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<document id="6A4AAD7323B059B666D46D3F7F14CC7A" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad128" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13219879" ID-ZooBank="35B2566-E5C4-4C18-BCDC-550464F33B1E" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="tatiana" checkinTime="1722843801108" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Aléné Geonho Cho, Daniel Burckhardt Liliya Š. Serbina Igor Malenovský Dalva L. Queiroz Désirée C. &amp; Percy, Diana M." docDate="2024" docId="03A58E6A7441FFF7FE0C05906DD32D66" docLanguage="en" docName="zlad128.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 201 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad128" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C.6:ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleId="4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Liviidae" docType="key" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="415" masterDocId="FF9CF612745BFFEBFFE8064E6D162953" masterDocTitle="Phylogeny and classification of jumping plant lice of the subfamily Liviinae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Liviidae) based on molecular and morphological data" masterLastPageNumber="421" masterPageNumber="387" pageNumber="413" updateTime="1723461901636" updateUser="tatiana">
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<mods:title id="CF1801F84F69FA8E5E37AB6B57628F0E">Phylogeny and classification of jumping plant lice of the subfamily Liviinae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Liviidae) based on molecular and morphological data</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="336E62197D14871ACD70C4A8BF212265">Aléné Geonho Cho, Daniel Burckhardt Liliya Š. Serbina Igor Malenovský Dalva L. Queiroz Désirée C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3572EC4E4C9F4B5DAA1CC3D89BB4351F">Percy, Diana M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="71D7CDC494EA3BF46B0347C5DFDCDDC2">Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver V 6 T 1 Z 4, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="47D4A503134F54240A30ED9D466C212E">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="6E4F4D6156EB843C417913A042CC71F1">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:classification id="98FDB4EC88CA5DF4B283F1C0A26E20DB">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="C8D0ED58CFE15594697DD6CC96F36F0E" type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad128</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="D3DEF2B28776D1032EE3CB0B03B8846D" type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
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<subSubSection id="C3166CF77441FFF1FE0C059069492AA4" box="[484,1119,989,1016]" pageId="26" pageNumber="413" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7441FFF1FE0C059069492AA4" blockId="26.[155,1448,989,1971]" box="[484,1119,989,1016]" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
Key to subfamilies of
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7441FFF1FD2105936E362AA4" ID-CoL="C5H" ID-ENA="1585420" authority="Loew, 1879" box="[713,800,989,1015]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Liviidae</taxonomicName>
and genera of
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7441FFF1FC52059369032AA4" authority="Löw, 1879" box="[954,1045,989,1015]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Liviinae">Liviinae</taxonomicName>
: adults
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<key id="FF9D684D7441FFF0FF730241688E2E4F" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="414" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
<subSubSection id="C3166CF77441FFF0FF730241688E2ACF" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="414" pageId="26" pageNumber="413" type="key">
<keyStep id="30F827D97441FFF1FF73024168B12D15" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7441FFF1FF73024168B12D74" blockId="26.[155,1448,989,1971]" box="[155,1447,1039,1063]" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497441FFF1FF73024168B12D74" box="[155,1447,1039,1063]" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
1. Three ventral sense organs on metafemur in basal position (
<figureCitation id="133723F97441FFF1FCC002416E782D74" box="[808,878,1039,1063]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[128,193,1225,1249]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1195]" captionTargetId="figure-313@8.[129,1473,144,1197]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Hindlegs of adult Liviidae: A, Anomoterga africana (Loginova); B, Syntomoza magna (Kuwayama); C, Liella cf. insolita (Mifsud and Burckhardt); D, N, Paurocephala bifasciata Kuwayama; E, Psyllopsis fraxinicola (Foerster); F, Diclidophlebia oceanica (Crawford); G, D. excetrodendri (Li and Yang); H, D.xuani (Messi); I, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); J, H. irvingiae (Burckhardt et al.); K, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); L, Liella lanceomedia (Brown and Hodkinson); M, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); O, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor). A–D, metacoxa; E–N, metafemur, base left; O, apex of metafemur. Scales A–D = 0.2 mm; E–N = 0.1 mm; O = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219893/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">Fig. 6E</figureCitation>
) .........................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7441FFF1FAFF024168B12D74" authorityName="Crawford" authorityYear="1914" box="[1303,1447,1039,1063]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Euphyllurinae">Euphyllurinae</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7441FFF1FF73026068B12D15" blockId="26.[155,1448,989,1971]" box="[155,1447,1070,1094]" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497441FFF1FF73026068B12D15" box="[155,1447,1070,1094]" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
- Three ventral sense organs on metafemur in medial or submedial position (
<figureCitation id="133723F97441FFF1FC2C0260693D2D16" box="[964,1067,1070,1094]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[128,193,1225,1249]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1195]" captionTargetId="figure-313@8.[129,1473,144,1197]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Hindlegs of adult Liviidae: A, Anomoterga africana (Loginova); B, Syntomoza magna (Kuwayama); C, Liella cf. insolita (Mifsud and Burckhardt); D, N, Paurocephala bifasciata Kuwayama; E, Psyllopsis fraxinicola (Foerster); F, Diclidophlebia oceanica (Crawford); G, D. excetrodendri (Li and Yang); H, D.xuani (Messi); I, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); J, H. irvingiae (Burckhardt et al.); K, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); L, Liella lanceomedia (Brown and Hodkinson); M, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); O, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor). A–D, metacoxa; E–N, metafemur, base left; O, apex of metafemur. Scales A–D = 0.2 mm; E–N = 0.1 mm; O = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219893/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">Fig. 6F–N</figureCitation>
) ...............................................................2
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F827D97441FFF1FF73020368B12DD6" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7441FFF1FF73020368B12D36" blockId="26.[155,1448,989,1971]" box="[155,1447,1101,1125]" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497441FFF1FF73020368B12D36" box="[155,1447,1101,1125]" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
2. Metabasitarsus bearing two sclerotized spurs.........................................................................................Neophyllurinae:
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7441FFF1FAC7020368B12D36" ID-CoL="62BN" authorityName="Loginova" authorityYear="1973" box="[1327,1447,1101,1125]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Neophyllura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7441FFF1FAC7020368B12D36" box="[1327,1447,1101,1125]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">Neophyllura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7441FFF1FF73022368B12DD6" blockId="26.[155,1448,989,1971]" box="[155,1447,1133,1157]" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497441FFF1FF73022368B12DD6" box="[155,1447,1133,1157]" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
- Metabasitarsus lacking sclerotized spurs…
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7441FFF1FD9E02236FD92DD6" box="[630,719,1133,1157]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Liviinae">Liviinae</taxonomicName>
................................................................................................................................3
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F827D97441FFF1FF7302C268B12C12" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7441FFF1FF7302C268B12DB0" blockId="26.[155,1448,989,1971]" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497441FFF1FF7302C268B12DB0" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
3. Head with small preocular sclerite between eye and antennal insertion (
<figureCitation id="133723F97441FFF1FC5C02C26EED2DF7" box="[948,1019,1164,1188]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[114,179,1083,1107]" captionTargetBox="[116,1455,147,1053]" captionTargetId="figure-395@5.[114,1458,144,1055]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Head of adult Liviidae: A, Diclidophlebia xuaniMessi; B, Syntomoza magna (Kuwayama); C, Anomoterga tahuata Klyver; D, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton); E, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor); F, Livia junci (Schrank); G, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); H, Paurocephala dayak Mifsud and Burckhardt.A, B, dorsal view; C–H, ventral view. Scales A, B = 0.1 mm; C–H = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219887" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219887/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
). Apex of metatibia with thorn-like setae posteriorly (
<figureCitation id="133723F97441FFF1FEA102E56CBA2D90" box="[329,428,1195,1219]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1625,1649]" captionTargetBox="[117,1455,148,1594]" captionTargetId="figure-116@9.[114,1458,144,1597]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Metatibial apex of adult Liviidae:A, Strophingia cinereae Hodkinson; B, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton); C, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor); D, Livia junci (Schrank); E, Diclidophlebia oceanica (Crawford); F, D.xuani (Messi); G, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); H, Liella lanceomedia (Brown and Hodkinson); I, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); J, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); K, M. maculipennis (Brown and Hodkinson); L, Paurocephala sauteri Enderlein.Abbreviations:a, anterior view, l, lateral view, m, medial, p, posterior view. Scales 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219897/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">Fig. 7B, D</figureCitation>
) or with one to five peg-like setae laterally adjacent to a spur (
<figureCitation id="133723F97441FFF1FBFB02E5694A2D90" box="[1043,1116,1195,1219]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1625,1649]" captionTargetBox="[117,1455,148,1594]" captionTargetId="figure-116@9.[114,1458,144,1597]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Metatibial apex of adult Liviidae:A, Strophingia cinereae Hodkinson; B, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton); C, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor); D, Livia junci (Schrank); E, Diclidophlebia oceanica (Crawford); F, D.xuani (Messi); G, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); H, Liella lanceomedia (Brown and Hodkinson); I, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); J, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); K, M. maculipennis (Brown and Hodkinson); L, Paurocephala sauteri Enderlein.Abbreviations:a, anterior view, l, lateral view, m, medial, p, posterior view. Scales 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219897/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">Fig. 7C</figureCitation>
); apical spurs always sclerotized, relatively evenly spaced, forming a posteriorly open crown (
<figureCitation id="133723F97441FFF1FCC102856E662DB1" box="[809,880,1227,1251]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1625,1649]" captionTargetBox="[117,1455,148,1594]" captionTargetId="figure-116@9.[114,1458,144,1597]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Metatibial apex of adult Liviidae:A, Strophingia cinereae Hodkinson; B, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton); C, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor); D, Livia junci (Schrank); E, Diclidophlebia oceanica (Crawford); F, D.xuani (Messi); G, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); H, Liella lanceomedia (Brown and Hodkinson); I, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); J, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); K, M. maculipennis (Brown and Hodkinson); L, Paurocephala sauteri Enderlein.Abbreviations:a, anterior view, l, lateral view, m, medial, p, posterior view. Scales 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219897/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
)…
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7441FFF1FC6502856ECF2DB0" box="[909,985,1227,1251]" pageId="26" pageNumber="417" rank="tribe" tribe="Liviini">Liviini</taxonomicName>
................................................................................4
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7441FFF1FF7302A468B12C12" blockId="26.[155,1448,989,1971]" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497441FFF1FF7302A468B12C12" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
- Head without preocular sclerite (
<figureCitation id="133723F97441FFF1FDC802A46F7C2C51" box="[544,618,1258,1282]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[114,179,1083,1107]" captionTargetBox="[116,1455,147,1053]" captionTargetId="figure-395@5.[114,1458,144,1055]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Head of adult Liviidae: A, Diclidophlebia xuaniMessi; B, Syntomoza magna (Kuwayama); C, Anomoterga tahuata Klyver; D, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton); E, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor); F, Livia junci (Schrank); G, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); H, Paurocephala dayak Mifsud and Burckhardt.A, B, dorsal view; C–H, ventral view. Scales A, B = 0.1 mm; C–H = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219887" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219887/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
). Apex of metatibia lacking thorn-like setae posteriorly or peg-like setae adjacent to apical spurs; unsclerotized bristle-like setae may be present anteriorly between apical spurs (
<figureCitation id="133723F97441FFF1FB7D034769E52C72" box="[1173,1267,1289,1313]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1625,1649]" captionTargetBox="[117,1455,148,1594]" captionTargetId="figure-116@9.[114,1458,144,1597]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Metatibial apex of adult Liviidae:A, Strophingia cinereae Hodkinson; B, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton); C, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor); D, Livia junci (Schrank); E, Diclidophlebia oceanica (Crawford); F, D.xuani (Messi); G, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); H, Liella lanceomedia (Brown and Hodkinson); I, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); J, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); K, M. maculipennis (Brown and Hodkinson); L, Paurocephala sauteri Enderlein.Abbreviations:a, anterior view, l, lateral view, m, medial, p, posterior view. Scales 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219897/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">Fig. 7J, K</figureCitation>
); apical spurs are sometimes grouped (
<figureCitation id="133723F97441FFF1FE4D03676F132C13" box="[421,517,1321,1345]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1625,1649]" captionTargetBox="[117,1455,148,1594]" captionTargetId="figure-116@9.[114,1458,144,1597]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Metatibial apex of adult Liviidae:A, Strophingia cinereae Hodkinson; B, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton); C, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor); D, Livia junci (Schrank); E, Diclidophlebia oceanica (Crawford); F, D.xuani (Messi); G, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); H, Liella lanceomedia (Brown and Hodkinson); I, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); J, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); K, M. maculipennis (Brown and Hodkinson); L, Paurocephala sauteri Enderlein.Abbreviations:a, anterior view, l, lateral view, m, medial, p, posterior view. Scales 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219897/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">Fig. 7E, F</figureCitation>
) or weakly sclerotized (
<figureCitation id="133723F97441FFF1FD1203676E652C13" box="[762,883,1321,1345]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1625,1649]" captionTargetBox="[117,1455,148,1594]" captionTargetId="figure-116@9.[114,1458,144,1597]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Metatibial apex of adult Liviidae:A, Strophingia cinereae Hodkinson; B, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton); C, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor); D, Livia junci (Schrank); E, Diclidophlebia oceanica (Crawford); F, D.xuani (Messi); G, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); H, Liella lanceomedia (Brown and Hodkinson); I, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); J, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); K, M. maculipennis (Brown and Hodkinson); L, Paurocephala sauteri Enderlein.Abbreviations:a, anterior view, l, lateral view, m, medial, p, posterior view. Scales 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219897/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">Fig. 7H, I, L</figureCitation>
)…Paurocephalini................................................................8
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F827D97441FFF1FF73030668B12C8E" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7441FFF1FF73030668B12C2C" blockId="26.[155,1448,989,1971]" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497441FFF1FF73030668B12C2C" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
4. Pterostigma of forewing membranous, broad, and long (
<figureCitation id="133723F97441FFF1FCED03066E592C33" box="[773,847,1352,1376]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="10.[129,194,1126,1150]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1093]" captionTargetId="figure-401@10.[129,1473,144,1098]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 8. Wings and abdomen of Liviinae: A, D, L, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton), male; M, A. lichenoides (Puton), female; B, Diclidophlebia excetrodendri (Li and Yang); C, G, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); E, H, Livia junci (Schrank); F, J, Liella cf.insolita (Mifsud and Burckhardt); I, Diclidophlebia oceanica (Crawford); K, Tuthillia myrcianthis Burckhardt et al.; N, D. xuani (Messi); O, Paurocephala dayak Mifsud and Burckhardt, male; P, P.dayak, female.A, reduced pterostigma; B, pterostigma basally leathery, apically membranous (separating line see arrow); C, pterostigma entirely membranous; D–G, surface of forewing membrane in cell r 1: H–J, costa of hindwing; K–P, lateral edge of first visible abdominal tergite, base left.Scales A–C = 0.1 mm; D–G = 0.1 mm; H–J = 0.2 mm; K–P = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219899" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219899/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
). Metafemur with a group of stout, long setae apically (
<figureCitation id="133723F97441FFF1FA6A03066DFA2C2C" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[128,193,1225,1249]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1195]" captionTargetId="figure-313@8.[129,1473,144,1197]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Hindlegs of adult Liviidae: A, Anomoterga africana (Loginova); B, Syntomoza magna (Kuwayama); C, Liella cf. insolita (Mifsud and Burckhardt); D, N, Paurocephala bifasciata Kuwayama; E, Psyllopsis fraxinicola (Foerster); F, Diclidophlebia oceanica (Crawford); G, D. excetrodendri (Li and Yang); H, D.xuani (Messi); I, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); J, H. irvingiae (Burckhardt et al.); K, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); L, Liella lanceomedia (Brown and Hodkinson); M, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); O, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor). A–D, metacoxa; E–N, metafemur, base left; O, apex of metafemur. Scales A–D = 0.2 mm; E–N = 0.1 mm; O = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219893/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">Fig. 6O</figureCitation>
). Apex of metatibia bearing a row of two to five peg-like setae adjacent to a spur laterally (
<figureCitation id="133723F97441FFF1FB92032969D52C2C" box="[1146,1219,1383,1407]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1625,1649]" captionTargetBox="[117,1455,148,1594]" captionTargetId="figure-116@9.[114,1458,144,1597]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Metatibial apex of adult Liviidae:A, Strophingia cinereae Hodkinson; B, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton); C, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor); D, Livia junci (Schrank); E, Diclidophlebia oceanica (Crawford); F, D.xuani (Messi); G, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); H, Liella lanceomedia (Brown and Hodkinson); I, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); J, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); K, M. maculipennis (Brown and Hodkinson); L, Paurocephala sauteri Enderlein.Abbreviations:a, anterior view, l, lateral view, m, medial, p, posterior view. Scales 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219897/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">Fig. 7C</figureCitation>
) ....................................5
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7441FFF1FF7303C968B12C8E" blockId="26.[155,1448,989,1971]" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497441FFF1FF7303C968B12C8E" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
- Pterostigma of forewing leathery, narrow and short or reduced (
<figureCitation id="133723F97441FFF1FC9903C86EAB2CCC" box="[881,957,1414,1439]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="10.[129,194,1126,1150]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1093]" captionTargetId="figure-401@10.[129,1473,144,1098]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 8. Wings and abdomen of Liviinae: A, D, L, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton), male; M, A. lichenoides (Puton), female; B, Diclidophlebia excetrodendri (Li and Yang); C, G, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); E, H, Livia junci (Schrank); F, J, Liella cf.insolita (Mifsud and Burckhardt); I, Diclidophlebia oceanica (Crawford); K, Tuthillia myrcianthis Burckhardt et al.; N, D. xuani (Messi); O, Paurocephala dayak Mifsud and Burckhardt, male; P, P.dayak, female.A, reduced pterostigma; B, pterostigma basally leathery, apically membranous (separating line see arrow); C, pterostigma entirely membranous; D–G, surface of forewing membrane in cell r 1: H–J, costa of hindwing; K–P, lateral edge of first visible abdominal tergite, base left.Scales A–C = 0.1 mm; D–G = 0.1 mm; H–J = 0.2 mm; K–P = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219899" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219899/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
). Metafemur lacking stout, long setae apically. Metatibia either with a single peg-like seta adjacent to the most lateral apical spur or with several irregularly spaced thorn-like setae postero-apically (
<figureCitation id="133723F97441FFF1FE08038B6F532C8E" box="[480,581,1477,1501]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1625,1649]" captionTargetBox="[117,1455,148,1594]" captionTargetId="figure-116@9.[114,1458,144,1597]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Metatibial apex of adult Liviidae:A, Strophingia cinereae Hodkinson; B, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton); C, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor); D, Livia junci (Schrank); E, Diclidophlebia oceanica (Crawford); F, D.xuani (Messi); G, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); H, Liella lanceomedia (Brown and Hodkinson); I, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); J, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); K, M. maculipennis (Brown and Hodkinson); L, Paurocephala sauteri Enderlein.Abbreviations:a, anterior view, l, lateral view, m, medial, p, posterior view. Scales 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219897/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">Fig. 7B, D</figureCitation>
) ......................................................................................................................................................6
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F827D97441FFF1FF7303AA68B12F09" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7441FFF1FF7303AA68B12F48" blockId="26.[155,1448,989,1971]" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497441FFF1FF7303AA68B12F48" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
5. Frons triangular (
<figureCitation id="133723F97441FFF1FE6A03AA6CD82CAE" box="[386,462,1508,1533]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[114,179,1083,1107]" captionTargetBox="[116,1455,147,1053]" captionTargetId="figure-395@5.[114,1458,144,1055]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Head of adult Liviidae: A, Diclidophlebia xuaniMessi; B, Syntomoza magna (Kuwayama); C, Anomoterga tahuata Klyver; D, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton); E, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor); F, Livia junci (Schrank); G, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); H, Paurocephala dayak Mifsud and Burckhardt.A, B, dorsal view; C–H, ventral view. Scales A, B = 0.1 mm; C–H = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219887" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219887/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
). Antennal segment 3 as long as, or longer than, segments 4–6 together. Forewing with vein M much longer than M
<subScript id="17883D397441FFF1FE74005A6CAC2F71" attach="left" box="[412,442,1556,1571]" fontSize="6" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">1 + 2</subScript>
..............................................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7441FFF1FAD8004A68B12F48" authorityName="Klyver" authorityYear="1932" box="[1328,1447,1540,1563]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Anomoterga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7441FFF1FAD8004A68B12F48" box="[1328,1447,1540,1563]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">Anomoterga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7441FFF1FF73006A68B12F09" blockId="26.[155,1448,989,1971]" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497441FFF1FF73006A68B12F09" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
- Frons elongate, parallel-sided (
<figureCitation id="133723F97441FFF1FDED006D6F5D2F68" box="[517,587,1571,1595]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[114,179,1083,1107]" captionTargetBox="[116,1455,147,1053]" captionTargetId="figure-395@5.[114,1458,144,1055]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Head of adult Liviidae: A, Diclidophlebia xuaniMessi; B, Syntomoza magna (Kuwayama); C, Anomoterga tahuata Klyver; D, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton); E, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor); F, Livia junci (Schrank); G, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); H, Paurocephala dayak Mifsud and Burckhardt.A, B, dorsal view; C–H, ventral view. Scales A, B = 0.1 mm; C–H = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219887" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219887/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
). Antennal segment 3 not longer than segments 4–6 together. Forewing with vein M about as long as M
<subScript id="17883D397441FFF1FE61001D6CB12F32" attach="left" box="[393,423,1619,1633]" fontSize="6" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">1 + 2</subScript>
............................................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7441FFF1FAF9000D68B12F09" ID-CoL="62KRK" authorityName="Haupt" authorityYear="1935" box="[1297,1447,1603,1626]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Camarotoscena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7441FFF1FAF9000D68B12F09" box="[1297,1447,1603,1626]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">Camarotoscena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F827D97441FFF1FF73002C68B12F84" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7441FFF1FF73002C68BE2FCA" blockId="26.[155,1448,989,1971]" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497441FFF1FF73002C68BE2FCA" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
6. Subgenae not differentiated into separate sclerites. Metatibia with 9 or 10 apical metatibial spurs and one peg-like seta adjacent to inner spurs, lacking thorn-like setae postero-apically...............................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7441FFF1FAD300CC68BE2FCA" ID-CoL="7RFX" authorityName="sensu Burckhardt and Mifsud" authorityYear="2003" box="[1339,1448,1666,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Syntomoza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7441FFF1FAD300CC68BE2FCA" box="[1339,1448,1666,1689]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">Syntomoza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7441FFF1FF7300EF68B12F84" blockId="26.[155,1448,989,1971]" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497441FFF1FF7300EF68B12F84" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
- Subgenae differentiated into a separate sclerite on either side (
<figureCitation id="133723F97441FFF1FCB800EF6EA02FEB" box="[848,950,1697,1721]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[114,179,1083,1107]" captionTargetBox="[116,1455,147,1053]" captionTargetId="figure-395@5.[114,1458,144,1055]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Head of adult Liviidae: A, Diclidophlebia xuaniMessi; B, Syntomoza magna (Kuwayama); C, Anomoterga tahuata Klyver; D, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton); E, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor); F, Livia junci (Schrank); G, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); H, Paurocephala dayak Mifsud and Burckhardt.A, B, dorsal view; C–H, ventral view. Scales A, B = 0.1 mm; C–H = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219887" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219887/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">Fig. 3D, F</figureCitation>
). Metatibia with three to eight apical metatibial spurs, bearing thorn-like setae postero-apically, lacking peg-like setae adjacent to inner spur (
<figureCitation id="133723F97441FFF1FB9F008E69CA2F84" box="[1143,1244,1728,1752]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1625,1649]" captionTargetBox="[117,1455,148,1594]" captionTargetId="figure-116@9.[114,1458,144,1597]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Metatibial apex of adult Liviidae:A, Strophingia cinereae Hodkinson; B, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton); C, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor); D, Livia junci (Schrank); E, Diclidophlebia oceanica (Crawford); F, D.xuani (Messi); G, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); H, Liella lanceomedia (Brown and Hodkinson); I, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); J, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); K, M. maculipennis (Brown and Hodkinson); L, Paurocephala sauteri Enderlein.Abbreviations:a, anterior view, l, lateral view, m, medial, p, posterior view. Scales 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219897/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">Fig. 7B, D</figureCitation>
)................................7
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F827D97441FFF1FF7300AE69DF2E65" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7441FFF1FF7300AE68B12E44" blockId="26.[155,1448,989,1971]" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497441FFF1FF7300AE68B12E44" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
7. Head with transverse carina between vertex and genae anteriorly (
<figureCitation id="133723F97441FFF1FC8E00916EA62FA4" box="[870,944,1759,1783]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[129,194,975,999]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,942]" captionTargetId="figure-496@4.[129,1473,144,947]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Adult Liviinae:A, Livia junci (Schrank); B, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); C, Melanastera smithi (Burckhardt et al.); D, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton); E, Camarotoscena badia Loginova. A–C, head, in dorsal view; D, E, head, in oblique lateral view, with anterior carina (D, arrow), and smooth anteriorly (E). Scales 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219883/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
); vertex lacking anterior lobes. Antennal segment 3 longer than any other segment ..................................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7441FFF1FAA200B168B12E44" ID-CoL="YGN" authorityName="Hodkinson" authorityYear="1974" box="[1354,1447,1791,1815]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Aphorma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7441FFF1FAA200B168B12E44" box="[1354,1447,1791,1815]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">Aphorma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7441FFF1FF73015069DF2E65" blockId="26.[155,1448,989,1971]" box="[155,1225,1822,1846]" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497441FFF1FF73015069DF2E65" box="[155,1225,1822,1846]" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
- Vertex forming lobes anteriorly (
<figureCitation id="133723F97441FFF1FDFF01506F762E65" box="[535,608,1822,1846]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[129,194,975,999]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,942]" captionTargetId="figure-496@4.[129,1473,144,947]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Adult Liviinae:A, Livia junci (Schrank); B, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); C, Melanastera smithi (Burckhardt et al.); D, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton); E, Camarotoscena badia Loginova. A–C, head, in dorsal view; D, E, head, in oblique lateral view, with anterior carina (D, arrow), and smooth anteriorly (E). Scales 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219883/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
). Antennal segment 2 longer than any other segment…
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7441FFF1FB7F015169DF2E65" ID-CoL="9CL7R" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1175,1225,1823,1846]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Livia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7441FFF1FB7F015169DF2E65" box="[1175,1225,1823,1846]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">Livia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F827D97441FFF1FF73017368B12E26" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7441FFF1FF73017368B12E06" blockId="26.[155,1448,989,1971]" box="[155,1447,1853,1877]" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497441FFF1FF73017368B12E06" box="[155,1447,1853,1877]" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">8. Apical metatibial spurs weakly sclerotized, pale brown..........................................................................................................................9</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7441FFF1FF73011368B12E26" blockId="26.[155,1448,989,1971]" box="[155,1447,1885,1909]" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497441FFF1FF73011368B12E26" box="[155,1447,1885,1909]" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">- Apical metatibial spurs strongly sclerotized, black ............................................................................................................................... 12</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F827D97441FFF1FF73013268B12EE0" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7441FFF1FF73013268B12EC7" blockId="26.[155,1448,989,1971]" box="[155,1447,1916,1940]" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497441FFF1FF73013268B12EC7" box="[155,1447,1916,1940]" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
9. Metatibia with stout spurs laterally similar to those apically (
<figureCitation id="133723F97441FFF1FCD801326E612EC0" box="[816,887,1916,1940]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1625,1649]" captionTargetBox="[117,1455,148,1594]" captionTargetId="figure-116@9.[114,1458,144,1597]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Metatibial apex of adult Liviidae:A, Strophingia cinereae Hodkinson; B, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton); C, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor); D, Livia junci (Schrank); E, Diclidophlebia oceanica (Crawford); F, D.xuani (Messi); G, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); H, Liella lanceomedia (Brown and Hodkinson); I, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); J, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); K, M. maculipennis (Brown and Hodkinson); L, Paurocephala sauteri Enderlein.Abbreviations:a, anterior view, l, lateral view, m, medial, p, posterior view. Scales 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219897/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">Fig. 7L</figureCitation>
)..........................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7441FFF1FACB013268B12EC7" ID-CoL="63LDN" authorityName="Crawford" authorityYear="1913" box="[1315,1447,1916,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Paurocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7441FFF1FACB013268B12EC7" box="[1315,1447,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">Paurocephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7441FFF1FF7301D268B12EE0" blockId="26.[155,1448,989,1971]" box="[155,1447,1947,1971]" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497441FFF1FF7301D268B12EE0" box="[155,1447,1947,1971]" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">
- Metatibia devoid of stout spurs laterally (
<figureCitation id="133723F97441FFF1FD8501D56FDB2EE0" box="[621,717,1947,1971]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1625,1649]" captionTargetBox="[117,1455,148,1594]" captionTargetId="figure-116@9.[114,1458,144,1597]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Metatibial apex of adult Liviidae:A, Strophingia cinereae Hodkinson; B, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton); C, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor); D, Livia junci (Schrank); E, Diclidophlebia oceanica (Crawford); F, D.xuani (Messi); G, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); H, Liella lanceomedia (Brown and Hodkinson); I, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); J, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); K, M. maculipennis (Brown and Hodkinson); L, Paurocephala sauteri Enderlein.Abbreviations:a, anterior view, l, lateral view, m, medial, p, posterior view. Scales 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219897/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="413">Fig. 7H, I</figureCitation>
) ........................................................................................................................... 10
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F827D97440FFF0FF6406FA688E2879" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7440FFF0FF6406FA688E29B8" blockId="27.[140,1433,180,925]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497440FFF0FF6406FA688E29B8" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
10. Body conspicuously flattened; wings held almost horizontally (
<figureCitation id="133723F97440FFF0FCA606FA6E80299F" box="[846,918,180,204]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1141,1165]" captionTargetBox="[117,1455,147,1108]" captionTargetId="figure-424@3.[114,1458,144,1113]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Habitus images illustrating generic diversity within Liviinae: A, Anomoterga africana (Loginova); B, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton); C, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor); D, Livia junci (Schrank); E, Syntomoza magna (Kuwayama); F, Diclidophlebia eastopi Vondráček; G, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); H, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); I, Liella cf. insolita (Mifsud and Burckhardt); J, Melanastera smithi (Burckhardt et al.); K, Paurocephala chonchaiensis Boselli; L, Woldaia nebulosa Brown and Hodkinson. Scales 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219881/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Fig. 1L</figureCitation>
). Forewing widest in basal third. Antenna with a single subapical rhinarium on each of segments 4 and 6–9; segments 3–5 with fine bifid setae ......................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FAAE069D688E29B8" authorityName="Brown and Hodkinson" authorityYear="1988" box="[1350,1432,211,235]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Woldaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7440FFF0FAAE069D688E29B8" box="[1350,1432,211,235]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Woldaia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7440FFF0FF6406BD688E2879" blockId="27.[140,1433,180,925]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497440FFF0FF6406BD688E2879" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
- Body not conspicuously flattened; wings held roof-like over the body (
<figureCitation id="133723F97440FFF0FC6506BC6EF82859" box="[909,1006,242,267]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1141,1165]" captionTargetBox="[117,1455,147,1108]" captionTargetId="figure-424@3.[114,1458,144,1113]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Habitus images illustrating generic diversity within Liviinae: A, Anomoterga africana (Loginova); B, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton); C, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor); D, Livia junci (Schrank); E, Syntomoza magna (Kuwayama); F, Diclidophlebia eastopi Vondráček; G, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); H, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); I, Liella cf. insolita (Mifsud and Burckhardt); J, Melanastera smithi (Burckhardt et al.); K, Paurocephala chonchaiensis Boselli; L, Woldaia nebulosa Brown and Hodkinson. Scales 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219881/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Fig. 1H, I</figureCitation>
). Forewing widest in the middle or apical third. Antenna with a single subapical rhinarium on each of segments 4, 6, 8, 9, and sometimes 3; lacking bifid setae ........ 11
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<keyStep id="30F827D97440FFF0FF64077F688E28B5" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7440FFF0FF64077F688E28DB" blockId="27.[140,1433,180,925]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497440FFF0FF64077F688E28DB" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
11. Male proctiger lacking elongate or small rounded lateral plates posteriorly (
<figureCitation id="133723F97440FFF0FC34077F693F281A" box="[988,1065,305,329]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1638,1662]" captionTargetBox="[116,1452,156,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-111@11.[114,1458,144,1610]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 9. Male terminalia and tarsal arolium of immature Liviinae: A, G, L, Klyveria crassiflagellata (Burckhardt); B, H, Liella cf. insolita (Mifsud and Burckhardt); C, Diclidophlebia fremontiae (Klyver); D, Diclidophlebia leptonychiae Burckhardt et al.; E, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); F, Haplaphalara irvingiae (Burckhardt et al.); I, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); J, Psyllopsis fraxini (Linnaeus); K, Livia junci (Schrank); N, Melanastera Brazil. A, B, male proctiger, in lateral view; C–I, apex of proximal portion and distal portion(s) of aedeagus; J–N, tarsal arolium of fifth instar immature.Scales A, B = 0.05 mm; C–I = 0.05 mm; J–N, = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219901/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
). Distal portion of aedeagus often strongly swollen basally (
<figureCitation id="133723F97440FFF0FE57071E6F1C283A" box="[447,522,336,361]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1638,1662]" captionTargetBox="[116,1452,156,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-111@11.[114,1458,144,1610]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 9. Male terminalia and tarsal arolium of immature Liviinae: A, G, L, Klyveria crassiflagellata (Burckhardt); B, H, Liella cf. insolita (Mifsud and Burckhardt); C, Diclidophlebia fremontiae (Klyver); D, Diclidophlebia leptonychiae Burckhardt et al.; E, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); F, Haplaphalara irvingiae (Burckhardt et al.); I, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); J, Psyllopsis fraxini (Linnaeus); K, Livia junci (Schrank); N, Melanastera Brazil. A, B, male proctiger, in lateral view; C–I, apex of proximal portion and distal portion(s) of aedeagus; J–N, tarsal arolium of fifth instar immature.Scales A, B = 0.05 mm; C–I = 0.05 mm; J–N, = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219901/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Fig. 9G</figureCitation>
). Head often strongly transverse, vertex about a quarter or a third as long as vertex width (
<figureCitation id="133723F97440FFF0FF2F073E6C1B28DB" box="[199,269,368,392]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[129,194,975,999]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,942]" captionTargetId="figure-496@4.[129,1473,144,947]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Adult Liviinae:A, Livia junci (Schrank); B, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); C, Melanastera smithi (Burckhardt et al.); D, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton); E, Camarotoscena badia Loginova. A–C, head, in dorsal view; D, E, head, in oblique lateral view, with anterior carina (D, arrow), and smooth anteriorly (E). Scales 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219883/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
). Clypeus large, truncate anteriorly................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FAAE073E688E28DB" authorityName="Burckhardt, Serbina and Malenovsky" authorityYear="2024" box="[1350,1432,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Klyveria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7440FFF0FAAE073E688E28DB" box="[1350,1432,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Klyveria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7440FFF0FF6407DE688E28B5" blockId="27.[140,1433,180,925]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497440FFF0FF6407DE688E28B5" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
- Male proctiger with elongate or small rounded lateral plates posteriorly (
<figureCitation id="133723F97440FFF0FC7107C16EC928F4" box="[921,991,399,423]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1638,1662]" captionTargetBox="[116,1452,156,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-111@11.[114,1458,144,1610]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 9. Male terminalia and tarsal arolium of immature Liviinae: A, G, L, Klyveria crassiflagellata (Burckhardt); B, H, Liella cf. insolita (Mifsud and Burckhardt); C, Diclidophlebia fremontiae (Klyver); D, Diclidophlebia leptonychiae Burckhardt et al.; E, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); F, Haplaphalara irvingiae (Burckhardt et al.); I, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); J, Psyllopsis fraxini (Linnaeus); K, Livia junci (Schrank); N, Melanastera Brazil. A, B, male proctiger, in lateral view; C–I, apex of proximal portion and distal portion(s) of aedeagus; J–N, tarsal arolium of fifth instar immature.Scales A, B = 0.05 mm; C–I = 0.05 mm; J–N, = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219901/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Fig. 9B</figureCitation>
). Distal portion of aedeagus hardly swollen basally (
<figureCitation id="133723F97440FFF0FEF807E06C4D2894" box="[272,347,430,455]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1638,1662]" captionTargetBox="[116,1452,156,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-111@11.[114,1458,144,1610]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 9. Male terminalia and tarsal arolium of immature Liviinae: A, G, L, Klyveria crassiflagellata (Burckhardt); B, H, Liella cf. insolita (Mifsud and Burckhardt); C, Diclidophlebia fremontiae (Klyver); D, Diclidophlebia leptonychiae Burckhardt et al.; E, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); F, Haplaphalara irvingiae (Burckhardt et al.); I, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); J, Psyllopsis fraxini (Linnaeus); K, Livia junci (Schrank); N, Melanastera Brazil. A, B, male proctiger, in lateral view; C–I, apex of proximal portion and distal portion(s) of aedeagus; J–N, tarsal arolium of fifth instar immature.Scales A, B = 0.05 mm; C–I = 0.05 mm; J–N, = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219901/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Fig. 9H</figureCitation>
). Head moderately transverse, vertex about a third to half as long as vertex width. Clypeus small or medium-sized, rounded anteriorly.......................................................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FA890780688E28B5" authorityName="Burckhardt, Serbina and Malenovsky" authorityYear="2024" box="[1377,1432,462,486]" class="Malacostraca" family="Mysidae" genus="Liella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mysida" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7440FFF0FA890780688E28B5" box="[1377,1432,462,486]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Liella</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F827D97440FFF0FF6407A3688E2BF1" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7440FFF0FF6407A3688F2B17" blockId="27.[140,1433,180,925]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497440FFF0FF6407A3688F2B17" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
12. Vein C + Sc of forewing widened, not clearly delimited from cell; pterostigma divided into a basal or anterior coriaceous part and an apical or posterior membranous part (sometimes indistinct) (
<figureCitation id="133723F97440FFF0FC4B04426EFC2B76" box="[931,1002,524,549]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="10.[129,194,1126,1150]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1093]" captionTargetId="figure-401@10.[129,1473,144,1098]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 8. Wings and abdomen of Liviinae: A, D, L, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton), male; M, A. lichenoides (Puton), female; B, Diclidophlebia excetrodendri (Li and Yang); C, G, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); E, H, Livia junci (Schrank); F, J, Liella cf.insolita (Mifsud and Burckhardt); I, Diclidophlebia oceanica (Crawford); K, Tuthillia myrcianthis Burckhardt et al.; N, D. xuani (Messi); O, Paurocephala dayak Mifsud and Burckhardt, male; P, P.dayak, female.A, reduced pterostigma; B, pterostigma basally leathery, apically membranous (separating line see arrow); C, pterostigma entirely membranous; D–G, surface of forewing membrane in cell r 1: H–J, costa of hindwing; K–P, lateral edge of first visible abdominal tergite, base left.Scales A–C = 0.1 mm; D–G = 0.1 mm; H–J = 0.2 mm; K–P = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219899" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219899/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
, arrow). Metatibia with distinctly grouped spurs as (1–2) + (3–5) and/or lateral spurs on thumb-like processes longer than spurs (
<figureCitation id="133723F97440FFF0FBD10462698F2B10" box="[1081,1177,556,580]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1625,1649]" captionTargetBox="[117,1455,148,1594]" captionTargetId="figure-116@9.[114,1458,144,1597]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Metatibial apex of adult Liviidae:A, Strophingia cinereae Hodkinson; B, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton); C, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor); D, Livia junci (Schrank); E, Diclidophlebia oceanica (Crawford); F, D.xuani (Messi); G, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); H, Liella lanceomedia (Brown and Hodkinson); I, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); J, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); K, M. maculipennis (Brown and Hodkinson); L, Paurocephala sauteri Enderlein.Abbreviations:a, anterior view, l, lateral view, m, medial, p, posterior view. Scales 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219897/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Fig. 7E, F</figureCitation>
)..................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FAE30462688F2B17" ID-CoL="44QZ" authorityName=", Burckhardt and Mifsud" authorityYear="2003" box="[1291,1433,556,580]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Diclidophlebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7440FFF0FAE30462688F2B17" box="[1291,1433,556,580]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Diclidophlebia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7440FFF0FF640402688E2BF1" blockId="27.[140,1433,180,925]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497440FFF0FF640402688E2BF1" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
- Vein C + Sc of forewing not widened, clearly delimited from cell; pterostigma uniform, never divided into a basal coriaceous and apical membranous part (
<figureCitation id="133723F97440FFF0FE0304246F222BD0" box="[491,564,618,643]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="10.[129,194,1126,1150]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1093]" captionTargetId="figure-401@10.[129,1473,144,1098]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 8. Wings and abdomen of Liviinae: A, D, L, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton), male; M, A. lichenoides (Puton), female; B, Diclidophlebia excetrodendri (Li and Yang); C, G, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); E, H, Livia junci (Schrank); F, J, Liella cf.insolita (Mifsud and Burckhardt); I, Diclidophlebia oceanica (Crawford); K, Tuthillia myrcianthis Burckhardt et al.; N, D. xuani (Messi); O, Paurocephala dayak Mifsud and Burckhardt, male; P, P.dayak, female.A, reduced pterostigma; B, pterostigma basally leathery, apically membranous (separating line see arrow); C, pterostigma entirely membranous; D–G, surface of forewing membrane in cell r 1: H–J, costa of hindwing; K–P, lateral edge of first visible abdominal tergite, base left.Scales A–C = 0.1 mm; D–G = 0.1 mm; H–J = 0.2 mm; K–P = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219899" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219899/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
). Metatibia with ungrouped or grouped apical spurs, lateral spurs rarely on thumb-like processes (
<figureCitation id="133723F97440FFF0FEC504C46CB12BF2" box="[301,423,650,674]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1625,1649]" captionTargetBox="[117,1455,148,1594]" captionTargetId="figure-116@9.[114,1458,144,1597]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Metatibial apex of adult Liviidae:A, Strophingia cinereae Hodkinson; B, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton); C, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor); D, Livia junci (Schrank); E, Diclidophlebia oceanica (Crawford); F, D.xuani (Messi); G, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); H, Liella lanceomedia (Brown and Hodkinson); I, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); J, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); K, M. maculipennis (Brown and Hodkinson); L, Paurocephala sauteri Enderlein.Abbreviations:a, anterior view, l, lateral view, m, medial, p, posterior view. Scales 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219897/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Fig. 7G, J, K</figureCitation>
) ............................................................................................................................................................................. 13
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
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<keyStep id="30F827D97440FFF0FF6404E76EC12D5F" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7440FFF0FF6404E7688E2A4C" blockId="27.[140,1433,180,925]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497440FFF0FF6404E7688E2A4C" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
13. Metapostnotum with small tubercle or shallow longitudinal ridge (
<figureCitation id="133723F97440FFF0FCB604E76EB12B92" box="[862,935,681,705]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1077,1101]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1042]" captionTargetId="figure-446@6.[129,1473,144,1049]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Metapostnotum of adult Liviinae (arrow pointing to tubercle, tooth, ridge or horn): A, Anomoterga hsenpinensis Fang and Yang; B, Livia vernalis Fitch; C, Melanastera smithi (Burckhardt et al.); D, Paurocephala chonchaiensis Boselli. Scales 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219889" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219889/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
). Mesosternum shallowly concave along anterior margin; pleurosternal suture indistinct; basisternum large oval to rhomboidal or indistinct; katepisternum small antero-laterally. Apex of metatibia with a posteriorly open crown of 7–11, evenly or unevenly spaced spurs of similar size; lacking weakly sclerotized bristle-like setae between spurs (
<figureCitation id="133723F97440FFF0FD2F05496E072A4C" box="[711,785,775,799]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1625,1649]" captionTargetBox="[117,1455,148,1594]" captionTargetId="figure-116@9.[114,1458,144,1597]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Metatibial apex of adult Liviidae:A, Strophingia cinereae Hodkinson; B, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton); C, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor); D, Livia junci (Schrank); E, Diclidophlebia oceanica (Crawford); F, D.xuani (Messi); G, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); H, Liella lanceomedia (Brown and Hodkinson); I, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); J, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); K, M. maculipennis (Brown and Hodkinson); L, Paurocephala sauteri Enderlein.Abbreviations:a, anterior view, l, lateral view, m, medial, p, posterior view. Scales 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219897/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Fig. 7G</figureCitation>
)........................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FAE60549688E2A4C" authorityName=", Brown and Hodkinson" authorityYear="1988" box="[1294,1432,775,799]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Haplaphalara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7440FFF0FAE60549688E2A4C" box="[1294,1432,775,799]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Haplaphalara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<keyLead id="30FD9C497440FFF0FF6405696EC12D5F" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7440FFF0FF640569688E2ACF" blockId="27.[140,1433,180,925]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
- Metapostnotum with laterally compressed tooth (
<figureCitation id="133723F97440FFF0FD2E05686E042A6D" box="[710,786,806,830]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1077,1101]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1042]" captionTargetId="figure-446@6.[129,1473,144,1049]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Metapostnotum of adult Liviinae (arrow pointing to tubercle, tooth, ridge or horn): A, Anomoterga hsenpinensis Fang and Yang; B, Livia vernalis Fitch; C, Melanastera smithi (Burckhardt et al.); D, Paurocephala chonchaiensis Boselli. Scales 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219889" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219889/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
). Mesosternum concave anteriorly with hump in the middle; pleurosternal suture well visible; basisternum large, triangular; katepisternum large antero-laterally. Apex of metatibia with 5–10, sometimes indistinctly, grouped spurs; with antero-lateral unsclerotized bristle-like setae separating apical spurs (
<figureCitation id="133723F97440FFF0FA9A052B6DF82ACF" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1625,1649]" captionTargetBox="[117,1455,148,1594]" captionTargetId="figure-116@9.[114,1458,144,1597]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Metatibial apex of adult Liviidae:A, Strophingia cinereae Hodkinson; B, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton); C, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor); D, Livia junci (Schrank); E, Diclidophlebia oceanica (Crawford); F, D.xuani (Messi); G, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); H, Liella lanceomedia (Brown and Hodkinson); I, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); J, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); K, M. maculipennis (Brown and Hodkinson); L, Paurocephala sauteri Enderlein.Abbreviations:a, anterior view, l, lateral view, m, medial, p, posterior view. Scales 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219897/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Fig. 7J, K</figureCitation>
) ..............................................................................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FAC805CA688E2ACF" authorityName="Serbina, Malenovsky, Queiroz and Burckhardt" authorityYear="2024" box="[1312,1432,900,924]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Melanastera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7440FFF0FAC805CA688E2ACF" box="[1312,1432,900,924]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Melanastera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="C3166CF77440FFF0FDA505BD6EC12D5F" box="[589,983,1010,1037]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7440FFF0FDA505BD6EC12D5F" blockId="27.[140,1433,1010,1820]" box="[589,983,1010,1037]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
Key to genera of
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FCE905BC6E4A2D5F" box="[769,860,1010,1036]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Liviinae">Liviinae</taxonomicName>
: immatures
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</keyLead>
</keyStep>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3166CF77440FFF0FF64027D688E2E4F" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" type="key">
<keyStep id="30F827D97440FFF0FF64027D688E2DFA" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7440FFF0FF64027D688E2D38" blockId="27.[140,1433,1010,1820]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497440FFF0FF64027D688E2D38" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
1. Tarsal arolium fan-shaped, sessile (
<figureCitation id="133723F97440FFF0FDC4027D6F6F2D18" box="[556,633,1075,1099]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="10.[129,194,1126,1150]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1093]" captionTargetId="figure-401@10.[129,1473,144,1098]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 8. Wings and abdomen of Liviinae: A, D, L, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton), male; M, A. lichenoides (Puton), female; B, Diclidophlebia excetrodendri (Li and Yang); C, G, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); E, H, Livia junci (Schrank); F, J, Liella cf.insolita (Mifsud and Burckhardt); I, Diclidophlebia oceanica (Crawford); K, Tuthillia myrcianthis Burckhardt et al.; N, D. xuani (Messi); O, Paurocephala dayak Mifsud and Burckhardt, male; P, P.dayak, female.A, reduced pterostigma; B, pterostigma basally leathery, apically membranous (separating line see arrow); C, pterostigma entirely membranous; D–G, surface of forewing membrane in cell r 1: H–J, costa of hindwing; K–P, lateral edge of first visible abdominal tergite, base left.Scales A–C = 0.1 mm; D–G = 0.1 mm; H–J = 0.2 mm; K–P = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219899" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219899/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Fig. 8K</figureCitation>
). Antennal flagellum lacking sectasetae; antenna seven or eight segments…
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FF54021D6DE92D38" box="[188,255,1107,1131]" pageId="27" pageNumber="417" rank="tribe" tribe="Liviini">Liviini</taxonomicName>
................................................................................................................................................................................................................2
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7440FFF0FF64023C688E2DFA" blockId="27.[140,1433,1010,1820]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497440FFF0FF64023C688E2DFA" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
- Tarsal arolium petiolate; petiole often with lateral appendages; arolium small relative to pedicel (
<figureCitation id="133723F97440FFF0FB7E023C69E82DDA" box="[1174,1278,1138,1162]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="10.[129,194,1126,1150]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1093]" captionTargetId="figure-401@10.[129,1473,144,1098]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 8. Wings and abdomen of Liviinae: A, D, L, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton), male; M, A. lichenoides (Puton), female; B, Diclidophlebia excetrodendri (Li and Yang); C, G, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); E, H, Livia junci (Schrank); F, J, Liella cf.insolita (Mifsud and Burckhardt); I, Diclidophlebia oceanica (Crawford); K, Tuthillia myrcianthis Burckhardt et al.; N, D. xuani (Messi); O, Paurocephala dayak Mifsud and Burckhardt, male; P, P.dayak, female.A, reduced pterostigma; B, pterostigma basally leathery, apically membranous (separating line see arrow); C, pterostigma entirely membranous; D–G, surface of forewing membrane in cell r 1: H–J, costa of hindwing; K–P, lateral edge of first visible abdominal tergite, base left.Scales A–C = 0.1 mm; D–G = 0.1 mm; H–J = 0.2 mm; K–P = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219899" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219899/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Fig. 8L, N</figureCitation>
). Antennal flagellum bearing sectasetae; if absent, then antenna three segments…Paurocephalini .....................................................................6
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F827D97440FFF0FF6402FF688E2DBB" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7440FFF0FF6402FF688E2D9A" blockId="27.[140,1433,1010,1820]" box="[140,1432,1200,1225]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497440FFF0FF6402FF688E2D9A" box="[140,1432,1200,1225]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
2. On
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FF0B02FE6C5C2D9B" ID-CoL="FWG" box="[227,330,1200,1224]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Salicaceae</taxonomicName>
(and perhaps
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FE3302FE6F722D9B" ID-CoL="624G7" box="[475,612,1200,1224]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cunoniaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cunoniaceae</taxonomicName>
)...............................................................................................................................................3
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7440FFF0FF64029E688E2DBB" blockId="27.[140,1433,1010,1820]" box="[140,1432,1232,1256]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497440FFF0FF64029E688E2DBB" box="[140,1432,1232,1256]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">- On other host families ...................................................................................................................................................................................5</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F827D97440FFF0FF6402A1688E2C74" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7440FFF0FF6402A1688F2C54" blockId="27.[140,1433,1010,1820]" box="[140,1433,1263,1287]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497440FFF0FF6402A1688F2C54" box="[140,1433,1263,1287]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
3. Anus in terminal position.............................................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FAC402BE688F2C54" ID-CoL="7RFX" authorityName="sensu Burckhardt and Mifsud" authorityYear="2003" box="[1324,1433,1264,1287]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Syntomoza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7440FFF0FAC402BE688F2C54" box="[1324,1433,1264,1287]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Syntomoza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7440FFF0FF640341688E2C74" blockId="27.[140,1433,1010,1820]" box="[140,1432,1294,1319]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497440FFF0FF640341688E2C74" box="[140,1432,1294,1319]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">- Anus in ventral position ................................................................................................................................................................................4</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F827D97440FFF0FF640360688E2C36" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7440FFF0FF640360688E2C16" blockId="27.[140,1433,1010,1820]" box="[140,1432,1326,1350]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497440FFF0FF640360688E2C16" box="[140,1432,1326,1350]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
4. Mid- and hindlegs with massive peg-like spurs .....................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FAC90360688E2C16" authorityName="Klyver" authorityYear="1932" box="[1313,1432,1326,1349]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Anomoterga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7440FFF0FAC90360688E2C16" box="[1313,1432,1326,1349]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Anomoterga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7440FFF0FF640300688E2C36" blockId="27.[140,1433,1010,1820]" box="[140,1432,1357,1381]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497440FFF0FF640300688E2C36" box="[140,1432,1357,1381]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
- Mid- and hindlegs lacking massive peg-like spurs ..........................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FAEA0300688E2C36" ID-CoL="62KRK" authorityName="Haupt" authorityYear="1935" box="[1282,1432,1358,1381]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Camarotoscena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7440FFF0FAEA0300688E2C36" box="[1282,1432,1358,1381]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Camarotoscena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F827D97440FFF0FF640322688E2CF0" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7440FFF0FF640322688E2CD7" blockId="27.[140,1433,1010,1820]" box="[140,1432,1388,1413]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497440FFF0FF640322688E2CD7" box="[140,1432,1388,1413]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
5. Caudal plate bearing dorsal and marginal sectasetae. On
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FD1003226E852CD7" ID-CoL="FJR" box="[760,915,1388,1412]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ranunculaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ranunculaceae</taxonomicName>
...........................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FAD30322688E2CD7" ID-CoL="YGN" authorityName="Hodkinson" authorityYear="1974" box="[1339,1432,1388,1412]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Aphorma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7440FFF0FAD30322688E2CD7" box="[1339,1432,1388,1412]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Aphorma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7440FFF0FF6403C2688E2CF0" blockId="27.[140,1433,1010,1820]" box="[140,1432,1420,1444]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497440FFF0FF6403C2688E2CF0" box="[140,1432,1420,1444]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
- Caudal plate lacking sectasetae. On
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FDCE03C26F8B2CF7" ID-CoL="8W5" authorityName="de Jussieu" authorityYear="1789" box="[550,669,1420,1444]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cyperaceae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FD2503C26E242CF0" ID-CoL="BJG" box="[717,818,1420,1443]" class="Liliopsida" family="Juncaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Juncaceae</taxonomicName>
....................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FA8E03C2688E2CF0" ID-CoL="9CL7R" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1382,1432,1420,1443]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Livia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7440FFF0FA8E03C2688E2CF0" box="[1382,1432,1420,1443]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Livia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F827D97440FFF0FF6403E5688E2CB0" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7440FFF0FF6403E5688E2C90" blockId="27.[140,1433,1010,1820]" box="[140,1432,1451,1475]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497440FFF0FF6403E5688E2C90" box="[140,1432,1451,1475]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">6. Body usually lacking minute clavate setae dorsally. Abdomen never with pore fields in addition to circumanal ring ..............7</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7440FFF0FF640385688E2CB0" blockId="27.[140,1433,1010,1820]" box="[140,1432,1482,1507]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497440FFF0FF640385688E2CB0" box="[140,1432,1482,1507]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">- Body bearing minute clavate setae dorsally. Abdomen usually bearing pore fields in addition to circumanal ring ...................8</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F827D97440FFF0FF6403A4688E2F33" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7440FFF0FF6403A4688E2F72" blockId="27.[140,1433,1010,1820]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497440FFF0FF6403A4688E2F72" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
7. Antennal flagellum never subdivided. Sectasetae on outer margin of abdomen based upon extended tubercles, if indistinct then antennal flagellum lacking sectasetae ........................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FA890047688E2F72" authorityName="Burckhardt, Serbina and Malenovsky" authorityYear="2024" box="[1377,1432,1545,1569]" class="Malacostraca" family="Mysidae" genus="Liella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mysida" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7440FFF0FA890047688E2F72" box="[1377,1432,1545,1569]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Liella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7440FFF0FF640067688E2F33" blockId="27.[140,1433,1010,1820]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497440FFF0FF640067688E2F33" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
- Antennal flagellum usually (indistinctly) subdivided; always with sectasetae. Sectasetae on outer margin of abdomen not based upon extended tubercles..............................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FAFC0006688E2F33" ID-CoL="63LDN" authorityName="Crawford" authorityYear="1913" box="[1300,1432,1608,1632]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Paurocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7440FFF0FAFC0006688E2F33" box="[1300,1432,1608,1632]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Paurocephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F827D97440FFF0FF640029688E2FCC" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7440FFF0FF640029688E2F2C" blockId="27.[140,1433,1010,1820]" box="[140,1432,1639,1663]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497440FFF0FF640029688E2F2C" box="[140,1432,1639,1663]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
8. On
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FF0B00296C4F2F2C" box="[227,345,1639,1663]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Luehea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7440FFF0FF0B00296C3C2F2C" box="[227,298,1639,1663]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Luehea</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FE8C00296CC02F2C" ID-CoL="CDB" box="[356,470,1639,1663]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
) ........................................................................................................................................................................9
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7440FFF0FF6400C9688E2FCC" blockId="27.[140,1433,1010,1820]" box="[140,1432,1670,1695]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497440FFF0FF6400C9688E2FCC" box="[140,1432,1670,1695]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">- On other plant taxa ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 10</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F827D97440FFF0FF6400E8688E2F8E" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7440FFF0FF6400E8688E2FED" blockId="27.[140,1433,1010,1820]" box="[140,1432,1702,1726]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497440FFF0FF6400E8688E2FED" box="[140,1432,1702,1726]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
9. Legs bearing sectasetae.....................................................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FAAE00E8688E2FED" authorityName="Burckhardt, Serbina and Malenovsky" authorityYear="2024" box="[1350,1432,1702,1726]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Klyveria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7440FFF0FAAE00E8688E2FED" box="[1350,1432,1702,1726]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Klyveria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7440FFF0FF640088688E2F8E" blockId="27.[140,1433,1010,1820]" box="[140,1432,1733,1758]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497440FFF0FF640088688E2F8E" box="[140,1432,1733,1758]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
- Legs lacking sectasetae .....................................................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FAAE008B688E2F8E" authorityName="Brown and Hodkinson" authorityYear="1988" box="[1350,1432,1733,1757]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Woldaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7440FFF0FAAE008B688E2F8E" box="[1350,1432,1733,1757]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Woldaia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F827D97440FFF0FF6400AA688E2E4F" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7440FFF0FF6400AA688E2FAF" blockId="27.[140,1433,1010,1820]" box="[140,1432,1764,1789]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497440FFF0FF6400AA688E2FAF" box="[140,1432,1764,1789]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
10. Antenna with 10 segments; if nine segments then on
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FD3E00AB6E522FAE" ID-CoL="622TP" box="[726,836,1765,1789]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
.....................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FAC800AA688E2FAF" authorityName="Serbina, Malenovsky, Queiroz and Burckhardt" authorityYear="2024" box="[1312,1432,1764,1788]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Melanastera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7440FFF0FAC800AA688E2FAF" box="[1312,1432,1764,1788]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Melanastera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7440FFF0FF64014A688E2E4F" blockId="27.[140,1433,1010,1820]" box="[140,1432,1796,1820]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="30FD9C497440FFF0FF64014A688E2E4F" box="[140,1432,1796,1820]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
- Antenna with nine segments. Never on
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FDA5014A6FAD2E4F" ID-CoL="622TP" box="[589,699,1796,1820]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
........................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FBB8014A69C82E4F" ID-CoL="44QZ" authorityName=", Burckhardt and Mifsud" authorityYear="2003" box="[1104,1246,1796,1820]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Diclidophlebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7440FFF0FBB8014A69C82E4F" box="[1104,1246,1796,1820]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Diclidophlebia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FAE6014A688E2E4F" box="[1294,1432,1796,1820]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Haplaphalara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7440FFF0FAE6014A688E2E4F" box="[1294,1432,1796,1820]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Haplaphalara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
</subSubSection>
</key>
<subSubSection id="C3166CF77440FFF0FEFA01156F4F2E26" box="[274,601,1883,1910]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7440FFF0FEFA01156F4F2E26" blockId="27.[113,762,1883,2008]" box="[274,601,1883,1910]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7440FFF0FEFA01156F4F2E26" bold="true" box="[274,601,1883,1910]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
Species excluded from
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FDEB01156F4F2E26" ID-CoL="C5H" box="[515,601,1883,1909]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Liviidae</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3166CF77440FFF7FF9901CC6DD32D66" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="415" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7440FFF7FF9901CC6CB62837" blockId="27.[113,762,1883,2008]" lastBlockId="28.[129,781,144,1077]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="415" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D428D7440FFF0FF9901CC6C3D2EC9" author="Cockerell TDA" box="[113,299,1922,1946]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" pagination="469 - 99" refId="ref29260" refString="Cockerell TDA. British fossil insects. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 1915; 49: 469 - 99." type="journal article" year="1915">Cockerell (1915)</bibRefCitation>
described a fragment of a forewing from the Oligocene of the
<collectingRegion id="49C8F19E7440FFF0FE8001EF6CED2EEA" box="[360,507,1953,1977]" country="United Kingdom" name="Isle of Wight" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Isle of Wight</collectingRegion>
as †
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FDDF01EF6C082E8B" authority="Cockerell, 1915" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Necropsylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anglica">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7440FFF0FDDF01EF6FEC2EEA" box="[567,762,1953,1977]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Necropsylla anglica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D428D7440FFF0FF99018E6C082E8B" author="Cockerell TDA" box="[113,286,1984,2008]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" pagination="469 - 99" refId="ref29260" refString="Cockerell TDA. British fossil insects. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 1915; 49: 469 - 99." type="journal article" year="1915">Cockerell, 1915</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D428D7440FFF0FEDC018E6F5E2E8B" author="Bekker-Migdisova EE" box="[308,584,1984,2008]" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" pagination="1 - 94" refId="ref28275" refString="Bekker-Migdisova EE. Iskopajemije Nasekomije psillomorfy. [Fossil psyllomorph insects. s] Trudy Paleontologitshekogo Instituta 1985; 206: 1 - 94." type="journal article" year="1985">Bekker-Migdisova (1985)</bibRefCitation>
transferred the species provisionally to
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FBCA011069AE2E26" authorityName="Haupt" authorityYear="1935" box="[1058,1208,1886,1909]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Camarotoscena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7440FFF0FBCA011069AE2E26" box="[1058,1208,1886,1909]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Camarotoscena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on the long, only weakly curved vein Cu
<subScript id="17883D397440FFF0FBFD01C369342EC8" attach="left" box="[1045,1058,1933,1947]" fontSize="6" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">1a</subScript>
and the straight vein Cu
<subScript id="17883D397440FFF0FACA01C368262EC8" attach="left" box="[1314,1328,1933,1947]" fontSize="6" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">1b</subScript>
. These characters are not diagnostic for
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FBB601D269E22EE0" authorityName="Haupt" authorityYear="1935" box="[1118,1268,1948,1971]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Camarotoscena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7440FFF0FBB601D269E22EE0" box="[1118,1268,1948,1971]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Camarotoscena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but occur also in †
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FCDF01F569862E80" authority="Klimaszewski, 1993" authorityName="Klimaszewski" authorityYear="1993" box="[823,1168,1979,2003]" class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Lapidopsylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7440FFF0FCDF01F56EA32E80" box="[823,949,1979,2003]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="414">Lapidopsylla</emphasis>
Klimaszewski, 1993
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FB4A01F568352E80" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1879" box="[1186,1315,1979,2003]" class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Aphalaridae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7440FFF0FADA01F568B92E80" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1879" box="[1330,1455,1979,2003]" class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aphalarinae">Aphalarinae</taxonomicName>
, †Paleopsylloidini), erected for two species from the Eocene/ Oligocene of the
<collectingRegion id="49C8F19E7447FFF7FED106E16CD22994" box="[313,452,175,199]" country="United Kingdom" name="Isle of Wight" pageId="28" pageNumber="415">Isle of Wight</collectingRegion>
. †
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7447FFF7FE3506E16F8D2994" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1915" box="[477,667,175,199]" class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Necropsylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="415" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anglica">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7447FFF7FE3506E16F8D2994" box="[477,667,175,199]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="415">Necropsylla anglica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resembles the
<typeStatus id="54B781DE7447FFF7FF4E06816DC229B4" box="[166,212,207,231]" pageId="28" pageNumber="415">type</typeStatus>
species of †
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7447FFF7FEA206816CDE29B4" authorityName="Klimaszewski" authorityYear="1993" box="[330,456,207,231]" class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Lapidopsylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="415" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7447FFF7FEA206816CDE29B4" box="[330,456,207,231]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="415">Lapidopsylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, †
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7447FFF7FE3606816DA12855" authority="Klimaszewski, 1993" authorityName="Klimaszewski" authorityYear="1993" class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Lapidopsylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="415" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thornessbaya">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7447FFF7FE3606816F6229B4" box="[478,628,207,231]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="415">L. thornessbaya</emphasis>
Klimaszewski, 1993
</taxonomicName>
, with which it appears congeneric. We suggest the following new combination:
<emphasis id="B978E36E7447FFF7FE4807436CBB2876" bold="true" box="[416,429,269,293]" pageId="28" pageNumber="415">†</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7447FFF7FE4607436DE92816" authority="(Cockerell 1915: 487)" authorityName="Aléné Geonho Cho &amp; Percy" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityPageNumber="487" baseAuthorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Lapidopsylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="415" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anglica" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7447FFF7FE4607436F862876" bold="true" box="[430,656,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="415">Lapidopsylla anglica</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D428D7447FFF7FD4F07436DEE2816" author="Cockerell TDA" pageId="28" pageNumber="415" pagination="469 - 99" refId="ref29260" refString="Cockerell TDA. British fossil insects. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 1915; 49: 469 - 99." type="journal article" year="1915">Cockerell 1915: 487</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B978E36E7447FFF7FEFB07636C822816" bold="true" box="[275,404,301,325]" pageId="28" pageNumber="415">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24B5E157447FFF7FEFB07636C822816" box="[275,404,301,325]" pageId="28" pageNumber="415" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
from
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7447FFF7FE0D07636F402816" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1890" box="[485,598,301,325]" class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Necropsylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="415" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7447FFF7FE0D07636F402816" box="[485,598,301,325]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="415">Necropsylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7447FFF7FD8507636C8A2837" authority=", Bekker-Migdisova 1985: 81" authorityName=", Bekker-Migdisova" authorityPageNumber="81" authorityYear="1985" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Camarotoscena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="415" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7447FFF7FD8507636E152817" box="[621,771,301,324]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="415">Camarotoscena</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D428D7447FFF7FF6907026C8A2837" author="Bekker-Migdisova EE" box="[129,412,332,356]" pageId="28" pageNumber="415" pagination="1 - 94" refId="ref28275" refString="Bekker-Migdisova EE. Iskopajemije Nasekomije psillomorfy. [Fossil psyllomorph insects. s] Trudy Paleontologitshekogo Instituta 1985; 206: 1 - 94." type="journal article" year="1985">Bekker-Migdisova 1985: 81</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7447FFF7FF7407226FFB2ACB" blockId="28.[129,781,144,1077]" pageId="28" pageNumber="415">
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7447FFF7FF7407226F0F28D0" ID-CoL="53ZCK" authority="Hodkinson, 1986" authorityName="Hodkinson" authorityYear="1986" box="[156,537,363,387]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Syntomoza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="415" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lebezia">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7447FFF7FF7407226C4028D0" box="[156,342,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="415">Syntomoza lebezia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D428D7447FFF7FE8907256F0F28D0" author="Hodkinson ID" box="[353,537,363,387]" pageId="28" pageNumber="415" pagination="143 - 52" refId="ref30312" refString="Hodkinson ID. First records of Euphyllurini (Homoptera: Psylloidea) from Central and South America. Entomologica Scandinavica 1986; 17: 143 - 52." type="journal article" year="1986">Hodkinson, 1986</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was described from a single specimen from
<collectingCountry id="F31B7FEC7447FFF7FE9A07C56CA428F0" box="[370,434,395,419]" name="Belize" pageId="28" pageNumber="415">Belize</collectingCountry>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D428D7447FFF7FE2807C56F9C28F1" author="Hodkinson ID" box="[448,650,394,419]" pageId="28" pageNumber="415" pagination="143 - 52" refId="ref30312" refString="Hodkinson ID. First records of Euphyllurini (Homoptera: Psylloidea) from Central and South America. Entomologica Scandinavica 1986; 17: 143 - 52." type="journal article" year="1986">Hodkinson (1986)</bibRefCitation>
placed this species provisionally in
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7447FFF7FE9707E46CFA2892" ID-CoL="7RFX" authorityName="sensu Burckhardt and Mifsud" authorityYear="2003" box="[383,492,426,449]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Syntomoza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="415" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7447FFF7FE9707E46CFA2892" box="[383,492,426,449]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="415">Syntomoza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as it shares with
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7447FFF7FD4307E46E1C2891" ID-CoL="3CSY8" authorityName="Kuwayama" authorityYear="1908" box="[683,778,426,450]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Euphyllura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="415" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magna">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7447FFF7FD4307E46E1C2891" box="[683,778,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="415">S. magna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the lobed male proctiger and the bulbous apex of the distal portion of the aedeagus, but differs in the head, metatarsi, and terminalia. As the species is morphologically quite distinct,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D428D7447FFF7FF6904696C532B6C" author="Hodkinson ID" box="[129,325,551,575]" pageId="28" pageNumber="415" pagination="143 - 52" refId="ref30312" refString="Hodkinson ID. First records of Euphyllurini (Homoptera: Psylloidea) from Central and South America. Entomologica Scandinavica 1986; 17: 143 - 52." type="journal article" year="1986">Hodkinson (1986)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that it ‘will probably deserve generic status in its own right’.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D428D7447FFF7FE7F04086FC32B0C" author="Burckhardt D &amp; Mifsud D" box="[407,725,582,607]" pageId="28" pageNumber="415" pagination="3 - 34" refId="ref28848" refString="Burckhardt D, Mifsud D. Jumping plant-lice of the Paurocephalinae (Insecta, Hemiptera, Psylloidea): systematics and phylogeny. Contributions to Natural History 2003; 2: 3 - 34." type="journal article" year="2003">Burckhardt and Mifsud (2003)</bibRefCitation>
concluded that the species ‘should be excluded from
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7447FFF7FD9904286FC82B2E" ID-CoL="7RFX" authorityName="sensu Burckhardt and Mifsud" authorityYear="2003" box="[625,734,614,637]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Syntomoza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="415" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7447FFF7FD9904286FC82B2E" box="[625,734,614,637]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="415">Syntomoza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the Paurocephalinae’ and suggested some resemblance in the head to
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7447FFF7FF3B04EA6CE32BEE" ID-CoL="5QL2" authority="Kuwayama, 1908" authorityName="Kuwayama" authorityYear="1908" box="[211,501,676,701]" class="Insecta" family="Calophyidae" genus="Metapsylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="415" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7447FFF7FF3B04EA6C282BEF" box="[211,318,676,700]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="415">Metapsylla</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D428D7447FFF7FEAC04EB6CE32BEE" author="Kuwayama S" box="[324,501,677,701]" pageId="28" pageNumber="415" pagination="149 - 89" refId="ref30771" refString="Kuwayama S. Die Psylliden Japans. I. Transactions of the Sapporo Natural History Society 1908; 2: 149 - 89." type="journal article" year="1908">Kuwayama, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. However,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7447FFF7FD8104EB6FD22BEF" ID-CoL="53ZCK" authorityName="Hodkinson" authorityYear="1986" box="[617,708,676,700]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Syntomoza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="415" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lebezia">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7447FFF7FD8104EB6FD22BEF" box="[617,708,676,700]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="415">S. lebezia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares with
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7447FFF7FF56048A6C2F2B8F" ID-CoL="57NX" authorityName="Crawford" authorityYear="1914" box="[190,313,708,732]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Katacephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="415" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7447FFF7FF56048A6C2F2B8F" box="[190,313,708,732]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="415">Katacephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7447FFF7FEA7048A6CA42B8F" ID-CoL="FC3" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1807" box="[335,434,708,732]" class="Insecta" family="Psyllidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="415" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Psyllidae</taxonomicName>
: Katacephalinae) the metatibia lacking a genual spine and bearing a posteriorly open crown of apical spurs, the presence of two basimetatarsal spurs, the posteriorly lobed male proctiger, and the host association with
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7447FFF7FF69050C6DFB2A09" ID-CoL="D48" box="[129,237,834,858]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="28" pageNumber="415" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myrtaceae</taxonomicName>
(unpublished BMNH data). For this reason, we transfer
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7447FFF7FF3E052F6F1E2A2B" ID-CoL="53ZCK" authority="Hodkinson" authorityName="Hodkinson" authorityYear="1986" box="[214,520,864,888]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Syntomoza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="415" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lebezia">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7447FFF7FF3E052F6C9B2A2B" box="[214,397,864,888]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="415">Syntomoza lebezia</emphasis>
Hodkinson
</taxonomicName>
formally to
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7447FFF7FD60052E6E152A2B" ID-CoL="57NX" authorityName="Crawford" authorityYear="1914" box="[648,771,864,888]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Katacephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="415" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7447FFF7FD60052E6E152A2B" box="[648,771,864,888]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="415">Katacephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7447FFF7FF7205316F7B2ACB" authority="(Hodkinson 1986: 149)" authorityName="Aléné Geonho Cho &amp; Percy" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Hodkinson" baseAuthorityPageNumber="149" baseAuthorityYear="1986" box="[154,621,895,920]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Katacephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="415" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lebezia" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7447FFF7FF7205316C662AC4" bold="true" box="[154,368,895,919]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="415">Katacephala lebezia</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D428D7447FFF7FE6805CE6F722ACB" author="Hodkinson ID" box="[384,612,896,920]" pageId="28" pageNumber="415" pagination="143 - 52" refId="ref30312" refString="Hodkinson ID. First records of Euphyllurini (Homoptera: Psylloidea) from Central and South America. Entomologica Scandinavica 1986; 17: 143 - 52." type="journal article" year="1986">Hodkinson 1986: 149</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B978E36E7447FFF7FD9E05CE6FFB2ACB" bold="true" box="[630,749,896,920]" pageId="28" pageNumber="415">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24B5E157447FFF7FD9E05CE6FFB2ACB" box="[630,749,896,920]" pageId="28" pageNumber="415" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB33F7C7447FFF7FF7405D16DD32D66" blockId="28.[129,781,144,1077]" pageId="28" pageNumber="415">
The Afrotropical species
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7447FFF7FE4405EE6FAD2AE4" ID-CoL="75VF2" authority="Pettey, 1924" authorityName="Pettey" authorityYear="1924" box="[428,699,927,952]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Paurocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="415" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicarinata">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7447FFF7FE4405EE6F3A2AE4" box="[428,556,927,951]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="415">P. bicarinata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D428D7447FFF7FDD005EE6FAD2AE4" author="Pettey FW" box="[568,699,927,952]" pageId="28" pageNumber="415" pagination="21 - 30" refId="ref31922" refString="Pettey FW. South African Psyllids. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 1924; 2: 21 - 30." type="journal article" year="1924">Pettey, 1924</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7447FFF7FD1105EE6C6D2A84" ID-CoL="6TVFC" authority="Pettey, 1933" authorityName="Pettey" authorityYear="1933" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Paurocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="415" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hottentotti">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7447FFF7FD1105EE6DF32A85" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="415">P. hottentotti</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D428D7447FFF7FF1C05F16C6D2A84" author="Pettey FW" box="[244,379,959,983]" pageId="28" pageNumber="415" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref31945" refString="Pettey FW. New species of South African Psyllids. III. Entomology Memoirs, Union of South Africa, Department of Agriculture 1933; 8: 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1933">Pettey, 1933</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
are currently formally included in
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7447FFF7FF6905906C132AA5" ID-CoL="63LDN" authorityName="Crawford" authorityYear="1913" box="[129,261,990,1014]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Paurocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="415" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978E36E7447FFF7FF6905906C132AA5" box="[129,261,990,1014]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="415">Paurocephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. They possess basimetatarsal spurs and are, therefore, not members of the
<taxonomicName id="4C0C44FF7447FFF7FE4C05B36CE12D46" box="[420,503,1021,1045]" class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Liviinae">Liviinae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D428D7447FFF7FDE605B36DA32D66" author="Burckhardt D &amp; Mifsud D" pageId="28" pageNumber="415" pagination="3 - 34" refId="ref28848" refString="Burckhardt D, Mifsud D. Jumping plant-lice of the Paurocephalinae (Insecta, Hemiptera, Psylloidea): systematics and phylogeny. Contributions to Natural History 2003; 2: 3 - 34." type="journal article" year="2003">Burckhardt and Mifsud 2003</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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