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<document id="4407EBA156D22B4F98812C43E6229986" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.276783" ID-GBIF-Dataset="cbd0de37-eabb-43d6-bae2-ff7fe53daac6" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="276783" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460235511592" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mah, Christopher L." docDate="2011" docId="03D28792FFDEFF8084E414746D0E8223" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02759p048.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2759" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Hippasteria phrygiana Parelius 1768" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="30" masterDocId="FFEBFFEAFFC4FF9D847312686C098034" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy of high-latitude Goniasteridae (Subantarctic &amp; Antarctic): one new genus, and three new species with an overview and key to taxa" masterLastPageNumber="48" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="27" updateTime="1698239547451" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="2616E1BE1139A40D1AA414A3E011B100">Taxonomy of high-latitude Goniasteridae (Subantarctic &amp; Antarctic): one new genus, and three new species with an overview and key to taxa</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="AC738EB06F5297AEC4D3697E1A8719AF">Mah, Christopher L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="2CE343A3C1F75C1F7DAC862154B2C45D">2011</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03D28792FFDEFF8084E414746D0E8223" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6184353" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119388089" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6184353" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D28792FFDEFF8084E414746D0E8223" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D28792FFDEFF8084E414746D0E8223" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<subSubSection id="C361650FFFDEFF8784E414746D428662" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFDEFF8784E414746E788601" blockId="26.[151,625,1563,1622]" box="[151,625,1563,1590]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<heading id="D08C81E8FFDEFF8784E414746E788601" bold="true" box="[151,625,1563,1590]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDEFF8784E414746E788601" ID-CoL="3LZ4X" authority="Parelius, 1768" authorityName="Parelius" authorityYear="1768" box="[151,625,1563,1590]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Hippasteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="phrygiana">
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDEFF8784E414746E788601" bold="true" box="[151,625,1563,1590]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDEFF8784E414746DAE8602" bold="true" box="[151,423,1564,1590]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Hippasteria phrygiana</emphasis>
(Parelius, 1768)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFDEFF8784E414566D428662" blockId="26.[151,625,1563,1622]" box="[151,331,1598,1622]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
(
<figureCitation id="13402A01FFDEFF8784ED14566D018662" box="[158,264,1598,1622]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="28.[151,250,1842,1865]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,510,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[151,1436,510,1825]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 11. Hippasteria phrygiana USNM E 13586. A. Abactinal surface. B. Abactinal-lateral surface showing spines and marginal plate series. C. Pedicellariae from actinal surface. D. Actinal surface. Scale Bar = 0.5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276794/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figure 11</figureCitation>
A–D)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C361650FFFDEFF8684E414EE693581D4" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFDEFF8784E414EE6E1786A8" blockId="26.[151,1436,1670,2030]" box="[151,542,1670,1693]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Linck, 1733: 21(as
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDEFF87852F14E06E1F86A9" box="[348,534,1671,1693]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pentacerotidae" genus="Pentaceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planus">
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDEFF87852F14E06E1F86A9" box="[348,534,1671,1693]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Pentaceros planus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFDEFF8784E414CD6EC5868F" blockId="26.[151,1436,1670,2030]" box="[151,716,1701,1723]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Parelius, 1768: 425 [1770: 349] (as
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDEFF87867114CE6ECD868F" box="[514,708,1701,1723]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="phrygiana">
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDEFF87867114CE6ECD868F" box="[514,708,1701,1723]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Asterias phrygiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFDEFF8784E414AB6F9E86EE" blockId="26.[151,1436,1670,2030]" box="[151,919,1731,1754]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Lamarck, 1816: 555 [non
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDEFF8785ED14AC6EA386ED" authority="Retzius, 1805" authorityName="Retzius" authorityYear="1805" box="[414,682,1731,1754]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="equestris">
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDEFF8785ED14AC6E1E86EE" box="[414,535,1732,1754]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">A. equestris</emphasis>
Retzius, 1805
</taxonomicName>
] (as
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDEFF8786A914AC6F8686EE" box="[730,911,1732,1754]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="equestris">
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDEFF8786A914AC6F8686EE" box="[730,911,1732,1754]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Asterias equestris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFDEFF8784E4148B6EA986CC" blockId="26.[151,1436,1670,2030]" box="[151,672,1762,1784]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Gray in Johnston, 1836: 146 (as
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDEFF878593148B6E9186CC" box="[480,664,1762,1784]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="johnstoni">
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDEFF878593148B6E9186CC" box="[480,664,1762,1784]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Asterias johnstoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFDEFF8784E4156A6FA18723" blockId="26.[151,1436,1670,2030]" box="[151,936,1793,1815]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Gray, 1840: 279, 1866: 9 (as
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDEFF8785CD156A6F968723" box="[446,927,1793,1815]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDEFF8785CD156A6E978723" box="[446,670,1794,1815]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Hippasteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="europaea">Hippasteria europaea</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDEFF8786DB156A6F218723" box="[680,808,1793,1815]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="johnstoni">H. johnstoni</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDEFF878741156A6F968723" box="[818,927,1794,1815]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Hippasteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cornuta">H. cornuta</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFDEFF8784E415486FA98760" blockId="26.[151,1436,1670,2030]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Gray, 1840: 279; 1866: 9; Perrier, 1875: 270 [1876: 65], Danielssen &amp; Koren, 1881: 268; Sladen 1883: 159; Perrier, 1888: 764;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFDEFF8784B415566D478760" author="Sladen" box="[199,334,1854,1876]" pageId="26" pageNumber="48" refString="Sladen, W. P. (1889) Asteroidea. Report of the Scientific Results of H. M. S. Challenger, 30, 1 - 893." type="journal article" year="1889">Sladen, 1889</bibRefCitation>
: 341; Koehler, 1909: 88, 1924: 179 (as
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDEFF8786AC15286F918761" box="[735,920,1855,1877]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Hippasteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="plana">
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDEFF8786AC15286F918761" box="[735,920,1855,1877]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Hippasteria plana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFDEFF8784E415356E4E8747" blockId="26.[151,1436,1670,2030]" box="[151,583,1885,1907]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Forbes, 1841: 125 (as
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDEFF87850B15366E368747" box="[376,575,1886,1907]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Goniaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="equestris">
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDEFF87850B15366E368747" box="[376,575,1886,1907]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Goniaster equestris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFDEFF8784E41513681887A6" blockId="26.[151,1436,1670,2030]" box="[151,1041,1915,1938]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Müller &amp; Troschel, 1842: 52; Duben &amp; Koren, 1846: 246 (as
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDEFF8787741514680087A6" box="[775,1033,1916,1938]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Astrogonium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="phrygianum">
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDEFF8787741514680087A6" box="[775,1033,1916,1938]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Astrogonium phrygianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFDEFF8784E415F26E4D8784" blockId="26.[151,1436,1670,2030]" box="[151,580,1946,1968]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Forbes, 1843: 280 (as
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDEFF87850B15F36E358784" box="[376,572,1946,1968]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Goniaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="abbensis">
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDEFF87850B15F36E358784" box="[376,572,1946,1968]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Goniaster abbensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFDEFF8784E415D26E6E87FB" blockId="26.[151,1436,1670,2030]" box="[151,615,1977,1999]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Barrett, 1857: 47 (as
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDEFF87851E15D26E5787FB" box="[365,606,1977,1999]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Astrogonium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="aculeatum">
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDEFF87851E15D26E5787FB" box="[365,606,1977,1999]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Astrogonium aculeatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFDEFF8784E415B16E6B87DA" blockId="26.[151,1436,1670,2030]" box="[151,610,2008,2030]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Norman, 1865: 128 (as
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDEFF8785F515B16E5387DA" box="[390,602,2008,2030]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Goniaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="phrygiana">
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDEFF8785F515B16E5387DA" box="[390,602,2008,2030]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Goniaster phrygiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFDFFF8684E412F16897809A" blockId="27.[151,1436,152,480]" box="[151,1182,152,174]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
Dons, 1938: 17 (as
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDFFF86852F12F16EE4809A" box="[348,749,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDFFF86852F12F16DDC809A" box="[348,469,153,174]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Hippasteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Hippasteria</taxonomicName>
[Euhippasteria]
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDFFF8686F612F06EE4809A" box="[645,749,152,174]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Goniaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="phrygiana">phrygiana</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDFFF86876D12F1689F809A" box="[798,1174,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDFFF86876D12F16F9E809A" box="[798,919,153,174]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Hippasteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Hippasteria</taxonomicName>
[Nehippasteria] insignis
</emphasis>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFDFFF8684E412DE6EF980DF" blockId="27.[151,1436,152,480]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
Perrier, 1891: K128; A.M., Clark 1962: 22; Koehler, 1926: 107;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFDFFF86875412DE6FD580F8" author="Bernasconi" box="[807,988,182,204]" pageId="27" pageNumber="47" refString="Bernasconi, I. (1963) Asteroideos Argentinos. IV. Familia Goniasteridae. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias naturales (Zoologia) 9 (4), 58 - 89." type="journal article" year="1963">Bernasconi, 1963</bibRefCitation>
: 16; Codoceo &amp; Andrade, 1979: 156; Stampanato &amp; Jangoux, 2004: 4, 7 (as
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDFFF86866F12BE6EE180DF" box="[540,744,213,235]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Hippasteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hyadesi">
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDFFF86866F12BE6EE180DF" box="[540,744,213,235]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Hippasteria hyadesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFDFFF8684E4129B68EA8197" blockId="27.[151,1436,152,480]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
Verrill, 1874: 413; 1885: 542, Ganong, 1893: 56; Grieg, 1895: 6; Verrill, 1895: 137, 1899: 148; Döderlein, 1900: 218; Hartlaub, 1900: 191; Ludwig, 1900: 457; Whiteaves, 1901: 50; Grieg, 1902: 21; Pearcey, 1902: 308; Simpson, 1903: 40; H.L. Clark, 1905: 1; Grieg, 1905: 4; Nordgaard, 1905: 160, 235; Grieg, 1907: 28, 32; Sussbach &amp; Breckner, 1911: 215; Grieg, 1912: 6; 1913: 115; 1917: 8; 1921: 6; H.L. Clark, 1923: 270; Mortensen, 1927: 88, 1933: 245; Haubold, 1933: 200; A.H. Clark, 1949: 373; Djakonov, 1950: 53; Blacker, 1957: 18, 45; Buchanan, 1966: 25; Wolff, 1968: 82, Walker, 1978: 361; Franz
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDFFF8681F913186CE88197" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
, 1981: 406, 415; O’Connor &amp; Tyndall, 1986: 96; Moore
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDFFF86875713E66F518197" box="[804,856,397,419]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
, 2004: 246 (as
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDFFF86878713E668D28197" box="[1012,1243,397,419]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Hippasteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="phrygiana">
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDFFF86878713E668D28197" box="[1012,1243,397,419]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Hippasteria phrygiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFDFFF8684E413C3693581D4" blockId="27.[151,1436,152,480]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
Fell, 1958: 11, pl. 1, figs A, G; 1959: 136, fig. 21; 1960: 61, pls. 2,3; 1962: 33; McKnight, 1967: 300; H.E.S. Clark, 1970: 3;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFDFFF8684B413A36D7481D4" author="Clark" box="[199,381,458,480]" pageId="27" pageNumber="47" refString="Clark, A. M. (1993) An index of names of recent Asteroidea - Part 2: Valvatida. Echinoderm Studies, 4, 187 - 366." type="journal article" year="1993">A.M. Clark, 1993</bibRefCitation>
: 259; Rowe &amp; Gates, 1995: 65; Koslow &amp; Gowlett-Holmes, 1998: 44 (as
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDFFF86801813A3693D81D4" box="[1131,1332,459,480]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Hippasteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="trojana">
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDFFF86801813A3693D81D4" box="[1131,1332,459,480]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Hippasteria trojana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C361650FFFDFFF8684E4106569308429" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFDFFF8684E4106568F782A5" blockId="27.[151,1437,525,2025]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDFFF8684E410656D168212" bold="true" box="[151,287,525,550]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Comments.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDFFF86855B10666E208211" box="[296,553,525,549]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Hippasteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="phrygiana">
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDFFF86855B10666E208211" box="[296,553,525,549]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Hippasteria phrygiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a wide-ranging cold-water species that is known primarily from the North Atlantic, from North
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFDFFF8685FD10596DE6827D" box="[398,495,561,585]" name="United States of America" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">America</collectingCountry>
to northern Europe and in the South Atlantic off
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFDFFF868045105968AC827D" box="[1078,1189,561,585]" name="Argentina" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Argentina</collectingCountry>
and in
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFDFFF86817110596991827D" box="[1282,1432,561,585]" name="South Africa" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">South Africa</collectingCountry>
. There is a range disjunction between known records in Europe and
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFDFFF8687FC103D682A8259" box="[911,1059,597,621]" name="South Africa" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">South Africa</collectingCountry>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFDFFF86805D103D69608259" author="Clark" box="[1070,1385,597,621]" pageId="27" pageNumber="47" refString="Clark, H. E. S. &amp; McKnight, D. G. (2001) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Echinodermata: Asteroidea (sea-stars), Order Valvatida. NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 117, 1 - 270." type="journal article" year="2001">Clark and McKnight (2001)</bibRefCitation>
recognized the presence of
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDFFF8685D410126E3282A5" box="[423,571,633,657]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Hippasteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="phyrgiana">
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDFFF8685D410126E3282A5" box="[423,571,633,657]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">H. phyrgiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFDFFF86862C10126EFC82A5" box="[607,757,633,657]" name="New Zealand" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
following synonymy of
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDFFF868079101268F382A5" authority="Fell, 1958" authorityName="Fell" authorityYear="1958" box="[1034,1274,633,657]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Hippasteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="trojana">
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDFFF8680791012687482A5" box="[1034,1149,634,657]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">H. trojana</emphasis>
Fell, 1958
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFDFFF8684B410F569368371" blockId="27.[151,1437,525,2025]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFDFFF8684B410F56D878281" box="[199,398,669,693]" pageId="27" pageNumber="47" refString="Mah, C. L., Nizinski, M. &amp; Lundsten, L. (2010) Phylogenetic Revision of the Hippasterinae (Goniasteridae; Asteroidea): Systematics of Deep Sea Corallivores, including one new genus and three new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 160, 266 - 301." type="journal article">
Mah
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDFFF86857110F66D358281" box="[258,316,669,693]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
(2010)
</bibRefCitation>
synonymized
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDFFF86864710F66F1E8281" box="[564,791,669,693]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Hippasteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hyadesi">
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDFFF86864710F66F1E8281" box="[564,791,669,693]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Hippasteria hyadesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDFFF86872A10F66FE68281" box="[857,1007,669,693]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Hippasteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="phrygiana">
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDFFF86872A10F66FE68281" box="[857,1007,669,693]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">H. phrygiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the former having been considered a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDFFF86855A10AA6DC882ED" box="[297,449,705,729]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Hippasteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="phrygiana">
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDFFF86855A10AA6DC882ED" box="[297,449,705,729]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">H. phrygiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by several authors.
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFDFFF8686DC10A96F4082ED" author="Fisher" box="[687,841,705,729]" pageId="27" pageNumber="47" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher (1940)</bibRefCitation>
summarized trivial differences indicated by Perrier (1891) between
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDFFF868520108E6DC682C9" box="[339,463,741,765]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Hippasteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hyadesi">
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDFFF868520108E6DC682C9" box="[339,463,741,765]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">H. hyadesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDFFF868678108E6EAD82C9" box="[523,676,741,765]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Hippasteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="phrygiana">
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDFFF868678108E6EAD82C9" box="[523,676,741,765]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">H. phrygiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Additional specimens examined from the Patagonian region, the region where the
<typeStatus id="54C08826FFDFFF86851511626D9F8316" box="[358,406,778,802]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">type</typeStatus>
was collected, show little difference between North Atlantic and South Pacific species, which suggests a widespread species complex and/or cryptic species within the lineage (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFDFFF8680071145693A8371" author="Mah" box="[1140,1331,813,837]" pageId="27" pageNumber="47" refString="Mah, C. L., Nizinski, M. &amp; Lundsten, L. (2010) Phylogenetic Revision of the Hippasterinae (Goniasteridae; Asteroidea): Systematics of Deep Sea Corallivores, including one new genus and three new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 160, 266 - 301." type="journal article" year="2010">
Mah
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDFFF8680C3114668E18371" box="[1200,1256,813,837]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
, 2010
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFDFFF8684B41139692283CD" blockId="27.[151,1437,525,2025]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDFFF8684B411396D50835E" bold="true" box="[199,345,849,874]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Occurrence.</emphasis>
Arctic,
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDFFF8685C6113A6E67835E" bold="true" box="[437,622,849,874]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">North Atlantic:</emphasis>
South to Cape Cod in the west, including Bear Seamount. To the Kattegat, northern
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFDFFF868543111D6D9B83B9" box="[304,402,885,909]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Scotland</collectingCountry>
and northernmost
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFDFFF86861A111D6EB183B9" box="[617,696,885,909]" name="Ireland" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Ireland</collectingCountry>
in the east. Norwegian coast south to the Kattegat, southwestern part of the Barents Sea, Kola Bay.
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDFFF86866911F16EC88386" bold="true" box="[538,705,921,946]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">South Pacific:</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFDFFF8686BB11F16F0C8385" box="[712,773,921,945]" name="Chile" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Chile</collectingCountry>
to Magellan Strait to the Marion and Prince Edward
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFDFFF86812B11F169958385" box="[1368,1436,921,945]" name="Iceland" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Island</collectingCountry>
region to Chatham
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFDFFF86850811D56DCB83E1" box="[379,450,957,981]" name="Iceland" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Island</collectingCountry>
, east of
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFDFFF86865F11D66EC083E1" box="[556,713,957,981]" name="New Zealand" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
, Campbell Plateau, seamounts off southern Tasmania.
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDFFF86813F11D56CEA83CE" bold="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Indian Ocean</emphasis>
: Kerguelen, Marion, and Crozet Islands.
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDFFF8686C011896F7483CE" bold="true" box="[691,893,993,1018]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Southern Ocean:</emphasis>
Lavoisier
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFDFFF8687861189683583CD" box="[1013,1084,993,1017]" name="Iceland" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Island</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFDFFF868034118968A683CD" box="[1095,1199,993,1017]" name="Antarctica" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
Peninsula.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFDFFF8684E4166D69308429" blockId="27.[151,1437,525,2025]" box="[151,1337,1029,1053]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
Depth is highly variable:
<quantity id="4C839B61FFDFFF8685C0166D6E3B8429" box="[435,562,1029,1053]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.475" metricValueMax="12.75" metricValueMin="0.2" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="647.5" valueMax="1275.0" valueMin="20.0">20–1275 m</quantity>
and varies by region. Most records for
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFDFFF86879F166E688B8429" box="[1004,1154,1029,1053]" name="New Zealand" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
are over
<specimenCount id="9D7DFD0DFFDFFF868098166D69308429" box="[1259,1337,1029,1053]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="generic">
<quantity id="4C839B61FFDFFF868098166D693C8429" box="[1259,1333,1029,1053]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C361650FFFDFFF8684B416416FBC85F9" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFDFFF8684B416416FBC85F9" blockId="27.[151,1437,525,2025]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDFFF8684B416416E688476" bold="true" box="[199,609,1065,1090]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Material examined. South Pacific:</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED6AAE41FFDFFF86861A16416EB38475" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[617,698,1065,1089]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">USNM</collectionCode>
E13586, NW of Amundsen Sea, Southeast Pacific Basin.
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F5043FFDFFF86812316416CA18451" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" precision="925" value="-54.816666">54°49’ S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F5043FFDFFF8684CA16256D4E8451" box="[185,327,1101,1125]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" precision="925" value="-129.8">129° 48’ W</geoCoordinate>
,
<specimenCount id="9D7DFD0DFFDFFF86852516256DA08451" box="[342,425,1101,1125]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="generic">
<quantity id="4C839B61FFDFFF86852516256DAC8451" box="[342,421,1101,1125]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.49" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="549.0">549 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
Coll. R/V
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDFFF86864016256E8F8451" box="[563,646,1101,1125]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Eltanin</emphasis>
. (3 dry specs. R=3.5, r=2.0; R=8.2, r=4.6; R=9.56, r=5.1).
<collectionCode id="ED6AAE41FFDFFF868138162569958451" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[1355,1436,1101,1125]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">USNM</collectionCode>
1121154. Magallanes y
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFDFFF8685D016196E0784BD" box="[419,526,1137,1161]" name="Antarctica" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Antartica</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFDFFF86866916196E5384BD" box="[538,602,1137,1161]" name="Chile" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Chile</collectingCountry>
.
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F5043FFDFFF86861616196EFB84BD" box="[613,754,1137,1161]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" precision="15" value="-53.65667">53°39’24” S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F5043FFDFFF86868C16196FAF84BD" box="[767,934,1137,1161]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" precision="15" value="-70.916664">70° 55’ 00” W</geoCoordinate>
,
<specimenCount id="9D7DFD0DFFDFFF8687C216196FFB84BD" box="[945,1010,1137,1161]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="generic">
<quantity id="4C839B61FFDFFF8687C216196FE484BD" box="[945,1005,1137,1161]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="82.0">82 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
Coll. R/V
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDFFF86801E161A68A784BD" box="[1133,1198,1138,1161]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDFFF86801E161A68A084BD" box="[1133,1193,1138,1161]" class="Gastropoda" family="Heroidae" genus="Hero" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Hero</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
(1 dry spec. R=~7.8, r=4.6).
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDFFF86849916FD6D9C849A" bold="true" box="[234,405,1173,1198]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Indian Ocean:</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED6AAE41FFDFFF8685E816FE6DF88499" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" box="[411,497,1174,1197]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">MNHN</collectionCode>
EcAs 10690, Crozet Islands,
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F5043FFDFFF86874816FD6F908499" box="[827,921,1173,1197]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" precision="925" value="-46.4">46°24’S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F5043FFDFFF8687D716FD680C8499" box="[932,1029,1173,1197]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" precision="925" value="50.466667">50°28’E</geoCoordinate>
,
<specimenCount id="9D7DFD0DFFDFFF86807C16FD68558499" box="[1039,1116,1173,1197]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="generic">
<quantity id="4C839B61FFDFFF86807C16FD68518499" box="[1039,1112,1173,1197]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="140.0">140 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
Coll. N.
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFDFFF8680CF16FD68DA8499" box="[1212,1235,1173,1197]" name="Iceland" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">O</collectingCountry>
. Marion Dufresne MD30, Sta. C 258,
<date id="FFC51044FFDFFF86850316D16E0B84E5" box="[368,514,1209,1233]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="1982-02-26">26 Feb. 1982</date>
[1 dry spec. R=~10.3 (arms curl), r=
<quantity id="4C839B61FFDFFF8687EE16D16FE684E5" box="[925,1007,1209,1233]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="cm" value="6.2">6.2 cm</quantity>
];
<collectionCode id="ED6AAE41FFDFFF86807216D2685E84E5" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" box="[1025,1111,1210,1233]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">MNHN</collectionCode>
EcAs 10693, Crozet Islands,
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F5043FFDFFF8684E416B56CFF84C1" box="[151,246,1245,1269]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" precision="925" value="-45.933334">45°56’S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F5043FFDFFF86857216B56D6984C1" box="[257,352,1245,1269]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" precision="925" value="50.533333">50°32’E</geoCoordinate>
,
<specimenCount id="9D7DFD0DFFDFFF86851F16B56DB084C1" box="[364,441,1245,1269]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="generic">
<quantity id="4C839B61FFDFFF86851F16B56DBD84C1" box="[364,436,1245,1269]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="115.0">115 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
Coll. N.
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFDFFF86866A16B56E3984C1" box="[537,560,1245,1269]" name="Iceland" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">O</collectingCountry>
.
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDFFF86864916B66EF084C1" box="[570,761,1245,1269]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Marion Dufresne</emphasis>
MD30, Sta. C 201,
<date id="FFC51044FFDFFF8687AA16B5686284C1" box="[985,1131,1245,1269]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="1982-02-21">21 Feb. 1982</date>
(1 dry spec. R=7.5, r=4.0);
<collectionCode id="ED6AAE41FFDFFF8684E4176A6CE4852D" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" box="[151,237,1282,1305]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">MNHN</collectionCode>
EcAs 10735 Marion
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFDFFF86859417696E25852D" box="[487,556,1281,1305]" name="Iceland" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Island</collectingCountry>
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F5043FFDFFF86864717696E9A852D" box="[564,659,1281,1305]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" precision="925" value="-46.683334">46°41’S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F5043FFDFFF8686D217696F08852D" box="[673,769,1281,1305]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" precision="925" value="38.116665">38°07’E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4C839B61FFDFFF86877C17696F9B852D" box="[783,914,1281,1305]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.425" metricValueMax="5.7" metricValueMin="3.15" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="442.5" valueMax="570.0" valueMin="315.0">315–570 m</quantity>
, Coll. N.
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFDFFF86878E1769681D852D" box="[1021,1044,1281,1305]" name="Iceland" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">O</collectingCountry>
.
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDFFF868053176A68ED852D" box="[1056,1252,1281,1305]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Marion Dufresne</emphasis>
MD08, Sta. CP 173,
<date id="FFC51044FFDFFF8684A3174D6D758509" box="[208,380,1317,1341]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="1976-03-29">29 March 1976</date>
(1 dry spec. R=9.0, r=4.6;
<collectionCode id="ED6AAE41FFDFFF8686C3174E6F0C8509" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" box="[688,773,1318,1341]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">MNHN</collectionCode>
EcAs 10861, Crozet
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFDFFF86878A174D68378509" box="[1017,1086,1317,1341]" name="Iceland" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Island</collectingCountry>
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F5043FFDFFF868036174D68AA8509" box="[1093,1187,1317,1341]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" precision="925" value="-46.433334">46°26’S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F5043FFDFFF8680C3174D69068509" box="[1200,1295,1317,1341]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" precision="925" value="52.066666">52°04’E</geoCoordinate>
,
<specimenCount id="9D7DFD0DFFDFFF86816F174D69548509" box="[1308,1373,1317,1341]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="generic">
<quantity id="4C839B61FFDFFF86816F174D69508509" box="[1308,1369,1317,1341]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="50.0">50 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
Coll. N.
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFDFFF8684C017216CC38555" box="[179,202,1353,1377]" name="Iceland" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">O</collectingCountry>
.
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDFFF8684A617226D9E8555" box="[213,407,1353,1377]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Marion Dufresne</emphasis>
MD 30, st. CP 221 (2 dry spec. R= 17.5, r= 8.5; R=8.6, r=4.9).
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDFFF86800B1721694B8556" bold="true" box="[1144,1346,1353,1378]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Southern Ocean.</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED6AAE41FFDFFF868138172169958555" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[1355,1436,1353,1377]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">USNM</collectionCode>
<accessionNumber id="9428AB67FFDFFF8684E417056CF985B1" box="[151,240,1389,1413]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E43921" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="EnaNcbi">E43921</accessionNumber>
, Lavoisier
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFDFFF86850017056DB385B1" box="[371,442,1389,1413]" name="Iceland" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Island</collectingCountry>
, Biscoe Islands,
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFDFFF8686F317056EE185B1" box="[640,744,1389,1413]" name="Antarctica" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
Peninsula.
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F5043FFDFFF86870317056FEB85B1" box="[880,994,1389,1413]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" precision="925" value="-66.333336">66° 20’ S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F5043FFDFFF8687811705686785B1" box="[1010,1134,1389,1413]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" precision="925" value="-67.78333">67° 47’ W</geoCoordinate>
,
<specimenCount id="9D7DFD0DFFDFFF86800F170568C785B1" box="[1148,1230,1389,1413]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="generic">
<quantity id="4C839B61FFDFFF86800F170568C085B1" box="[1148,1225,1389,1413]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="325.0">325 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
Coll. J. Tyler,
<date id="FFC51044FFDFFF8681F317056D2A859D" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="1959-03-25">25 March 1959</date>
. (1 dry spec. R=6.7, r=3.1).
<collectionCode id="ED6AAE41FFDFFF86861717F96EBC859D" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[612,693,1425,1449]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">USNM</collectionCode>
1082740.
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F5043FFDFFF86875E17F96F45859D" box="[813,844,1425,1449]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" precision="925" value="-67.38333">67</geoCoordinate>
°23’ S to
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F5043FFDFFF8687C517F9682D859D" box="[950,1060,1425,1449]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" precision="925" value="-67.4">67° 24’ S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F5043FFDFFF86804217F968A7859D" box="[1073,1198,1425,1449]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" precision="925" value="-180.0">180°00’ W</geoCoordinate>
to
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F5043FFDFFF8680A017F96951859D" box="[1235,1368,1425,1449]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" precision="925" value="-179.96666">179° 58’ W</geoCoordinate>
, 595–
<specimenCount id="9D7DFD0DFFDFFF8684E417DD6CEC85F9" box="[151,229,1461,1485]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="generic">
<quantity id="4C839B61FFDFFF8684E417DD6CE885F9" box="[151,225,1461,1485]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.16" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="516.0">516 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
Coll. R/V Eltanin. (2 dry specs. R= 9.2, r=4.0; R=~11.0, r=5.5).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C361650FFFDFFF8084B417B16D0E8223" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFDFFF8684B417B16CE28621" blockId="27.[151,1437,525,2025]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDFFF8684B417B16D5085C6" bold="true" box="[199,345,1497,1522]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Description.</emphasis>
Body stellate, disk broad, thickened arms triangular (
<figureCitation id="13402A01FFDFFF86879317B1683C85C5" box="[992,1077,1497,1521]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="28.[151,250,1842,1865]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,510,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[151,1436,510,1825]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 11. Hippasteria phrygiana USNM E 13586. A. Abactinal surface. B. Abactinal-lateral surface showing spines and marginal plate series. C. Pedicellariae from actinal surface. D. Actinal surface. Scale Bar = 0.5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276794/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
A, D). Interradial arcs weakly curved.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFDFFF8684B414496D1A8795" blockId="27.[151,1437,525,2025]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
Abactinal plates, round in outline embedded in pulpy tissue, with up to six irregularly shaped rod-shaped plates projecting from the base of each plate; multiple papular pores are present between each space with approximately 18–24 papulae surrounding each abactinal plate. Fasciolar grooves well developed. Many abactinal plates each with spine, large, prominent, blunt and conical (
<figureCitation id="13402A01FFDFFF8686C014E56F0E8691" box="[691,775,1677,1701]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="28.[151,250,1842,1865]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,510,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[151,1436,510,1825]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 11. Hippasteria phrygiana USNM E 13586. A. Abactinal surface. B. Abactinal-lateral surface showing spines and marginal plate series. C. Pedicellariae from actinal surface. D. Actinal surface. Scale Bar = 0.5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276794/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figs 11</figureCitation>
A, B). Abactinal spines are abundant and evenly, if irregularly, distributed over the abactinal surface. Pedicellariae, large (~2.0 mm in length), bivalved or trivalved, with seven to 10 very short teeth on each valve, present in abundance on abactinal surface (
<figureCitation id="13402A01FFDFFF86802F14BD68A586D9" box="[1116,1196,1749,1773]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="28.[151,250,1842,1865]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,510,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[151,1436,510,1825]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 11. Hippasteria phrygiana USNM E 13586. A. Abactinal surface. B. Abactinal-lateral surface showing spines and marginal plate series. C. Pedicellariae from actinal surface. D. Actinal surface. Scale Bar = 0.5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276794/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
C). Granules, angular and flattened, cover abactinal plates. Granules also surround periphery around the bases of spine and pedicellariaebearing plates, number 2 to 24 and in some cases cover over plate surface. Abactinal plates largest proximally, becoming smaller with granulation becoming more densely packed and irregular at contact with superomarginal plate series. Madreporite pentagonal to irregularly round, strongly convex, deeply grooved, flanked by 7–10 plates (
<figureCitation id="13402A01FFDFFF8684EC15E16CE68795" box="[159,239,1929,1953]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="28.[151,250,1842,1865]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,510,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[151,1436,510,1825]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 11. Hippasteria phrygiana USNM E 13586. A. Abactinal surface. B. Abactinal-lateral surface showing spines and marginal plate series. C. Pedicellariae from actinal surface. D. Actinal surface. Scale Bar = 0.5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276794/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
A).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFDFFF8184B415C56F1B81FB" blockId="27.[151,1437,525,2025]" lastBlockId="28.[151,1436,151,463]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
Marginal plates ~
<quantity id="4C839B61FFDFFF8685FD15C56DFA87F1" box="[398,499,1965,1989]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" metricValueMax="8.636" metricValueMin="6.604" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="in" value="30.0" valueMax="34.0" valueMin="26.0">26–34 in</quantity>
series between armtip to armtip (at R=~
<quantity id="4C839B61FFDFFF8687B615C5681987F1" box="[965,1040,1965,1989]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
). Each plate is circular to quadrate (with rounded edges) with one to three prominent conical spines on both superomarginal and inferomarginal series (
<figureCitation id="13402A01FFD8FF8184EC12FF6CE6809B" box="[159,239,151,175]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="28.[151,250,1842,1865]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,510,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[151,1436,510,1825]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 11. Hippasteria phrygiana USNM E 13586. A. Abactinal surface. B. Abactinal-lateral surface showing spines and marginal plate series. C. Pedicellariae from actinal surface. D. Actinal surface. Scale Bar = 0.5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276794/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
B). Three spines are present on interradial plates, decreasing to two at arm base, becoming a single spine on distalmost plates adjacent to terminal. Other then spines, plate surface is bare, smooth with surficial accessories absent. Spines embedded in part of a raised convexity of each swollen plate. In some instances the spine is damaged or absent and the plate is covered with scattered granules. Superomarginal and inferomarginal series do not show consistent correlation; some with 1:1 and others are zig-zag/diagonally offset. Granules present, angular, flattened, some with notches, forming periphery of 30–50 granules around each plate. Fasciolar grooves present between marginal plate series. Pedicellariae, bivalved or trivalved, similar to those on abactinal, actinal surface present but intermarginally and not on marginal plate surface. Some plates with large, conical spine present intermarginally between paired SM-IM marginal plate series.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF04660CFFD8FF8184E4155A6872875C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276794/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" targetBox="[151,1433,510,1824]" targetPageId="28">
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD8FF8184E4155A6872875C" blockId="28.[151,1436,1842,1896]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD8FF8184E4155A6D29877C" bold="true" box="[151,288,1842,1865]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD8FF81855B155C6E1B877D" box="[296,530,1843,1865]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Hippasteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="phrygiana">
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD8FF81855B155C6E1B877D" box="[296,530,1843,1865]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Hippasteria phrygiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
USNM E13586.
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD8FF8186B9155B6EEB877C" bold="true" box="[714,738,1843,1864]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">A.</emphasis>
Abactinal surface.
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD8FF8187DE155B6FCC877C" bold="true" box="[941,965,1843,1864]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">B.</emphasis>
Abactinal-lateral surface showing spines and marginal plate series.
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD8FF81850715396D84875C" bold="true" box="[372,397,1873,1896]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">C.</emphasis>
Pedicellariae from actinal surface.
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD8FF818687153A6F058753" bold="true" box="[756,780,1874,1895]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">D.</emphasis>
Actinal surface. Scale Bar= 0.5 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD8FF8084B415FC6D188128" blockId="28.[151,1436,1940,2036]" lastBlockId="29.[151,1436,151,535]" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Actinal surface large with 5 to 8 irregularly arranged chevrons present (fig. 11D). Plates larger and in more regular patterns proximally, adjacent to adambulacral plate series with plate patterns becoming more irregular and smaller interadially, adjacent to inferomarginal series. Actinal plates with either a short, blunt spine or a bivalved pedicellariae at center. Granules, 4–18, thick, angular to triangular in cross-section with some forming prominent blunt spines surround each plate, densely packed, especially on series adjacent to adambulacrals. Fasciolar grooves shallow, present among actinal plates. Actinal plates present up to approximately 6–7 marginal plates away from the armtip.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD9FF8084B413406D0E8223" blockId="29.[151,1436,151,535]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Furrow spines, one to three, thick, round to oval in cross-section. Three present proximally and decreasing distally with single spines adjacent to armtip. Subambulacral spine, single, directly adjacent to furrow spines, comparable in thickness and length. Remainder of adambulacral plate surface covered by granules, seven to 10, flattened, prismatic in outline, sometimes with a single enlarged granule displaying a pointed tip. Oral spines, four with prominent fifth spine pointed into mouth on each mouth plate. Oral plate covered by pulpy tissue, three to four blunt spines (triangular in cross-section) and low, blunt, granules, triangular in cross-section on distalmost edge of oral plate.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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