848 lines
103 KiB
XML
848 lines
103 KiB
XML
<document id="4434BAF3F7813C42B74DA7D6E0B08E23" ID-CLB-Dataset="6015" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4980.2.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f94c88c7-ef33-4171-a0d2-23832db1e2ba" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4888860" ID-ZooBank="344CA83A-6C54-4425-8A1F-1BA540611214" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1622531830003" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Abé, Hiroshi" docDate="2021" docId="022487BFFFF8FFB6FF24F94AFBA4FD13" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4980.2.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4980 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Idiosoma Ausserer 1871" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="242" masterDocId="FE1DFFC7FFDDFF9FFFB3FFE1FFB6FFE2" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic review of the subfamily Lohmannellinae (Acari: Trombidiformes Halacaridae) with morphological comparisons among genera" masterLastPageNumber="255" masterPageNumber="201" pageNumber="238" updateTime="1698995727304" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="6592BBB05BF351208C84210CDD4AA76A">Taxonomic review of the subfamily Lohmannellinae (Acari: Trombidiformes Halacaridae) with morphological comparisons among genera</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6C6DBC4B5F82CE2DA0B794F202FA2BB8">Abé, Hiroshi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="AB638625FC32977EEAB28077C0D6C159">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="D39F2941D0EFCA647DFAC07FECACA030">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="51A738A06C1754B6895EB7AE9B2D4DB7">2021-06-01</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="68B247116D2A8BB95B4480746E9543DD">4980</mods:number>
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<treatment id="022487BFFFF8FFB6FF24F94AFBA4FD13" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4984913" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182958076" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4984913" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:022487BFFFF8FFB6FF24F94AFBA4FD13" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/022487BFFFF8FFB6FF24F94AFBA4FD13" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="242" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">
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<subSubSection id="C2976522FFF8FFBAFF24F94AFE0BF8EF" box="[151,445,1707,1805]" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFF8FFBAFF24F94AFEBDF927" blockId="37.[151,267,1707,1733]" box="[151,267,1707,1733]" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">
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<heading id="D17A81C5FFF8FFBAFF24F94AFEBDF927" bold="true" box="[151,267,1707,1733]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF8FFBAFF24F94AFEBDF927" ID-CoL="53ML" ID-ENA="1494381" authorityName="Ausserer" authorityYear="1871" box="[151,267,1707,1733]" class="Arachnida" family="Idiopidae" genus="Idiosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF8FFBAFF24F94AFEBDF927" bold="true" box="[151,267,1707,1733]" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">Idiosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFF8FFBAFF24F912FE0BF8EF" blockId="37.[151,1437,1779,2022]" box="[151,445,1779,1805]" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF8FFBAFF24F912FE0BF8EF" box="[151,445,1779,1805]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">Condition of dorsal plates</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C2976522FFF8FFB9FF74F8F6FE28FE32" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="239" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFF8FFB9FF74F8F6FB8EFF37" blockId="37.[151,1437,1779,2022]" lastBlockId="38.[151,1437,151,393]" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="239" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">
|
||
Actinotrichida shows a great diversity of body plates, which seem impossible to reduce to a common plan (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1C4B58FFF8FFBAFF2CF8DAFE8FF8B4" author="Hughes, T. E." box="[159,313,1851,1878]" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" refId="ref47418" refString="Hughes, T. E. (1959) Mites, or the Acari. The Athlone Press, London, 225 pp." type="book" year="1959">Hughes 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, it tends always toward the four dorsal and four ventral plates in halacarids, and this condition may be a primitive pattern. The faintly sclerotized opisthosoma, lacking well-formed tergites and sternites, is considered as an apomorphic condition in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF8FFBAFD11F862FC19F87F" authority="(Lindquist 1984)" baseAuthorityName="Lindquist" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[674,943,1923,1949]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acari" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">
|
||
Acari (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1C4B58FFF8FFBAFD41F862FC10F87F" author="Lindquist, E. E." box="[754,934,1923,1949]" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" pagination="28 - 62" refId="ref48083" refString="Lindquist, E. E. (1984) Current theories on the evolution of major groups of Acari and on their relationships for their classification. In: Griffiths D. A. & Bowman, C. E. (Eds.) Acarology VI (Volume 1). Ellis Horwood Publishing, Chichester, pp. 28 - 62." type="book chapter" year="1984">Lindquist 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As for
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF8FFBAFBA3F862FE47F823" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF8FFBAFBA3F862FB5EF87F" box="[1040,1256,1923,1949]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Anomalohalacarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anomalohalacarus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF8FFBAFB44F862FE5BF823" authority=", Arenihalacarus, Halacaroides" authorityName="Arenihalacarus, Halacaroides" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Australacarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Australacarus, Arenihalacarus, Halacaroides</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF8FFBAFD9BF846FD0BF823" authorityName="Laubier" authorityYear="1960" box="[552,701,1959,1985]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Parhalixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF8FFBAFD9BF846FD0BF823" box="[552,701,1959,1985]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">Parhalixodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the diminution of the sclerotized area may relate to the body extension along the longitudinal body axis (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1C4B58FFF8FFBAFDD2F82AFD62F807" author="Abe, H." box="[609,724,1995,2021]" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" refId="ref41960" refString="Abe, H. (1998) Rhombognathine Mites: Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Biogeography. Hokkaido University Press, Sapporo, 219 pp." type="book" year="1998">Abé 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In addition, a secondary reduction owing to the parasitic phase is postulated in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFBFFB9FEF5FF76FE6DFF53" authorityName="Laubier" authorityYear="1960" box="[326,475,151,177]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Parhalixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFBFFB9FEF5FF76FE6DFF53" box="[326,475,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">Parhalixodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Among idiosomal plates, the dorsal ones tend to be smaller than the ventral ones, and the ocular plates often get extremely smaller in size, especially in arenicolous taxa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFFBFFB9FF63FF3EFF5DFE6B" blockId="38.[151,1437,151,393]" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFBFFB9FF5DFF3EFE11FF1B" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1927" box="[238,423,223,249]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lohmannellinae">Lohmannellinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the outline and relative size of the ventral plates do not distinctly vary among genera, but those of the dorsal plates are rather diverging.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFBFFB9FD10FEE2FC81FEFF" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1901" box="[675,823,259,285]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Lohmannella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFBFFB9FD10FEE2FC81FEFF" box="[675,823,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">Lohmannella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFBFFB9FCDCFEE2FB84FEFF" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1933" box="[879,1074,259,285]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Porolohmannella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFBFFB9FCDCFEE2FB84FEFF" box="[879,1074,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">Porolohmannella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
do not show a size-reduction of the dorsal plates, instead seeming to hold the basic body plan of halacarids. On the other hand,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFBFFB9FB6FFEC6FA23FEA3" authorityName="Monniot" authorityYear="1972" box="[1244,1429,295,321]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Scaptognathides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFBFFB9FB6FFEC6FA23FEA3" box="[1244,1429,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">Scaptognathides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFBFFB9FF24FEAAFEF5FE87" box="[151,323,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFBFFB9FF24FEAAFE89FE87" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1889" box="[151,319,331,357]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Scaptognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scaptognathus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFBFFB9FE32FEAAFD9DFE87" authorityName="Otto" authorityYear="2000" box="[385,555,331,357]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Xenohalacarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFBFFB9FE32FEAAFD9DFE87" box="[385,555,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">Xenohalacarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have smaller ocular plates, which might reflect adaptation to an interstitial habitat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFFBFFB9FF24FE56FE28FE32" blockId="38.[151,1437,439,969]" box="[151,414,439,465]" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFBFFB9FF24FE56FE28FE32" box="[151,414,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">Number of dorsal setae</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C2976522FFFBFFB9FF74FE3AFE54FC2B" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFFBFFB9FF74FE3AFC8DFCDB" blockId="38.[151,1437,439,969]" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFBFFB9FF54FE3AFEC6FE17" ID-CoL="625HD" authorityName="Murray" authorityYear="1877" box="[231,368,475,501]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Halacaridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the number of dorsal setae is almost stable at the generic level.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1C4B58FFFBFFB9FBFFFE3AFB42FE17" author="Bartsch, I." box="[1100,1268,475,501]" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" pagination="457 - 464" refId="ref44060" refString="Bartsch, I. (1992) Lohmannella dictyota n. sp. und L. africana n. sp. von der Sudhalbkugel (Arachnida: Acari: Halacaridae). Senckenbergiana biologica, 72, 457 - 464." type="journal article" year="1992">Bartsch (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that a diminution of the number of setae resulted from a simple loss of a setal structure from the body surface, while an increase in setae is caused by the transformation from dorsal pores to setae. The presence of such a transformation is supported by SEM observation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1C4B58FFFBFFB9FDABFDA6FD3DFD83" author="Abe, H." box="[536,651,583,609]" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" refId="ref41960" refString="Abe, H. (1998) Rhombognathine Mites: Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Biogeography. Hokkaido University Press, Sapporo, 219 pp." type="book" year="1998">Abé 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Judging from the morphological comparison of halacarid genera, halacarid mites basically have six pairs of dorsal setae arranged according to a formula of one pair on the anterodorsal portion, two on each ocular and posterodorsal portion, and one pair on the adanal portion. However, the particular position of each dorsal seta highly depends on the developmental condition of the dorsal plates and membranous cuticle and greatly varies even within a specific level. Further, the lack or displacement of some setae on the dorsum is found in several taxa, e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFBFFB9FE64FD1AFDFBFCF7" box="[471,589,763,789]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Isobactrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFBFFB9FE64FD1AFDFBFCF7" box="[471,589,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">Isobactrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFBFFB9FDE9FD1AFCA6FCF7" baseAuthorityName="Abe" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[602,784,763,789]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Rhombognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFBFFB9FDE9FD1AFCA6FCF7" box="[602,784,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">Rhombognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFBFFB9FCAEFD1AFC01FCF7" authorityName="Newell" authorityYear="1984" box="[797,951,763,789]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Mictognathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFBFFB9FCAEFD1AFC01FCF7" box="[797,951,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">Mictognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFBFFB9FC70FD1AFBFFFCF7" authorityName="Bartsch" authorityYear="1992" box="[963,1097,763,789]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Phacacarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFBFFB9FC70FD1AFBFFFCF7" box="[963,1097,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">Phacacarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFBFFB9FBE5FD1AFAA1FCF7" authorityName="Otto" authorityYear="1999" box="[1110,1303,763,789]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Corallihalacarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFBFFB9FBE5FD1AFAA1FCF7" box="[1110,1303,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">Corallihalacarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFBFFB9FA90FD1AFF0AFCDB" authorityName="Laubier" authorityYear="1960" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Parhalixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFBFFB9FA90FD1AFF0AFCDB" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">Parhalixodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFBFFB9FF78FCFEFE30FCDB" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1938" box="[203,390,799,825]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Enterohalacarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFBFFB9FF78FCFEFE30FCDB" box="[203,390,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">Enterohalacarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFBFFB9FE27FCFEFDFAFCDB" ID-CoL="62YLC" authorityName="Walter" authorityYear="1917" box="[404,588,799,825]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Limnohalacarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFBFFB9FE27FCFEFDFAFCDB" box="[404,588,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">Limnohalacarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFBFFB9FD3AFCFEFC82FCDB" ID-CoL="63S6W" authorityName="Bartsch" authorityYear="1989" box="[649,820,799,825]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Ropohalacarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFBFFB9FD3AFCFEFC82FCDB" box="[649,820,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">Ropohalacarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFFBFFB9FF69FCA2FE54FC2B" blockId="38.[151,1437,439,969]" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFBFFB9FF4FFCA2FE03FCBF" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1927" box="[252,437,835,861]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lohmannellinae">Lohmannellinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFBFFB9FE70FCA2FDE1FCBF" ID-CoL="5G7G" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1901" box="[451,599,835,861]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Lohmannella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFBFFB9FE70FCA2FDE1FCBF" box="[451,599,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">Lohmannella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFBFFB9FDDBFCA2FC9DFCBF" ID-CoL="6429Z" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1933" box="[616,811,835,861]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Porolohmannella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFBFFB9FDDBFCA2FC9DFCBF" box="[616,811,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">Porolohmannella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFBFFB9FC8FFCA2FC4AFCBF" box="[828,1020,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFBFFB9FC8FFCA2FC4EFCBF" authorityName="Monniot" authorityYear="1972" box="[828,1016,835,861]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Scaptognathides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scaptognathides</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFBFFB9FB8AFCA2FB55FCBF" authorityName="Otto" authorityYear="2000" box="[1081,1251,835,861]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Xenohalacarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFBFFB9FB8AFCA2FB55FCBF" box="[1081,1251,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">Xenohalacarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
retain the basic formula of six pairs of dorsal setae, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFBFFB9FDD3FC86FCB3FC63" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1889" box="[608,773,871,897]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Scaptognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFBFFB9FDD3FC86FCB3FC63" box="[608,773,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">Scaptognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has seven pairs. Taking the general arrangement of dorsal setae and pores into consideration, one pair of dorsal pores placed on the ocular or posterodorsal portion will transform into setal structure.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C2976522FFFBFFB7FF24FC16FBFEFE33" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="241" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFFBFFB9FF24FC16FE17FBF2" blockId="38.[151,1437,1015,1509]" box="[151,417,1015,1041]" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFBFFB9FF24FC16FE17FBF2" box="[151,417,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">Number of dorsal pores</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFFBFFB9FF74FBFAFAB4FAB7" blockId="38.[151,1437,1015,1509]" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">
|
||
A thorough examination of the number and characteristic distribution of dorsal pores in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFBFFB9FB08FBFAFAF7FBD7" authorityName="Murray" authorityYear="1877" box="[1211,1345,1051,1077]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Halacaridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
has not been carried out because of the difficulty in detecting them due to inconspicuous small size in some taxa. Morphological comparison of a large number of halacarid genera showed that halacarids basically have five pairs of gland pores on the dorsum. The number of dorsal pores is nearly stable in a genus. The first pair is present on the anterodorsal portion, the second pair is on membranous area or ocular portion, the third pair is on the ocular portion, and the fourth and fifth pairs are on the posterodorsal portion. However, the detailed position of the dorsal pores is fairly variable among species, as well as among genera.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1C4B58FFFBFFB9FD7BFB12FCECFAEF" author="Wiles, P. R." box="[712,858,1267,1293]" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" pagination="1237 - 1251" refId="ref54474" refString="Wiles, P. R. (1997) The homology of glands and glandularia in the water mites (Acari: Hydrachnidia). Journal of Natural History, 31, 1237 - 1251." type="journal article" year="1997">Wiles (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
discussed the homology of gland pores (glands and glandularia in Hydrachnidia) among several water mite taxa, and suggested that it was possible to identify homologous gland pores based on the relative location on the body, but some tended to wonder or disappear.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFFBFFB9FF63FABEFD68FA07" blockId="38.[151,1437,1015,1509]" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFBFFB9FF42FABEFE1CFA9B" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1927" box="[241,426,1375,1401]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lohmannellinae">Lohmannellinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFBFFB9FE04FABEFDFDFA9B" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1901" box="[439,587,1375,1401]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Lohmannella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFBFFB9FE04FABEFDFDFA9B" box="[439,587,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">Lohmannella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFBFFB9FD34FABEFCF6FA9B" authorityName="Monniot" authorityYear="1972" box="[647,832,1375,1401]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Scaptognathides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFBFFB9FD34FABEFCF6FA9B" box="[647,832,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">Scaptognathides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a basic number of gland pores on the dorsum.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFBFFB9FF24FA62FEECFA7F" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1933" box="[151,346,1411,1437]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Porolohmannella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFBFFB9FF24FA62FEECFA7F" box="[151,346,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">Porolohmannella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks the second pair, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFBFFB9FDCCFA62FC9FFA7F" authorityName="Otto" authorityYear="2000" box="[639,809,1411,1437]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Xenohalacarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFBFFB9FDCCFA62FC9FFA7F" box="[639,809,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">Xenohalacarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks the first pair.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFBFFB9FC4DFA62FB15FA7F" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1889" box="[1022,1187,1411,1437]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Scaptognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFBFFB9FC4DFA62FB15FA7F" box="[1022,1187,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">Scaptognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has only three pairs of dorsal pores; either the third or the fourth pair from the basic plan may have been transformed into a setal structure, and the other may have degenerated or disappeared.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFFBFFB9FF24F9F2FDE6F9CF" blockId="38.[151,1436,1555,1941]" box="[151,592,1555,1581]" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFBFFB9FF24F9F2FDE6F9CF" box="[151,592,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">Number and condition of ventral plates</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFFBFFB9FF74F9D6FC84F903" blockId="38.[151,1436,1555,1941]" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">
|
||
Generally, the ventral plate of halacarids consists of an anterior epimeral, right and left posterior epimeral, and genital and anal plates or a single genitoanal plate. Genital and anal plates are fused into a genitoanal plate in many halacarid genera. Although an anal plate is generally separated from a genital plate in the initial nymphal stages, these two plates are fused into a single genitoanal plate during ontogenesis. Therefore, the basic number of ventral plates is regarded to be four in adult halacarids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1C4B58FFFBFFB9FD01F926FC93F903" author="Abe, H." box="[690,805,1735,1761]" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" refId="ref41960" refString="Abe, H. (1998) Rhombognathine Mites: Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Biogeography. Hokkaido University Press, Sapporo, 219 pp." type="book" year="1998">Abé 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFFBFFB9FF63F90AFAC7F877" blockId="38.[151,1436,1555,1941]" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFBFFB9FF5DF90AFE11F8E7" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1927" box="[238,423,1771,1797]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lohmannellinae">Lohmannellinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, all five genera have the typical arrangement of four ventral plates. However, the condition of the genitoanal plate in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFBFFB9FE19F8EEFDF9F8CB" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1889" box="[426,591,1807,1833]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Scaptognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFBFFB9FE19F8EEFDF9F8CB" box="[426,591,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">Scaptognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is quite different from that in the other four genera. The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFBFFB9FB44F8EEFA2AF8CB" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1889" box="[1271,1436,1807,1833]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Scaptognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFBFFB9FB44F8EEFA2AF8CB" box="[1271,1436,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="239">Scaptognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a uniform, bipartite, or tripartite genitoanal plate consisting of a sclerotized part or a combination of sclerotized and membranous parts, which are referred to as pars sclerosum and pars membranosum, respectively, in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1C4B58FFFBFFB9FAF8F8B6FF53F877" author="Newell, I. M." pageId="38" pageNumber="239" pagination="1 - 284" refId="ref49534" refString="Newell, I. M. (1984) Antarctic Halacaroidea. Antarctic Research Series, 40, 1 - 284." type="journal article" year="1984">Newell (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Such a condition of the genitoanal plate is unique in halacarids and considered to be an advanced state.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFFAFFB8FF24FD02FB86FD1F" blockId="39.[151,1072,739,765]" box="[151,1072,739,765]" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">
|
||
<tableNote id="776B3727FFFAFFB8FF24FD02FB86FD1F" box="[151,1072,739,765]" pageId="39" pageNumber="240" targetBox="[159,1967,777,1472]" targetPageId="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFAFFB8FF24FD02FF46FD1F" bold="true" box="[151,240,739,765]" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">Table 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Morphological comparisons among genera in the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFAFFB8FCC8FD02FB9AFD1F" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1927" box="[891,1068,739,765]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lohmannellinae">Lohmannellinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</tableNote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFFAFFB8FC16FCE8F8C4FA22" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">
|
||
<table id="F88DC409FFFA0060FF2CFCE8F819FA22" box="[159,1967,777,1472]" gridcols="8" gridrows="19" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">
|
||
<tr id="34BD34EBFFFA0060FF2CFCE8F819FCC1" box="[159,1967,777,803]" gridrow="0" pageId="39" pageNumber="240" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1">
|
||
<th id="776C5D97FFFA0060FCD3FCE8FA7EFCC1" box="[864,1480,777,803]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFAFFB8FC16FCE8FACEFCC1" bold="true" box="[933,1400,777,803]" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">
|
||
Genera in the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFAFFB8FB0CFCE8FACEFCC1" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1927" box="[1215,1400,777,803]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lohmannellinae">Lohmannellinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="34BD34EBFFFA0060FF2CFCCCF819FCAE" box="[159,1967,813,844]" gridrow="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">
|
||
<th id="776C5D97FFFA0060FF2CFCCCFE86FCAE" box="[159,304,813,844]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFAFFB8FF2CFCCCFEA5FCA5" bold="true" box="[159,275,813,839]" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">Body Part</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FEF3FCCCFDD8FCAE" box="[320,622,813,844]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFAFFB8FEF3FCCCFDEAFCA5" bold="true" box="[320,604,813,839]" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">Morphological character</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FD3BFCCCFCF5FCAE" box="[648,835,813,844]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFAFFB8FD2FFCD3FC86FCAE" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1901" box="[668,816,818,844]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Lohmannella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFAFFB8FD2FFCD3FC86FCAE" bold="true" box="[668,816,818,844]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">Lohmannella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FCD3FCCCFB97FCAE" box="[864,1057,813,844]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFAFFB8FCD3FCD3FB97FCAE" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1933" box="[864,1057,818,844]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Porolohmannella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFAFFB8FCD3FCD3FB97FCAE" bold="true" box="[864,1057,818,844]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">Porolohmannella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FB89FCCCFB59FCAE" box="[1082,1263,813,844]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFAFFB8FB89FCD3FB59FCAE" authorityName="Monniot" authorityYear="1972" box="[1082,1263,818,844]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Scaptognathides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFAFFB8FB89FCD3FB59FCAE" bold="true" box="[1082,1263,818,844]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">Scaptognathides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FAB6FCCCFA7EFCAE" box="[1285,1480,813,844]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFAFFB8FAA6FCD3FA0EFCAE" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1889" box="[1301,1464,818,844]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Scaptognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFAFFB8FAA6FCD3FA0EFCAE" bold="true" box="[1301,1464,818,844]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">Scaptognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FA5BFCCCF939FCAE" box="[1512,1679,813,844]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFAFFB8FA5BFCD3F939FCAE" authorityName="Otto" authorityYear="2000" box="[1512,1679,818,844]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Xenohalacarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFAFFB8FA5BFCD3F939FCAE" bold="true" box="[1512,1679,818,844]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">Xenohalacarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060F91DFCCCF819FCAE" box="[1710,1967,813,844]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFAFFB8F977FCCFF82FFCAA" bold="true" box="[1732,1945,814,840]" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">Widely distributed</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="34BD34EBFFFA0060FF2CFCB2F819FC8F" box="[159,1967,851,877]" gridrow="2" pageId="39" pageNumber="240" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060F91DFCB2F819FC8F" box="[1710,1967,851,877]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFAFFB8F91DFCB2F819FC8F" bold="true" box="[1710,1967,851,877]" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">condition in the family</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="34BD34EBFFFA0060FF2CFC98F819FC71" box="[159,1967,889,915]" gridrow="3" pageId="39" pageNumber="240" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060F91DFC98F819FC71" box="[1710,1967,889,915]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFAFFB8F95AFC98F8C2FC71" authorityName="Murray" authorityYear="1877" box="[1769,1908,889,915]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFAFFB8F95AFC98F8C2FC71" bold="true" box="[1769,1908,889,915]" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">Halacaridae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="34BD34EBFFFA0060FF2CFC7BF819FC56" box="[159,1967,922,948]" gridrow="4" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">
|
||
<th id="776C5D97FFFA0060FF2CFC7BFE86FC56" box="[159,304,922,948]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFAFFB8FF2CFC7BFEBEFC56" authorityName="Ausserer" authorityYear="1871" box="[159,264,922,948]" class="Arachnida" family="Idiopidae" genus="Idiosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="39" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFAFFB8FF2CFC7BFEBEFC56" bold="true" box="[159,264,922,948]" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">Idiosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FEF3FC7BFDD8FC56" box="[320,622,922,948]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">Condition of dorsal plates</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FD3BFC7BFCF5FC56" box="[648,835,922,948]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">unreduced in size</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FCD3FC7BFB97FC56" box="[864,1057,922,948]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">unreduced in size</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FB89FC7BFB59FC56" box="[1082,1263,922,948]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">reduced in size</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FAB6FC7BFA7EFC56" box="[1285,1480,922,948]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">reduced in size</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FA5BFC7BF939FC56" box="[1512,1679,922,948]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">reduced in size</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060F91DFC7BF819FC56" box="[1710,1967,922,948]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">unreduced in size</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="34BD34EBFFFA0060FF2CFC5DF819FC34" box="[159,1967,956,982]" gridrow="5" pageId="39" pageNumber="240" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FEF3FC5DFDD8FC34" box="[320,622,956,982]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">Number of dorsal setae</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FD3BFC5DFCF5FC34" box="[648,835,956,982]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">6 pairs</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FCD3FC5DFB97FC34" box="[864,1057,956,982]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">6 pairs</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FB89FC5DFB59FC34" box="[1082,1263,956,982]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">6 pairs</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FAB6FC5DFA7EFC34" box="[1285,1480,956,982]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">7 pairs</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FA5BFC5DF939FC34" box="[1512,1679,956,982]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">6 pairs</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060F91DFC5DF819FC34" box="[1710,1967,956,982]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">6 pairs</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="34BD34EBFFFA0060FF2CFC3CF819FC15" box="[159,1967,989,1015]" gridrow="6" pageId="39" pageNumber="240" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FEF3FC3CFDD8FC15" box="[320,622,989,1015]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">Number of dorsal Glps</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FD3BFC3CFCF5FC15" box="[648,835,989,1015]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">5 pairs</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FCD3FC3CFB97FC15" box="[864,1057,989,1015]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">4 pairs</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FB89FC3CFB59FC15" box="[1082,1263,989,1015]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">5 pairs</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FAB6FC3CFA7EFC15" box="[1285,1480,989,1015]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">3 pairs</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FA5BFC3CF939FC15" box="[1512,1679,989,1015]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">4 pairs</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060F91DFC3CF819FC15" box="[1710,1967,989,1015]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">5 pairs</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="34BD34EBFFFA0060FF2CFC1EF819FBD6" box="[159,1967,1023,1076]" gridrow="7" pageId="39" pageNumber="240" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FEF3FC1EFDD8FBD6" box="[320,622,1023,1076]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">Condition of GA</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FD3BFC1EFCF5FBD6" box="[648,835,1023,1076]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">uniform</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FCD3FC1EFB97FBD6" box="[864,1057,1023,1076]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">uniform</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FB89FC1EFB59FBD6" box="[1082,1263,1023,1076]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">uniform</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FAB6FC1EFA7EFBD6" box="[1285,1480,1023,1076]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">uniform, bipartite, or tripartite</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FA5BFC1EF939FBD6" box="[1512,1679,1023,1076]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">uniform</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060F91DFC1EF819FBD6" box="[1710,1967,1023,1076]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">uniform</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="34BD34EBFFFA0060FF2CFBDAF819FBB7" box="[159,1967,1083,1109]" gridrow="8" pageId="39" pageNumber="240" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FEF3FBDAFDD8FBB7" box="[320,622,1083,1109]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">Number of setae on PE</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FD3BFBDAFCF5FBB7" box="[648,835,1083,1109]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">3 or 4 pairs</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FCD3FBDAFB97FBB7" box="[864,1057,1083,1109]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">3 pairs</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FB89FBDAFB59FBB7" box="[1082,1263,1083,1109]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">4 pairs</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FAB6FBDAFA7EFBB7" box="[1285,1480,1083,1109]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">4 pairs</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FA5BFBDAF939FBB7" box="[1512,1679,1083,1109]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">3 pairs</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060F91DFBDAF819FBB7" box="[1710,1967,1083,1109]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">3 or 4 pairs</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="34BD34EBFFFA0060FF2CFBBCF819FB95" box="[159,1967,1117,1143]" gridrow="9" pageId="39" pageNumber="240" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FEF3FBBCFDD8FB95" box="[320,622,1117,1143]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">Number of Pgs in female</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FD3BFBBCFCF5FB95" box="[648,835,1117,1143]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">10–80 setae</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FCD3FBBCFB97FB95" box="[864,1057,1117,1143]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">3 pairs</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FB89FBBCFB59FB95" box="[1082,1263,1117,1143]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">2 pairs</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FAB6FBBCFA7EFB95" box="[1285,1480,1117,1143]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">3 pairs</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FA5BFBBCF939FB95" box="[1512,1679,1117,1143]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">4 or 5 pairs</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060F91DFBBCF819FB95" box="[1710,1967,1117,1143]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">4 pairs or more</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="34BD34EBFFFA0060FF2CFB9FF819FB7A" box="[159,1967,1150,1176]" gridrow="10" pageId="39" pageNumber="240" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FEF3FB9FFDD8FB7A" box="[320,622,1150,1176]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">Number of Sgs in female</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FD3BFB9FFCF5FB7A" box="[648,835,1150,1176]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">2–5 pairs</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FCD3FB9FFB97FB7A" box="[864,1057,1150,1176]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">absent</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FB89FB9FFB59FB7A" box="[1082,1263,1150,1176]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">0 or 2 pairs</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FAB6FB9FFA7EFB7A" box="[1285,1480,1150,1176]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">0–3 pairs</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FA5BFB9FF939FB7A" box="[1512,1679,1150,1176]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">absent</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060F91DFB9FF819FB7A" box="[1710,1967,1150,1176]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">0–3 pairs</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="34BD34EBFFFA0060FF2CFB41F819FB58" box="[159,1967,1184,1210]" gridrow="11" pageId="39" pageNumber="240" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FEF3FB41FDD8FB58" box="[320,622,1184,1210]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">Position of anal foramen</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FD3BFB41FCF5FB58" box="[648,835,1184,1210]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">terminal end</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FCD3FB41FB97FB58" box="[864,1057,1184,1210]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">ventral end</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FB89FB41FB59FB58" box="[1082,1263,1184,1210]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">terminal end</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FAB6FB41FA7EFB58" box="[1285,1480,1184,1210]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">terminal end</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FA5BFB41F939FB58" box="[1512,1679,1184,1210]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">terminal end</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060F91DFB41F819FB58" box="[1710,1967,1184,1210]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">terminal end</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="34BD34EBFFFA0060FF2CFB23F819FB14" box="[159,1967,1218,1270]" gridrow="12" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">
|
||
<th id="776C5D97FFFA0060FF2CFB23FE86FB14" box="[159,304,1218,1270]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFFAFFB8FF2CFB2EFE86FB0B" authorityName="Krefft" authorityYear="1871" box="[159,304,1231,1257]" class="Chromadorea" family="Gnathostomatidae" genus="Gnathosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="39" pageNumber="203" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFAFFB8FF2CFB2EFE86FB0B" bold="true" box="[159,304,1231,1257]" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">Gnathosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FEF3FB23FDD8FB14" box="[320,622,1218,1270]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">Form of rostrum</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FD3BFB23FCF5FB14" box="[648,835,1218,1270]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">parallel-sided</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FCD3FB23FB97FB14" box="[864,1057,1218,1270]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">parallel-sided</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FB89FB23FB59FB14" box="[1082,1263,1218,1270]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">parallel-sided</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FAB6FB23FA7EFB14" box="[1285,1480,1218,1270]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">spatulate</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FA5BFB23F939FB14" box="[1512,1679,1218,1270]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">parallel-sided</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060F91DFB23F819FB14" box="[1710,1967,1218,1270]" gridcol="7" gridrow="12" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">triangular or parallel-sided</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="34BD34EBFFFA0060FF2CFB1FF819FAFA" box="[159,1967,1278,1304]" gridrow="13" pageId="39" pageNumber="240" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FEF3FB1FFDD8FAFA" box="[320,622,1278,1304]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">Number of setae on the base</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FD3BFB1FFCF5FAFA" box="[648,835,1278,1304]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">absent</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FCD3FB1FFB97FAFA" box="[864,1057,1278,1304]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">1 pair</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FB89FB1FFB59FAFA" box="[1082,1263,1278,1304]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">1 pair</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FAB6FB1FFA7EFAFA" box="[1285,1480,1278,1304]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">absent</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FA5BFB1FF939FAFA" box="[1512,1679,1278,1304]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">1 pair</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060F91DFB1FF819FAFA" box="[1710,1967,1278,1304]" gridcol="7" gridrow="13" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">1 or 2 pairs</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="34BD34EBFFFA0060FF2CFAC1F819FAD8" box="[159,1967,1312,1338]" gridrow="14" pageId="39" pageNumber="240" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FEF3FAC1FDD8FAD8" box="[320,622,1312,1338]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">Number of palpal segments</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FD3BFAC1FCF5FAD8" box="[648,835,1312,1338]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">4 segments</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FCD3FAC1FB97FAD8" box="[864,1057,1312,1338]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">4 segments</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FB89FAC1FB59FAD8" box="[1082,1263,1312,1338]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">2 segments</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FAB6FAC1FA7EFAD8" box="[1285,1480,1312,1338]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">2 segments</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FA5BFAC1F939FAD8" box="[1512,1679,1312,1338]" gridcol="6" gridrow="14" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">4 segments</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060F91DFAC1F819FAD8" box="[1710,1967,1312,1338]" gridcol="7" gridrow="14" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">4 segments</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="34BD34EBFFFA0060FF2CFAA0F819FAB9" box="[159,1967,1345,1371]" gridrow="15" pageId="39" pageNumber="240" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FEF3FAA0FDD8FAB9" box="[320,622,1345,1371]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">Form of chelicera</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FD3BFAA0FCF5FAB9" box="[648,835,1345,1371]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">hook-like</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FCD3FAA0FB97FAB9" box="[864,1057,1345,1371]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">hook-like</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FB89FAA0FB59FAB9" box="[1082,1263,1345,1371]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">hook-like</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FAB6FAA0FA7EFAB9" box="[1285,1480,1345,1371]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">styliform</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FA5BFAA0F939FAB9" box="[1512,1679,1345,1371]" gridcol="6" gridrow="15" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">hook-like</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060F91DFAA0F819FAB9" box="[1710,1967,1345,1371]" gridcol="7" gridrow="15" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">hook-like</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="34BD34EBFFFA0060FF2CFA83F819FA9F" box="[159,1967,1378,1405]" gridrow="16" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">
|
||
<th id="776C5D97FFFA0060FF2CFA83FE86FA9F" box="[159,304,1378,1405]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFFAFFB8FF2CFA83FF62FA9E" bold="true" box="[159,212,1378,1404]" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">Legs</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FEF3FA83FDD8FA9F" box="[320,622,1378,1405]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">Chaetotaxy of Tb I</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FD3BFA83FCF5FA9F" box="[648,835,1378,1405]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">7–15 setae</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FCD3FA83FB97FA9F" box="[864,1057,1378,1405]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">8 setae</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FB89FA83FB59FA9F" box="[1082,1263,1378,1405]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">5 setae</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FAB6FA83FA7EFA9F" box="[1285,1480,1378,1405]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">6–10 setae</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FA5BFA83F939FA9F" box="[1512,1679,1378,1405]" gridcol="6" gridrow="16" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">8 setae</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060F91DFA83F819FA9F" box="[1710,1967,1378,1405]" gridcol="7" gridrow="16" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">6–10 setae</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="34BD34EBFFFA0060FF2CFA65F819FA7C" box="[159,1967,1412,1438]" gridrow="17" pageId="39" pageNumber="240" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FEF3FA65FDD8FA7C" box="[320,622,1412,1438]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">Presence of pectinate setae</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FD3BFA65FCF5FA7C" box="[648,835,1412,1438]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">present</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FCD3FA65FB97FA7C" box="[864,1057,1412,1438]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">present</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FB89FA65FB59FA7C" box="[1082,1263,1412,1438]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">absent</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FAB6FA65FA7EFA7C" box="[1285,1480,1412,1438]" gridcol="5" gridrow="17" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">present</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FA5BFA65F939FA7C" box="[1512,1679,1412,1438]" gridcol="6" gridrow="17" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">present</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060F91DFA65F819FA7C" box="[1710,1967,1412,1438]" gridcol="7" gridrow="17" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">present</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="34BD34EBFFFA0060FF2CFA47F819FA22" box="[159,1967,1446,1472]" gridrow="18" pageId="39" pageNumber="240" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FEF3FA47FDD8FA22" box="[320,622,1446,1472]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">Form of Lc of Ta I</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FD3BFA47FCF5FA22" box="[648,835,1446,1472]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">crescent-like</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FCD3FA47FB97FA22" box="[864,1057,1446,1472]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">crescent-like</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FB89FA47FB59FA22" box="[1082,1263,1446,1472]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">umbrella-like</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FAB6FA47FA7EFA22" box="[1285,1480,1446,1472]" gridcol="5" gridrow="18" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">crescent-like</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060FA5BFA47F939FA22" box="[1512,1679,1446,1472]" gridcol="6" gridrow="18" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">comb-like</td>
|
||
<td id="776C5D97FFFA0060F91DFA47F819FA22" box="[1710,1967,1446,1472]" gridcol="7" gridrow="18" pageId="39" pageNumber="240">crescent-like</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFF5FFB7FF24FF76FDD8FF52" blockId="40.[151,1437,151,717]" box="[151,622,151,177]" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FF24FF76FDD8FF52" box="[151,622,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Number of ventral setae on the coxal area</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFF5FFB7FF74FF5AFBFEFE33" blockId="40.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">
|
||
The number of epimeral setae on the coxal fields is almost stable at the generic level. Halacarids generally have three pairs of setae on the anterior epimeral portion. A reduction of some of these setae is known in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FB59FF3EFF0EFEFE" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Thalassophthirius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FB59FF3EFF0EFEFE" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Thalassophthirius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FF75FEE2FEEDFEFF" authorityName="Laubier" authorityYear="1960" box="[198,347,259,285]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Parhalixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FF75FEE2FEEDFEFF" box="[198,347,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Parhalixodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FE2BFEE2FDEEFEFF" authorityName="Angelier" authorityYear="1954" box="[408,600,259,285]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Acarochelopodia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FE2BFEE2FDEEFEFF" box="[408,600,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Acarochelopodia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Outside the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FCD7FEE2FBABFEFF" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1927" box="[868,1053,259,285]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lohmannellinae">Lohmannellinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, setal adjunction on this portion is known in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FEB8FEC6FE77FEA3" baseAuthorityName="Abe" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[267,449,295,321]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Rhombognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FEB8FEC6FE77FEA3" box="[267,449,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Rhombognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FE63FEC6FD89FEA3" box="[464,575,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FE63FEC6FD8DFEA3" authorityName="Bartsch" authorityYear="1988" box="[464,571,295,321]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Agauides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Agauides</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FDCAFEC6FCF0FEA3" authorityName="Bartsch" authorityYear="2001" box="[633,838,295,321]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Acanthohalacarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FDCAFEC6FCF0FEA3" box="[633,838,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Acanthohalacarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. On the posterior epimeral portion, about two thirds of the halacarid genera have four pairs of setae. Beyond
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FC9EFEAAFC50FE87" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1927" box="[813,998,331,357]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lohmannellinae">Lohmannellinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, some additional setae are recognized in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FF0BFE8EFEEEFE6B" authorityName="Newell" authorityYear="1947" box="[184,344,367,393]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Arhodeoporus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FF0BFE8EFEEEFE6B" box="[184,344,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Arhodeoporus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FED9FE8EFDADFE6B" box="[362,539,367,393]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Bathyhalacarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FED9FE8EFDADFE6B" box="[362,539,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Bathyhalacarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FD9DFE8EFCA7FE6B" box="[558,785,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FD9DFE8EFDCEFE6B" authorityName="Lohmann" authorityYear="1889" box="[558,632,367,393]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Agaue" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Agaue</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FD3BFE8EFCA7FE6B" authorityName="Newell" authorityYear="1971" box="[648,785,367,393]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Bradyagaue" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bradyagaue</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FCE4FE8EFBBBFE6B" baseAuthorityName="Abe" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[855,1037,367,393]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Rhombognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FCE4FE8EFBBBFE6B" box="[855,1037,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Rhombognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In contrast, some setal reduction is detectable in
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FEE2FE72FC81FE4F" box="[337,823,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FEE2FE72FE0AFE4F" authorityName="Bartsch" authorityYear="1988" box="[337,444,403,429]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Agauides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Agauides</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FE79FE72FDDAFE4F" box="[458,620,403,429]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Australacarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Australacarus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FDC8FE72FC81FE4F" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1950" box="[635,823,403,429]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Colobocerasides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Colobocerasides</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FCFAFE72FA23FE4F" box="[841,1429,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FCFAFE72FBA0FE4F" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1927" box="[841,1046,403,429]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Rhombognathides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhombognathides</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FB96FE72FB28FE4F" box="[1061,1182,403,429]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Isobactrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Isobactrus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FB1FFE72FA23FE4F" authorityName="Newell" authorityYear="1947" box="[1196,1429,403,429]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Metarhombognathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Metarhombognathus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FF24FE56FEABFE33" authorityName="Bartsch" authorityYear="1992" box="[151,285,439,465]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Phacacarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FF24FE56FEABFE33" box="[151,285,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Phacacarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FE98FE56FE5DFE33" authorityName="Angelier" authorityYear="1954" box="[299,491,439,465]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Acarochelopodia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FE98FE56FE5DFE33" box="[299,491,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Acarochelopodia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FE4AFE56FD38FE33" authorityName="Laubier" authorityYear="1960" box="[505,654,439,465]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Parhalixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FE4AFE56FD38FE33" box="[505,654,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Parhalixodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the majority of freshwater genera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C2976522FFF5FFB7FF63FE3AFE67FCF6" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFF5FFB7FF63FE3AFC18FD2F" blockId="40.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FF46FE3AFE18FE17" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1927" box="[245,430,475,501]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lohmannellinae">Lohmannellinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FE73FE3AFBA7FE17" box="[448,1041,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FE73FE3AFD30FE17" ID-CoL="6429Z" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1933" box="[448,646,475,501]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Porolohmannella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Porolohmannella</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FD2BFE3AFCF6FE17" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1889" box="[664,832,475,501]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Scaptognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scaptognathus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FCE1FE3AFBB8FE17" authorityName="Monniot" authorityYear="1972" box="[850,1038,475,501]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Scaptognathides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scaptognathides</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FBE5FE3AFAB6FE17" authorityName="Otto" authorityYear="2000" box="[1110,1280,475,501]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Xenohalacarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FBE5FE3AFAB6FE17" box="[1110,1280,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Xenohalacarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have typical chaetotaxy on the anterior epimeral portion. However, a pair of additional setae are present on the posterior margin of the anterior epimeral plate in some species of
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FD0DFDC2FCEFFDDF" box="[702,857,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FD0DFDC2FCE0FDDF" ID-CoL="5G7G" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1901" box="[702,854,547,573]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Lohmannella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lohmannella</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Judging from their position, these setae will not be homologous with the adjunctive setae observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FD67FDA6FBA0FD83" authority="(Abe 1998)" baseAuthorityName="Abe" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[724,1046,583,609]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Rhombognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FD67FDA6FC3CFD83" box="[724,906,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Rhombognathus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1C4B58FFF5FFB7FC2AFDA6FBB8FD83" author="Abe, H." box="[921,1038,583,609]" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" refId="ref41960" refString="Abe, H. (1998) Rhombognathine Mites: Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Biogeography. Hokkaido University Press, Sapporo, 219 pp." type="book" year="1998">Abé 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As for the number of setae on the posterior epimeral portion,
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FE67FD8AFCFDFD67" box="[468,843,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FE67FD8AFDCAFD67" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1889" box="[468,636,619,645]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Scaptognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scaptognathus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FD38FD8AFCF1FD67" authorityName="Monniot" authorityYear="1972" box="[651,839,619,645]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Scaptognathides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scaptognathides</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and the majority of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FBF3FD8AFB62FD67" box="[1088,1236,619,645]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Lohmannella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FBF3FD8AFB62FD67" box="[1088,1236,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Lohmannella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species typically have four pairs of setae. In contrast,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FD84FD6EFD4CFD4B" ID-CoL="6429Z" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1933" box="[567,762,655,681]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Porolohmannella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FD84FD6EFD4CFD4B" box="[567,762,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Porolohmannella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FC80FD6EFC6BFD4B" authorityName="Otto" authorityYear="2000" box="[819,989,655,681]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Xenohalacarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FC80FD6EFC6BFD4B" box="[819,989,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Xenohalacarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have three pairs of setae in which only one seta, instead of two, is placed on each coxal field of the fourth leg.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFF5FFB7FF24FD1AFE67FCF6" blockId="40.[151,1437,763,1329]" box="[151,465,763,789]" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FF24FD1AFE67FCF6" box="[151,465,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Number of perigenital setae</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C2976522FFF5FFB6FF74FCFEFBA4FD13" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="242" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFF5FFB7FF74FCFEFC0CFBBB" blockId="40.[151,1437,763,1329]" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">
|
||
Perigenital setae usually surround the genital foramen, and the number of these setae is usually different between sexes as well as among species. In males, the number of perigenital setae is highly variable at a specific level and frequently overlapping among genera. Therefore, the number of perigenital setae in males is not discussed here. In females, the number of perigenital setae is somewhat variable at a specific level, but the basic number is recognizable on the basis of their arrangement. More than half of the halacarid genera have three or four pairs of perigenital setae in females. Outside the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FDECFC32FCAEFC0F" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1927" box="[607,792,979,1005]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lohmannellinae">Lohmannellinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, five or more pairs of perigenital setae are recognized in
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FF24FC16FD89FBF3" box="[151,575,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FF24FC16FEA6FBF3" authorityName="Gosse" authorityYear="1855" box="[151,272,1015,1041]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Halacarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Halacarus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FEAEFC16FE3EFBF3" authorityName="Bartsch" authorityYear="1988" box="[285,392,1015,1041]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Agauides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Agauides</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FE26FC16FD89FBF3" authorityName="K.H.Viets" authorityYear="1939" box="[405,575,1015,1041]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Lobohalacarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lobohalacarus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FDFCFC16FD40FBF3" box="[591,758,1015,1041]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Porohalacarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FDFCFC16FD40FBF3" box="[591,758,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Porohalacarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FCB5FC16FBDEFBF3" box="[774,1128,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FCB5FC16FCE6FBF3" authorityName="Lohmann" authorityYear="1889" box="[774,848,1015,1041]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Agaue" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Agaue</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FCEEFC16FC5FFBF3" authorityName="Newell" authorityYear="1971" box="[861,1001,1015,1041]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Bradyagaue" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bradyagaue</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FC45FC16FBDEFBF3" box="[1014,1128,1015,1041]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Halixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Halixodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FBC4FC16FA9BFBF3" baseAuthorityName="Abe" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1143,1325,1015,1041]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Rhombognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FBC4FC16FA9BFBF3" box="[1143,1325,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Rhombognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FA8EFC16FF6CFBD7" authorityName="Bartsch" authorityYear="1986" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Werthelloides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FA8EFC16FF6CFBD7" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Werthelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FF58FBFAFE09FBD7" authorityName="K.H.Viets" authorityYear="1929" box="[235,447,1051,1077]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Parasoldanellonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FF58FBFAFE09FBD7" box="[235,447,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Parasoldanellonyx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FE63FBFAFD38FBD7" box="[464,654,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FE63FBFAFD3CFBD7" authorityName="Walter" authorityYear="1917" box="[464,650,1051,1077]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Limnohalacarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Limnohalacarus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FD78FBFAFC38FBD7" box="[715,910,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FD78FBFAFC3CFBD7" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1938" box="[715,906,1051,1077]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Enterohalacarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Enterohalacarus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The notable excessive number is recorded in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FF24FBDEFEE4FBBB" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1938" box="[151,338,1087,1113]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Enterohalacarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FF24FBDEFEE4FBBB" box="[151,338,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Enterohalacarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has more than 150 perigenital setae in females.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFF5FFB7FF63FB82FEC3FAD3" blockId="40.[151,1437,763,1329]" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FF43FB82FE1FFB9F" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1927" box="[240,425,1123,1149]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lohmannellinae">Lohmannellinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FE05FB82FDCFFB9F" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1933" box="[438,633,1123,1149]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Porolohmannella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FE05FB82FDCFFB9F" box="[438,633,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Porolohmannella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FD00FB82FCEEFB9F" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1889" box="[691,856,1123,1149]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Scaptognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FD00FB82FCEEFB9F" box="[691,856,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Scaptognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
basically have three pairs of perigenital setae, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FF24FB66FEF7FB43" authorityName="Otto" authorityYear="2000" box="[151,321,1159,1185]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Xenohalacarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FF24FB66FEF7FB43" box="[151,321,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Xenohalacarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has four or five pairs of perigenital setae in females. An excessive number of perigenital setae are found in
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FF49FB4AFE23FB27" box="[250,405,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FF49FB4AFE27FB27" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1901" box="[250,401,1195,1221]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Lohmannella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lohmannella</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
which has 10 to 80 perigenital setae in females. In contrast, females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FB1BFB4AFAD7FB27" authorityName="Monniot" authorityYear="1972" box="[1192,1377,1195,1221]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Scaptognathides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FB1BFB4AFAD7FB27" box="[1192,1377,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Scaptognathides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have only two pairs of perigenital setae, the smallest number in female halacarids. Considering that the reduction in the number of appendages is a main trend in the evolution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FCA7FB12FCE3FAEF" baseAuthorityName="Lindquist" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[788,853,1267,1293]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acari" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Acari</taxonomicName>
|
||
, setal reduction on the genital area can be postulated in
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FF07FAF6FEC3FAD3" box="[180,373,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FF07FAF6FEC7FAD3" authorityName="Monniot" authorityYear="1972" box="[180,369,1303,1329]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Scaptognathides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scaptognathides</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFF5FFB7FF24FABEFE7DFA9A" blockId="40.[151,1437,1375,1941]" box="[151,459,1375,1401]" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FF24FABEFE7DFA9A" box="[151,459,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Number of subgenital setae</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFF5FFB7FF74FA62FB2BF997" blockId="40.[151,1437,1375,1941]" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">
|
||
The subgenital setae in females are completely lacking in one third of halacarid genera, and one or two pairs of subgenital setae are present in females of about one third of halacarid genera. Outside the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FA85FA46FF44FA07" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1927" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lohmannellinae">Lohmannellinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, three or more pairs of subgenital setae are sometimes observed in females of marine genera
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FA92FA2AFD21F9EB" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FA92FA2AFA2EFA07" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1927" box="[1313,1432,1483,1509]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Agauopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Agauopsis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FF24FA0EFEFDF9EB" box="[151,331,1519,1545]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Bathyhalacarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bathyhalacarus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FEE4FA0EFDB8F9EB" authorityName="Packard" authorityYear="1871" box="[343,526,1519,1545]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Thalassarachna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Thalassarachna</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FDA9FA0EFD25F9EB" authorityName="Gosse" authorityYear="1855" box="[538,659,1519,1545]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Halacarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Halacarus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FD7CFA0EFCF1F9EB" box="[719,839,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FD7CFA0EFCF5F9EB" authorityName="Bartsch" authorityYear="1986" box="[719,835,1519,1545]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Pelacarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pelacarus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and freshwater genera
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FBFCFA0EFF6DF9CF" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FBFCFA0EFB47F9EB" authorityName="Walter" authorityYear="1917" box="[1103,1265,1519,1545]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Soldanellonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Soldanellonyx</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FB4FFA0EFF60F9CF" authorityName="K.H.Viets" authorityYear="1929" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Parasoldanellonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parasoldanellonyx</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FEA3F9F2FE7EF9CF" authorityName="Walter" authorityYear="1917" box="[272,456,1555,1581]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Limnohalacarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FEA3F9F2FE7EF9CF" box="[272,456,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Limnohalacarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Concerning the subgenital setae in males, the majority of halacarids have three or more pairs, and one third of genera have more than five pairs. Outside of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FC29F9D6FBE5F9B3" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1927" box="[922,1107,1591,1617]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lohmannellinae">Lohmannellinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, only two pairs of subgenital setae are exceptionally present in males of some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FC82F9BAFC59F997" box="[817,1007,1627,1653]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Camactognathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FC82F9BAFC59F997" box="[817,1007,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Camactognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FB97F9BAFB20F997" box="[1060,1174,1627,1653]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Actacarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FB97F9BAFB20F997" box="[1060,1174,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Actacarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFF5FFB7FF63F99EFBBDF877" blockId="40.[151,1437,1375,1941]" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FF5DF99EFE11F97B" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1927" box="[238,423,1663,1689]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lohmannellinae">Lohmannellinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FE02F99EFDF3F97B" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1901" box="[433,581,1663,1689]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Lohmannella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FE02F99EFDF3F97B" box="[433,581,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Lohmannella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has two to five pairs of subgenital setae in females.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FB3AF99EFA98F97B" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1889" box="[1161,1326,1663,1689]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Scaptognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FB3AF99EFA98F97B" box="[1161,1326,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Scaptognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
generally has two pairs and exceptionally no or three pairs of subgenital setae in females.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FBA7F942FB7BF95F" authorityName="Monniot" authorityYear="1972" box="[1044,1229,1699,1725]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Scaptognathides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FBA7F942FB7BF95F" box="[1044,1229,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Scaptognathides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has no or one pair of subgenital setae in females. The subgenital setae are absent in females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FC41F926FB03F903" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1933" box="[1010,1205,1735,1761]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Porolohmannella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FC41F926FB03F903" box="[1010,1205,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Porolohmannella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FB5FF926FA20F903" authorityName="Otto" authorityYear="2000" box="[1260,1430,1735,1761]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Xenohalacarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FB5FF926FA20F903" box="[1260,1430,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Xenohalacarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As for the males,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FEEFF90AFDB0F8E7" authorityName="Otto" authorityYear="2000" box="[348,518,1771,1797]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Xenohalacarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FEEFF90AFDB0F8E7" box="[348,518,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Xenohalacarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has five pairs of subgenital setae. Two to four pairs of subgenital setae are present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FF0BF8EEFEFAF8CB" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1901" box="[184,332,1807,1833]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Lohmannella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FF0BF8EEFEFAF8CB" box="[184,332,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Lohmannella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and three pairs of subgenital setae are usually present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FC49F8EEFB29F8CB" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1889" box="[1018,1183,1807,1833]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Scaptognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FC49F8EEFB29F8CB" box="[1018,1183,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Scaptognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FB6FF8EEFA23F8CB" authorityName="Monniot" authorityYear="1972" box="[1244,1429,1807,1833]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Scaptognathides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FB6FF8EEFA23F8CB" box="[1244,1429,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Scaptognathides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A few species in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FEEDF8D2FDB5F8AF" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1889" box="[350,515,1843,1869]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Scaptognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FEEDF8D2FDB5F8AF" box="[350,515,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Scaptognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have only two pairs of subgenital setae, and one species in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FB06F8D2FAD8F8AF" authorityName="Monniot" authorityYear="1972" box="[1205,1390,1843,1869]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Scaptognathides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FB06F8D2FAD8F8AF" box="[1205,1390,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Scaptognathides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has no subgenital setae in males. Considering the number of subgenital setae in males and females, it can be said that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF5FFB7FF24F89AFE9DF877" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1901" box="[151,299,1915,1941]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Lohmannella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF5FFB7FF24F89AFE9DF877" box="[151,299,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="241">Lohmannella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
retains a relatively high number of subgenital setae in halacarids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFF4FFB6FF24FF76FD89FF53" blockId="41.[151,1437,151,753]" box="[151,575,151,177]" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF4FFB6FF24FF76FD89FF53" box="[151,575,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">Position of genital and anal foramens</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFF4FFB6FF74FF5AFE5EFD67" blockId="41.[151,1437,151,753]" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">
|
||
Ancestrally, the genital opening is at the posterior border of the eighth segment of the chelicerate opisthosoma, and the anal opening is more or less terminally placed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1C4B58FFF4FFB6FCBEFF3EFBAFFF1B" author="Van der Hammen, L." box="[781,1049,223,249]" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" refId="ref53081" refString="Van der Hammen, L. (1989) An Introduction to Comparative Arachnology. SPB Academic Publishing bv, Hague, 576 pp." type="book" year="1989">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4849F84BFFF4FFB6FCBEFF3EFC8DFF1B" box="[781,827,223,249]" country="Turkey" name="Van" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">Van</collectingRegion>
|
||
der Hammen 1989
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The more ventral position of the anal opening is considered a secondary transformation in which a terminal telescoping of opisthosomal tergites carries this opening from a terminal to a ventral position (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1C4B58FFF4FFB6FD5CFEC6FC36FEA3" author="Krantz, G. W." box="[751,896,295,321]" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" pagination="5 - 53" refId="ref47758" refString="Krantz, G. W. (2009) Form and function (Chapter three). In: Krantz, G. W. & Walter, D. E. (Eds.) A Manual of Acarology (third edition). Texas Tech University Press, Texas, pp. 5 - 53." type="book chapter" year="2009">Krantz 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The reduction in the number of segments of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FF24FEAAFF48FE87" authorityName="Ausserer" authorityYear="1871" box="[151,254,331,357]" class="Arachnida" family="Idiopidae" genus="Idiosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="41" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">idiosoma</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a main trend in the evolution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FD35FEAAFC3CFE87" authority="(Sitnikova 1978)" baseAuthorityName="Sitnikova" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[646,906,331,357]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acari" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">
|
||
Acari (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1C4B58FFF4FFB6FD60FEAAFC34FE87" author="Sitnikova, L. G." box="[723,898,331,357]" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" pagination="431 - 457" refId="ref51333" refString="Sitnikova, L. G. (1978) The main evolutionary trends of the Acari and the problem of their monophyletism. Entomologischeskoe Obozrenie, 57, 431 - 457. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1978">Sitnikova 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and a ventrally placed genital region is widely shared among mite taxa and considered a primitive condition. In notostigmatid mites, the large anal opening is terminally situated and this condition is regarded as a retention of the primitive feature (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1C4B58FFF4FFB6FBF7FE72FB7AFE4F" author="Evans, G. O." box="[1092,1228,403,429]" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" refId="ref46241" refString="Evans, G. O. (1992) Principles of Acarology. C. A. B. International, Wallingford, 563 pp." type="book" year="1992">Evans 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In halacarids, the position of genital foramen is almost stable within a genus. All male and the majority of female halacarids have a genital foramen on the ventral surface of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FDD6FE3AFD79FE17" authorityName="Ausserer" authorityYear="1871" box="[613,719,475,501]" class="Arachnida" family="Idiopidae" genus="Idiosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="41" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">idiosoma</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, a few exceptions are found in some females. A terminally placed genital foramen is known in females in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FD5BFE1EFCECFDFB" box="[744,858,511,537]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Actacarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF4FFB6FD5BFE1EFCECFDFB" box="[744,858,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">Actacarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FC22FE1EFBEDFDFB" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1927" box="[913,1115,511,537]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Rhombognathides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF4FFB6FC22FE1EFBEDFDFB" box="[913,1115,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">Rhombognathides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. On the other hand, the anal foramen is located on the terminal end of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FD12FDC2FCBEFDDF" authorityName="Ausserer" authorityYear="1871" box="[673,776,547,573]" class="Arachnida" family="Idiopidae" genus="Idiosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="41" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">idiosoma</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the majority of halacarids. Outside of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FB6CFDC2FA2EFDDF" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1927" box="[1247,1432,547,573]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lohmannellinae">Lohmannellinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the ventrally situated anal foramen is found in some species in
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF4FFB6FCE0FDA6FBFFFD83" box="[851,1097,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FCE0FDA6FC7AFD83" box="[851,972,583,609]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Isobactrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Isobactrus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FC64FDA6FBFFFD83" authorityName="Bartsch" authorityYear="1986" box="[983,1097,583,609]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Pelacarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pelacarus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FBE5FDA6FB74FD83" authorityName="Lohmann" authorityYear="1907" box="[1110,1218,583,609]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Werthella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF4FFB6FBE5FDA6FB74FD83" box="[1110,1218,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">Werthella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF4FFB6FB7CFDA6FF59FD66" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FB7CFDA6FF5DFD66" authority=", Halacaropsis" authorityName="Halacaropsis" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Halixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Halixodes, Halacaropsis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FE95FD8AFE57FD67" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1938" box="[294,481,619,645]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Enterohalacarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF4FFB6FE95FD8AFE57FD67" box="[294,481,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">Enterohalacarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFF4FFB6FF63FD6EFBA4FD13" blockId="41.[151,1437,151,753]" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FF5CFD6EFE1EFD4B" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1927" box="[239,424,655,681]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lohmannellinae">Lohmannellinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, all five genera have a ventrally placed genital foramen, which is regarded as a basic state in halacarids. In contrast, a rather ventrally situated anal foramen is observed in
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF4FFB6FBA2FD52FB6AFD2F" box="[1041,1244,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FBA2FD52FB6EFD2F" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1933" box="[1041,1240,691,717]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Porolohmannella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Porolohmannella</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
This condition is an exceptional state in halacarids and is considered a secondary transformation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |