]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Cape</collectingRegion>
Adare, Adare Peninsula, Possession Islands and
<collectingRegion id="8226F83ECC08FFABED28026F0A83F713" box="[1378,1436,552,576]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Cape</collectingRegion>
Hallett.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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