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<document id="33BBF82594369E5CC2DD5A93284FE6E6" ID-CLB-Dataset="21272" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106" ID-GBIF-Dataset="05d1bac2-fe53-42ba-a04d-bc4828adaf4e" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3990100" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1597771971732" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Liseki, Steven D. &amp; Vane-Wright, Richard I." docDate="2015" docId="03E687FCFFB6FF95495BFC48FD27F90E" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.50.13-14.865-904.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 50" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106" docStyle="DocumentStyle:3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62.3:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Charaxes (Charaxes) brutus subsp. alcyone Stoneham 1943" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="887" masterDocId="FFDFFF84FFA0FF834804FFE3FFBEFFB1" masterDocTitle="Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae" masterLastPageNumber="904" masterPageNumber="865" pageNumber="887" updateTime="1698844713879" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="DEEF622CE4C5AB77BC20DCC3CA7D63AE">Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7FED398789240D806DDF6EDB5174B497">Liseki, Steven D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="268A21FFDC4AF30767B870D0C6970ABB">Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania; &amp; Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="87780E1BD247F196630D37D6761AEDDA">Vane-Wright, Richard I.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="ECF1B955B4FC9F528EB6D4750B0867F5">Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK; &amp; Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK; &amp; School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<heading id="D0B88186FFB6FF95495BFC48FC7AFC75" box="[351,964,939,964]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="22" pageNumber="887" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69FFB6FF95495BFC48FC7AFC75" ID-CoL="5GDMN" authority="Stoneham, 1943" authorityName="Stoneham" authorityYear="1943" box="[351,964,939,964]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Charaxes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="887" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="brutus" subGenus="Charaxes" subSpecies="alcyone">
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFB6FF95495BFC48FE79FC75" box="[351,455,939,964]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="887">Charaxes</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFB6FF9549DCFC48FDFEFC75" box="[472,576,939,964]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="887">Charaxes</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFB6FF954A55FC48FD44FC75" box="[593,762,939,964]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="887">brutus alcyone</emphasis>
Stoneham, 1943
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF036EAFFB6FF9548A4FC03FD29FC49" blockId="22.[160,1156,992,1155]" box="[160,663,992,1016]" pageId="22" pageNumber="887">
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFB6FF9548A4FC03FEC9FC49" author="Henning SF" box="[160,375,992,1016]" pageId="22" pageNumber="887" refId="ref22224" refString="Henning SF. 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Johannesburg: Aloe." type="book" year="1989">Henning 1989: 103</bibRefCitation>
(2 figs). SI: Figure 21a
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFB6FF954A71FC03FD3CFC49" box="[629,642,992,1016]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="887"></emphasis>
d.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF036EAFFB6FF9548A4FBE0FED4FB32" blockId="22.[160,1156,992,1155]" pageId="22" pageNumber="887">
Forewing length: male
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40
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFB6FF9549CBFBE1FE62FBAB" box="[463,476,1026,1050]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="887"></emphasis>
49.5 mm
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[mean (
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFB6FF954AA8FBE0FD04FBAA" box="[684,698,1027,1051]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="887">n</emphasis>
= 11)
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, SD = 2.256]; female
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44
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51 mm
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[mean (
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFB6FF954999FBC6FE15FB8C" box="[413,427,1061,1085]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="887">n</emphasis>
= 7)
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, SD = 1.874].
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFB6FF954B02FBC6FC5BFB8C" author="van Someren VGL" box="[774,997,1061,1085]" pageId="22" pageNumber="887" refId="ref24134" refString="van Someren VGL. 1970. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part VI. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol. 25: 197 - 250,11 pls." type="journal volume" year="1970">van Someren (1970</bibRefCitation>
, p. 219) gave average male forewing length as
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<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFB6FF954AA3FBABFD0AFBD1" box="[679,692,1096,1120]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="887"></emphasis>
which from our data appears to be an underestimate.
</paragraph>
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Note: The subspecific assignment of populations of
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<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFB6FF954B15FB7EFCC6FB04" box="[785,888,1181,1205]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="887">C. brutus</emphasis>
(Cramer, 1779)
</taxonomicName>
in the northern highlands appears uncertain (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFB6FF954A59FB23FC8AFB69" author="van Someren VGL" box="[605,820,1216,1240]" pageId="22" pageNumber="887" refId="ref24134" refString="van Someren VGL. 1970. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part VI. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol. 25: 197 - 250,11 pls." type="journal volume" year="1970">van Someren 1970</bibRefCitation>
, p. 219;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFB6FF954B93FB23FB9EFB69" author="Larsen TB" box="[919,1056,1216,1240]" pageId="22" pageNumber="887" refId="ref22516" refString="Larsen TB. 1996. The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press." type="book" year="1996">Larsen 1996</bibRefCitation>
, p. 288).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF036EAFFB6FF9548A4FAE6FF42FAAE" blockId="22.[160,1156,1285,1727]" box="[160,252,1285,1311]" pageId="22" pageNumber="887">
<heading id="D0B88186FFB6FF9548A4FAE6FF42FAAE" box="[160,252,1285,1311]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="22" pageNumber="887" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFB6FF9548A4FAE6FF42FAAE" bold="true" box="[160,252,1285,1311]" inLineHeading="true" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="887" reason="3">Records</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF036EAFFB6FF9548A4FAC9FD27F90E" blockId="22.[160,1156,1285,1727]" pageId="22" pageNumber="887">
A common butterfly throughout most of Africa south of the Sahara, although supposedly relatively uncommon in West Africa (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFB6FF954A81FAAEFCEFFAD4" author="Ackery PR &amp; Smith CR &amp; Vane-Wright RI" box="[645,849,1357,1381]" pageId="22" pageNumber="887" refId="ref20969" refString="Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO." type="book" year="1995">Ackery et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFB6FF954B5AFAAEFC59FAD4" author="Larsen TB" box="[862,999,1357,1381]" pageId="22" pageNumber="887" refId="ref22543" refString="Larsen TB. 2005. Butterflies of West Africa (2 volumes). Stenstrup: Apollo Books." type="book" year="2005">Larsen 2005</bibRefCitation>
). Found in all suitable habitats in
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, up to
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, including
<collectingRegion id="498BF808FFB6FF954B28FA8CFCC4FA36" box="[812,890,1391,1415]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Pemba" pageId="22" pageNumber="887">Pemba</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFB6FF954B8FFA8CFB97FA36" author="Kielland J" box="[907,1065,1391,1415]" pageId="22" pageNumber="887" refId="ref22372" refString="Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House." type="book" year="1990">Kielland 1990</bibRefCitation>
, p. 98). Although not encountered during this study,
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<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFB6FF954AA4FA71FCBFFA1B" box="[672,769,1426,1450]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="887">C. brutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was recorded from
<collectingRegion id="498BF808FFB6FF954BE6FA71FBDEFA1B" box="[994,1120,1426,1450]" country="Tanzania" name="Kilimanjaro" pageId="22" pageNumber="887">Kilimanjaro</collectingRegion>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFB6FF9548A4FA56FDB1FA7C" author="van Someren VGL &amp; Rogers K" box="[160,527,1461,1485]" pageId="22" pageNumber="887" pagination="111 - 158" refId="ref24360" refString="van Someren VGL, Rogers K. 1928. The butterflies of Kenya and Uganda. Part VII. Sub-family Nymphalinae, (contd.) Charaxidi. J E Afr Uganda Nat. Hist. 1928: 111 - 158, 29 pls." type="book chapter" year="1928">van Someren and Rogers (1928</bibRefCitation>
, p. 153, as
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<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69FFB6FF954A9FFA56FD5EFA7C" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1779" box="[667,736,1461,1485]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Charaxes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="887" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brutus">brutus</taxonomicName>
natalensis
</emphasis>
Staudinger, 1885), and is included here as a member of the lower slopes fauna. Rogers (in
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFB6FF954BAFFA34FB8EFA5E" author="Butler AG" box="[939,1072,1495,1519]" pageId="22" pageNumber="887" pagination="22 - 35" refId="ref21660" refString="Butler AG. 1901. An account of a collection of butterflies made by the Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers between Mombasa and the Forests of Taveta. Ann Mag Nat Hist. (7) 7: 22 - 35." type="journal article" year="1901">Butler 1901</bibRefCitation>
, p. 23) noted it as
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fairly common
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFB6FF9549C9FA19FE6DF9A3" box="[461,467,1530,1554]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="887"></emphasis>
at Taveta (four males in OUMNH). The BMNH collection has two males from West
<collectingRegion id="498BF808FFB6FF95499EF9FEFDA6F984" box="[410,536,1565,1589]" country="Tanzania" name="Kilimanjaro" pageId="22" pageNumber="887">Kilimanjaro</collectingRegion>
(Ngaserai, and Engare-Nairobi) collected by Cooper at altitudes between 3000 and
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, a female from the
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slopes
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, and two pairs from
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collected by A.H.B. Rydon. Beyond northeastern
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,
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFB6FF954B9BF981FB8EF9CB" box="[927,1072,1634,1658]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="887">C. b. alcyone</emphasis>
occurs only in eastern and coastal
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.
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFB6FF954A35F966FD67F92C" box="[561,729,1669,1693]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="887">C. b. natalensis</emphasis>
occurs from the Cape northwards to
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and southern and western
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.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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