313 lines
38 KiB
XML
313 lines
38 KiB
XML
<document id="20113578BD78097DB709123D055B6D4E" ID-CLB-Dataset="6015" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4980.2.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f94c88c7-ef33-4171-a0d2-23832db1e2ba" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4888860" ID-ZooBank="344CA83A-6C54-4425-8A1F-1BA540611214" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1622531830003" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Abé, Hiroshi" docDate="2021" docId="022487BFFFF4FFB5FF24FCA3FB05FC2B" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4980.2.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4980 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Gnathosoma Krefft 1871" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="243" masterDocId="FE1DFFC7FFDDFF9FFFB3FFE1FFB6FFE2" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic review of the subfamily Lohmannellinae (Acari: Trombidiformes Halacaridae) with morphological comparisons among genera" masterLastPageNumber="255" masterPageNumber="201" pageNumber="242" updateTime="1698995727304" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="374E3020465D3244E36D531FB5D936A2">
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<mods:title id="CF0096B931471C88EF4DA564277BDAE5">Taxonomic review of the subfamily Lohmannellinae (Acari: Trombidiformes Halacaridae) with morphological comparisons among genera</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="7D520FAAE1166F59B6DB076762E8E067" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="FC6403FFBBB8AFB6578CC1D73A1148D0">Abé, Hiroshi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="21CCAD650FBAF3271CDC39B73C98394E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="1BB0A3FA18D2A570E4E44F1244D28594">
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<mods:date id="554FFCF0C5280CC64450631B42A8F3FE">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="676A1B1CCC8AE5DF9503B8B23D4D324E">2021-06-01</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="864FEED7AF83A074B8F404C1A5CC7AE9">4980</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="B88D18261774151BE2C93ADABB89342D" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4980.2.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="022487BFFFF4FFB5FF24FCA3FB05FC2B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4985232" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182958071" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4985232" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:022487BFFFF4FFB5FF24FCA3FB05FC2B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/022487BFFFF4FFB5FF24FCA3FB05FC2B" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="243" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">
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<subSubSection id="C2976522FFF4FFB6FF24FCA3FEE7FC46" box="[151,337,834,933]" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFF4FFB6FF24FCA3FE81FCBE" blockId="41.[151,311,834,860]" box="[151,311,834,860]" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">
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<heading id="D17A81C5FFF4FFB6FF24FCA3FE81FCBE" bold="true" box="[151,311,834,860]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FF24FCA3FE81FCBE" authorityName="Krefft" authorityYear="1871" box="[151,311,834,860]" class="Chromadorea" family="Gnathostomatidae" genus="Gnathosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="41" pageNumber="203" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF4FFB6FF24FCA3FE81FCBE" bold="true" box="[151,311,834,860]" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">Gnathosoma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFF4FFB6FF24FC6AFEE7FC46" blockId="41.[151,1437,907,1329]" box="[151,337,907,933]" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">
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<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF4FFB6FF24FC6AFEE7FC46" box="[151,337,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">Form of rostrum</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C2976522FFF4FFB5FF74FC4EFB05FC2B" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="243" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFF4FFB6FF74FC4EFD90FBD7" blockId="41.[151,1437,907,1329]" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">
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The outline of the rostrum is stable at the generic level, and that is nearly triangular or parallel-sided in the majority of halacarids. In addition to the typical rostrum, some peculiar forms are also found in a few genera. Outside of
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<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FF06FC16FED8FBF3" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1927" box="[181,366,1015,1041]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lohmannellinae">Lohmannellinae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FECAFC16FDAEFBF3" box="[377,536,1015,1041]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Australacarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF4FFB6FECAFC16FDAEFBF3" box="[377,536,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">Australacarus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FDFEFC16FCBFFBF3" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1950" box="[589,777,1015,1041]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Colobocerasides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF4FFB6FDFEFC16FCBFFBF3" box="[589,777,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">Colobocerasides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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have a styliform rostrum, and
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<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FBD3FC16FB64FBF3" box="[1120,1234,1015,1041]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Halixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF4FFB6FBD3FC16FB64FBF3" box="[1120,1234,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">Halixodes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FAB4FC16FA2AFBF3" authorityName="Laubier" authorityYear="1960" box="[1287,1436,1015,1041]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Parhalixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF4FFB6FAB4FC16FA2AFBF3" box="[1287,1436,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">Parhalixodes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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have a rostrum with terminal barbs.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFF4FFB6FF63FBDEFBDAFAD3" blockId="41.[151,1437,907,1329]" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">
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In
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<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FF41FBDEFE1DFBBB" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1927" box="[242,427,1087,1113]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lohmannellinae">Lohmannellinae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF4FFB6FE09FBDEFC43FBBB" box="[442,1013,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">
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<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FE09FBDEFDE7FBBB" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1901" box="[442,593,1087,1113]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Lohmannella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lohmannella</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FDD3FBDEFC90FBBB" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1933" box="[608,806,1087,1113]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Porolohmannella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Porolohmannella</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FC86FBDEFC47FBBB" authorityName="Monniot" authorityYear="1972" box="[821,1009,1087,1113]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Scaptognathides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scaptognathides</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FB80FBDEFB6BFBBB" authorityName="Otto" authorityYear="2000" box="[1075,1245,1087,1113]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Xenohalacarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF4FFB6FB80FBDEFB6BFBBB" box="[1075,1245,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">Xenohalacarus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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have a parallelsided elongate rostrum.
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<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FE03FB82FDE3FB9F" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1889" box="[432,597,1123,1149]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Scaptognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF4FFB6FE03FB82FDE3FB9F" box="[432,597,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">Scaptognathus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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exclusively has a spatulate rostrum, which is a unique characteristic in halacarids and is considered a derived state. The form of the rostrum seems to relate its length relative to the gnathosomal base. In most halacarid genera, the rostrum is approximately the same length as the gnathosomal base or shorter than the base. In such a case, nearly triangular rostrum can be often seen. On the other hand, when the rostrum is much longer than the gnathosomal base, parallel-sided rostrum may be prone to occur, as can be found typically in
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<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF4FFB6FEAEFAF6FC8CFAD3" box="[285,826,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">
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<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FEAEFAF6FE02FAD3" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1901" box="[285,436,1303,1329]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Lohmannella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lohmannella</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FE0CFAF6FD33FAD3" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1933" box="[447,645,1303,1329]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Porolohmannella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Porolohmannella</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FD23FAF6FC8CFAD3" authorityName="Otto" authorityYear="2000" box="[656,826,1303,1329]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Xenohalacarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xenohalacarus</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FCC4FAF6FBD3FAD3" authorityName="Sokolov & Jankovskaja" authorityYear="1970" box="[887,1125,1303,1329]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Pseudosoldanellonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF4FFB6FCC4FAF6FBD3FAD3" box="[887,1125,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">Pseudosoldanellonyx</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFF4FFB6FF24FABEFD82FA9A" blockId="41.[151,1437,1375,1797]" box="[151,564,1375,1401]" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">
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<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF4FFB6FF24FABEFD82FA9A" box="[151,564,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">Number and position of rostral setae</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFF4FFB6FF74FA62FD09F97B" blockId="41.[151,1437,1375,1797]" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">
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Some setae are always found on the rostrum and/or gnathosomal base. Although, as exceptions, more than five pairs of setae exist on the
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<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FE76FA46FDFAFA23" authorityName="Krefft" authorityYear="1871" box="[453,588,1447,1473]" class="Chromadorea" family="Gnathostomatidae" genus="Gnathosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="41" pageNumber="203" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">gnathosoma</taxonomicName>
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in some species of
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<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FC82FA46FC6AFA23" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1888" box="[817,988,1447,1473]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Copidognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF4FFB6FC82FA46FC6AFA23" box="[817,988,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">Copidognathus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FBA4FA46FB7DFA23" authorityName="Packard" authorityYear="1871" box="[1047,1227,1447,1473]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Thalassarachna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF4FFB6FBA4FA46FB7DFA23" box="[1047,1227,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">Thalassarachna</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, halacarids generally have a maximum of four pairs of rostral setae, two of which are placed on the terminal tip of the rostrum, and the others on the proximal part of the rostrum or gnathosomal base. Generally, at least one pair of rostral setae is placed on the gnathosomal base, except for some genera that have all rostral setae only on the rostrum. Outside of
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<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FF0BF9D6FEC7F9B3" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1927" box="[184,369,1591,1617]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lohmannellinae">Lohmannellinae</taxonomicName>
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, such a case is found in
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<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF4FFB6FD3DF9D6FC97F997" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">
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<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FD3DF9D6FB95F9B3" authority=", Arenihalacarus" authorityName="Arenihalacarus" box="[654,1059,1591,1617]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Anomalohalacarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anomalohalacarus, Arenihalacarus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FB83F9D6FA2EF9B3" authority=", Halacaroides" authorityName="Halacaroides" box="[1072,1432,1591,1617]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Camactognathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Camactognathus, Halacaroides</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FF24F9BAFEA6F997" authorityName="Gosse" authorityYear="1855" box="[151,272,1627,1653]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Halacarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Halacarus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FEA8F9BAFE0EF997" authorityName="Newell" authorityYear="1984" box="[283,440,1627,1653]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Mictognathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mictognathus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FE71F9BAFDE0F997" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1927" box="[450,598,1627,1653]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Halacarellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Halacarellus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FDD2F9BAFC97F997" authorityName="Angelier" authorityYear="1954" box="[609,801,1627,1653]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Acarochelopodia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acarochelopodia</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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,
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|
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FC9DF9BAFC16F997" box="[814,928,1627,1653]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Actacarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF4FFB6FC9DF9BAFC16F997" box="[814,928,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">Actacarus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF4FFB6FC1EF9BAFA8DF997" box="[941,1339,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FC1EF9BAFBD0F997" baseAuthorityName="Abe" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[941,1126,1627,1653]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Rhombognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhombognathus</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FBC2F9BAFA8DF997" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1927" box="[1137,1339,1627,1653]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Rhombognathides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhombognathides</taxonomicName>
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF4FFB6FAFBF9BAFE0CF97B" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FAFBF9BAFF73F97A" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Isobactrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Isobactrus</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FF62F99EFE0CF97B" authorityName="Newell" authorityYear="1947" box="[209,442,1663,1689]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Metarhombognathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Metarhombognathus</taxonomicName>
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FE44F99EFD0EF97B" authorityName="Otto" authorityYear="1999" box="[503,696,1663,1689]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Corallihalacarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF4FFB6FE44F99EFD0EF97B" box="[503,696,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">Corallihalacarus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFF4FFB6FF63F942FEF2F8E7" blockId="41.[151,1437,1375,1797]" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">
|
|
In
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FF59F942FE15F95F" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1927" box="[234,419,1699,1725]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lohmannellinae">Lohmannellinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
,a pair of rostral setae is placed on the gnathosomal base in
|
|
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF4FFB6FBBCF942FA2AF95F" box="[1039,1436,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FBBCF942FB63F95F" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1933" box="[1039,1237,1699,1725]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Porolohmannella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Porolohmannella</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FB6FF942FA2EF95F" authorityName="Monniot" authorityYear="1972" box="[1244,1432,1699,1725]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Scaptognathides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scaptognathides</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
and
|
|
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF4FFB6FF7DF926FE36F903" box="[206,384,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FF7DF926FECDF903" authorityName="Otto" authorityYear="2000" box="[206,379,1735,1761]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Xenohalacarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xenohalacarus</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
Alternatively, rostral setae are absent from the gnathosomal base in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FB62F926FAD3F903" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1901" box="[1233,1381,1735,1761]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Lohmannella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF4FFB6FB62F926FAD3F903" box="[1233,1381,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">Lohmannella</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF4FFB6FF24F90AFEF2F8E7" box="[151,324,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FF24F90AFEF6F8E7" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1889" box="[151,320,1771,1797]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Scaptognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scaptognathus</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFF4FFB6FF24F8D2FE7DF8AE" blockId="41.[151,1437,1843,2013]" box="[151,459,1843,1869]" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">
|
|
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF4FFB6FF24F8D2FE7DF8AE" box="[151,459,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">Number of palpal segments</emphasis>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFF4FFB5FF74F8B6FDC2FEA3" blockId="41.[151,1437,1843,2013]" lastBlockId="42.[151,1437,151,465]" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="243" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">
|
|
The original function and construction of the palpi resemble the walking legs and the articulations probably correspond to joints of the leg segments (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EE1C4B58FFF4FFB6FDF7F89AFCF8F877" author="Van der Hammen, L." box="[580,846,1915,1941]" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" refId="ref53081" refString="Van der Hammen, L. (1989) An Introduction to Comparative Arachnology. SPB Academic Publishing bv, Hague, 576 pp." type="book" year="1989">
|
|
<collectingRegion id="4849F84BFFF4FFB6FDF7F89AFDC4F877" box="[580,626,1915,1941]" country="Turkey" name="Van" pageId="41" pageNumber="242">Van</collectingRegion>
|
|
der Hammen 1989
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Typically, the palpi are simple sensory appendages equipped with a variety of setae that assist in locating food, and a modification of the palpal structure is sometimes observed in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF4FFB6FE93F822FDBEF83F" authority="(Krantz 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Krantz" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[288,520,1987,2013]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acari" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">
|
|
Acari (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EE1C4B58FFF4FFB6FEDEF822FDB6F83F" author="Krantz, G. W." box="[365,512,1987,2013]" pageId="41" pageNumber="242" pagination="5 - 53" refId="ref47758" refString="Krantz, G. W. (2009) Form and function (Chapter three). In: Krantz, G. W. & Walter, D. E. (Eds.) A Manual of Acarology (third edition). Texas Tech University Press, Texas, pp. 5 - 53." type="book chapter" year="2009">Krantz 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. The ancestral number of actinotrichid palpal segments is five, but the number of palpal segments is reduced in many actinotrichid species (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EE1C4B58FFF7FFB5FC9CFF76FB8BFF53" author="Van der Hammen, L." box="[815,1085,151,177]" pageId="42" pageNumber="243" refId="ref53081" refString="Van der Hammen, L. (1989) An Introduction to Comparative Arachnology. SPB Academic Publishing bv, Hague, 576 pp." type="book" year="1989">
|
|
<collectingRegion id="4849F84BFFF7FFB5FC9CFF76FCEBFF53" box="[815,861,151,177]" country="Turkey" name="Van" pageId="42" pageNumber="243">Van</collectingRegion>
|
|
der Hammen 1989
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). A great number of halacarids have four free segmented palpi, and the number of segments is unchanged within a genus. Outside of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF7FFB5FAA0FF5AFF66FF1B" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1927" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="42" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lohmannellinae">Lohmannellinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
, the diminution of one or two palpal segments is found in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF7FFB5FCECFF3EFBCFFF1B" authority=", Coloboceras" authorityName="Coloboceras" box="[863,1145,223,249]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Atelopsalis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="42" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF7FFB5FCECFF3EFBCFFF1B" box="[863,1145,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="243">Atelopsalis, Coloboceras</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF7FFB5FB34FF3EFAF5FF1B" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1950" box="[1159,1347,223,249]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Colobocerasides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="42" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF7FFB5FB34FF3EFAF5FF1B" box="[1159,1347,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="243">Colobocerasides</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF7FFB5FAE1FF3EFE96FEFF" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1927" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Rhombognathides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="42" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF7FFB5FAE1FF3EFE96FEFF" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="243">Rhombognathides</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF7FFB5FE9DFEE2FDA1FEFF" authorityName="Newell" authorityYear="1947" box="[302,535,259,285]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Metarhombognathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="42" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF7FFB5FE9DFEE2FDA1FEFF" box="[302,535,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="243">Metarhombognathus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF7FFB5FD97FEE2FD03FEFF" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1889" box="[548,693,259,285]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Simognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="42" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF7FFB5FD97FEE2FD03FEFF" box="[548,693,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="243">Simognathus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF7FFB5FD70FEE2FCE7FEFF" authorityName="Trouessart & Neumann" authorityYear="1893" box="[707,849,259,285]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Acaromantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="42" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF7FFB5FD70FEE2FCE7FEFF" box="[707,849,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="243">Acaromantis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF7FFB5FC3DFEE2FBFFFEFF" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1938" box="[910,1097,259,285]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Enterohalacarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="42" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF7FFB5FC3DFEE2FBFFFEFF" box="[910,1097,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="243">Enterohalacarus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. As an extreme case, the palpi are completely absent in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF7FFB5FE1CFEC6FDDBFEA3" authorityName="Otto" authorityYear="2000" box="[431,621,295,321]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Spongihalacarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="42" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF7FFB5FE1CFEC6FDDBFEA3" box="[431,621,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="243">Spongihalacarus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFF7FFB5FF63FEAAFCDBFE33" blockId="42.[151,1437,151,465]" pageId="42" pageNumber="243">
|
|
In
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF7FFB5FF41FEAAFE1DFE87" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1927" box="[242,427,331,357]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="42" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lohmannellinae">Lohmannellinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF7FFB5FE09FEAAFDC5FE87" authorityName="Monniot" authorityYear="1972" box="[442,627,331,357]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Scaptognathides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="42" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF7FFB5FE09FEAAFDC5FE87" box="[442,627,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="243">Scaptognathides</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF7FFB5FD02FEAAFCE0FE87" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1889" box="[689,854,331,357]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Scaptognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="42" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF7FFB5FD02FEAAFCE0FE87" box="[689,854,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="243">Scaptognathus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
have only two palpal segments as the result of a fusion of P-2, P-3, and P-4, and the trace of a boundary between P-2 and P-3 can be recognized on rare occasions. A similar reduction is recognized in
|
|
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF7FFB5FDA5FE72FD1AFE4F" box="[534,684,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="243">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF7FFB5FDA5FE72FD1EFE4F" authorityName="Trouessart & Neumann" authorityYear="1893" box="[534,680,403,429]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Acaromantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="42" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acaromantis</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
As noted by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EE1C4B58FFF7FFB5FC8CFE72FBEEFE4F" author="Van der Hammen, L." box="[831,1112,403,429]" pageId="42" pageNumber="243" refId="ref53081" refString="Van der Hammen, L. (1989) An Introduction to Comparative Arachnology. SPB Academic Publishing bv, Hague, 576 pp." type="book" year="1989">
|
|
<collectingRegion id="4849F84BFFF7FFB5FC8CFE72FCDDFE4F" box="[831,875,403,429]" country="Turkey" name="Van" pageId="42" pageNumber="243">Van</collectingRegion>
|
|
der Hammen (1989)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, the reduction of the number of palpal segments is considered an advanced state in halacarids.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFF7FFB5FF24FE1EFED7FDFB" blockId="42.[151,1437,511,969]" box="[151,353,511,537]" pageId="42" pageNumber="243">
|
|
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF7FFB5FF24FE1EFED7FDFB" box="[151,353,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="243">Form of chelicera</emphasis>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFF7FFB5FF74FDC2FDEDFCBF" blockId="42.[151,1437,511,969]" pageId="42" pageNumber="243">
|
|
Although ancestrally, the actinotrichid chelicera is composed of three segments (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EE1C4B58FFF7FFB5FBEAFDC2FAD3FDDF" author="Van der Hammen, L." box="[1113,1381,547,573]" pageId="42" pageNumber="243" refId="ref53081" refString="Van der Hammen, L. (1989) An Introduction to Comparative Arachnology. SPB Academic Publishing bv, Hague, 576 pp." type="book" year="1989">
|
|
<collectingRegion id="4849F84BFFF7FFB5FBEAFDC2FB31FDDF" box="[1113,1159,547,573]" country="Turkey" name="Van" pageId="42" pageNumber="243">Van</collectingRegion>
|
|
der Hammen 1989
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), the chelicera of Actinotrichida has a bipartite structure in consequence of the lack of a distinct basal article due to a reduction (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EE1C4B58FFF7FFB5FEA2FD8AFE2AFD67" author="Evans, G. O." box="[273,412,619,645]" pageId="42" pageNumber="243" refId="ref46241" refString="Evans, G. O. (1992) Principles of Acarology. C. A. B. International, Wallingford, 563 pp." type="book" year="1992">Evans 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). The chelicera is considerably divergent in form, and its modifications can be seen in the reduction of the fixed digit and the development of the movable digit into a sickle-, hook-, or stylet-like structure (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EE1C4B58FFF7FFB5FF2DFD52FEF7FD2F" author="Cunliffe, F." box="[158,321,690,717]" pageId="42" pageNumber="243" refId="ref45860" refString="Cunliffe, F. (1954) Family and superfamily relationships in the trombidiform mites. Doctoral thesis, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 216 pp." type="book" year="1954">Cunliffe 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EE1C4B58FFF7FFB5FEFEFD52FE59FD2F" author="Woolley, T. A." box="[333,495,691,717]" pageId="42" pageNumber="243" pagination="263 - 284" refId="ref54543" refString="Woolley, T. A. (1961) A review of the phylogeny of mites. Annual Review of Entomology, 6, 263 - 284." type="journal article" year="1961">Woolley 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EE1C4B58FFF7FFB5FE4FFD52FD33FD2F" author="Evans, G. O." box="[508,645,691,717]" pageId="42" pageNumber="243" refId="ref46241" refString="Evans, G. O. (1992) Principles of Acarology. C. A. B. International, Wallingford, 563 pp." type="book" year="1992">Evans 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). In halacarids, the chelicera generally consists of the base, stem, and two digits, of which the fixed digit is reduced to a membranous structure and the movable digit is furnished with some minute denticles on its dorsal edge. The form of the chelicera is also related to the form and length of the rostrum, and the majority of halacarids have a nearly sickle- or hook-like chelicera; however, some conspicuous modifications are found in some genera.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8A3236A9FFF7FFB5FF63FC86FB05FC2B" blockId="42.[151,1437,511,969]" pageId="42" pageNumber="243">
|
|
In
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF7FFB5FF42FC86FE1CFC63" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1927" box="[241,426,871,897]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="42" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lohmannellinae">Lohmannellinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
, the elongate sickle- or hook-like chelicera is found in
|
|
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF7FFB5FB9DFC86FA23FC63" box="[1070,1429,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="243">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF7FFB5FB9DFC86FB73FC63" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1901" box="[1070,1221,871,897]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Lohmannella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="42" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lohmannella</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF7FFB5FB61FC86FA23FC63" authorityName="Viets" authorityYear="1933" box="[1234,1429,871,897]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Porolohmannella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="42" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Porolohmannella</taxonomicName>
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF7FFB5FF24FC6AFEE1FC47" box="[151,343,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="243">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF7FFB5FF24FC6AFEE5FC47" authorityName="Monniot" authorityYear="1972" box="[151,339,907,933]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Scaptognathides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="42" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scaptognathides</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF7FFB5FE21FC6AFD8AFC47" authorityName="Otto" authorityYear="2000" box="[402,572,907,933]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Xenohalacarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="42" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF7FFB5FE21FC6AFD8AFC47" box="[402,572,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="243">Xenohalacarus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. On the other hand, a long, styliform chelicera is typical in
|
|
<emphasis id="B8F9EABBFFF7FFB5FB43FC6AFA2BFC47" box="[1264,1437,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="243">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D8D4D2AFFF7FFB5FB43FC6AFA2FFC47" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1889" box="[1264,1433,907,933]" class="Arachnida" family="Halacaridae" genus="Scaptognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="42" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scaptognathus</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
This unique cheliceral form will be modified from the common sickle- or hook-like chelicera.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |