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<mods:title id="999F40AC1345BD9B8BC26171DD80E32C">Overview of the Caucasian Perla Geoffroy, 1762 (Plecoptera: Perlidae) based on morphological and molecular data with description of two new species</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="D038D4CF3D726F913F191391F3A1A4A0">Severtsov A. N. Institute of Ecology and Evolution of RAS, 33 Leninsky prospect, 119071 Moscow, Russia.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9A109F4DBAA9CEAC956213DF36DB55A0">Semenchenko, Alexander A.</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5D71E2FFF2CE05FF0392E6D8CBFCDC" ID-CoL="4F68S" authority="Guerin-Meneville, 1843" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" authorityYear="1843" box="[151,645,762,789]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Perla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caucasica">
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<emphasis id="B929D673FFF2CE05FF0392E6DB19FCDD" bold="true" box="[151,343,762,789]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Perla caucasica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF2CE05FECA92E6D8CBFCDC" author="Guerin-Meneville, F. E." box="[350,645,762,789]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="393 - 395" refId="ref24390" refString="Guerin-Meneville, F. E. (1843) Genre Perle. In: Guerin-Meneville, F. E. (Ed.), Iconographie du Regne Animal de G. Cuvier. Insectes, 1843, pp. 393 - 395." type="journal article" year="1843">Guérin-Méneville, 1843</bibRefCitation>
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<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF2CE05FF039303DB43FCF1" box="[151,269,799,825]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1‒6" captionStart-1="FIGURES 7–10" captionStart-2="FIGURES 11–15" captionStart-3="FIGURES 16–17" captionStart-4="FIGURES 18–23" captionStartId-0="4.[151,264,1867,1891]" captionStartId-1="5.[151,264,1894,1918]" captionStartId-2="6.[151,264,1437,1461]" captionStartId-3="7.[151,264,1941,1965]" captionStartId-4="8.[151,264,1859,1883]" captionTargetBox-0="[170,1417,179,1841]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,273,1871]" captionTargetBox-2="[170,1417,181,1414]" captionTargetBox-3="[170,1436,561,1918]" captionTargetBox-4="[170,1417,190,1835]" captionTargetId-0="figure-24@4.[170,1417,179,1841]" captionTargetId-1="figure-64@5.[151,1436,273,1871]" captionTargetId-2="figure-24@6.[170,1417,181,1414]" captionTargetId-3="figure-222@7.[151,1436,561,1918]" captionTargetId-4="figure-24@8.[170,1417,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionTargetPageId-3="7" captionTargetPageId-4="8" captionText-0="FIGURES 1‒6. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus: Russia, Adygea, Belaya River; Republic of North Ossetia- Alania, Mairamadag River. Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River. 1. Habitus, male, dorsal. 2. Male abdominal tip, dorsal. 3. Head and pronotum, male, dorsal. 4. Female subgenital plate, ventral. 5. Mesal field with longitudinal serrated ridges, dorsolateral, and hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, lateral, cleared. 6. Hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, caudal, cleared." captionText-1="FIGURES 7–10. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. 7. Hemitergal hooks and artificially everted penis, dorsal. 8. Penis, ventral. 9. Chaetotaxy of artificially everted penis, dorsal. A. Densely arranged longitudinal rows of heavy sclerotized serrate sclerites on the tube of the penis. B. Scales with small spines. 10. Same, ventral. C. Tiny spines in the ventral brush. D. Pointed brown spines in the apical brush." captionText-2="FIGURES 11–15. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River. Egg. 11. Appearance with a mushroom-shaped anchor plate, lateral. 12. Same, without the anchor plate. 13. Collar, lateral. 14. Chorion structure with funnel-shaped punctations. 15. Micropyles, orifices with thin raised rims." captionText-3="FIGURES 16–17. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River; Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. Larvae, habitus, dorsal. 16. Female larva. 17. Male larva." captionText-4="FIGURES 18–23. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River; Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. 18. Left and right mandibles, ventral. 19. Left lacinia, galea, maxillary palpus, ventral. 20. Right middle leg, dorsal. 21‒23. Chaetotaxy of the right cercus, lateral. 21. Basal cercal segments. 22. Middle cercal segments. 23. Apical cercal segments." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747723" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747725" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747733" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747735" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747739" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13747723/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13747725/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/13747733/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/13747735/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/13747739/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs. 1‒23</figureCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF2CE05FF03937FDBF2FCB3" author="Guerin-Meneville, F. E." box="[151,444,867,891]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="393 - 395" refId="ref24390" refString="Guerin-Meneville, F. E. (1843) Genre Perle. In: Guerin-Meneville, F. E. (Ed.), Iconographie du Regne Animal de G. Cuvier. Insectes, 1843, pp. 393 - 395." type="journal article" year="1843">Guérin-Méneville, 1843:394</bibRefCitation>
;
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<paragraph id="8BE20A61FFF2CE05FF03939EDB37FC52" blockId="2.[151,1437,867,1351]" box="[151,377,898,922]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF2CE05FF03939EDB3BFC52" author="Pictet, F. J." box="[151,373,898,922]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref25475" refString="Pictet, F. J. (1841) Histoire naturelle des insectes Nevropteres. Famille des Perlides. Kessmann-Bailliere, Geneve-Paris, 423 pp" type="book" year="1841">Pictet, 1841:206−207</bibRefCitation>
;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE20A61FFF2CE05FF0393BCDBC9FC70" blockId="2.[151,1437,867,1351]" box="[151,391,928,953]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF2CE05FF0393BCDBCAFC70" author="Klapalek, F." box="[151,388,928,953]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 193" refId="ref24917" refString="Klapalek, F. (1923) Plecopteres II. Fam. Perlidae. Collections Zoologiques du Baron Edm. de Selys Longchamps. Catalogue Systematique et descriptif, 4, 1 - 193." type="journal article" year="1923">Klapálek, 1923: 49−50</bibRefCitation>
;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF2CE05FF0393A3DB2AFC1F" author="Zhiltzova, L. A." box="[151,356,959,983]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="872 - 880" refId="ref26643" refString="Zhiltzova, L. A. (1961) On the study of the fauna of Plecoptera of the Caucasus V. Plecoptera of Armenia. Entomologicheskoe obozrenie, 40 (4), 872 - 880. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1961">Zhiltzova, 1961:873</bibRefCitation>
(distribution in the Caucasus);
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE20A61FFF2CE05FF0393C2D84EFC3E" blockId="2.[151,1437,867,1351]" box="[151,512,990,1014]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF2CE05FF0393C2DB16FC3E" author="Zhiltzova, L. A." box="[151,344,990,1014]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="101 - 114" refId="ref26685" refString="Zhiltzova, L. A. (1964) Die Plecopteren des europaischen Teils der Sowjetunion und des Kaukasus. Gewasser und Abwasser, 34 / 35, 101 - 114." type="journal article" year="1964">Zhiltzova, 1964:43</bibRefCitation>
(list of species);
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE20A61FFF2CE05FF0393E0D87EFBDC" blockId="2.[151,1437,867,1351]" box="[151,560,1020,1045]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF2CE05FF0393E0DB0BFBDC" author="Zwick, P." box="[151,325,1020,1044]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="21 - 38" refId="ref26998" refString="Zwick, P. (1978) Steinfliegen (Plecoptera) aus Griechenland und benachbarten Landern. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 51, 21 - 38. https: // doi. org / 10.5169 / seals- 401866" type="journal article" year="1978">Zwick, 1978:236</bibRefCitation>
(synonymy proposed);
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE20A61FFF2CE05FF039407D830FB9A" blockId="2.[151,1437,867,1351]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF2CE05FF039407DBC6FBFB" author="Sivec, I. &amp; Stark, B. P." box="[151,392,1051,1075]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref26075" refString="Sivec, I. &amp; Stark, B. P. (2002) The species of Perla (Plecoptera: Perlidae): evidence from egg morphology. Scopolia, 49, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="2002">Sivec &amp; Stark, 2002:13</bibRefCitation>
, figs. 22−24 (egg illustration, assignation to 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D71E2FFF2CE05FCC49400D981FBFB" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" authorityYear="1843" box="[848,975,1052,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Perla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caucasica">
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF2CE05FCC49400D981FBFB" box="[848,975,1052,1075]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">P. caucasica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D71E2FFF2CE05FB8A9407DF22FBFB" authority="Klapalek, 1921" authorityName="Klapalek" authorityYear="1921" box="[1054,1388,1051,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Perla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abbreviata" status="syn. nov.">
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF2CE05FB8A9407DE84FBFB" box="[1054,1226,1051,1075]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Perla abbreviata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF2CE05FB459407DF22FBFB" author="Klapalek, F." box="[1233,1388,1051,1075]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="57 - 67" refId="ref24871" refString="Klapalek, F. (1921) Plecopteres nouveaux. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 61, 57 - 67 + 146 - 150 + 320 - 327. [http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 12281956]" type="journal article" year="1921">Klapálek, 1921</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21A6B08FFF2CE05FAE79400DABBFB99" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">syn. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D71E2FFF2CE05FF6B9426D840FB9A" authority="Zwick, 1975" authorityName="Zwick" authorityYear="1975" box="[255,526,1082,1106]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Perla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persica" status="syn. nov.">
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF2CE05FF6B9426DBC6FB99" box="[255,392,1082,1106]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Perla persica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF2CE05FE1A9426D840FB9A" author="Zwick, P." box="[398,526,1082,1106]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="387 - 396" refId="ref26943" refString="Zwick, P. (1975) Weitere Plecoptera aus Anatolien. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 48 (3 - 4), 387 - 396." type="journal article" year="1975">Zwick, 1975</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21A6B08FFF2CE05FD809426D83DFB9A" box="[532,627,1082,1106]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">syn. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
);
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE20A61FFF2CE05FF039444DE50FBB8" blockId="2.[151,1437,867,1351]" box="[151,1054,1112,1137]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF2CE05FF039444D844FBB9" author="Zhiltzova, L. A. &amp; Cherchesova, S. K." box="[151,522,1112,1137]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="321 - 326" refId="ref26717" refString="Zhiltzova, L. A. &amp; Cherchesova, S. K. (2003) Description of the larva of genus Perla Geoff. (Plecoptera, Perlidae) from the Caucasus. Entomologicheskoe obozrenie, 82 (2), 321 - 326. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="2003">Zhiltzova &amp; Cherchesova, 2003:321</bibRefCitation>
, figs. 1−2, 5−6 (nymph description and illustration);
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE20A61FFF2CE05FF03946BD81BFB47" blockId="2.[151,1437,867,1351]" box="[151,597,1143,1167]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF2CE05FF03946BDB04FB47" author="Kazanci, N." box="[151,330,1143,1167]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref24750" refString="Kazanci, N. (2008) Turkiye Plecoptera (Insecta) Faunasi. Turkiye Ic Sulari Arastirmalari Dizisi IX. Imaj Yayinevi, Ankara, 56 pp." type="book" year="2008">Kazanci, 2008:43</bibRefCitation>
(new records for 
<collectingCountry id="F34A4AF1FFF2CE05FE69946BD804FB47" box="[509,586,1143,1167]" name="Turkey" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Turkey</collectingCountry>
);
</paragraph>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF2CE05FF03948ADBAEFB66" author="Teslenko, V. A. &amp; Zhiltzova, L. A." box="[151,480,1174,1198]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref26306" refString="Teslenko, V. A. &amp; Zhiltzova, L. A. (2009) Key to the stoneflies (Insecta, Plecoptera) of Russia and adjacent countries. Imagines and nymphs. Dalnauka, Vladivostok, 382 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="2009">Teslenko &amp; Zhiltzova, 2009:126</bibRefCitation>
(key with illustrations copied from 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF2CE05FCD9948AD9A4FB66" author="Zhiltzova, L. A." box="[845,1002,1174,1198]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="872 - 880" refId="ref26643" refString="Zhiltzova, L. A. (1961) On the study of the fauna of Plecoptera of the Caucasus V. Plecoptera of Armenia. Entomologicheskoe obozrenie, 40 (4), 872 - 880. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1961">Zhiltzova 1961</bibRefCitation>
);
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE20A61FFF2CE05FF0394A8D8F9FB23" blockId="2.[151,1437,867,1351]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF2CE05FF0394A8D84AFB05" author="Cherchesova, S. K. &amp; Zhiltzova, L. A." box="[151,516,1204,1229]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref23707" refString="Cherchesova, S. K. &amp; Zhiltzova, L. A. (2013) Opredelitel vesnyanok (Plecoptera) Kavkaza. RGAU-MI K. A. T, Moskva- Vladikavkaz, 113 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="2013">Cherchesova &amp; Zhiltzova, 2013:11</bibRefCitation>
, 42, 82, fig. 302 (key imago and larva, with larva illustrations copied from 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF2CE05FA8B94A8DBC2FB23" author="Zhiltzova, L. A. &amp; Cherchesova, S. K." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="321 - 326" refId="ref26717" refString="Zhiltzova, L. A. &amp; Cherchesova, S. K. (2003) Description of the larva of genus Perla Geoff. (Plecoptera, Perlidae) from the Caucasus. Entomologicheskoe obozrenie, 82 (2), 321 - 326. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="2003">Zhiltzova &amp; Cherchesova, 2003</bibRefCitation>
, phenology and distribution);
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE20A61FFF2CE05FF0394EED8F2FAC2" blockId="2.[151,1437,867,1351]" box="[151,700,1266,1290]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF2CE05FF0394EEDBC0FAC2" author="Darilmaz, M. C. &amp; Salur, A. &amp; Muranyi, D. &amp; Vincon, G." box="[151,398,1266,1290]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref23909" refString="Darilmaz, M. C., Salur, A., Muranyi, D. &amp; Vincon, G. (2016) Contribution to the knowledge of Turkish stoneflies with annotated catalogue (Insecta: Plecoptera). Zootaxa, 4074 (1), 1 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4074.1.1" type="journal article" year="2016">
Darilmaz 
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF2CE05FF6894EFDB61FAC2" box="[252,303,1266,1290]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
, 2016:52
</bibRefCitation>
(distribution map in 
<collectingCountry id="F34A4AF1FFF2CE05FDF094EED8FFFAC2" box="[612,689,1266,1290]" name="Turkey" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Turkey</collectingCountry>
);
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE20A61FFF2CE05FF03950CD8F7FAE0" blockId="2.[151,1437,867,1351]" box="[151,697,1296,1321]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF2CE05FF03950CDBC9FAE1" author="Muranyi, D. &amp; Manko, P. &amp; Kovacs, T. &amp; Vincon, G. &amp; Ziak, M. &amp; Kerimova, I. G. &amp; Snegovaya, N. Y. &amp; Obona, J." box="[151,391,1296,1321]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="58 - 80" refId="ref25255" refString="Muranyi, D., Manko, P., Kovacs, T., Vincon, G., Ziak, M., Kerimova, I. G., Snegovaya, N. Y. &amp; Obona, J. (2021) Review and contribution to the stonefly (Insecta: Plecoptera) fauna of Azerbaijan. Zootaxa, 4975 (1), 58 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4975.1.2" type="journal article" year="2021">
Murányi 
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF2CE05FF61950DDB66FAE0" box="[245,296,1296,1320]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
, 2021:74
</bibRefCitation>
(new records for 
<collectingCountry id="F34A4AF1FFF2CE05FDAE950CD8E0FAE0" box="[570,686,1296,1320]" name="Azerbaijan" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Azerbaijan</collectingCountry>
);
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE20A61FFF2CE05FF039533D8BCFA8F" blockId="2.[151,1437,867,1351]" box="[151,754,1327,1351]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF2CE05FF039533DBFCFA8F" author="Cherchesova, S. K. &amp; Shapovalov, M. I. &amp; Mamaev, V. I. &amp; Palatov, D. M." box="[151,434,1327,1351]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="82 - 93" refId="ref23747" refString="Cherchesova, S. K., Shapovalov, M. I., Mamaev, V. I. &amp; Palatov, D. M. (2023) Ecology and phenology of stoneflies (Plecoptera) in the northern slopes of the Central Caucasus in winter and spring seasons. Zoosymposia, 24 (1), 82 - 93. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zoosymposia. 24.1.9" type="journal article" year="2023">
Cherchesova 
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF2CE05FEB4952CDB1AFA8F" box="[288,340,1327,1351]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
, 2023:85
</bibRefCitation>
(distribution in 
<collectingRegion id="4999C483FFF2CE05FDC39533D8A9FA8F" box="[599,743,1327,1351]" country="Russia" name="North Ossetia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">North Ossetia</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34759EAFFF2CE00FF039569D995FDD1" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BE20A61FFF2CE05FF039569DB0CF8D3" blockId="2.[151,1437,1397,2036]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF2CE05FF039569DB5CFA47" bold="true" box="[151,274,1397,1423]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
The male is distinguished by a long mesal field on tergum 9 (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF2CE05FC5C9569DE43FA47" box="[968,1037,1397,1423]" captionStart="FIGURES 1‒6" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1891]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,179,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-24@4.[170,1417,179,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1‒6. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus: Russia, Adygea, Belaya River; Republic of North Ossetia- Alania, Mairamadag River. Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River. 1. Habitus, male, dorsal. 2. Male abdominal tip, dorsal. 3. Head and pronotum, male, dorsal. 4. Female subgenital plate, ventral. 5. Mesal field with longitudinal serrated ridges, dorsolateral, and hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, lateral, cleared. 6. Hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, caudal, cleared." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747723/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). The field expands anteriorly, with lateral longitudinal serrated ridges that are longer than the central ridges of teeth and an anterior part and posterior margin of the mesal field devoid of serrated ridges (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF2CE05FD5E95A1D97CFA10" box="[714,818,1469,1496]" captionStart="FIGURES 1‒6" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1891]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,179,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-24@4.[170,1417,179,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1‒6. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus: Russia, Adygea, Belaya River; Republic of North Ossetia- Alania, Mairamadag River. Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River. 1. Habitus, male, dorsal. 2. Male abdominal tip, dorsal. 3. Head and pronotum, male, dorsal. 4. Female subgenital plate, ventral. 5. Mesal field with longitudinal serrated ridges, dorsolateral, and hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, lateral, cleared. 6. Hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, caudal, cleared." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747723/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs. 2, 5</figureCitation>
). The hemitergal hook is triangular, without projections, narrowed towards the top, apex rounded (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF2CE05FDFF95FDD8BBFA34" box="[619,757,1505,1532]" captionStart="FIGURES 1‒6" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1891]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,179,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-24@4.[170,1417,179,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1‒6. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus: Russia, Adygea, Belaya River; Republic of North Ossetia- Alania, Mairamadag River. Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River. 1. Habitus, male, dorsal. 2. Male abdominal tip, dorsal. 3. Head and pronotum, male, dorsal. 4. Female subgenital plate, ventral. 5. Mesal field with longitudinal serrated ridges, dorsolateral, and hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, lateral, cleared. 6. Hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, caudal, cleared." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747723/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs. 2, 5‒6</figureCitation>
). The sac of the penis bears a narrow apical brush, ending in triangles ventrally and dorsally (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF2CE05FE6B9619D836F9D7" box="[511,632,1541,1567]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–10" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1894,1918]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,273,1871]" captionTargetId="figure-64@5.[151,1436,273,1871]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 7–10. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. 7. Hemitergal hooks and artificially everted penis, dorsal. 8. Penis, ventral. 9. Chaetotaxy of artificially everted penis, dorsal. A. Densely arranged longitudinal rows of heavy sclerotized serrate sclerites on the tube of the penis. B. Scales with small spines. 10. Same, ventral. C. Tiny spines in the ventral brush. D. Pointed brown spines in the apical brush." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747725" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747725/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs. 9‒10</figureCitation>
, C). Ventrally, on the sac, there is an additional barely noticeable ventral brush in the form of a short and narrow stripe, consisting of tiny spines (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF2CE05FC5C9635DE6BF98B" box="[968,1061,1577,1603]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–10" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1894,1918]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,273,1871]" captionTargetId="figure-64@5.[151,1436,273,1871]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 7–10. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. 7. Hemitergal hooks and artificially everted penis, dorsal. 8. Penis, ventral. 9. Chaetotaxy of artificially everted penis, dorsal. A. Densely arranged longitudinal rows of heavy sclerotized serrate sclerites on the tube of the penis. B. Scales with small spines. 10. Same, ventral. C. Tiny spines in the ventral brush. D. Pointed brown spines in the apical brush." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747725" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747725/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs. 10</figureCitation>
, D). The female is recognized by the distinctive subgenital plate, with a small rectangular projection with rounded corners posteriorly (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF2CE05FA819651DF12F9AF" box="[1301,1372,1613,1639]" captionStart="FIGURES 1‒6" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1891]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,179,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-24@4.[170,1417,179,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1‒6. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus: Russia, Adygea, Belaya River; Republic of North Ossetia- Alania, Mairamadag River. Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River. 1. Habitus, male, dorsal. 2. Male abdominal tip, dorsal. 3. Head and pronotum, male, dorsal. 4. Female subgenital plate, ventral. 5. Mesal field with longitudinal serrated ridges, dorsolateral, and hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, lateral, cleared. 6. Hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, caudal, cleared." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747723/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). The egg is oval-elongated; collar short, with irregular ribs; rim apex smooth with very slight irregular incisions; chorion is rough with numerous funnel-shaped punctations throughout; micropylar orifices with thin raised rims set in pits (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF2CE05FF0B96A5DB67F91C" box="[159,297,1721,1748]" captionStart="FIGURES 11–15" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1437,1461]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,181,1414]" captionTargetId="figure-24@6.[170,1417,181,1414]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 11–15. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River. Egg. 11. Appearance with a mushroom-shaped anchor plate, lateral. 12. Same, without the anchor plate. 13. Collar, lateral. 14. Chorion structure with funnel-shaped punctations. 15. Micropyles, orifices with thin raised rims." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747733/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs. 11‒15</figureCitation>
). The larva is distinguished by a wide, V-shaped pale spot on the head without serrations laterally, reaching the clypeus; by the narrow semi-oval pale bands on the pronotum; and by the pilosity of the cerci (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF2CE05FAF096C1DAAEF8D3" captionStart="FIGURES 16–17" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1941,1965]" captionTargetBox="[170,1436,561,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-222@7.[151,1436,561,1918]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 16–17. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River; Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. Larvae, habitus, dorsal. 16. Female larva. 17. Male larva." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747735" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747735/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs. 16‒17</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF2CE05FF7F971DDB78F8D3" box="[235,310,1793,1819]" captionStart="FIGURES 18–23" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1859,1883]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,190,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-24@8.[170,1417,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 18–23. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River; Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. 18. Left and right mandibles, ventral. 19. Left lacinia, galea, maxillary palpus, ventral. 20. Right middle leg, dorsal. 21‒23. Chaetotaxy of the right cercus, lateral. 21. Basal cercal segments. 22. Middle cercal segments. 23. Apical cercal segments." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747739" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747739/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">21‒23</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE20A61FFF2CE05FF539739DF7AF8AB" blockId="2.[151,1437,1397,2036]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF2CE05FF539739D856F8F7" bold="true" box="[199,536,1829,1855]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Complimentary description.</emphasis>
The color pattern of the head, abdomen, legs, and wings generally corresponds to the original description of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF2CE05FE549755D892F8AB" author="Guerin-Meneville, F. E." box="[448,732,1865,1891]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="393 - 395" refId="ref24390" refString="Guerin-Meneville, F. E. (1843) Genre Perle. In: Guerin-Meneville, F. E. (Ed.), Iconographie du Regne Animal de G. Cuvier. Insectes, 1843, pp. 393 - 395." type="journal article" year="1843">Guérin-Méneville (1843)</bibRefCitation>
, supplemented by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF2CE05FC3A9755DE71F8AB" author="Pictet, F. J." box="[942,1087,1865,1891]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref25475" refString="Pictet, F. J. (1841) Histoire naturelle des insectes Nevropteres. Famille des Perlides. Kessmann-Bailliere, Geneve-Paris, 423 pp" type="book" year="1841">Pictet (1841)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF2CE05FBE29755DF7EF8AB" author="Klapalek, F." box="[1142,1328,1865,1891]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 193" refId="ref24917" refString="Klapalek, F. (1923) Plecopteres II. Fam. Perlidae. Collections Zoologiques du Baron Edm. de Selys Longchamps. Catalogue Systematique et descriptif, 4, 1 - 193." type="journal article" year="1923">Klapálek (1923)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE20A61FFF2CE04FF539771DBF7FE65" blockId="2.[151,1437,1397,2036]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF2CE05FF539771DB3FF84F" bold="true" box="[199,369,1901,1927]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Adult habitus.</emphasis>
The general body color is brownish-yellow (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF2CE05FCF79771D9EDF84F" box="[867,931,1901,1927]" captionStart="FIGURES 1‒6" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1891]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,179,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-24@4.[170,1417,179,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1‒6. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus: Russia, Adygea, Belaya River; Republic of North Ossetia- Alania, Mairamadag River. Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River. 1. Habitus, male, dorsal. 2. Male abdominal tip, dorsal. 3. Head and pronotum, male, dorsal. 4. Female subgenital plate, ventral. 5. Mesal field with longitudinal serrated ridges, dorsolateral, and hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, lateral, cleared. 6. Hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, caudal, cleared." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747723/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). The M-line on the head is slightly darkened and clearly defined (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF2CE05FEEF978DDBF1F863" box="[379,447,1937,1963]" captionStart="FIGURES 1‒6" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1891]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,179,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-24@4.[170,1417,179,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1‒6. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus: Russia, Adygea, Belaya River; Republic of North Ossetia- Alania, Mairamadag River. Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River. 1. Habitus, male, dorsal. 2. Male abdominal tip, dorsal. 3. Head and pronotum, male, dorsal. 4. Female subgenital plate, ventral. 5. Mesal field with longitudinal serrated ridges, dorsolateral, and hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, lateral, cleared. 6. Hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, caudal, cleared." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747723/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). A pair of thin, longitudinal, narrow light spots parallel to the lateral clypeal edges reach the anterior edge of the clypeus; the clypeus has dark lateral margins. The anterior and lateral ocelli are outlined by a black band; lateral margins of the head darkened. The interocellar area is yellow-orange, extending to M-line and compound eyes; the tentorial pits dorsal to the lateral ocelli are light brown; the occiput is darkened (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF3CE04FAF0908BDA89FF1D" captionStart="FIGURES 1‒6" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1891]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,179,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-24@4.[170,1417,179,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1‒6. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus: Russia, Adygea, Belaya River; Republic of North Ossetia- Alania, Mairamadag River. Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River. 1. Habitus, male, dorsal. 2. Male abdominal tip, dorsal. 3. Head and pronotum, male, dorsal. 4. Female subgenital plate, ventral. 5. Mesal field with longitudinal serrated ridges, dorsolateral, and hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, lateral, cleared. 6. Hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, caudal, cleared." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747723/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 1, 3</figureCitation>
). Pronotum brown; rugosities are pale-grayish, forming an X-shaped pattern (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF3CE04FBC690A7DE8DFF1D" box="[1106,1219,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 1‒6" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1891]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,179,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-24@4.[170,1417,179,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1‒6. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus: Russia, Adygea, Belaya River; Republic of North Ossetia- Alania, Mairamadag River. Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River. 1. Habitus, male, dorsal. 2. Male abdominal tip, dorsal. 3. Head and pronotum, male, dorsal. 4. Female subgenital plate, ventral. 5. Mesal field with longitudinal serrated ridges, dorsolateral, and hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, lateral, cleared. 6. Hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, caudal, cleared." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747723/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 1, 3</figureCitation>
); anterolateral and posterolateral margins darkened; medial stripe brownish, widened to anterior and posterior margins; lateral margins of pronotum bordered by brown stripe, widening posterolaterally; sometimes the lateral edges are bent down and not visible dorsally. The legs and cerci are yellow-brown (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF3CE04FCB1913BD929FE89" box="[805,871,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURES 1‒6" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1891]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,179,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-24@4.[170,1417,179,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1‒6. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus: Russia, Adygea, Belaya River; Republic of North Ossetia- Alania, Mairamadag River. Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River. 1. Habitus, male, dorsal. 2. Male abdominal tip, dorsal. 3. Head and pronotum, male, dorsal. 4. Female subgenital plate, ventral. 5. Mesal field with longitudinal serrated ridges, dorsolateral, and hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, lateral, cleared. 6. Hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, caudal, cleared." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747723/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). The femur bears a narrow, darkish band close to the outer edge and a black band distally. Tibia darkened basally with an additional narrow brownish band at the base (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF3CE04FF0B9173DAAEFE41" box="[159,224,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURES 1‒6" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1891]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,179,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-24@4.[170,1417,179,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1‒6. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus: Russia, Adygea, Belaya River; Republic of North Ossetia- Alania, Mairamadag River. Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River. 1. Habitus, male, dorsal. 2. Male abdominal tip, dorsal. 3. Head and pronotum, male, dorsal. 4. Female subgenital plate, ventral. 5. Mesal field with longitudinal serrated ridges, dorsolateral, and hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, lateral, cleared. 6. Hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, caudal, cleared." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747723/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
); tarsi also darkened.Anal gills small and visible only in newly molted females. Each cercal segment slightly darkened distally (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF3CE04FEF3918FDBE6FE65" box="[359,424,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURES 1‒6" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1891]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,179,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-24@4.[170,1417,179,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1‒6. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus: Russia, Adygea, Belaya River; Republic of North Ossetia- Alania, Mairamadag River. Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River. 1. Habitus, male, dorsal. 2. Male abdominal tip, dorsal. 3. Head and pronotum, male, dorsal. 4. Female subgenital plate, ventral. 5. Mesal field with longitudinal serrated ridges, dorsolateral, and hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, lateral, cleared. 6. Hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, caudal, cleared." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747723/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE20A61FFF3CE04FF5391ABDE44FC25" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF3CE04FF5391ABDB45FE19" bold="true" box="[199,267,439,465]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Male.</emphasis>
Tergum 8 medially has a membranous furrow and posterolateral humps covered with dense and thick setae (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF3CE04FF4A91C7DB6CFE3D" box="[222,290,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURES 1‒6" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1891]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,179,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-24@4.[170,1417,179,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1‒6. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus: Russia, Adygea, Belaya River; Republic of North Ossetia- Alania, Mairamadag River. Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River. 1. Habitus, male, dorsal. 2. Male abdominal tip, dorsal. 3. Head and pronotum, male, dorsal. 4. Female subgenital plate, ventral. 5. Mesal field with longitudinal serrated ridges, dorsolateral, and hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, lateral, cleared. 6. Hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, caudal, cleared." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747723/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). Tergum 9 with a depressed sclerotized mesal field reaching the end of the posterior margin; the length of the field exceeds its width, expanded anteriorly, covered with longitudinal ridges (10–11) of sclerotized pointed teeth; lateral longitudinal serrated ridges longer than central rows of teeth; devoid of serrated ridges in the anterior part and posterior margin (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF3CE04FE56925BD860FDA9" box="[450,558,582,609]" captionStart="FIGURES 1‒6" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1891]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,179,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-24@4.[170,1417,179,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1‒6. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus: Russia, Adygea, Belaya River; Republic of North Ossetia- Alania, Mairamadag River. Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River. 1. Habitus, male, dorsal. 2. Male abdominal tip, dorsal. 3. Head and pronotum, male, dorsal. 4. Female subgenital plate, ventral. 5. Mesal field with longitudinal serrated ridges, dorsolateral, and hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, lateral, cleared. 6. Hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, caudal, cleared." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747723/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 2, 5</figureCitation>
). Tergum 10 bears hemitergites; the paired triangular hooks narrowed towards the tip, apices rounded, the base of the hook distended, and covered with long setae (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF3CE04FBFE9277DEB9FD4D" box="[1130,1271,618,645]" captionStart="FIGURES 1‒6" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1891]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,179,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-24@4.[170,1417,179,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1‒6. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus: Russia, Adygea, Belaya River; Republic of North Ossetia- Alania, Mairamadag River. Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River. 1. Habitus, male, dorsal. 2. Male abdominal tip, dorsal. 3. Head and pronotum, male, dorsal. 4. Female subgenital plate, ventral. 5. Mesal field with longitudinal serrated ridges, dorsolateral, and hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, lateral, cleared. 6. Hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, caudal, cleared." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747723/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 2, 5‒6</figureCitation>
). Hemitergites without projections, with an inner edge covered with sensilla basiconica, which is extended at the tip to the front and outer edges (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF3CE04FECD92AFDBAAFD05" box="[345,484,690,717]" captionStart="FIGURES 1‒6" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1891]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,179,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-24@4.[170,1417,179,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1‒6. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus: Russia, Adygea, Belaya River; Republic of North Ossetia- Alania, Mairamadag River. Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River. 1. Habitus, male, dorsal. 2. Male abdominal tip, dorsal. 3. Head and pronotum, male, dorsal. 4. Female subgenital plate, ventral. 5. Mesal field with longitudinal serrated ridges, dorsolateral, and hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, lateral, cleared. 6. Hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, caudal, cleared." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747723/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 2, 5‒6</figureCitation>
). The artificially everted penis has a tube that is 1.8 times the length of the sac (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF3CE04FAFB92AFDAE9FD39" captionStart="FIGURES 7–10" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1894,1918]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,273,1871]" captionTargetId="figure-64@5.[151,1436,273,1871]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 7–10. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. 7. Hemitergal hooks and artificially everted penis, dorsal. 8. Penis, ventral. 9. Chaetotaxy of artificially everted penis, dorsal. A. Densely arranged longitudinal rows of heavy sclerotized serrate sclerites on the tube of the penis. B. Scales with small spines. 10. Same, ventral. C. Tiny spines in the ventral brush. D. Pointed brown spines in the apical brush." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747725" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747725/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
); the base of the tube is membranous with patches of rounded spine bases laterally; the dorsal tube is covered with densely arranged longitudinal rows of heavy sclerotized serrate sclerites, sometimes changed into scales with small spines (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF3CE04FEA69303DBD1FCF1" box="[306,415,799,825]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–10" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1894,1918]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,273,1871]" captionTargetId="figure-64@5.[151,1436,273,1871]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 7–10. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. 7. Hemitergal hooks and artificially everted penis, dorsal. 8. Penis, ventral. 9. Chaetotaxy of artificially everted penis, dorsal. A. Densely arranged longitudinal rows of heavy sclerotized serrate sclerites on the tube of the penis. B. Scales with small spines. 10. Same, ventral. C. Tiny spines in the ventral brush. D. Pointed brown spines in the apical brush." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747725" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747725/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 7, 9</figureCitation>
, A‒B); ventrally, the tube at the basal half is weakly sclerotized; in the distal 1/3 there are longitudinal rows of leaf-shaped scales with small spines (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF3CE04FCB5935FD9D4FC95" box="[801,922,835,861]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–10" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1894,1918]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,273,1871]" captionTargetId="figure-64@5.[151,1436,273,1871]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 7–10. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. 7. Hemitergal hooks and artificially everted penis, dorsal. 8. Penis, ventral. 9. Chaetotaxy of artificially everted penis, dorsal. A. Densely arranged longitudinal rows of heavy sclerotized serrate sclerites on the tube of the penis. B. Scales with small spines. 10. Same, ventral. C. Tiny spines in the ventral brush. D. Pointed brown spines in the apical brush." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747725" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747725/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 8, 10</figureCitation>
). The sac is bulbous, membranous, at the base with lobes (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF3CE04FE8C937BDBCDFC49" box="[280,387,871,897]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–10" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1894,1918]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,273,1871]" captionTargetId="figure-64@5.[151,1436,273,1871]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 7–10. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. 7. Hemitergal hooks and artificially everted penis, dorsal. 8. Penis, ventral. 9. Chaetotaxy of artificially everted penis, dorsal. A. Densely arranged longitudinal rows of heavy sclerotized serrate sclerites on the tube of the penis. B. Scales with small spines. 10. Same, ventral. C. Tiny spines in the ventral brush. D. Pointed brown spines in the apical brush." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747725" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747725/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 7–8</figureCitation>
); thin pointed brown spines, forming a relatively narrow apical brush, noticeable in the form of a triangle ventrally and dorsally (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF3CE04FD9E9397D8CDFC6D" box="[522,643,907,933]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–10" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1894,1918]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,273,1871]" captionTargetId="figure-64@5.[151,1436,273,1871]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 7–10. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. 7. Hemitergal hooks and artificially everted penis, dorsal. 8. Penis, ventral. 9. Chaetotaxy of artificially everted penis, dorsal. A. Densely arranged longitudinal rows of heavy sclerotized serrate sclerites on the tube of the penis. B. Scales with small spines. 10. Same, ventral. C. Tiny spines in the ventral brush. D. Pointed brown spines in the apical brush." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747725" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747725/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 9‒10</figureCitation>
, D). Ventrally between membranous lobes, closer to the sac base, there is also a barely noticeable ventral brush in the form of a short and narrow stripe consisting of tiny spines; the spine size in the ventral brush is half the size of the apical brush spines (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF3CE04FCEA93CFD995FC25" box="[894,987,979,1005]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–10" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1894,1918]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,273,1871]" captionTargetId="figure-64@5.[151,1436,273,1871]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 7–10. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. 7. Hemitergal hooks and artificially everted penis, dorsal. 8. Penis, ventral. 9. Chaetotaxy of artificially everted penis, dorsal. A. Densely arranged longitudinal rows of heavy sclerotized serrate sclerites on the tube of the penis. B. Scales with small spines. 10. Same, ventral. C. Tiny spines in the ventral brush. D. Pointed brown spines in the apical brush." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747725" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747725/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 10</figureCitation>
, C).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE20A61FFF3CE04FF5393EBDF03FBFD" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF3CE04FF5393EBDB6BFBD9" bold="true" box="[199,293,1015,1041]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Female.</emphasis>
Color and pigmentation are similar for males. The lateral margins of the subgenital plate are weakly pronounced. The subgenital plate has medially a small rectangular projection with rounded corners (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF3CE04FB6E9407DF71FBFD" box="[1274,1343,1051,1077]" captionStart="FIGURES 1‒6" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1891]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,179,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-24@4.[170,1417,179,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1‒6. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus: Russia, Adygea, Belaya River; Republic of North Ossetia- Alania, Mairamadag River. Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River. 1. Habitus, male, dorsal. 2. Male abdominal tip, dorsal. 3. Head and pronotum, male, dorsal. 4. Female subgenital plate, ventral. 5. Mesal field with longitudinal serrated ridges, dorsolateral, and hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, lateral, cleared. 6. Hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, caudal, cleared." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747723/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE20A61FFF3CE04FF539423DEADFB21" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF3CE04FF539423DAB3FB91" bold="true" box="[199,253,1087,1113]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Egg.</emphasis>
Oval-elongate, with mean dimensions of 509 x 270 µm (n = 3), and a mushroom-shaped anchor (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF3CE04FAA99423DFC0FB91" box="[1341,1422,1087,1113]" captionStart="FIGURES 11–15" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1437,1461]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,181,1414]" captionTargetId="figure-24@6.[170,1417,181,1414]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 11–15. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River. Egg. 11. Appearance with a mushroom-shaped anchor plate, lateral. 12. Same, without the anchor plate. 13. Collar, lateral. 14. Chorion structure with funnel-shaped punctations. 15. Micropyles, orifices with thin raised rims." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747733/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
). Collar short, with irregular ribs extending from rim to shoulders; rim apex smooth with very slight irregular incisions (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF3CE04FF0B949BDB65FB69" box="[159,299,1159,1185]" captionStart="FIGURES 11–15" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1437,1461]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,181,1414]" captionTargetId="figure-24@6.[170,1417,181,1414]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 11–15. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River. Egg. 11. Appearance with a mushroom-shaped anchor plate, lateral. 12. Same, without the anchor plate. 13. Collar, lateral. 14. Chorion structure with funnel-shaped punctations. 15. Micropyles, orifices with thin raised rims." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747733/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 12–13</figureCitation>
). The chorion is pitted, with numerous funnel-shaped punctations throughout (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF3CE04FB26949BDF46FB69" box="[1202,1288,1159,1185]" captionStart="FIGURES 11–15" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1437,1461]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,181,1414]" captionTargetId="figure-24@6.[170,1417,181,1414]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 11–15. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River. Egg. 11. Appearance with a mushroom-shaped anchor plate, lateral. 12. Same, without the anchor plate. 13. Collar, lateral. 14. Chorion structure with funnel-shaped punctations. 15. Micropyles, orifices with thin raised rims." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747733/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
). Micropylar row is approximately 1/3 length from the anterior pole; orifices with thin raised rims are set in pits (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF3CE04FA9194B7DFC1FB0D" box="[1285,1423,1194,1221]" captionStart="FIGURES 11–15" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1437,1461]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,181,1414]" captionTargetId="figure-24@6.[170,1417,181,1414]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 11–15. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River. Egg. 11. Appearance with a mushroom-shaped anchor plate, lateral. 12. Same, without the anchor plate. 13. Collar, lateral. 14. Chorion structure with funnel-shaped punctations. 15. Micropyles, orifices with thin raised rims." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747733/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 12, 15</figureCitation>
). The shape and the chorion structure agree well with the original description (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF3CE04FC6194D3DE99FB21" author="Sivec, I. &amp; Stark, B. P." box="[1013,1239,1231,1257]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref26075" refString="Sivec, I. &amp; Stark, B. P. (2002) The species of Perla (Plecoptera: Perlidae): evidence from egg morphology. Scopolia, 49, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="2002">Sivec &amp; Stark 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE20A61FFF3CE02FF5394EFD866FF31" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,151,249]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF3CE04FF5394EFDB59FAC5" bold="true" box="[199,279,1267,1293]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Larva.</emphasis>
Mature larvae were associated with adults and corroborated the results of DNA barcoding. GenBank accession numbers are PP216466 and PP216467 (
<tableCitation id="C6DF3FDAFFF3CE04FD75950BD974FAF9" box="[737,826,1303,1329]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="49.[151,170,150,176]" captionText="TABLE 1. List of taxa, isolate numbers, sex, locations, and GenBank accession numbers." pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Table 1</tableCitation>
). In appearance and color, our specimens generally correspond to the original description of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D71E2FFF3CE04FD189527D959FA9C" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" authorityYear="1843" box="[652,791,1339,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Perla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caucasica">
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF3CE04FD189527D959FA9C" box="[652,791,1339,1364]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">P. caucasica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larva by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF3CE04FC159527DEB8FA9D" author="Zhiltzova, L. A. &amp; Cherchesova, S. K." box="[897,1270,1339,1365]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="321 - 326" refId="ref26717" refString="Zhiltzova, L. A. &amp; Cherchesova, S. K. (2003) Description of the larva of genus Perla Geoff. (Plecoptera, Perlidae) from the Caucasus. Entomologicheskoe obozrenie, 82 (2), 321 - 326. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="2003">Zhiltzova &amp; Cherchesova (2003)</bibRefCitation>
, except for the predominance of brown color and the pattern of the abdomen. Color yellow-brown (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF3CE04FBA29543DEF5FAB1" box="[1078,1211,1375,1401]" captionStart="FIGURES 16–17" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1941,1965]" captionTargetBox="[170,1436,561,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-222@7.[151,1436,561,1918]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 16–17. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River; Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. Larvae, habitus, dorsal. 16. Female larva. 17. Male larva." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747735" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747735/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 16–17</figureCitation>
) with a distinct dark pattern on the head, pronotum, mesonotum, metanotum, and abdomen. Body covered with numerous short dark clothing hairs; bands of erect silky white hairs upward of the epicranial suture on the head and along the median body line, sometimes well pronounced (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF3CE04FD8E95D7D820FA2D" box="[538,622,1483,1509]" captionStart="FIGURES 16–17" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1941,1965]" captionTargetBox="[170,1436,561,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-222@7.[151,1436,561,1918]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 16–17. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River; Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. Larvae, habitus, dorsal. 16. Female larva. 17. Male larva." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747735" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747735/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
). Antennae and cerci are yellow-brown. M-line is pale, a wide V-shaped spot expanding to the clypeus is also pale, and the lateral clypeal margins are brown (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF3CE04FBD495F3DE86F9C1" box="[1088,1224,1519,1545]" captionStart="FIGURES 16–17" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1941,1965]" captionTargetBox="[170,1436,561,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-222@7.[151,1436,561,1918]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 16–17. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River; Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. Larvae, habitus, dorsal. 16. Female larva. 17. Male larva." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747735" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747735/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 16–17</figureCitation>
). Head with a large transverse brown band, bounded above by the M-line and below by pale posterior tentorial pits and branches of the epicranial suture; a small triangular spot between the ocelli is pale; epicranial stem and base of the occiput brownish (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF3CE04FF0B9647DB64F9BD" box="[159,298,1627,1653]" captionStart="FIGURES 16–17" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1941,1965]" captionTargetBox="[170,1436,561,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-222@7.[151,1436,561,1918]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 16–17. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River; Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. Larvae, habitus, dorsal. 16. Female larva. 17. Male larva." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747735" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747735/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 16–17</figureCitation>
). The transverse occipital fold and the fold running around the eye merge in a regularly curved line. Setation along the occipital fold extends only to behind the eye but not forward along the edge of the flat, expanded side of the head. Mesothoracic supracoxal gills with double trunks. Mandibles (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF3CE04FBA796BFDEC6F975" box="[1075,1160,1699,1725]" captionStart="FIGURES 18–23" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1859,1883]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,190,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-24@8.[170,1417,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 18–23. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River; Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. 18. Left and right mandibles, ventral. 19. Left lacinia, galea, maxillary palpus, ventral. 20. Right middle leg, dorsal. 21‒23. Chaetotaxy of the right cercus, lateral. 21. Basal cercal segments. 22. Middle cercal segments. 23. Apical cercal segments." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747739" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747739/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
) are heavily sclerotized along a rounded outer margin. The number of teeth and the form of the molar region are asymmetrical between the right and left mandibles. Left mandible ventrally with five pointed heavy sclerotized teeth; bearing three rows of setae; the marginal brush extends from the base of the 4th tooth to the basal third of the mandible; the submarginal setal row stretches from the base of the 3rd tooth to the mandible basal third; the last submarginal setal row prolongs from the base of the first tooth to the mandible base (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF3CE04FD70974BD979F8B9" box="[740,823,1879,1905]" captionStart="FIGURES 18–23" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1859,1883]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,190,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-24@8.[170,1417,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 18–23. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River; Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. 18. Left and right mandibles, ventral. 19. Left lacinia, galea, maxillary palpus, ventral. 20. Right middle leg, dorsal. 21‒23. Chaetotaxy of the right cercus, lateral. 21. Basal cercal segments. 22. Middle cercal segments. 23. Apical cercal segments." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747739" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747739/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
). Right mandible ventrally with six teeth, the last tooth being small, obtuse-angled, sometimes not developed or poorly visible; marginal brush extending from the base of the 4th tooth to the basal 1/3 of the mandible; the submarginal setal row prolongs from the base of the first tooth to the mandible base (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF3CE04FEE097DFDB87F815" box="[372,457,1987,2013]" captionStart="FIGURES 18–23" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1859,1883]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,190,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-24@8.[170,1417,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 18–23. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River; Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. 18. Left and right mandibles, ventral. 19. Left lacinia, galea, maxillary palpus, ventral. 20. Right middle leg, dorsal. 21‒23. Chaetotaxy of the right cercus, lateral. 21. Basal cercal segments. 22. Middle cercal segments. 23. Apical cercal segments." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747739" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747739/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
). Lacinia bidentate (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF3CE04FD2697DFD94BF815" box="[690,773,1987,2013]" captionStart="FIGURES 18–23" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1859,1883]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,190,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-24@8.[170,1417,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 18–23. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River; Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. 18. Left and right mandibles, ventral. 19. Left lacinia, galea, maxillary palpus, ventral. 20. Right middle leg, dorsal. 21‒23. Chaetotaxy of the right cercus, lateral. 21. Basal cercal segments. 22. Middle cercal segments. 23. Apical cercal segments." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747739" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747739/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
) has a large, curved, and strongly sclerotized apical tooth; the subapical tooth is shorter, extending 2/3 of the apical tooth length. The marginal fringe of setae along the inner margin is complete; short median setae are present in a sparse patch; basal setae are sporadic. Galea length reaches half of apical tooth length (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF5CE02FE5C90C3D855FF31" box="[456,539,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURES 18–23" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1859,1883]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,190,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-24@8.[170,1417,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 18–23. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River; Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. 18. Left and right mandibles, ventral. 19. Left lacinia, galea, maxillary palpus, ventral. 20. Right middle leg, dorsal. 21‒23. Chaetotaxy of the right cercus, lateral. 21. Basal cercal segments. 22. Middle cercal segments. 23. Apical cercal segments." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747739" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747739/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF225AE9FFF4CE03FF039757DBE0F83B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747723" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13747723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747723/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" startId="4.[151,264,1867,1891]" targetBox="[170,1417,179,1841]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE20A61FFF4CE03FF039757DBE0F83B" blockId="4.[151,1437,1867,2035]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF4CE03FF039757DB74F8AB" bold="true" box="[151,314,1867,1891]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">FIGURES 1‒6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5D71E2FFF4CE03FEAB9757D891F8AB" authority="Guerin-Meneville, 1843" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" authorityYear="1843" box="[319,735,1867,1891]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Perla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caucasica">
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF4CE03FEAB9757DBACF8AB" box="[319,482,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Perla caucasica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF4CE03FE7C9757D891F8AB" author="Guerin-Meneville, F. E." box="[488,735,1867,1891]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="393 - 395" refId="ref24390" refString="Guerin-Meneville, F. E. (1843) Genre Perle. In: Guerin-Meneville, F. E. (Ed.), Iconographie du Regne Animal de G. Cuvier. Insectes, 1843, pp. 393 - 395." type="journal article" year="1843">Guérin-Méneville, 1843</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Caucasus: Russia, Adygea, Belaya River; Republic of North OssetiaAlania, Mairamadag River. Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River. 1. Habitus, male, dorsal. 2. Male abdominal tip, dorsal. 3. Head and pronotum, male, dorsal. 4. Female subgenital plate, ventral. 5. Mesal field with longitudinal serrated ridges, dorsolateral, and hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, lateral, cleared. 6. Hemitergal hooks covered with sensilla basiconica, caudal, cleared.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF225AE9FFF5CE02FF03977AD98FF822" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747725" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13747725" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747725/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[151,264,1894,1918]" targetBox="[151,1436,273,1871]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE20A61FFF5CE02FF03977AD98FF822" blockId="5.[151,1437,1894,2026]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF5CE02FF03977ADB05F8B6" bold="true" box="[151,331,1894,1918]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">FIGURES 7–10.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5D71E2FFF5CE02FEC1977AD94CF8B6" authority="Guerin-Meneville, 1843" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" authorityYear="1843" box="[341,770,1894,1918]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Perla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caucasica">
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF5CE02FEC1977ADBB2F8B6" box="[341,508,1894,1918]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Perla caucasica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF5CE02FD92977AD94CF8B6" author="Guerin-Meneville, F. E." box="[518,770,1894,1918]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="393 - 395" refId="ref24390" refString="Guerin-Meneville, F. E. (1843) Genre Perle. In: Guerin-Meneville, F. E. (Ed.), Iconographie du Regne Animal de G. Cuvier. Insectes, 1843, pp. 393 - 395." type="journal article" year="1843">Guérin-Méneville, 1843</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Caucasus, Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. 7. Hemitergal hooks and artificially everted penis, dorsal. 8. Penis, ventral. 9. Chaetotaxy of artificially everted penis, dorsal. A. Densely arranged longitudinal rows of heavy sclerotized serrate sclerites on the tube of the penis. B. Scales with small spines. 10. Same, ventral. C. Tiny spines in the ventral brush. D. Pointed brown spines in the apical brush.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF225AE9FFF6CE01FF039581DE5FFA36" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747733" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13747733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747733/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[151,264,1437,1461]" targetBox="[170,1417,181,1414]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE20A61FFF6CE01FF039581DE5FFA36" blockId="6.[151,1436,1437,1534]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF6CE01FF039581DB18FA7D" bold="true" box="[151,342,1437,1461]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURES 11–15.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5D71E2FFF6CE01FECB9582D944FA7E" authority="Guerin-Meneville, 1843" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" authorityYear="1843" box="[351,778,1438,1462]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Perla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caucasica">
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF6CE01FECB9582D84BFA7D" box="[351,517,1438,1462]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Perla caucasica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF6CE01FD9B9582D944FA7E" author="Guerin-Meneville, F. E." box="[527,778,1438,1462]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="393 - 395" refId="ref24390" refString="Guerin-Meneville, F. E. (1843) Genre Perle. In: Guerin-Meneville, F. E. (Ed.), Iconographie du Regne Animal de G. Cuvier. Insectes, 1843, pp. 393 - 395." type="journal article" year="1843">Guérin-Méneville, 1843</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River. Egg. 11. Appearance with a mushroom-shaped anchor plate, lateral. 12. Same, without the anchor plate. 13. Collar, lateral. 14. Chorion structure with funnel-shaped punctations. 15. Micropyles, orifices with thin raised rims.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE20A61FFF6CE00FF53964CD995FDD1" blockId="6.[151,1437,1616,2038]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,537]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Pronotum transverse, approximately the same width as the head, with obtusely rounded anterior corners; lateral margins and posterior angles are evenly rounded (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF6CE01FD2F9668D90CF946" box="[699,834,1652,1678]" captionStart="FIGURES 16–17" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1941,1965]" captionTargetBox="[170,1436,561,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-222@7.[151,1436,561,1918]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 16–17. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River; Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. Larvae, habitus, dorsal. 16. Female larva. 17. Male larva." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747735" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747735/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs. 16–17</figureCitation>
). The pronotal fringe is complete with mixed short and relatively long setae. Pronotum with a thin brown stripe along the edges; paired narrow semi-oval pale bands from the anterior corners to the middle of the posterior margin outline an oval brown band; lateral pronotal fields pale (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF6CE01FF0B96FCDB66F932" box="[159,296,1760,1786]" captionStart="FIGURES 16–17" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1941,1965]" captionTargetBox="[170,1436,561,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-222@7.[151,1436,561,1918]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 16–17. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River; Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. Larvae, habitus, dorsal. 16. Female larva. 17. Male larva." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747735" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747735/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs. 16–17</figureCitation>
). Medial pronotal band brown, widening anteriorly and posteriorly; band surrounded by pale rugosites of an X-shaped pattern; a paired vague S-shaped dark spot extends from the anterior margin to the middle of the pronotum (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF6CE01FE809734DBD0F88A" box="[276,414,1832,1858]" captionStart="FIGURES 16–17" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1941,1965]" captionTargetBox="[170,1436,561,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-222@7.[151,1436,561,1918]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 16–17. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River; Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. Larvae, habitus, dorsal. 16. Female larva. 17. Male larva." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747735" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747735/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs. 16–17</figureCitation>
). Mesonotum and metanotum with identical Ψ-shaped brown pattern medially; posteriorly darkly margined; two wide brown bands limiting the wing pad bases; a brown stripe runs along the lateral edge of the wing pads (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF6CE01FEAB976CDB89F842" box="[319,455,1904,1930]" captionStart="FIGURES 16–17" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1941,1965]" captionTargetBox="[170,1436,561,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-222@7.[151,1436,561,1918]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 16–17. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River; Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. Larvae, habitus, dorsal. 16. Female larva. 17. Male larva." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747735" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747735/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs. 16–17</figureCitation>
). Legs are yellow; the femur and tibia bear stout, short, acute bristles along the inner and outer edges, and a very dense fringe of long, silky hairs along the outer margins. Hind femur ca. 3.5–3.9 times as long as wide. The femur surface is covered with sparse, short, and irregular red bristles; there is a diffuse brownish spot in the distal half closer to the outer edge, and the distal edge of the femur is also darkened (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF6CE01FB4F97C0DF2AF83E" box="[1243,1380,2012,2038]" captionStart="FIGURES 16–17" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1941,1965]" captionTargetBox="[170,1436,561,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-222@7.[151,1436,561,1918]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 16–17. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River; Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. Larvae, habitus, dorsal. 16. Female larva. 17. Male larva." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747735" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747735/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs. 16–17</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF6CE01FAE497C0DFDEF83E" box="[1392,1424,2012,2038]" captionStart="FIGURES 18–23" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1859,1883]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,190,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-24@8.[170,1417,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 18–23. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River; Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. 18. Left and right mandibles, ventral. 19. Left lacinia, galea, maxillary palpus, ventral. 20. Right middle leg, dorsal. 21‒23. Chaetotaxy of the right cercus, lateral. 21. Basal cercal segments. 22. Middle cercal segments. 23. Apical cercal segments." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747739" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747739/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">20</figureCitation>
). Tibia with a diffuse, narrow brownish band basally (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF7CE00FD77908BD90CFF79" box="[739,834,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURES 18–23" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1859,1883]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,190,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-24@8.[170,1417,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 18–23. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River; Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. 18. Left and right mandibles, ventral. 19. Left lacinia, galea, maxillary palpus, ventral. 20. Right middle leg, dorsal. 21‒23. Chaetotaxy of the right cercus, lateral. 21. Basal cercal segments. 22. Middle cercal segments. 23. Apical cercal segments." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747739" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747739/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs. 20</figureCitation>
). Abdomen brown, each tergum with two median and two lateral oval pale spots forming longitudinal rows (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF7CE00FC9990A7D9D7FF1D" box="[781,921,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 16–17" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1941,1965]" captionTargetBox="[170,1436,561,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-222@7.[151,1436,561,1918]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 16–17. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River; Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. Larvae, habitus, dorsal. 16. Female larva. 17. Male larva." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747735" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747735/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs. 16–17</figureCitation>
). The two last terga of the female larvae are somewhat darker than the previous ones (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF7CE00FDF690C3D8FDFF31" box="[610,691,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURES 16–17" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1941,1965]" captionTargetBox="[170,1436,561,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-222@7.[151,1436,561,1918]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 16–17. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River; Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. Larvae, habitus, dorsal. 16. Female larva. 17. Male larva." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747735" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747735/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
), the posterior margin of sternum 7 is incomplete for female larvae. Anal gills are small. Cerci brown; each cercal circlet with rings of stout brown spines and fine pilosity between spines, tightly pressed to the segment surface (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF7CE00FD36913BD962FE89" box="[674,812,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURES 18–23" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1859,1883]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,190,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-24@8.[170,1417,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 18–23. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River; Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. 18. Left and right mandibles, ventral. 19. Left lacinia, galea, maxillary palpus, ventral. 20. Right middle leg, dorsal. 21‒23. Chaetotaxy of the right cercus, lateral. 21. Basal cercal segments. 22. Middle cercal segments. 23. Apical cercal segments." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747739" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747739/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs. 21‒23</figureCitation>
); short fine hairs are the same length as the basal cercal segment length (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF7CE00FEC59157DBEAFEAD" box="[337,420,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURES 18–23" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1859,1883]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,190,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-24@8.[170,1417,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 18–23. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River; Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. 18. Left and right mandibles, ventral. 19. Left lacinia, galea, maxillary palpus, ventral. 20. Right middle leg, dorsal. 21‒23. Chaetotaxy of the right cercus, lateral. 21. Basal cercal segments. 22. Middle cercal segments. 23. Apical cercal segments." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747739" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747739/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
); towards the middle of the cerci, fine pilosity length decreases (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF7CE00FBE29157DE84FEAD" box="[1142,1226,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURES 18–23" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1859,1883]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,190,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-24@8.[170,1417,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 18–23. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River; Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. 18. Left and right mandibles, ventral. 19. Left lacinia, galea, maxillary palpus, ventral. 20. Right middle leg, dorsal. 21‒23. Chaetotaxy of the right cercus, lateral. 21. Basal cercal segments. 22. Middle cercal segments. 23. Apical cercal segments." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747739" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747739/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
), and on the apical cercal segments, the length of the fine pilosity is about a quarter of the apical segment length (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF7CE00FB2F9173DF5EFE41" box="[1211,1296,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURES 18–23" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1859,1883]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,190,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-24@8.[170,1417,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 18–23. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River; Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. 18. Left and right mandibles, ventral. 19. Left lacinia, galea, maxillary palpus, ventral. 20. Right middle leg, dorsal. 21‒23. Chaetotaxy of the right cercus, lateral. 21. Basal cercal segments. 22. Middle cercal segments. 23. Apical cercal segments." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747739" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747739/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
). Long silky colorless hairs are included in the circlet in tufts and form a dorsal longitudinal swimming fringe, well visible especially on the basal cercal segments (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF7CE00FDF791ABD8F9FE19" box="[611,695,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURES 18–23" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1859,1883]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,190,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-24@8.[170,1417,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 18–23. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River; Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. 18. Left and right mandibles, ventral. 19. Left lacinia, galea, maxillary palpus, ventral. 20. Right middle leg, dorsal. 21‒23. Chaetotaxy of the right cercus, lateral. 21. Basal cercal segments. 22. Middle cercal segments. 23. Apical cercal segments." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747739" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747739/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
); the length and density of long silky hairs also decrease towards the apex (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF7CE00FE9691C7DBCEFE3D" box="[258,384,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURES 18–23" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1859,1883]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,190,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-24@8.[170,1417,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 18–23. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River; Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. 18. Left and right mandibles, ventral. 19. Left lacinia, galea, maxillary palpus, ventral. 20. Right middle leg, dorsal. 21‒23. Chaetotaxy of the right cercus, lateral. 21. Basal cercal segments. 22. Middle cercal segments. 23. Apical cercal segments." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747739" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747739/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 21–23</figureCitation>
). Additionally, a few fine intercalary setae are present on each cercal segment, and their density and length increase from the basal to apical cercal segments (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF7CE00FCD291E3D99EFDD1" box="[838,976,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURES 18–23" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1859,1883]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,190,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-24@8.[170,1417,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 18–23. Perla caucasica Guérin-Méneville, 1843. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River; Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. 18. Left and right mandibles, ventral. 19. Left lacinia, galea, maxillary palpus, ventral. 20. Right middle leg, dorsal. 21‒23. Chaetotaxy of the right cercus, lateral. 21. Basal cercal segments. 22. Middle cercal segments. 23. Apical cercal segments." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747739" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747739/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs. 21‒23</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF225AE9FFF7CE00FF039789D989F819" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747735" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13747735" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747735/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[151,264,1941,1965]" targetBox="[170,1436,561,1918]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE20A61FFF7CE00FF039789D989F819" blockId="7.[151,1436,1941,2001]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF7CE00FF039789DB16F865" bold="true" box="[151,344,1941,1965]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURES 16–17.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5D71E2FFF7CE00FEF69789D941F865" authority="Guerin-Meneville, 1843" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" authorityYear="1843" box="[354,783,1941,1965]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Perla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caucasica">
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF7CE00FEF69789D847F865" box="[354,521,1941,1965]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Perla caucasica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF7CE00FD879789D941F865" author="Guerin-Meneville, F. E." box="[531,783,1941,1965]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="393 - 395" refId="ref24390" refString="Guerin-Meneville, F. E. (1843) Genre Perle. In: Guerin-Meneville, F. E. (Ed.), Iconographie du Regne Animal de G. Cuvier. Insectes, 1843, pp. 393 - 395." type="journal article" year="1843">Guérin-Méneville, 1843</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River; Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. Larvae, habitus, dorsal. 16. Female larva. 17. Male larva.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF225AE9FFF8CE0FFF03975FDB0EF800" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747739" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13747739" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747739/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[151,264,1859,1883]" targetBox="[170,1417,190,1835]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE20A61FFF8CE0FFF03975FDB0EF800" blockId="8.[151,1437,1859,1992]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF8CE0FFF03975FDB16F893" bold="true" box="[151,344,1859,1883]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURES 18–23.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5D71E2FFF8CE0FFEF6975FD941F894" authority="Guerin-Meneville, 1843" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" authorityYear="1843" box="[354,783,1859,1884]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Perla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caucasica">
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF8CE0FFEF6975FD847F893" box="[354,521,1859,1883]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Perla caucasica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF8CE0FFD87975FD941F894" author="Guerin-Meneville, F. E." box="[531,783,1859,1884]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="393 - 395" refId="ref24390" refString="Guerin-Meneville, F. E. (1843) Genre Perle. In: Guerin-Meneville, F. E. (Ed.), Iconographie du Regne Animal de G. Cuvier. Insectes, 1843, pp. 393 - 395." type="journal article" year="1843">Guérin-Méneville, 1843</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Caucasus, Georgia, Sukhum District, Kelasuri River; Russia, Adygea, Belaya River. 18. Left and right mandibles, ventral. 19. Left lacinia, galea, maxillary palpus, ventral. 20. Right middle leg, dorsal. 21‒23. Chaetotaxy of the right cercus, lateral. 21. Basal cercal segments. 22. Middle cercal segments. 23. Apical cercal segments.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C34759EAFFF9CE0EFF53908ADF7CFE65" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE20A61FFF9CE0EFF53908AD880FE41" blockId="9.[151,1437,150,969]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF9CE0EFF53908ADBFCFF78" bold="true" box="[199,434,150,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B35003CFFF9CE0EFE2E908BDAA1FF31" collectingDate="2021-07-17" collectionCode="R" collectorName="D. Palatov" country="Russia" county="Caucasus." elevation="703" latitude="42.99331" location="Prigorodny District" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="44.49815" municipality="Republic" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-female="3" specimenCount-larva="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="North Ossetia">
<collectingCounty id="628372EDFFF9CE0EFE2E908BD865FF79" box="[442,555,151,177]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Caucasus.</collectingCounty>
<collectingCountry id="F34A4AF1FFF9CE0EFDA6908BD8CFFF79" box="[562,641,151,177]" name="Russia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Russia</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingMunicipality id="6B86901BFFF9CE0EFD19908BD8BCFF79" box="[653,754,151,177]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Republic</collectingMunicipality>
<collectingRegion id="4999C483FFF9CE0EFD6E908BD9A1FF79" box="[762,1007,151,177]" country="Russia" name="North Ossetia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">North Ossetia-Alania</collectingRegion>
: 
<specimenCount id="9D5BC1E8FFF9CE0EFC6E908BDE50FF79" box="[1018,1054,151,177]" count="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D5BC1E8FFF9CE0EFBB8908BDE1EFF79" box="[1068,1104,151,177]" count="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="female">3♀</specimenCount>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D5BC1E8FFF9CE0EFBCA908BDEE1FF79" box="[1118,1199,151,177]" count="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="larva">1 larva</specimenCount>
, 
<location id="8E825CBAFFF9CE0EFB2F908BDFD6FF79" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F4BB77FFF2CE0EFF0392E6DF69FC01:8E825CBAFFF9CE0EFB2F908BDFD6FF79" box="[1211,1432,151,177]" country="Russia" county="Caucasus." latitude="42.99331" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="44.49815" municipality="Republic" name="Prigorodny District" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" stateProvince="North Ossetia">Prigorodny District</location>
, 
<location id="8E825CBAFFF9CE0EFF0390A7DB24FF1D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F4BB77FFF2CE0EFF0392E6DF69FC01:8E825CBAFFF9CE0EFF0390A7DB24FF1D" box="[151,362,187,213]" country="Russia" county="Caucasus." latitude="42.99331" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="44.49815" municipality="Republic" name="Mairamadag River" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" stateProvince="North Ossetia">Mairamadag River</location>
, 
<location id="8E825CBAFFF9CE0EFEE790A7DBFCFF1D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F4BB77FFF2CE0EFF0392E6DF69FC01:8E825CBAFFF9CE0EFEE790A7DBFCFF1D" box="[371,434,187,213]" country="Russia" county="Caucasus." latitude="42.99331" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="44.49815" municipality="Republic" name="Terek" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" stateProvince="North Ossetia">Terek</location>
<collectionCode id="ED4C92A4FFF9CE0EFE2C90A7DB80FF1D" box="[440,462,187,213]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">R</collectionCode>
. 
<location id="8E825CBAFFF9CE0EFE4C90A7D855FF1D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F4BB77FFF2CE0EFF0392E6DF69FC01:8E825CBAFFF9CE0EFE4C90A7D855FF1D" box="[472,539,187,213]" country="Russia" county="Caucasus." latitude="42.99331" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="44.49815" municipality="Republic" name="Basin" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" stateProvince="North Ossetia">Basin</location>
, altitude 
<elevation id="0070ED52FFF9CE0EFDEA90A7D93DFF1D" box="[638,883,187,213]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.029999999999999" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="703.0">
<quantity id="4CA5A784FFF9CE0EFDEA90A7D88DFF1D" box="[638,707,187,213]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.029999999999999" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="703.0">703 m</quantity>
above sea level
</elevation>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE696CA6FFF9CE0EFCE990A7DE5FFF1D" box="[893,1041,187,213]" degrees="42.993308" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="1" value="42.99331">42.993308 N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE696CA6FFF9CE0EFB8F90A6DEE4FF1D" box="[1051,1194,186,213]" degrees="44.498150" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="1" value="44.49815">44.498150 E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="FFE32CA1FFF9CE0EFB2190A7DF0EFF1D" box="[1205,1344,187,213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2021-07-17">
<collectingDate id="EFA7D549FFF9CE0EFB2190A7DF0EFF1D" box="[1205,1344,187,213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2021-07-17">17.VII.2021</collectingDate>
</date>
, coll. 
<collectorName id="26A86FB7FFF9CE0EFA1590A7DAA1FF31" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. Palatov</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B35003CFFF9CE0EFF6E90C3D9F3FED5" collectingDate="2020-08-22" collectorName="A. Semenchenko" country="Russia" county="District" elevation="622" latitude="43.670006" location="Estosadok" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="40.3199" municipality="City of Sochi" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-larva="1" stateProvince="Krasnodar">
<collectingRegion id="4999C483FFF9CE0EFF6E90C3DBE0FF31" box="[250,430,223,249]" country="Russia" name="Krasnodar" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Krasnodar Kray</collectingRegion>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D5BC1E8FFF9CE0EFE2D90C3D847FF31" box="[441,521,223,249]" count="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="larva">1 larva</specimenCount>
, 
<collectingCounty id="628372EDFFF9CE0EFD8790C3D829FF31" box="[531,615,223,249]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">District</collectingCounty>
of the 
<collectingMunicipality id="6B86901BFFF9CE0EFD2190C3D903FF31" box="[693,845,223,249]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">City of Sochi</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location id="8E825CBAFFF9CE0EFCC390C3D983FF31" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F4BB77FFF2CE0EFF0392E6DF69FC01:8E825CBAFFF9CE0EFCC390C3D983FF31" box="[855,973,223,249]" country="Russia" county="District" latitude="43.670006" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="40.3199" municipality="City of Sochi" name="Estosadok" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" stateProvince="Krasnodar">Estosadok</location>
, 
<location id="8E825CBAFFF9CE0EFC4C90C3DE32FF31" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F4BB77FFF2CE0EFF0392E6DF69FC01:8E825CBAFFF9CE0EFC4C90C3DE32FF31" box="[984,1148,223,249]" country="Russia" county="District" latitude="43.670006" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="40.3199" municipality="City of Sochi" name="Mzymta River" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" stateProvince="Krasnodar">Mzymta River</location>
, altitude 
<elevation id="0070ED52FFF9CE0EFB7690C3DA9EFED5" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.22" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="622.0">
<quantity id="4CA5A784FFF9CE0EFB7690C3DF66FF31" box="[1250,1320,223,249]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.22" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="622.0">622 m</quantity>
above sea level
</elevation>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE696CA6FFF9CE0EFF49911FDB3DFED5" box="[221,371,259,285]" degrees="43.670007" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="1" value="43.670006">43.670007 N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE696CA6FFF9CE0EFE14911FD85CFED5" box="[384,530,259,285]" degrees="40.319902" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="1" value="40.3199">40.319902 E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="FFE32CA1FFF9CE0EFDB4911FD8FBFED5" box="[544,693,259,285]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2020-08-22">
<collectingDate id="EFA7D549FFF9CE0EFDB4911FD8FBFED5" box="[544,693,259,285]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2020-08-22">22.VIII.2020</collectingDate>
</date>
, coll. 
<collectorName id="26A86FB7FFF9CE0EFD6D911FD9F3FED5" box="[761,957,259,285]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A. Semenchenko</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B35003CFFF9CE0EFC5E911FDB99FEAD" collectingDate="2023-07-07" collectorName="D. Palatov." country="Russia" county="Republic" elevation="677" latitude="43.99514" location="Belaya River" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="40.13547" municipality="Maikop District" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" specimenCount="13" specimenCount-larva="2" specimenCount-male="11" stateProvince="Adygeya">
<specimenCount id="9D5BC1E8FFF9CE0EFC5E911FD9B5FED5" box="[970,1019,259,285]" count="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="male">11♂</specimenCount>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D5BC1E8FFF9CE0EFB9D911FDE28FED5" box="[1033,1126,259,285]" count="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="larva">2 larvae</specimenCount>
, 
<collectingCounty id="628372EDFFF9CE0EFBE7911FDE96FED5" box="[1139,1240,259,285]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Republic</collectingCounty>
<collectingRegion id="4999C483FFF9CE0EFB4B911FDF77FED5" box="[1247,1337,259,285]" country="Russia" name="Adygeya" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Adygea</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="6B86901BFFF9CE0EFAD1911FDAA0FE89" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Maikop District</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location id="8E825CBAFFF9CE0EFF6F913BDBDFFE89" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F4BB77FFF2CE0EFF0392E6DF69FC01:8E825CBAFFF9CE0EFF6F913BDBDFFE89" box="[251,401,295,321]" country="Russia" county="Republic" latitude="43.99514" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="40.13547" municipality="Maikop District" name="Belaya River" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" stateProvince="Adygeya">Belaya River</location>
, vicinities of 
<location id="8E825CBAFFF9CE0EFDBA913BD8A9FE89" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F4BB77FFF2CE0EFF0392E6DF69FC01:8E825CBAFFF9CE0EFDBA913BD8A9FE89" box="[558,743,295,321]" country="Russia" county="Republic" latitude="43.99514" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="40.13547" municipality="Maikop District" name="Guzeripl village" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" stateProvince="Adygeya">Guzeripl village</location>
, altitude 
<elevation id="0070ED52FFF9CE0EFCC5913BDE1DFE89" box="[849,1107,295,321]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.77" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="677.0">
<quantity id="4CA5A784FFF9CE0EFCC5913BD9D4FE89" box="[849,922,295,321]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.77" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="677.0">677 m</quantity>
above sea level
</elevation>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE696CA6FFF9CE0EFBF5913ADEB9FE89" box="[1121,1271,294,321]" degrees="43.995139" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="1" value="43.99514">43.995139 N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE696CA6FFF9CE0EFA90913ADFD9FE89" box="[1284,1431,294,321]" degrees="40.135472" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="1" value="40.13547">40.135472 E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="FFE32CA1FFF9CE0EFF039157DB5AFEAD" box="[151,276,331,357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2023-07-07">
<collectingDate id="EFA7D549FFF9CE0EFF039157DB5AFEAD" box="[151,276,331,357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2023-07-07">7.VII.2023</collectingDate>
</date>
, coll. 
<collectorName id="26A86FB7FFF9CE0EFECE9157DB99FEAD" box="[346,471,331,357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. Palatov.</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B35003CFFF9CE0EFE4A9157D880FE41" collectorName="D. Palatov." country="Georgia" elevation="10" latitude="42.972042" location="Kelasuri River" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="41.06739" municipality="Sukhum District" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" specimenCount="12" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-larva="7" specimenCount-male="3">
<collectingCountry id="F34A4AF1FFF9CE0EFE4A9157D872FEAD" box="[478,572,331,357]" name="Georgia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Georgia</collectingCountry>
: 
<specimenCount id="9D5BC1E8FFF9CE0EFDDC9157D823FEAD" box="[584,621,331,357]" count="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="male">3♂</specimenCount>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D5BC1E8FFF9CE0EFDEE9157D8D0FEAD" box="[634,670,331,357]" count="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="female">2♀</specimenCount>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D5BC1E8FFF9CE0EFD389157D947FEAD" box="[684,777,331,357]" count="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="larva">7 larvae</specimenCount>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="6B86901BFFF9CE0EFC819157D99FFEAD" box="[789,977,331,357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sukhum District</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location id="8E825CBAFFF9CE0EFC499157DECAFEAD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F4BB77FFF2CE0EFF0392E6DF69FC01:8E825CBAFFF9CE0EFC499157DECAFEAD" box="[989,1156,331,357]" country="Georgia" latitude="42.972042" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="41.06739" municipality="Sukhum District" name="Kelasuri River" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Kelasuri River</location>
, altitude 
<elevation id="0070ED52FFF9CE0EFB789157DA9EFE41" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="10.0">
<quantity id="4CA5A784FFF9CE0EFB789157DF68FEAD" box="[1260,1318,331,357]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
above sea level
</elevation>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE696CA6FFF9CE0EFF489173DB3FFE41" box="[220,369,367,393]" degrees="42.972042" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="1" value="42.972042">42.972042 N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE696CA6FFF9CE0EFEE89173D843FE41" box="[380,525,367,393]" degrees="41.067392" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="1" value="41.06739">41.067392 E</geoCoordinate>
, coll. 
<collectorName id="26A86FB7FFF9CE0EFDC59173D880FE41" box="[593,718,367,393]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. Palatov.</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE20A61FFF9CE0EFF53918EDF7CFE65" blockId="9.[151,1437,150,969]" box="[199,1330,402,429]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF9CE0EFF53918EDBC7FE64" bold="true" box="[199,393,402,428]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">DNA barcoding.</emphasis>
GenBank accession numbers are PP216462, PP216465‒PP216467, and PP504704.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34759EAFFF9CE0EFF5391AADF0FFDA9" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BE20A61FFF9CE0EFF5391AADF0FFDA9" blockId="9.[151,1437,150,969]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF9CE0EFF5391AADB2FFE18" bold="true" box="[199,353,438,464]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Distribution.</emphasis>
Northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus: Adygea, Caucasus Nature Reserve, Karachay- Cherkessia (Teberda River), North Ossetia-Alania (Terek River Basin); the Black Sea coast and the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus (the Shakhe, Sochi, Mzymta, Bzyb, Avadhara, and Rioni Rivers); 
<collectingCountry id="F34A4AF1FFF9CE0EFB2D91E3DF58FDD1" box="[1209,1302,511,537]" name="Georgia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Georgia</collectingCountry>
, Lagodekhi River (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF9CE0EFF70923FDBDFFDF5" author="Zhiltzova, L. A." box="[228,401,547,573]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="101 - 114" refId="ref26685" refString="Zhiltzova, L. A. (1964) Die Plecopteren des europaischen Teils der Sowjetunion und des Kaukasus. Gewasser und Abwasser, 34 / 35, 101 - 114." type="journal article" year="1964">Zhiltzova 1964</bibRefCitation>
) (
<figureCitation id="136616E4FFF9CE0EFE3C923FD844FDF5" box="[424,522,546,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 159" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1780,1804]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,846,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-40@47.[158,1430,846,1757]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 159. The map of the Perla species distribution in Caucasus according to our data. Perla caicasica—pink, P. persica— green, P. kiritshenkoi—blue, P. schapsugica sp. nov.—white, P. pallida—yellow, and P. palatovi sp. nov.—red." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747824" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747824/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 159</figureCitation>
). 
<collectingRegion id="4999C483FFF9CE0EFD88923FD8C4FDF5" box="[540,650,547,573]" country="Georgia" name="Abkhazia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Abkhazia</collectingRegion>
, Kalasuri River. The question of whether 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D71E2FFF9CE0EFBC8923FDEA6FDF4" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" authorityYear="1843" box="[1116,1256,547,572]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Perla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caucasica">
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF9CE0EFBC8923FDEA6FDF4" box="[1116,1256,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. caucasica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distributed in 
<collectingCountry id="F34A4AF1FFF9CE0EFF03925BDAA6FDA9" box="[151,232,583,609]" name="Turkey" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Turkey</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F34A4AF1FFF9CE0EFF67925BDB6DFDA9" box="[243,291,583,609]" name="Iran" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Iran</collectingCountry>
, and 
<collectingCountry id="F34A4AF1FFF9CE0EFECA925BDBE1FDA9" box="[350,431,583,609]" name="Cyprus" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Cyprus</collectingCountry>
or whether its range is limited to the watercourses of the Caucasus remains open.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34759EAFFF9CE0EFF539276DF69FC01" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BE20A61FFF9CE0EFF539276DF69FC01" blockId="9.[151,1437,150,969]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF9CE0EFF539276DB01FD4C" bold="true" box="[199,335,618,644]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Comments.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5D71E2FFF9CE0EFEC29277D845FD4C" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" authorityYear="1843" box="[342,523,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Perla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caucasica">
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF9CE0EFEC29277D845FD4C" box="[342,523,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Perla caucasica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was originally described by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF9CE0EFCDA9277DE26FD4D" author="Guerin-Meneville, F. E." box="[846,1128,619,645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="393 - 395" refId="ref24390" refString="Guerin-Meneville, F. E. (1843) Genre Perle. In: Guerin-Meneville, F. E. (Ed.), Iconographie du Regne Animal de G. Cuvier. Insectes, 1843, pp. 393 - 395." type="journal article" year="1843">Guérin-Méneville (1843)</bibRefCitation>
from the Caucasus without indicating the type locality, data, or sex. The original description was soon supplemented by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF9CE0EFB2D9293DF01FD61" author="Pictet, F. J." box="[1209,1359,655,681]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref25475" refString="Pictet, F. J. (1841) Histoire naturelle des insectes Nevropteres. Famille des Perlides. Kessmann-Bailliere, Geneve-Paris, 423 pp" type="book" year="1841">Pictet (1841)</bibRefCitation>
. Later, the species was redescribed by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF9CE0EFE6E92AFD8FFFD05" author="Klapalek, F." box="[506,689,691,717]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 193" refId="ref24917" refString="Klapalek, F. (1923) Plecopteres II. Fam. Perlidae. Collections Zoologiques du Baron Edm. de Selys Longchamps. Catalogue Systematique et descriptif, 4, 1 - 193." type="journal article" year="1923">Klapálek (1923)</bibRefCitation>
from Krasnaya Polyana on the Caucasus, collected in July, which belonged to the German Entomological Museum. The 
<typeStatus id="54E6B4C3FFF9CE0EFD6292CBD916FD39" box="[758,856,727,753]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D71E2FFF9CE0EFCE892CBDE49FD38" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" authorityYear="1843" box="[892,1031,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Perla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caucasica">
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF9CE0EFCE892CBDE49FD38" box="[892,1031,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. caucasica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is lost (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF9CE0EFBC992CBDF73FD39" author="Sivec, I. &amp; Stark, B. P." box="[1117,1341,727,753]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref26075" refString="Sivec, I. &amp; Stark, B. P. (2002) The species of Perla (Plecoptera: Perlidae): evidence from egg morphology. Scopolia, 49, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="2002">Sivec &amp; Stark 2002</bibRefCitation>
), but the concept of the species was corrected by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF9CE0EFDDB92E7D943FCDD" author="Zhiltzova, L. A." box="[591,781,763,789]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="101 - 114" refId="ref26685" refString="Zhiltzova, L. A. (1964) Die Plecopteren des europaischen Teils der Sowjetunion und des Kaukasus. Gewasser und Abwasser, 34 / 35, 101 - 114." type="journal article" year="1964">Zhiltzova (1964)</bibRefCitation>
. This species is thought to be widely distributed throughout the Caucasian region, the whole of 
<collectingCountry id="F34A4AF1FFF9CE0EFDBC9303D8C5FCF1" box="[552,651,799,825]" name="Turkey" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Anatolia</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F34A4AF1FFF9CE0EFD039303D8A5FCF1" box="[663,747,799,825]" name="Cyprus" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Cyprus</collectingCountry>
, and the 
<collectingRegion id="4999C483FFF9CE0EFCC49303D9D0FCF1" box="[848,926,799,825]" country="Iran" name="Alborz" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Alborz</collectingRegion>
of 
<collectingCountry id="F34A4AF1FFF9CE0EFC519303D9BCFCF1" box="[965,1010,799,825]" name="Iran" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Iran</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF9CE0EFB969303DEA9FCF1" author="Sivec, I. &amp; Stark, B. P." box="[1026,1255,799,825]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref26075" refString="Sivec, I. &amp; Stark, B. P. (2002) The species of Perla (Plecoptera: Perlidae): evidence from egg morphology. Scopolia, 49, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="2002">Sivec &amp; Stark 2002</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF9CE0EFB679303DA9AFC95" author="Darilmaz, M. C. &amp; Salur, A. &amp; Muranyi, D. &amp; Vincon, G." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref23909" refString="Darilmaz, M. C., Salur, A., Muranyi, D. &amp; Vincon, G. (2016) Contribution to the knowledge of Turkish stoneflies with annotated catalogue (Insecta: Plecoptera). Zootaxa, 4074 (1), 1 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4074.1.1" type="journal article" year="2016">
Darilmaz 
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF9CE0EFAF79303DFD3FCF1" box="[1379,1437,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
). This is contrary to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF9CE0EFE2D935FD8B0FC95" author="Teslenko, V. A. &amp; Zhiltzova, L. A." box="[441,766,835,861]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref26306" refString="Teslenko, V. A. &amp; Zhiltzova, L. A. (2009) Key to the stoneflies (Insecta, Plecoptera) of Russia and adjacent countries. Imagines and nymphs. Dalnauka, Vladivostok, 382 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="2009">Teslenko &amp; Zhiltzova (2009)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF9CE0EFCA1935FDEE6FC95" author="Cherchesova, S. K. &amp; Zhiltzova, L. A." box="[821,1192,835,861]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref23707" refString="Cherchesova, S. K. &amp; Zhiltzova, L. A. (2013) Opredelitel vesnyanok (Plecoptera) Kavkaza. RGAU-MI K. A. T, Moskva- Vladikavkaz, 113 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="2013">Cherchesova &amp; Zhiltzova (2013)</bibRefCitation>
, who considered it an endemic of the Greater Caucasus. This disagreement stems from the contentious synonymy of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D71E2FFF9CE0EFB2E937BDF69FC48" authorityName="Zwick" authorityYear="1975" box="[1210,1319,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Perla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persica">
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF9CE0EFB2E937BDF69FC48" box="[1210,1319,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. persica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D71E2FFF9CE0EFACA937BDB41FC6D" authorityName="Klapalek" authorityYear="1921" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Perla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abbreviata">
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF9CE0EFACA937BDB41FC6D" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Perla abbreviata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Because of their similar eggs, these species were synonymized under 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D71E2FFF9CE0EFB8F9397DFD7FC6D" authority="(Sivec &amp; Stark 2002)" baseAuthorityName="Sivec &amp; Stark" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[1051,1433,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Perla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caucasica">
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF9CE0EFB8F9397DEEBFC6C" box="[1051,1189,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. caucasica</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC7790FFF9CE0EFB269397DFDFFC6D" author="Sivec, I. &amp; Stark, B. P." box="[1202,1425,907,933]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref26075" refString="Sivec, I. &amp; Stark, B. P. (2002) The species of Perla (Plecoptera: Perlidae): evidence from egg morphology. Scopolia, 49, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="2002">Sivec &amp; Stark 2002</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. However, the external and internal male genitalia of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D71E2FFF9CE0EFD7093B3D93EFC00" baseAuthorityName="Sivec &amp; Stark" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[740,880,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Perla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caucasica">
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF9CE0EFD7093B3D93EFC00" box="[740,880,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. caucasica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D71E2FFF9CE0EFC3293B3DE5AFC00" authorityName="Zwick" authorityYear="1975" box="[934,1044,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Perla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persica">
<emphasis id="B929D673FFF9CE0EFC3293B3DE5AFC00" box="[934,1044,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. persica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are distinct (see below).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>