317 lines
42 KiB
XML
317 lines
42 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="57F04AC3F2E3D19A098F36564461DDE8">Contributions to the taxonomy of Minixi Giordani Soika and Alphamenes Van der Vecht (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae), with an identification key to the species of the latter</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F26B477FF330257AE42B65056C230E43">Hermes, Marcel G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="506DF8DA5ACD9D4B3EB59208BBF7AC6C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="2057D45167D4A02653F28E02D1D539AC">2017</mods:date>
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<treatment id="92758787FFC6FF82FF7EFF19FAAA76F5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6050310" ID-GBIF-Taxon="133183487" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6050310" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:92758787FFC6FF82FF7EFF19FAAA76F5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/92758787FFC6FF82FF7EFF19FAAA76F5" lastPageNumber="535" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">
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<paragraph id="1A633691FFC6FF82FF7EFF19FD0270CC" blockId="5.[151,689,151,211]" box="[151,689,151,178]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">
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<heading id="412B81FDFFC6FF82FF7EFF19FD0270CC" bold="true" box="[151,689,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="DDDC4D12FFC6FF82FF7EFF19FD0270CC" ID-CoL="C639" authority="Giordani Soika, 1978" authorityName="Giordani Soika" authorityYear="1978" box="[151,689,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Alphamenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="richardsi">
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<emphasis id="28A8EA83FFC6FF82FF7EFF19FD0270CC" bold="true" box="[151,689,151,178]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">
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<emphasis id="28A8EA83FFC6FF82FF7EFF19FE1270CF" bold="true" box="[151,417,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">Alphamenes richardsi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="7E4D4B60FFC6FF82FE41FF16FD0270CC" author="Giordani" box="[424,689,152,178]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" refString="Giordani Soika, A. (1978) Revisione degli Eumenidi neotropicali appartenenti ai generi Eumenes Latr., Omicron (Sauss.), Pararhaphidoglossa Schulth. ed affini. Bolletino della Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia, 29, 1 - 420." type="journal article" year="1978">Giordani Soika, 1978</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1A633691FFC6FF82FF7EFF34FE1270AD" blockId="5.[151,689,151,211]" box="[151,417,186,211]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">
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(
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<figureCitation id="82E72A14FFC6FF82FF76FF34FEAF70AD" box="[159,284,186,211]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 – 17. 12" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1913,1936]" captionTargetBox="[184,1408,361,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[184,1408,361,1900]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 12 – 17. 12. Male, habitus: Alphamenes insignis loquax Giordani Soika (synonymyzed under Alphamenes richardsi). 13 – 15. Alphamenes richardsi Giordani Soika: 13. Male, habitus; 14. Male, dorsal view; 15. Female, dorsal view of mesossoma. 16 – 17. Dorsal view of metassoma: 16. Alphamenes convexus (Fox); 17. Alphamenes semiplanus Giordani Soika. Scale bar for Figs. 12 – 14, 16, 17 = 1 mm, Fig. 15 = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/884796/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">Fig. 12–15</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="82E72A14FFC6FF82FECEFF35FEC370AD" box="[295,368,187,211]" captionStart="FIGURES 18 – 23. 18 – 19" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1837,1860]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1811]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,195,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 18 – 23. 18 – 19. T 1 in dorsal view, punctation: 18. Alphamenes richardsi Giordani Soika, strongly punctured (arrow points to the punctation of T 1); 19. Alphamenes campanulatus (Fabricius), weakly punctured (arrow points to the punctation of T 1). 20 – 21. Male S 7: 20. Alphamenes insignis (Fox), without carina; 21. Alphamenes usitatus (Fox), with carina (arrow points to the S 7). 22 – 23. Mesosoma in posterior view: 22. Alphamenes richardsi, tegulae strongly punctured (white arrow points to the propodeum; red arrow points to the tegula). 23. Alphamenes insignis, tegulae weakly punctured (white arrow points to the propodeum). Scale bar for Figs. 18 – 19, 21 – 23 = 0.5 mm, Fig. 20 = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/884798/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">18, 22</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="82E72A14FFC6FF82FE95FF34FE2A70AD" box="[380,409,186,211]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 – 29. 24 – 25" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1809,1832]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,183,1798]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,183,1798]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 24 – 29. 24 – 25. Female head in frontal view: 24. Alphamenes usitatus (Fox), clypeus weakly emarginate. 25. Alphamenes richardsi Giordani Soika, clypeus strongly emarginate (arrow points to the clypeus’ apex). 26 – 28. Male S 7: 26. Alphamenes incertus (de Saussure), with sinuous transversal carina (arrow points to the S 7). 27. Alphamenes campanulatus (Fabricius), with straight carina (arrow points to the S 7). 28. Alphamenes convexus (Fox), with longitudinal carina and golden pilosity (white arrow points to the S 7; red arrow points to the golden pilosity). 29. Alphamenes semiplanus Giordani Soika, with longitudinal carina and withish pilosity (white arrow points to the S 7; red arrow points to the withish pilosity). Scale bars for Figs. 24 – 25, 27 – 28 = 1 mm, 26 = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/884800/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">25</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="52C6651AFFC6FF82FF7EFE8DFD847149" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="1A633691FFC6FF82FF7EFE8DFD847149" blockId="5.[151,1436,258,526]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="3ACC11BFFFC6FF82FF7EFE8DFD847149" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">
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<taxonomicName id="DDDC4D12FFC6FF82FF7EFE8DFD457166" ID-CoL="C639" authority="Giordani Soika, 1978: 333" authorityName="Giordani Soika" authorityPageNumber="333" authorityYear="1978" box="[151,758,258,280]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Alphamenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="insignis" subSpecies="richardsi">
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<emphasis id="28A8EA83FFC6FF82FF7EFE8DFE627166" box="[151,465,259,280]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">Alphamenes insignis richardsi</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="9B7D1080FFC6FF82FE35FE8CFD457166" author="Giordani" box="[476,758,258,280]" page="333" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" year="1978">
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<bibRefCitation id="7E4D4B60FFC6FF82FE35FE8CFD737166" author="Giordani" box="[476,704,258,280]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" refString="Giordani Soika, A. (1978) Revisione degli Eumenidi neotropicali appartenenti ai generi Eumenes Latr., Omicron (Sauss.), Pararhaphidoglossa Schulth. ed affini. Bolletino della Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia, 29, 1 - 420." type="journal article" year="1978">Giordani Soika, 1978</bibRefCitation>
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: 333
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, 357. Carpenter & Van der
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<treatmentCitation id="9B7D1080FFC6FF82FBCBFE8CFB657166" author="Vecht" box="[1058,1238,258,280]" page="224" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" year="1991">
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<bibRefCitation id="7E4D4B60FFC6FF82FBCBFE8CFB117166" author="Vecht" box="[1058,1186,258,280]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" refString="Carpenter, J. M. & van der Vecht, J. (1991) A study of the Vespidae described by William J. Fox (Insecta: Hymenoptera), with assessment of taxonomic implications. Annals of the Carnegie Museum, 60 (3), 211 - 241." type="journal article" year="1991">Vecht, 1991</bibRefCitation>
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: 224
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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(distinction of the nominotypic subspecies is dubious).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1A633691FFC6FF82FF7EFECFFDCD7128" blockId="5.[151,1436,258,526]" box="[151,638,320,342]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">Type data: female holotype (NHM) (examined).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1A633691FFC6FF82FF7EFED1FD0D710A" blockId="5.[151,1436,258,526]" box="[151,702,350,372]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">
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<typeStatus id="C5678833FFC6FF82FF7EFED1FF7A710A" box="[151,201,351,372]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">Type</typeStatus>
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locality:
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<collectingRegion id="D818F873FFC6FF82FEC0FED1FE1D710A" box="[297,430,350,372]" country="Brazil" name="Mato Grosso" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">Mato Grosso</collectingRegion>
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,
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,
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,
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<paragraph id="1A633691FFC6FF82FF7EFEF3FA2B71CF" blockId="5.[151,1436,258,526]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">
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<taxonomicName id="DDDC4D12FFC6FF82FF7EFEF3FD5471ED" ID-CoL="5FJ96" authority="Giordani Soika, 1978: 333" authorityName="Giordani Soika" authorityPageNumber="333" authorityYear="1978" box="[151,743,381,403]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Alphamenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="insignis" subSpecies="loquax">
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<emphasis id="28A8EA83FFC6FF82FF7EFEF3FE0E71EC" box="[151,445,381,403]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">Alphamenes insignis loquax</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="9B7D1080FFC6FF82FE20FEF3FD5471ED" author="Giordani" box="[457,743,381,403]" page="333" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" year="1978">
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<bibRefCitation id="7E4D4B60FFC6FF82FE20FEF3FD0371ED" author="Giordani" box="[457,688,381,403]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" refString="Giordani Soika, A. (1978) Revisione degli Eumenidi neotropicali appartenenti ai generi Eumenes Latr., Omicron (Sauss.), Pararhaphidoglossa Schulth. ed affini. Bolletino della Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia, 29, 1 - 420." type="journal article" year="1978">Giordani Soika, 1978</bibRefCitation>
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: 333
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, 357. Carpenter & Van der
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<treatmentCitation id="9B7D1080FFC6FF82FBF2FEF3FB6171ED" author="Vecht" box="[1051,1234,381,403]" page="224" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" year="1991">
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<bibRefCitation id="7E4D4B60FFC6FF82FBF2FEF3FB2E71ED" author="Vecht" box="[1051,1181,381,403]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" refString="Carpenter, J. M. & van der Vecht, J. (1991) A study of the Vespidae described by William J. Fox (Insecta: Hymenoptera), with assessment of taxonomic implications. Annals of the Carnegie Museum, 60 (3), 211 - 241." type="journal article" year="1991">Vecht, 1991</bibRefCitation>
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: 224
|
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</treatmentCitation>
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(distinction of the nominotypic subspecies is dubious); Garcete-
|
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<treatmentCitation id="9B7D1080FFC6FF82FD73FE13FCF571CC" author="Barrett" box="[666,838,412,434]" page="38" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" year="2001">
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<bibRefCitation id="7E4D4B60FFC6FF82FD73FE13FC9071CC" author="Barrett" box="[666,803,412,434]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" refString="Garcete-Barrett, B. R. (2001) Notes on Neotropical Eumeninae I (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Boletin del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay, 13, 38 - 40." type="journal article" year="2001">Barrett, 2001</bibRefCitation>
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: 38
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</treatmentCitation>
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(probably male of
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||
<taxonomicName id="DDDC4D12FFC6FF82FBE1FE12FB5571CF" ID-CoL="C639" authorityName="Giordani Soika" authorityYear="1978" box="[1032,1254,412,433]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Alphamenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="richardsi">
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<emphasis id="28A8EA83FFC6FF82FBE1FE12FB5571CF" box="[1032,1254,412,433]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">Alphamenes richardsi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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).
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<emphasis id="28A8EA83FFC6FF82FB15FE12FA2B71CF" bold="true" box="[1276,1432,412,433]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">New synonym.</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="1A633691FFC6FF82FF7EFE35FD3B71AE" blockId="5.[151,1436,258,526]" box="[151,648,442,464]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">Type data: male holotype (MSNVE) (examined).</paragraph>
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locality: “
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”,
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<paragraph id="1A633691FFC6FF82FF7EFE76FC0B7270" blockId="5.[151,1436,258,526]" box="[151,952,504,526]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">
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<taxonomicName id="DDDC4D12FFC6FF82FF7EFE76FEC67273" ID-CoL="C639" authorityName="Giordani Soika" authorityYear="1978" box="[151,373,504,525]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Alphamenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="richardsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="28A8EA83FFC6FF82FF7EFE76FEC67273" box="[151,373,504,525]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">Alphamenes richardsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="9B7D1080FFC6FF82FE6BFE76FD367270" author="Garcete-Barrett" box="[386,645,504,526]" page="38" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" year="2001">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E4D4B60FFC6FF82FE6BFE76FDD17270" author="Garcete-Barrett" box="[386,610,504,526]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" refString="Garcete-Barrett, B. R. (2001) Notes on Neotropical Eumeninae I (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Boletin del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay, 13, 38 - 40." type="journal article" year="2001">Garcete-Barrett, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 38
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(change of taxonomic status).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="52C6651AFFC6FF82FF7EFDB4FE2775A9" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="1A633691FFC6FF82FF7EFDB4FEA67354" blockId="5.[151,1436,570,1675]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">
|
||
<emphasis id="28A8EA83FFC6FF82FF7EFDB4FEB8722D" bold="true" box="[151,267,570,595]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E4D4B60FFC6FF82FEFCFDB4FDAB722D" box="[277,536,570,595]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" refString="Giordani Soika, A. (1978) Revisione degli Eumenidi neotropicali appartenenti ai generi Eumenes Latr., Omicron (Sauss.), Pararhaphidoglossa Schulth. ed affini. Bolletino della Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia, 29, 1 - 420." type="journal article">Giordani Soika (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recognized three subspecies for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDDC4D12FFC6FF82FC70FDB5FB37722C" baseAuthorityName="Fox" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[921,1156,571,595]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Alphamenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insignis">
|
||
<emphasis id="28A8EA83FFC6FF82FC70FDB5FB37722C" box="[921,1156,571,595]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">Alphamenes insignis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDDC4D12FFC6FF82FB7FFDB5FAC1722C" authority="insignis" authorityName="insignis (Fox" authorityYear="1899" box="[1174,1394,571,594]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Alphamenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="insignis" subSpecies="insignis">
|
||
<emphasis id="28A8EA83FFC6FF82FB7FFDB5FAC1722C" box="[1174,1394,571,594]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">A. insignis insignis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDDC4D12FFC6FF82FA6DFDB5FEE87208" authorityName="Giordani Soika" authorityYear="1978" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Alphamenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="insignis" subSpecies="richardsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="28A8EA83FFC6FF82FA6DFDB5FEE87208" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">A. insignis richardsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDDC4D12FFC6FF82FE78FDD1FDE97208" authorityName="Giordani Soika" authorityYear="1978" box="[401,602,606,630]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Alphamenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="insignis" subSpecies="loquax">
|
||
<emphasis id="28A8EA83FFC6FF82FE78FDD1FDE97208" box="[401,602,606,630]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">A. insignis loquax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Distinction of these subspecies was based solely on color patterns, which is a recurring practice in the works of Giordani Soika (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E4D4B60FFC6FF82FCC1FD0DFC6C72E5" author="Carpenter" box="[808,991,643,667]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" refString="Carpenter, J. M. (1987) A review of the subspecies concept in the Eumenine genus Zeta (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Psyche, 94, 253 - 259. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1987 / 82829" type="journal article" year="1987">Carpenter 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E4D4B60FFC6FF82FC06FD0DFAA272E5" author="Hermes" box="[1007,1297,642,667]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" refString="Hermes, M. G. & Ferreira, W. D. (2016) On the type series of Stenosigma humerale Giordani Soika with the description of a new species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 60 (2), 123 - 127." type="journal article" year="2016">Hermes & Ferreira 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and in the taxonomic tradition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDDC4D12FFC6FF82FE70FD28FDB272C1" box="[409,513,678,703]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Vespidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in general. The differences listed by the author refer to the variation of coloration in the mesosoma, which is black and yellow in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDDC4D12FFC6FF82FD46FD45FC36729C" authority="insignis" authorityName="insignis (Fox" authorityYear="1899" box="[687,901,715,738]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Alphamenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="insignis" subSpecies="insignis">
|
||
<emphasis id="28A8EA83FFC6FF82FD46FD45FC36729C" box="[687,901,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">A. insignis insignis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and largely ferruginous in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDDC4D12FFC6FF82FB51FD45FA28729D" authorityName="Giordani Soika" authorityYear="1978" box="[1208,1435,715,739]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Alphamenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="insignis" subSpecies="richardsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="28A8EA83FFC6FF82FB51FD45FA28729D" box="[1208,1435,715,739]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">A. insignis richardsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDDC4D12FFC6FF82FF21FD61FE267378" authorityName="Giordani Soika" authorityYear="1978" box="[200,405,750,774]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Alphamenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="insignis" subSpecies="loquax">
|
||
<emphasis id="28A8EA83FFC6FF82FF21FD61FE267378" box="[200,405,750,774]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">A. insignis loquax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The latter two are separated by the presence or absence of numerous yellow spots on the mesosoma.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1A633691FFC6FF82FF2EFCB9FEFB73A1" blockId="5.[151,1436,570,1675]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">
|
||
It has already been shown for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDDC4D12FFC6FF82FDFFFCB8FDC87331" box="[534,635,822,847]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Vespidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
that characters related to the color of the integument are variable due to environmental factors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E4D4B60FFC6FF82FE4AFCD4FD27730D" author="Maclean" box="[419,660,858,883]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" refString="MacLean, B. K., Chandler, L. & Maclean, D. B. (1978) Phenotypic expression in the paper wasp Polistes fuscatus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Great Lakes Entomologist, 11, 105 - 116." type="journal article" year="1978">
|
||
Maclean
|
||
<emphasis id="28A8EA83FFC6FF82FDF9FCD5FDFE730D" box="[528,589,859,883]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1978
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Geographical variation may also play an important role in color patterns (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E4D4B60FFC6FF82FEEBFCF1FE1873E9" author="Bequart" box="[258,427,895,919]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" refString="Bequaert, J. (1944) The North American Species of Ancistrocerus, proper (Hymenoptera, Vesipdae). Entomologica Americana, 23 (4), 225 - 286." type="journal article" year="1944">Bequart, 1944</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In addition, characters related to the color of the integument are more variable than structural characters, since the latter are less influenced by environmental factors during the life of the individual (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E4D4B60FFC6FF82FF77FC49FE8F73A1" author="Bequart" box="[158,316,967,991]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" refString="Bequaert, J. (1944) The North American Species of Ancistrocerus, proper (Hymenoptera, Vesipdae). Entomologica Americana, 23 (4), 225 - 286." type="journal article" year="1944">Bequart 1944</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1A633691FFC6FF82FF2EFC65FC0A74A5" blockId="5.[151,1436,570,1675]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E4D4B60FFC6FF82FF2EFC65FDA7747D" author="Carpenter" box="[199,532,1002,1027]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" refString="Carpenter, J. M. & van der Vecht, J. (1991) A study of the Vespidae described by William J. Fox (Insecta: Hymenoptera), with assessment of taxonomic implications. Annals of the Carnegie Museum, 60 (3), 211 - 241." type="journal article" year="1991">Carpenter and Vecht (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
have mentioned that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDDC4D12FFC6FF82FCCDFC65FBA6747D" authorityName="Giordani Soika" authorityYear="1978" box="[804,1045,1003,1027]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Alphamenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="insignis" subSpecies="richardsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="28A8EA83FFC6FF82FCCDFC65FBA6747D" box="[804,1045,1003,1027]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">A. insignis richardsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDDC4D12FFC6FF82FBB2FC65FA87747D" authorityName="Giordani Soika" authorityYear="1978" box="[1115,1332,1003,1027]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Alphamenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="insignis" subSpecies="loquax">
|
||
<emphasis id="28A8EA83FFC6FF82FBB2FC65FA87747D" box="[1115,1332,1003,1027]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">A. insignis loquax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be synonymous with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDDC4D12FFC6FF82FE82FB81FE567458" baseAuthorityName="Fox" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[363,485,1039,1062]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Alphamenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insignis">
|
||
<emphasis id="28A8EA83FFC6FF82FE82FB81FE567458" box="[363,485,1039,1062]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">A. insignis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Garcete-
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E4D4B60FFC6FF82FD88FB81FCB57459" author="Barrett" box="[609,774,1039,1063]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" refString="Garcete-Barrett, B. R. (2001) Notes on Neotropical Eumeninae I (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Boletin del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay, 13, 38 - 40." type="journal article" year="2001">Barrett (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, however, when examining the
|
||
<typeStatus id="C5678833FFC6FF82FB92FB81FB187459" box="[1147,1195,1039,1063]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDDC4D12FFC6FF82FACBFB81FF4E7435" authorityName="Giordani Soika" authorityYear="1978" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Alphamenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="insignis" subSpecies="richardsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="28A8EA83FFC6FF82FACBFB81FF4E7435" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">A. insignis richardsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and comparing it with specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDDC4D12FFC6FF82FD2FFBBDFC147434" authority="insignis" authorityName="insignis (Fox" authorityYear="1899" box="[710,935,1075,1098]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Alphamenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="insignis" subSpecies="insignis">
|
||
<emphasis id="28A8EA83FFC6FF82FD2FFBBDFC147434" box="[710,935,1075,1098]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">A. insignis insignis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, recognizes that these subspecies actually corresponded to distinct species. This author proposed a set of morphological characters that support the delimitation of these two species, and the subspecies that until then were recognized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E4D4B60FFC6FF82FB73FBF4FA2F74ED" box="[1178,1436,1146,1171]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" refString="Giordani Soika, A. (1978) Revisione degli Eumenidi neotropicali appartenenti ai generi Eumenes Latr., Omicron (Sauss.), Pararhaphidoglossa Schulth. ed affini. Bolletino della Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia, 29, 1 - 420." type="journal article">Giordani Soika (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
were raised to species level by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E4D4B60FFC6FF82FE1EFB11FD4974C9" author="Garcete-Barrett" box="[503,762,1183,1207]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" refString="Garcete-Barrett, B. R. (2001) Notes on Neotropical Eumeninae I (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Boletin del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay, 13, 38 - 40." type="journal article" year="2001">Garcete-Barrett (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E4D4B60FFC6FF82FCECFB11FBB674C9" author="Garcete-Barrett" box="[773,1029,1183,1207]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" refString="Garcete-Barrett, B. R. (2001) Notes on Neotropical Eumeninae I (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Boletin del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay, 13, 38 - 40." type="journal article" year="2001">Garcete-Barrett (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also left open the possibility that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDDC4D12FFC6FF82FA6DFB11FEFB74A5" authorityName="Giordani Soika" authorityYear="1978" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Alphamenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="insignis" subSpecies="loquax">
|
||
<emphasis id="28A8EA83FFC6FF82FA6DFB11FEFB74A5" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">A. insignis loquax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be considered a junior synonymy of
|
||
<emphasis id="28A8EA83FFC6FF82FCC4FB4DFC0A74A5" box="[813,953,1219,1243]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDDC4D12FFC6FF82FCC4FB4DFC0674A5" authorityName="Giordani Soika" authorityYear="1978" box="[813,949,1219,1243]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Alphamenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="richardsi">A. richardsi</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1A633691FFC6FF82FF2EFB69FE2775A9" blockId="5.[151,1436,570,1675]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">
|
||
<bibRef id="C37CA267FFC6FF82FF2EFB69FE2775A9" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" type="journal article">
|
||
<author id="C261DE74FFC6FF82FF2EFB69FE997480" box="[199,298,1255,1278]" fns="I" npo="LF" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">
|
||
Here,
|
||
<emphasis id="28A8EA83FFC6FF82FEFBFB69FE997480" box="[274,298,1255,1278]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">A.</emphasis>
|
||
</author>
|
||
insignis loquax has its status reevaluated, being considered a junior synonym of
|
||
<emphasis id="28A8EA83FFC6FF82FAE3FB69FA277480" box="[1290,1428,1254,1278]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">A. richardsi</emphasis>
|
||
, corroborating what was suggested by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E4D4B60FFC6FF82FDD5FA85FC8C755D" author="Garcete-Barrett" box="[572,831,1291,1315]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" refString="Garcete-Barrett, B. R. (2001) Notes on Neotropical Eumeninae I (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Boletin del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay, 13, 38 - 40." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Garcete-Barrett (
|
||
<year id="6E7477C2FFC6FF82FD10FA85FC85755D" box="[761,822,1291,1315]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">2001</year>
|
||
)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<title id="68D8DDA7FFC6FF82FCA0FA84FAAB7539" jopScore="0.16653363" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" type="_" typeScore="53">
|
||
This proposition was based on the examination of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="C5678833FFC6FF82FF7EFAA0FEB77539" box="[151,260,1326,1351]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" type="holotype">holotypes</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<emphasis id="28A8EA83FFC6FF82FED7FAA0FD977538" box="[318,548,1326,1350]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">Alphames richardsi</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="28A8EA83FFC6FF82FD99FAA0FC0C7538" box="[624,959,1326,1350]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">Alphamenes insignis loquax</emphasis>
|
||
(examined material below)
|
||
</title>
|
||
.
|
||
<journalOrPublisher id="C01D3C5DFFC6FF82FAC4FAA0FD0775F1" jopScore="0.28216526" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" type="_" typeScore="53">
|
||
After the comparison between these specimens, the matching of the following set of features was recognized to justify the synonymy: vertex with strong punctation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="82E72A14FFC6FF82FD63FAF8FD0775F1" box="[650,692,1398,1423]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 – 29. 24 – 25" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1809,1832]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,183,1798]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,183,1798]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 24 – 29. 24 – 25. Female head in frontal view: 24. Alphamenes usitatus (Fox), clypeus weakly emarginate. 25. Alphamenes richardsi Giordani Soika, clypeus strongly emarginate (arrow points to the clypeus’ apex). 26 – 28. Male S 7: 26. Alphamenes incertus (de Saussure), with sinuous transversal carina (arrow points to the S 7). 27. Alphamenes campanulatus (Fabricius), with straight carina (arrow points to the S 7). 28. Alphamenes convexus (Fox), with longitudinal carina and golden pilosity (white arrow points to the S 7; red arrow points to the golden pilosity). 29. Alphamenes semiplanus Giordani Soika, with longitudinal carina and withish pilosity (white arrow points to the S 7; red arrow points to the withish pilosity). Scale bars for Figs. 24 – 25, 27 – 28 = 1 mm, 26 = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/884800/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">Fig</figureCitation>
|
||
</journalOrPublisher>
|
||
.
|
||
<part id="6E789C0CFFC6FF82FD2DFAF8FD5075F1" box="[708,739,1398,1423]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" type="volume">25</part>
|
||
); pronotum ferruginous with deep punctures (
|
||
<figureCitation id="82E72A14FFC6FF82FAE8FAF8FA3C75F1" box="[1281,1423,1398,1423]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 – 17. 12" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1913,1936]" captionTargetBox="[184,1408,361,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[184,1408,361,1900]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 12 – 17. 12. Male, habitus: Alphamenes insignis loquax Giordani Soika (synonymyzed under Alphamenes richardsi). 13 – 15. Alphamenes richardsi Giordani Soika: 13. Male, habitus; 14. Male, dorsal view; 15. Female, dorsal view of mesossoma. 16 – 17. Dorsal view of metassoma: 16. Alphamenes convexus (Fox); 17. Alphamenes semiplanus Giordani Soika. Scale bar for Figs. 12 – 14, 16, 17 = 1 mm, Fig. 15 = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/884796/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">
|
||
Figs.
|
||
<pagination id="2315C865FFC6FF82FAACFAF9FA3C75F1" box="[1349,1423,1399,1423]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" type="pagination">12–13</pagination>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
); sulcus between scutellum and metanotum evident (
|
||
<figureCitation id="82E72A14FFC6FF82FD3CFA14FC9A75CD" box="[725,809,1434,1459]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 – 17. 12" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1913,1936]" captionTargetBox="[184,1408,361,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[184,1408,361,1900]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 12 – 17. 12. Male, habitus: Alphamenes insignis loquax Giordani Soika (synonymyzed under Alphamenes richardsi). 13 – 15. Alphamenes richardsi Giordani Soika: 13. Male, habitus; 14. Male, dorsal view; 15. Female, dorsal view of mesossoma. 16 – 17. Dorsal view of metassoma: 16. Alphamenes convexus (Fox); 17. Alphamenes semiplanus Giordani Soika. Scale bar for Figs. 12 – 14, 16, 17 = 1 mm, Fig. 15 = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/884796/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
); tegulae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="82E72A14FFC6FF82FC76FA14FC4375CD" box="[927,1008,1434,1459]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 – 17. 12" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1913,1936]" captionTargetBox="[184,1408,361,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[184,1408,361,1900]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 12 – 17. 12. Male, habitus: Alphamenes insignis loquax Giordani Soika (synonymyzed under Alphamenes richardsi). 13 – 15. Alphamenes richardsi Giordani Soika: 13. Male, habitus; 14. Male, dorsal view; 15. Female, dorsal view of mesossoma. 16 – 17. Dorsal view of metassoma: 16. Alphamenes convexus (Fox); 17. Alphamenes semiplanus Giordani Soika. Scale bar for Figs. 12 – 14, 16, 17 = 1 mm, Fig. 15 = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/884796/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
) and T1 strongly punctured (
|
||
<figureCitation id="82E72A14FFC6FF82FAD3FA14FA3D75CD" box="[1338,1422,1434,1459]" captionStart="FIGURES 18 – 23. 18 – 19" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1837,1860]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1811]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,195,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 18 – 23. 18 – 19. T 1 in dorsal view, punctation: 18. Alphamenes richardsi Giordani Soika, strongly punctured (arrow points to the punctation of T 1); 19. Alphamenes campanulatus (Fabricius), weakly punctured (arrow points to the punctation of T 1). 20 – 21. Male S 7: 20. Alphamenes insignis (Fox), without carina; 21. Alphamenes usitatus (Fox), with carina (arrow points to the S 7). 22 – 23. Mesosoma in posterior view: 22. Alphamenes richardsi, tegulae strongly punctured (white arrow points to the propodeum; red arrow points to the tegula). 23. Alphamenes insignis, tegulae weakly punctured (white arrow points to the propodeum). Scale bar for Figs. 18 – 19, 21 – 23 = 0.5 mm, Fig. 20 = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/884798/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
); and S7 without carina.
|
||
</bibRef>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="52C6651AFFC6FF82FF2EFA6CFAAA76F5" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="1A633691FFC6FF82FF2EFA6CFAAA76F5" blockId="5.[151,1436,570,1675]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">
|
||
<emphasis id="28A8EA83FFC6FF82FF2EFA6CFAB57585" bold="true" box="[199,1286,1506,1531]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">Examined material. Paraguay, St. Louis (probably San Luis in Concepción Department):</emphasis>
|
||
♂ (CMNH), ‘Paraguay\ ST- Louis’ ‘84\’(yellow label) ‘HOLOTYPUS\
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDDC4D12FFC6FF82FC98F988FC747661" baseAuthorityName="Fox" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[881,967,1542,1567]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Alphamenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insignis">insignis</taxonomicName>
|
||
\
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDDC4D12FFC6FF82FC0AF988FB9C7661" authorityName="Giordani Soika" authorityYear="1978" box="[995,1071,1542,1567]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Alphamenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="insignis" subSpecies="loquax">loquax</taxonomicName>
|
||
\ A. Giordani Soika’(partially handwriten orange label) ‘COLL. AGS’(yellow label).
|
||
<emphasis id="28A8EA83FFC6FF82FCE8F9A4FC48763D" bold="true" box="[769,1019,1578,1603]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535">Brazil, Mato Grosso:</emphasis>
|
||
♀ (NHM)`Campo``BRAZIL: Mato Grosso \ 12°50’S., 51°47’W. \
|
||
<date id="6E621051FFC6FF82FDE6F9C0FD3D7619" box="[527,654,1614,1639]" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" value="1968-09-30">30.IX.1968</date>
|
||
\ O.W.Richards.``R.S. & R.G.S. \ Expedition \ B.M. 1968-260``HOLOTYPUS \
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDDC4D12FFC6FF82FEB5F9FCFE5B76F5" box="[348,488,1650,1675]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Alphamenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Alphamenes</taxonomicName>
|
||
\
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDDC4D12FFC6FF82FE17F9FCFDE676F5" baseAuthorityName="Fox" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[510,597,1650,1675]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Alphamenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insignis">insignis</taxonomicName>
|
||
\
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDDC4D12FFC6FF82FD82F9FCFD7E76F5" box="[619,717,1650,1675]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Alphames" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="richardsi">richardsi</taxonomicName>
|
||
\ A. Giordani Soika``B.M. Type \ HYM \ 18.1138`.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |