Taxonomy of high-latitude Goniasteridae (Subantarctic & Antarctic): one new genus, and three new species with an overview and key to taxa Author Mah, Christopher L. text Zootaxa 2011 2759 1 48 journal article 10.5281/zenodo.276783 cbd0de37-eabb-43d6-bae2-ff7fe53daac6 1175-5326 276783 Hippasteria phrygiana (Parelius, 1768) ( Figure 11 A–D) Linck, 1733: 21(as Pentaceros planus ) Parelius, 1768: 425 [1770: 349] (as Asterias phrygiana ) Lamarck, 1816: 555 [non A. equestris Retzius, 1805 ] (as Asterias equestris ) Gray in Johnston, 1836: 146 (as Asterias johnstoni ) Gray, 1840: 279, 1866: 9 (as Hippasteria europaea , H. johnstoni , H. cornuta ) Gray, 1840: 279; 1866: 9; Perrier, 1875: 270 [1876: 65], Danielssen & Koren, 1881: 268; Sladen 1883: 159; Perrier, 1888: 764; Sladen, 1889 : 341; Koehler, 1909: 88, 1924: 179 (as Hippasteria plana ) Forbes, 1841: 125 (as Goniaster equestris ) Müller & Troschel, 1842: 52; Duben & Koren, 1846: 246 (as Astrogonium phrygianum ) Forbes, 1843: 280 (as Goniaster abbensis ) Barrett, 1857: 47 (as Astrogonium aculeatum ) Norman, 1865: 128 (as Goniaster phrygiana ) Dons, 1938: 17 (as Hippasteria [Euhippasteria] phrygiana and Hippasteria [Nehippasteria] insignis ) Perrier, 1891: K128; A.M., Clark 1962: 22; Koehler, 1926: 107; Bernasconi, 1963 : 16; Codoceo & Andrade, 1979: 156; Stampanato & Jangoux, 2004: 4, 7 (as Hippasteria hyadesi ) Verrill, 1874: 413; 1885: 542, Ganong, 1893: 56; Grieg, 1895: 6; Verrill, 1895: 137, 1899: 148; Döderlein, 1900: 218; Hartlaub, 1900: 191; Ludwig, 1900: 457; Whiteaves, 1901: 50; Grieg, 1902: 21; Pearcey, 1902: 308; Simpson, 1903: 40; H.L. Clark, 1905: 1; Grieg, 1905: 4; Nordgaard, 1905: 160, 235; Grieg, 1907: 28, 32; Sussbach & Breckner, 1911: 215; Grieg, 1912: 6; 1913: 115; 1917: 8; 1921: 6; H.L. Clark, 1923: 270; Mortensen, 1927: 88, 1933: 245; Haubold, 1933: 200; A.H. Clark, 1949: 373; Djakonov, 1950: 53; Blacker, 1957: 18, 45; Buchanan, 1966: 25; Wolff, 1968: 82, Walker, 1978: 361; Franz et al. , 1981: 406, 415; O’Connor & Tyndall, 1986: 96; Moore et al. , 2004: 246 (as Hippasteria phrygiana ) Fell, 1958: 11, pl. 1, figs A, G; 1959: 136, fig. 21; 1960: 61, pls. 2,3; 1962: 33; McKnight, 1967: 300; H.E.S. Clark, 1970: 3; A.M. Clark, 1993 : 259; Rowe & Gates, 1995: 65; Koslow & Gowlett-Holmes, 1998: 44 (as Hippasteria trojana ) Comments. Hippasteria phrygiana is a wide-ranging cold-water species that is known primarily from the North Atlantic, from North America to northern Europe and in the South Atlantic off Argentina and in South Africa . There is a range disjunction between known records in Europe and South Africa . Clark and McKnight (2001) recognized the presence of H. phyrgiana in New Zealand following synonymy of H. trojana Fell, 1958 . Mah et al. (2010) synonymized Hippasteria hyadesi with H. phrygiana , the former having been considered a synonym of H. phrygiana by several authors. Fisher (1940) summarized trivial differences indicated by Perrier (1891) between H. hyadesi and H. phrygiana . Additional specimens examined from the Patagonian region, the region where the type was collected, show little difference between North Atlantic and South Pacific species, which suggests a widespread species complex and/or cryptic species within the lineage ( Mah et al. , 2010 ). Occurrence. Arctic, North Atlantic: South to Cape Cod in the west, including Bear Seamount. To the Kattegat, northern Scotland and northernmost Ireland in the east. Norwegian coast south to the Kattegat, southwestern part of the Barents Sea, Kola Bay. South Pacific: Chile to Magellan Strait to the Marion and Prince Edward Island region to Chatham Island , east of New Zealand , Campbell Plateau, seamounts off southern Tasmania. Indian Ocean : Kerguelen, Marion, and Crozet Islands. Southern Ocean: Lavoisier Island , Antarctic Peninsula. Depth is highly variable: 20–1275 m and varies by region. Most records for New Zealand are over 500 m . Material examined. South Pacific: USNM E13586, NW of Amundsen Sea, Southeast Pacific Basin. 54°49’ S , 129° 48’ W , 549 m . Coll. R/V Eltanin . (3 dry specs. R=3.5, r=2.0; R=8.2, r=4.6; R=9.56, r=5.1). USNM 1121154. Magallanes y Antartica , Chile . 53°39’24” S , 70° 55’ 00” W , 82 m . Coll. R/V Hero . (1 dry spec. R=~7.8, r=4.6). Indian Ocean: MNHN EcAs 10690, Crozet Islands, 46°24’S , 50°28’E , 140 m . Coll. N. O . Marion Dufresne MD30, Sta. C 258, 26 Feb. 1982 [1 dry spec. R=~10.3 (arms curl), r= 6.2 cm ]; MNHN EcAs 10693, Crozet Islands, 45°56’S , 50°32’E , 115 m . Coll. N. O . Marion Dufresne MD30, Sta. C 201, 21 Feb. 1982 (1 dry spec. R=7.5, r=4.0); MNHN EcAs 10735 Marion Island 46°41’S , 38°07’E , 315–570 m , Coll. N. O . Marion Dufresne MD08, Sta. CP 173, 29 March 1976 (1 dry spec. R=9.0, r=4.6; MNHN EcAs 10861, Crozet Island 46°26’S , 52°04’E , 50 m . Coll. N. O . Marion Dufresne MD 30, st. CP 221 (2 dry spec. R= 17.5, r= 8.5; R=8.6, r=4.9). Southern Ocean. USNM E43921 , Lavoisier Island , Biscoe Islands, Antarctic Peninsula. 66° 20’ S , 67° 47’ W , 325 m . Coll. J. Tyler, 25 March 1959 . (1 dry spec. R=6.7, r=3.1). USNM 1082740. 67 °23’ S to 67° 24’ S , 180°00’ W to 179° 58’ W , 595– 516 m . Coll. R/V Eltanin. (2 dry specs. R= 9.2, r=4.0; R=~11.0, r=5.5). Description. Body stellate, disk broad, thickened arms triangular ( Fig. 11 A, D). Interradial arcs weakly curved. Abactinal plates, round in outline embedded in pulpy tissue, with up to six irregularly shaped rod-shaped plates projecting from the base of each plate; multiple papular pores are present between each space with approximately 18–24 papulae surrounding each abactinal plate. Fasciolar grooves well developed. Many abactinal plates each with spine, large, prominent, blunt and conical ( Figs 11 A, B). Abactinal spines are abundant and evenly, if irregularly, distributed over the abactinal surface. Pedicellariae, large (~2.0 mm in length), bivalved or trivalved, with seven to 10 very short teeth on each valve, present in abundance on abactinal surface ( Fig. 11 C). Granules, angular and flattened, cover abactinal plates. Granules also surround periphery around the bases of spine and pedicellariaebearing plates, number 2 to 24 and in some cases cover over plate surface. Abactinal plates largest proximally, becoming smaller with granulation becoming more densely packed and irregular at contact with superomarginal plate series. Madreporite pentagonal to irregularly round, strongly convex, deeply grooved, flanked by 7–10 plates ( Fig. 11 A). Marginal plates ~ 26–34 in series between armtip to armtip (at R=~ 10 cm ). Each plate is circular to quadrate (with rounded edges) with one to three prominent conical spines on both superomarginal and inferomarginal series ( Fig. 11 B). Three spines are present on interradial plates, decreasing to two at arm base, becoming a single spine on distalmost plates adjacent to terminal. Other then spines, plate surface is bare, smooth with surficial accessories absent. Spines embedded in part of a raised convexity of each swollen plate. In some instances the spine is damaged or absent and the plate is covered with scattered granules. Superomarginal and inferomarginal series do not show consistent correlation; some with 1:1 and others are zig-zag/diagonally offset. Granules present, angular, flattened, some with notches, forming periphery of 30–50 granules around each plate. Fasciolar grooves present between marginal plate series. Pedicellariae, bivalved or trivalved, similar to those on abactinal, actinal surface present but intermarginally and not on marginal plate surface. Some plates with large, conical spine present intermarginally between paired SM-IM marginal plate series. FIGURE 11. Hippasteria phrygiana USNM E13586. A. Abactinal surface. B. Abactinal-lateral surface showing spines and marginal plate series. C. Pedicellariae from actinal surface. D. Actinal surface. Scale Bar= 0.5 cm. Actinal surface large with 5 to 8 irregularly arranged chevrons present (fig. 11D). Plates larger and in more regular patterns proximally, adjacent to adambulacral plate series with plate patterns becoming more irregular and smaller interadially, adjacent to inferomarginal series. Actinal plates with either a short, blunt spine or a bivalved pedicellariae at center. Granules, 4–18, thick, angular to triangular in cross-section with some forming prominent blunt spines surround each plate, densely packed, especially on series adjacent to adambulacrals. Fasciolar grooves shallow, present among actinal plates. Actinal plates present up to approximately 6–7 marginal plates away from the armtip. Furrow spines, one to three, thick, round to oval in cross-section. Three present proximally and decreasing distally with single spines adjacent to armtip. Subambulacral spine, single, directly adjacent to furrow spines, comparable in thickness and length. Remainder of adambulacral plate surface covered by granules, seven to 10, flattened, prismatic in outline, sometimes with a single enlarged granule displaying a pointed tip. Oral spines, four with prominent fifth spine pointed into mouth on each mouth plate. Oral plate covered by pulpy tissue, three to four blunt spines (triangular in cross-section) and low, blunt, granules, triangular in cross-section on distalmost edge of oral plate.