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<document id="196ECCC48411E0540B1CCE800A757808" ID-CLB-Dataset="30239" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4410.3.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8797b5a9-cd30-441a-864f-295ad9869b90" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1221792" ID-ZooBank="3179E773-1785-4CAC-84A7-6FB4C482F433" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1524197046267" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Carvalho-Filho, Fernando Da Silva, Pirani, Gabriela &amp; Kloss, Thiago Gechel" docDate="2018" docId="03F587C9FF973A1788BACA1D4743AEFB" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4410.3.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4410 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Cladochaeta atlantica Pirani &amp; Amorim 2016" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="491" masterDocId="FFCCFFB1FF9F3A1F882DC8044353AB51" masterDocTitle="A new species and notes on unusual natural history of Cladochaeta Coquillett, 1900 (Diptera: Drosophilidae)" masterLastPageNumber="496" masterPageNumber="483" pageNumber="491" updateTime="1698539161615" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="1A6E186F5E0A37473AB32A6147656F8F" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="234FB49DDE201F5A7A24E6070EE6A6B4">A new species and notes on unusual natural history of Cladochaeta Coquillett, 1900 (Diptera: Drosophilidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="61D51BD8FF5699BCD4CB535BF917B97C">Carvalho-Filho, Fernando Da Silva</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7999707F48094564029746A5AD29B2CD">Pirani, Gabriela</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="313D261D1EB0700E819AB40B399FDBB3">Kloss, Thiago Gechel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="201AE3D041C3CE38567EC6D3560AE7D6">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="64266C5D12D3BA3C6835F51EEF80A9AA">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="A6EC20A9696F7353A5D2A1E72666FEC9">2018-04-18</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="02A9DAF7ABDB66437A093EAC530A1331">4410</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="8D4C1D3195451312F825F4D5980B5DF2">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="089FAC0811A7D61D1C730C01C4245E32" type="CLB-Dataset">30239</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="828E46400C8FA3A71D3D3213A0F390B9" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4410.3.3</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F587C9FF973A1788BACA1D4743AEFB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5986421" ID-GBIF-Taxon="143618847" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5986421" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F587C9FF973A1788BACA1D4743AEFB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F587C9FF973A1788BACA1D4743AEFB" lastPageNumber="491" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">
<subSubSection id="C3466554FF973A1788BACA1D427DA905" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE336DFFF973A1788BACA1D419CA962" blockId="8.[151,719,537,597]" box="[151,719,537,563]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">
<heading id="D0AB81B3FF973A1788BACA1D419CA962" bold="true" box="[151,719,537,563]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D5CFF973A1788BACA1D419CA962" ID-CoL="8BHZL" authority="Pirani &amp; Amorim, 2016" authorityName="Pirani &amp; Amorim" authorityYear="2016" box="[151,719,537,563]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Cladochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atlantica">
<emphasis id="B928EACDFF973A1788BACA1D419CA962" bold="true" box="[151,719,537,563]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">
<emphasis id="B928EACDFF973A1788BACA1D42CCA962" bold="true" box="[151,415,537,563]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">Cladochaeta atlantica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B2EFF973A17898BCA1D419CA962" box="[422,719,537,563]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" refId="ref4726" refString="Pirani, G. &amp; Amorim, D. S. (2016) Going beyond the tip of the Drosophilidae iceberg: New Cladochaeta Coquillett, 1900 (Diptera: Drosophilidae) from Brazil. Zootaxa, 4139 (3), 301 - 344. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4139.3.1" type="journal article">Pirani &amp; Amorim, 2016</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE336DFFF973A1788BACA38427DA905" blockId="8.[151,719,537,597]" box="[151,302,572,597]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">
(
<figureCitation id="13672A5AFF973A1788B2CA384275A905" box="[159,294,572,597]" captionStart="FIGURES 27–30. 27–28" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1908,1931]" captionTargetBox="[370,1229,209,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[370,1229,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 27–30. 27–28. Cladochaeta atlantica Pirani &amp; Amorim. 27. Male terminalia, posterolateral view. The right surstylus was omitted.28. Female terminalia, ventral view. 29–30.Spider Cryptachaeamigrans (Keyserling). 29.Adult female with egg sac. 30. Web and retreat in a bamboo leaf. (Abbreviations: as = apical sternite; hy = hypoproct; ps = penultimate sternite).Scale bars = 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1221806/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">Figs. 27–28</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3466554FF973A1788BACA7A4711A9C5" box="[151,1090,638,660]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BE336DFFF973A1788BACA7A4711A9C5" blockId="8.[151,1090,638,660]" box="[151,1090,638,660]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4C11F1FF973A1788BACA7A4711A9C5" box="[151,1090,638,660]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D5CFF973A1788BACA7A41F7A9C5" ID-CoL="8BHZL" authority="Pirani &amp; Amorim, 2016: 327" authorityName="Pirani &amp; Amorim" authorityPageNumber="327" authorityYear="2016" box="[151,676,638,660]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Cladochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atlantica">
<emphasis id="B928EACDFF973A1788BACA7A422BA9C5" box="[151,376,638,660]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">Cladochaeta atlantica</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AFD10CEFF973A178952CA7A41F7A9C5" author="" box="[383,676,638,660]" page="327" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B2EFF973A178952CA7A4126A9C5" box="[383,629,638,660]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" refId="ref4726" refString="Pirani, G. &amp; Amorim, D. S. (2016) Going beyond the tip of the Drosophilidae iceberg: New Cladochaeta Coquillett, 1900 (Diptera: Drosophilidae) from Brazil. Zootaxa, 4139 (3), 301 - 344. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4139.3.1" type="journal article">Pirani &amp; Amorim, 2016</bibRefCitation>
: 327
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–328,
<figureCitation id="13672A5AFF973A178AC7CA7A4098A9C5" box="[746,971,638,660]" captionStart="FIGURES 23–26. 23" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1812,1835]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,941,1802]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,941,1802]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 23–26. 23. Foam produced by nymph of Sphodroscarta trivirgata (Amyot &amp; Serville) with arrow pointing to the pupae of Cladochaeta caxiuana sp. nov. 24. Nymph of Sphodroscarta trivirgata (Amyot &amp; Serville) with arrow pointingto the larva of Cladochaeta caxiuana sp. nov. 25. Pupae of Cladochaeta caxiuana sp. nov. in a twig of the host plant of Sphodroscarta trivirgata (Amyot &amp; Serville). 26. Adult of Sphodroscarta trivirgata (Amyot &amp; Serville) inside the foam." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1221804/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">Figs. 24 A–F, 25 A–C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13672A5AFF973A178BF8CA7A4759A9C5" box="[981,1034,638,660]" captionStart="FIGURES 31–34" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1958,1981]" captionTargetBox="[217,1367,224,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[178,1400,193,1949]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 31–34. Cladochaeta sororia (Williston, 1896). 31. Habitus, lateral view. 32. Habitus, dorsal view. 33. Head, lateral view. 34. Head, anterior view.Scale bars = 0.5 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1221808/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">34 A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13672A5AFF973A178C39CA7A4711A9C5" box="[1044,1090,638,660]" captionStart="FIGURES 35–37. 35" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1089,1112]" captionTargetBox="[161,1433,226,1059]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1068]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 35–37. 35. Cladochaeta sp., female terminalia, ventral view. 36–37. Notocyphus, female. 36. Cocoon on a dead leaf. 37. Habitus, lateral view. (Abbreviations: as = apical sternite; at = apical tergite; ce = cercus; ep = epiproct; hy = hypoproct;ps = penultimatesternite;pt = penultimate tergite).Scalebars = 2 mm,except in Fig.33 where it represents 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1221810/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">35 L</figureCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3466554FF973A1788BACAC54645A873" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE336DFFF973A1788BACAC54645A873" blockId="8.[151,1437,705,1450]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">
<materialsCitation id="3B343C82FF973A1788BACAC54641A873" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1838187719" collectingDate="2014-10-23" collectingDateMax="2014-12-04" collectingDateMin="2014-10-23" collectionCode="MPEG" collectorName="T. G. Kloss" country="Brazil" county="Material" elevation="550" location="Santa Teresa" municipality="Estacao Biologica de Santa Lucia" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="2" stateProvince="Espirito Santo">
<emphasis id="B928EACDFF973A1788BACAC54229A98B" bold="true" box="[151,378,705,730]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">
<collectingCounty id="62824E53FF973A1788BACAC543ACA98B" box="[151,255,705,730]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">Material</collectingCounty>
examined
</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B928EACDFF973A1789A4CAC541EFA98B" bold="true" box="[393,700,705,730]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">
<collectingCountry id="F34B764FFF973A1789A4CAC542AAA98B" box="[393,505,705,730]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="4998F83DFF973A178A2BCAC541E4A98B" box="[518,695,705,730]" country="Brazil" name="Espirito Santo" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">Espírito Santo</collectingRegion>
:
</emphasis>
<collectingMunicipality id="6B87ACA5FF973A178AE9CAC64710A98B" box="[708,1091,705,730]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">Estação Biológica de Santa Lúcia</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="8E836004FF973A178C62CAC647B2A988" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F587C9FF973A1788BACA1D4743AEFB:8E836004FF973A178C62CAC647B2A988" box="[1103,1249,706,730]" country="Brazil" county="Material" municipality="Estacao Biologica de Santa Lucia" name="Santa Teresa" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" stateProvince="Espirito Santo">Santa Teresa</location>
,
<location id="8E836004FF973A178CC0CAC546CBA988" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F587C9FF973A1788BACA1D4743AEFB:8E836004FF973A178CC0CAC546CBA988" box="[1261,1432,705,730]" country="Brazil" county="Material" municipality="Estacao Biologica de Santa Lucia" name="Atlantic Forest" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" stateProvince="Espirito Santo">Atlantic Forest</location>
,
<elevation id="0071D1ECFF973A1788BACAE1438AA9AF" box="[151,217,741,766]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" unit="m" value="550.0">
<quantity id="4CA49B3AFF973A1788BACAE1438AA9AF" box="[151,217,741,766]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" unit="m" value="550.0">550m</quantity>
</elevation>
, dense ombrophilous montane forest,
<collectorName id="26A95309FF973A178AB6CAE24072A9AF" box="[667,801,741,766]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">T. G. Kloss</collectorName>
[collector], reared from spider egg sacs of the spider
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D5CFF973A1788BACB0D42D9A870" baseAuthorityName="Keyserling" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[151,394,777,802]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Cryptachaea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="migrans">
<emphasis id="B928EACDFF973A1788BACB0D42D9A870" box="[151,394,777,802]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">Cryptachaea migrans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<collectingDate id="EFA6E9F7FF973A1789B5CB0E415DA873" box="[408,526,778,802]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" value="2014-10-23">
<date id="FFE2101FFF973A1789B5CB0E415DA873" box="[408,526,778,802]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" value="2014-10-23">23.X.2014</date>
</collectingDate>
(
<specimenCount id="9D5AFD56FF973A178A0CCB0E4118A873" box="[545,587,778,802]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
),
<collectingDate id="EFA6E9F7FF973A178A4DCB0E4185A873" box="[608,726,778,802]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" value="2014-10-31">
<date id="FFE2101FFF973A178A4DCB0E4185A873" box="[608,726,778,802]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" value="2014-10-31">31.X.2014</date>
</collectingDate>
(
<specimenCount id="9D5AFD56FF973A178AC5CB0E4040A873" box="[744,787,778,802]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
),
<collectingDate id="EFA6E9F7FF973A178B05CB0E40E2A873" box="[808,945,778,802]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" value="2014-12-04">
<date id="FFE2101FFF973A178B05CB0E40E2A873" box="[808,945,778,802]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" value="2014-12-04">04.XII.2014</date>
</collectingDate>
(
<specimenCount id="9D5AFD56FF973A178BEECB0E40BAA873" box="[963,1001,778,802]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
) (all deposited in
<collectionCode id="ED4DAE1AFF973A178C9ACB0E4659A873" box="[1207,1290,778,802]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/90vz-swjg" name="Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">MPEG</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3466554FF973A1788EACB29410DA884" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE336DFFF973A1788EACB29410DA884" blockId="8.[151,1437,705,1450]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">
<emphasis id="B928EACDFF973A1788EACB29429FA817" bold="true" box="[199,460,813,838]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">Description of female.</emphasis>
Differs from the description of the male showed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B2EFF973A178C3CCB294674A817" box="[1041,1319,813,838]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" refId="ref4726" refString="Pirani, G. &amp; Amorim, D. S. (2016) Going beyond the tip of the Drosophilidae iceberg: New Cladochaeta Coquillett, 1900 (Diptera: Drosophilidae) from Brazil. Zootaxa, 4139 (3), 301 - 344. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4139.3.1" type="journal article">Pirani &amp; Amorim (2016)</bibRefCitation>
as follow:
<emphasis id="B928EACDFF973A1788BACB554235A83B" box="[151,358,849,874]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">Female terminalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13672A5AFF973A178958CB55429BA83B" box="[373,456,849,874]" captionStart="FIGURES 27–30. 27–28" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1908,1931]" captionTargetBox="[370,1229,209,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[370,1229,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 27–30. 27–28. Cladochaeta atlantica Pirani &amp; Amorim. 27. Male terminalia, posterolateral view. The right surstylus was omitted.28. Female terminalia, ventral view. 29–30.Spider Cryptachaeamigrans (Keyserling). 29.Adult female with egg sac. 30. Web and retreat in a bamboo leaf. (Abbreviations: as = apical sternite; hy = hypoproct; ps = penultimate sternite).Scale bars = 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1221806/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
): Hypoproct narrowed distally, with microtrichosity and setae concentrated on posterior margin. Apical sternite wider than high, entire, with posterior margin bilobed, with three setae and microtrichosity restricted to the lobes. Penultimate sternite broad, shield-like, with a deep median cleft with almost parallel inner edges in posterior margin, without setae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3466554FF973A1788EACBE5409AA8AB" box="[199,969,993,1018]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BE336DFFF973A1788EACBE5409AA8AB" blockId="8.[151,1437,705,1450]" box="[199,969,993,1018]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">
<emphasis id="B928EACDFF973A1788EACBE54233A8AB" bold="true" box="[199,352,993,1018]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">Distribution.</emphasis>
NEOTROPICAL—Brazil (
<collectingRegion id="4998F83DFF973A178AB5CBE5406FA8AB" box="[664,828,993,1018]" country="Brazil" name="Espirito Santo" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">Espírito Santo</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="4998F83DFF973A178B65CBE640EDA8AB" box="[840,958,993,1018]" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3466554FF973A1788EACC014023AF37" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BE336DFFF973A1788EACC014023AF37" blockId="8.[151,1437,705,1450]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">
<emphasis id="B928EACDFF973A1788EACC014268AF4F" bold="true" box="[199,315,1029,1054]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">Remarks.</emphasis>
The female terminalia of
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D5CFF973A178A4ECC0241BBAF4F" box="[611,744,1029,1054]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Cladochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atlantica">
<emphasis id="B928EACDFF973A178A4ECC0241BBAF4F" box="[611,744,1029,1054]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">C. atlantica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D5CFF973A178BE3CC024678AF4F" authority="Grimaldi &amp; Nguyen" authorityName="Grimaldi &amp; Nguyen" box="[974,1323,1029,1054]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Cryptachaea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labidia">
<emphasis id="B928EACDFF973A178BE3CC02476CAF4F" box="[974,1087,1029,1054]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">C. labidia</emphasis>
Grimaldi &amp; Nguyen
</taxonomicName>
in having apical sternite with posterior margin entire and bilobed, but the number of setae in the lobes are different between these species (three in
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D5CFF973A1789B9CC4A414AAF37" box="[404,537,1101,1126]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Cryptachaea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atalntica">
<emphasis id="B928EACDFF973A1789B9CC4A414AAF37" box="[404,537,1101,1126]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">C. atalntica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and about eight in
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D5CFF973A178ADDCC4A400CAF37" box="[752,863,1101,1126]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Cryptachaea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labidia">
<emphasis id="B928EACDFF973A178ADDCC4A400CAF37" box="[752,863,1101,1126]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">C. labidia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3466554FF973A1788EACC754743AEFB" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BE336DFFF973A1788EACC7541F5AE4B" blockId="8.[151,1437,705,1450]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">
<emphasis id="B928EACDFF973A1788EACC754274AFDB" bold="true" box="[199,295,1137,1162]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">Biology.</emphasis>
The specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D5CFF973A178A20CC7641C4AFDB" box="[525,663,1137,1162]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Cladochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atlantica">
<emphasis id="B928EACDFF973A178A20CC7641C4AFDB" box="[525,663,1137,1162]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">C. atlantica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were obtained from the spider egg sacs of
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D5CFF973A178C89CC75423DAFFF" authority="(Keyserling, 1884)" baseAuthorityName="Keyserling" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Cryptachaea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="migrans">
<emphasis id="B928EACDFF973A178C89CC7546CFAFD8" box="[1188,1436,1137,1162]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">Cryptachaea migrans</emphasis>
(Keyserling, 1884)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D5CFF973A1789ADCC9242B0AFFF" box="[384,483,1174,1198]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Araneae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D5CFF973A1789DCCC914127AFFF" authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1833" box="[497,628,1173,1198]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Theridiidae</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation id="13672A5AFF973A178AA3CC9141B0AFFF" box="[654,739,1173,1198]" captionStart="FIGURES 27–30. 27–28" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1908,1931]" captionTargetBox="[370,1229,209,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[370,1229,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 27–30. 27–28. Cladochaeta atlantica Pirani &amp; Amorim. 27. Male terminalia, posterolateral view. The right surstylus was omitted.28. Female terminalia, ventral view. 29–30.Spider Cryptachaeamigrans (Keyserling). 29.Adult female with egg sac. 30. Web and retreat in a bamboo leaf. (Abbreviations: as = apical sternite; hy = hypoproct; ps = penultimate sternite).Scale bars = 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1221806/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
) collected in a montane ombrophilous Atlantic Forest at an altitude of
<specimenCount id="9D5AFD56FF973A17893FCCBD4232AF80" box="[274,353,1209,1234]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" type="generic">
<quantity id="4CA49B3AFF973A17893FCCBD420EAF80" box="[274,349,1209,1234]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" unit="m" value="550.0">550 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
This spider utilizes dry leaf as retreat (
<figureCitation id="13672A5AFF973A178B31CCBD40F4AF83" box="[796,935,1209,1234]" captionStart="FIGURES 27–30. 27–28" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1908,1931]" captionTargetBox="[370,1229,209,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[370,1229,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 27–30. 27–28. Cladochaeta atlantica Pirani &amp; Amorim. 27. Male terminalia, posterolateral view. The right surstylus was omitted.28. Female terminalia, ventral view. 29–30.Spider Cryptachaeamigrans (Keyserling). 29.Adult female with egg sac. 30. Web and retreat in a bamboo leaf. (Abbreviations: as = apical sternite; hy = hypoproct; ps = penultimate sternite).Scale bars = 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1221806/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">Figs. 29–30</figureCitation>
). Of 124 collected egg sacs, only three were attacked by this fly. One egg mass was completely consumed by the fly larva, while the other two were partially consumed and from these emerged spiderlings.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE336DFFF973A1788EACD214743AEFB" blockId="8.[151,1437,705,1450]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">
This is the first record of a species of
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D5CFF973A178A89CD214060AE6F" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1900" box="[676,819,1317,1342]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Cladochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B928EACDFF973A178A89CD214060AE6F" box="[676,819,1317,1342]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">Cladochaeta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
attacking a spider egg sac. The breeding habits of drosphilids are diversified, but there are few records of these flies parasitizing the egg sacs of spiders, which are restricted to some species of
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D5CFF973A1789D5CD6A4182AED7" authority="Hardy" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1850" box="[504,721,1389,1414]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B928EACDFF973A1789D5CD6A412DAED4" box="[504,638,1390,1413]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">Scaptomyza</emphasis>
Hardy
</taxonomicName>
(subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D5CFF973A178B71CD69476AAED7" authority="Knab" authorityName="Knab" authorityYear="1914" box="[860,1081,1389,1414]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B928EACDFF973A178B71CD6940BDAED7" box="[860,1006,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">Titanochaeta</emphasis>
Knab
</taxonomicName>
) in the Hawaiian Islands and
<collectingCountry id="F34B764FFF973A1788BACD954252AEFB" box="[151,257,1425,1450]" name="Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="491">Australia</collectingCountry>
, that attack
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D5CFF973A1789AACD954158AEFB" authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1833" box="[391,523,1425,1450]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Thomisidae</taxonomicName>
eggs (Wirth 1952,
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B2EFF973A178ACFCD954039AEFB" box="[738,874,1425,1450]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" refId="ref4632" refString="Hardy, D. E. (1965) Diptera: Cyclorrhapha II, Series Schizophora, Section Acalypterae I, Family Drosophilidae. Insect. Hawaii, 12, 1 - 814." type="journal article">Hardy 1965</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B2EFF973A178B58CD954750AEFB" box="[885,1027,1425,1450]" pageId="8" pageNumber="491" refId="ref4395" refString="Austin, D. A. (1985) The function of spider egg sacs in relation to parasitoids and predators, with special reference to the Australian fauna. Journal of Natural History, 19, 359 - 376. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938500770261" type="journal article">Austin 1985</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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