159 lines
24 KiB
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159 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document id="D1E2E465FA61AAEC9169490FEB8744B5" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2024.2345928" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13219611" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch,operationResults" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.treatments_approvedBy="guilherme" checkinTime="1722843118737" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kallyadan, Sreejina Sreedharan & M., Nasser" docDate="2024" docId="03F09849FFD36252FEE0FA2DFD2BDEBF" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.58.21-24.658-673.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 58 (21 - 24)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2345928" docStyle="DocumentStyle:3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62.3:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Paraponyx stagnalis Zeller" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="660" masterDocId="FFC9E031FFD26251FFB1FFB0FFCCDA2B" masterDocTitle="Making shelter for enemies: parasitoid-induced shelter-building behaviour in Paraponyx stagnalis" masterLastPageNumber="673" masterPageNumber="658" pageNumber="659" updateTime="1724245024665" updateUser="guilherme" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="5BBB714AC7C6442B46E8D2A5BC6A1C27">Making shelter for enemies: parasitoid-induced shelter-building behaviour in Paraponyx stagnalis</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8E96326AABC72EE076E237EAA6B25E0C">Kallyadan, Sreejina Sreedharan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0F8A90021A01644EB0CBB95C6B585E32">M., Nasser</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="16F63E4814DB1C4DE9B60904CC6783E4">2024</mods:date>
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<heading id="D0AE9E33FFD36250FEE0FA2DFC1EDF93" box="[337,978,1437,1464]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="659" reason="5">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5952DCFFD36250FEE0FA2DFD43DF93" authority="Zeller" authorityName="Zeller" box="[337,655,1437,1464]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Paraponyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="659" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stagnalis">
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<emphasis id="B92DF54DFFD36250FEE0FA2DFD8EDF93" box="[337,578,1437,1464]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="659">Paraponyx stagnalis</emphasis>
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Zeller
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3437AD4FFD36250FD29FA2DFC1EDF93" box="[664,978,1437,1464]" pageId="1" pageNumber="659" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE6295FFFD36250FD29FA2DFC1EDF93" blockId="1.[337,978,1437,1464]" box="[664,978,1437,1464]" pageId="1" pageNumber="659">
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(
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<taxonomicName id="4C5952DCFFD36250FD2FFA2DFCF4DF93" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[670,824,1437,1464]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="659" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C5952DCFFD36250FCF5FA2DFC00DF93" box="[836,972,1437,1464]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="659" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Crambidae</taxonomicName>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection id="C3437AD4FFD36253FF11FA67FBADDEBD" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="660" pageId="1" pageNumber="659" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE6295FFFD36253FF11FA67FBADDEBD" blockId="1.[160,1155,1495,1728]" lastBlockId="2.[160,1156,1010,1728]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="660" pageId="1" pageNumber="659">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5952DCFFD36250FF11FA67FDE3DFDB" authority="(Zeller, 1852)" baseAuthorityName="Zeller" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[160,559,1495,1520]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Paraponyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="659" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stagnalis">
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<emphasis id="B92DF54DFFD36250FF11FA67FE44DFDB" box="[160,392,1495,1520]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="659">Paraponyx stagnalis</emphasis>
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(Zeller, 1852)
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</taxonomicName>
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||
(
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<taxonomicName id="4C5952DCFFD36250FDF0FA67FD1EDFDB" box="[577,722,1495,1520]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="659" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
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||
:
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<taxonomicName id="4C5952DCFFD36250FD53FA67FC81DFDB" ID-CoL="FG2" box="[738,845,1495,1520]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="659" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pyralidae</taxonomicName>
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) (=
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<taxonomicName id="4C5952DCFFD36250FC35FA67FEDDDC38" authority="(Guenee))" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Nymphula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="659" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="depunctalis">
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<emphasis id="B92DF54DFFD36250FC35FA67FB4FDFDB" box="[900,1155,1495,1520]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="659">Nymphula depunctalis</emphasis>
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(Guenée))
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</taxonomicName>
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, commonly known as the rice case worm, poses a significant threat to rice plants in
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<collectingRegion id="499DE7BDFFD36250FEB9F9ADFE81DC1D" box="[264,333,1565,1590]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="1" pageNumber="659">Kerala</collectingRegion>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC854AEFFD36250FEE8F9ADFD71DC1D" author="Santhosh S & Karthikeyan K" box="[345,701,1565,1590]" pageId="1" pageNumber="659" pagination="160 - 165" refId="ref6692" refString="Santhosh S, Karthikeyan K. 2017. A new species of Tetrastichus Haliday (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) parasitizing the rice case worm, Parapoynx stagnalis (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) from India. Orient Insects. 51 (2): 160 - 165. doi: 10.1080 / 00305316.2016.1265601." type="journal article" year="2017">Santhosh and Karthikeyan 2017</bibRefCitation>
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). These larvae are particularly damaging during the vegetative stage of wetland rice in Asia, defoliating rice plants (
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<figureCitation id="136235DAFFD36250FBB3F98FFB93DC73" box="[1026,1119,1599,1624]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[160,225,1141,1164]" captionTargetBox="[163,1152,143,1106]" captionTargetId="figure-106@8.[163,1153,142,1109]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Leaf shelter of Paraponyx stagnalis. (a) Tubular case of late-instar larva. (b,c) Tubular cases of early-instar larvae. (d) Caterpillar making leaf shelter. (e,f) Caterpillars’ bright brownish-orange head protruding from the tubular case. (g) Silk covers the case’s interior, storing a small layer of water." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219623" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219623/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="659">Figure 6</figureCitation>
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(a)) (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC854AEFFD36250FF17F9D2FE4FDC50" author="Litsinger JA & Chantaraprapha N & Barrion AT & Bandong JP" box="[166,387,1634,1659]" pageId="1" pageNumber="659" pagination="261 - 268" refId="ref6390" refString="Litsinger JA, Chantaraprapha N, Barrion AT, Bandong JP. 1994. Natural enemies of the rice caseworm Nymphula depunctalis (Guenee) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Int J Trop Insect Sci. 15 (3): 261 - 268. doi: 10.1017 / S 1742758400017550." type="journal article" year="1994">
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Litsinger
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<emphasis id="B92DF54DFFD36250FEBEF9D2FEF3DC50" box="[271,319,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="659">et al</emphasis>
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. 1994
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</bibRefCitation>
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). The destructive activity of the larvae of case worms stops after the maximum tillering stage. The damage caused by them is identified by their distinctive leaf cases and the removal of green tissue. These larvae scrape the leaf tissues, leaving only the papery upper epidermis (
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<figureCitation id="136235DAFFD06253FE46FC42FD9BDE20" box="[503,599,1010,1035]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1407,1430]" captionTargetBox="[263,1052,143,1372]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[261,1055,142,1375]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. A pictorial representation of the Paraponyx stagnalis life cycle.(a) Eggs are laid on the abaxial side of the leaf. (b) Newly emerged first-instar larvae are feeding on the leaf tissue. (c,d) Larvae making the leaf shelter. (e) Folded leaf case in the rice leaf. (f) Tubular cases fall off the rice plant, floating on the water. (g) The rice case worm uses its legs to climb up adjacent plants. (h) Caterpillars feed on leaves. (i) Pupae adhere to the culms of rice paddy saplings via the lateral border of the cases, slightly above the water surface." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219617" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219617/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="660">Figure 3</figureCitation>
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). To differentiate case worm damage from that caused by other pests, one needs to look for the ladder-like pattern on infested leaf tissue, which results from the larval head’s back-and-forth motion during feeding. Infested plants tend to show stunted growth, as several larvae attack the same rice plant, cutting off most leaf tips to construct their larval cases and scraping the remaining leaves (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC854AEFFD06253FC53FBCDFB99DEBD" author="Dale D" box="[994,1109,1149,1174]" pageId="2" pageNumber="660" pagination="438 - 442" refId="ref5472" refString="Dale D. 1994. Insect pests of the rice plant - their biology and ecology, and Heinrichs EA, editor. Biology and management of rice insects. Manila, Philippines: Wiley Eastern Limited and New Age International Limited; p. 438 - 442." type="book chapter" year="1994">Dale 1994</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<caption id="DF2679D7FFD06253FF11FC3BFDFCD989" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219613" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13219613" box="[160,560,907,930]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219613/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="660" startId="2.[160,225,907,930]" targetBox="[165,1152,144,872]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="8BE6295FFFD06253FF11FC3BFDFCD989" blockId="2.[160,560,907,930]" box="[160,560,907,930]" pageId="2" pageNumber="660">
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||
<emphasis id="B92DF54DFFD06253FF11FC3BFF37D989" bold="true" box="[160,251,907,930]" pageId="2" pageNumber="660">Figure 1.</emphasis>
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Study sites in Northern Kerala.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="C3437AD4FFD06252FF71FB2FFD2BDEBF" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="661" pageId="2" pageNumber="660" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE6295FFFD06253FF71FB2FFE6BDF4D" blockId="2.[160,1156,1010,1728]" pageId="2" pageNumber="660">
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Distinctive features of the rice case worm larvae include their transparent green bodies with a vibrant brownish-orange head (
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<figureCitation id="136235DAFFD06253FDF8FB72FD68DEF0" box="[585,676,1218,1243]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[160,225,1141,1164]" captionTargetBox="[163,1152,143,1106]" captionTargetId="figure-106@8.[163,1153,142,1109]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Leaf shelter of Paraponyx stagnalis. (a) Tubular case of late-instar larva. (b,c) Tubular cases of early-instar larvae. (d) Caterpillar making leaf shelter. (e,f) Caterpillars’ bright brownish-orange head protruding from the tubular case. (g) Silk covers the case’s interior, storing a small layer of water." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219623" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219623/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="660">Figure 6</figureCitation>
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(e)). To protect themselves from parasitoids and predators, the larvae construct tubular cases by rolling leaves (
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<figureCitation id="136235DAFFD06253FC14FB55FBC1DED5" box="[933,1037,1253,1278]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[160,225,785,808]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,143,752]" captionTargetId="figure-252@3.[163,1153,142,754]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Pictorial representation of the process of formation of a normal leaf shelter: (a) first leaf slit made by the first-instar rice case worm larva; (b) making of the second slit; (c) removal of the leaf tip, and rolling of the leaf portion between the first and second slits; (d) detachment of the tubular case from the remaining leaf. Tthe types of parasitised larval leaf shelter: Type 1 = folding of the leaf portion above the first leaf slit; Type 2 = folding of the leaf portion between the first and second cut; and Type 3 = removal of the leaf portion above the first cut and folding the leaf between the two leaf slits." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219615" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219615/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="660">Figures 2</figureCitation>
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and
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<figureCitation id="136235DAFFD06253FBFBFB55FB95DED5" box="[1098,1113,1253,1278]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[160,225,1319,1342]" captionTargetBox="[175,1149,144,1283]" captionTargetId="figure-95@6.[163,1153,142,1288]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Biology of Paraponyx stagnalis. (a) Unparasitised late-instar P. stagnalis larva in a cut-open case. (b) Normal tubular case of P. stagnalis. (c) Newly formed P. stagnalis pupa in a cut-open case. (d) P. stagnalis pupa within the silken cocoon. (d) Adult P. stagnalis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219619" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219619/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="660">4</figureCitation>
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(b)). These cases serve as a protective shelter, lined with silk on the interior and containing a small layer of water essential for breathing (
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<figureCitation id="136235DAFFD06253FD3CFA9AFD26DF68" box="[653,746,1322,1347]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[160,225,1141,1164]" captionTargetBox="[163,1152,143,1106]" captionTargetId="figure-106@8.[163,1153,142,1109]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Leaf shelter of Paraponyx stagnalis. (a) Tubular case of late-instar larva. (b,c) Tubular cases of early-instar larvae. (d) Caterpillar making leaf shelter. (e,f) Caterpillars’ bright brownish-orange head protruding from the tubular case. (g) Silk covers the case’s interior, storing a small layer of water." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219623" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219623/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="660">Figure 6</figureCitation>
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(g)). The larval period has five instars (eg
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC854AEFFD06253FF7AFAFDFE56DF4D" author="Surbala Y & Singh KI & Ray DC" box="[203,410,1357,1382]" pageId="2" pageNumber="660" pagination="74 - 77" refId="ref6835" refString="Surbala Y, Singh KI, Ray DC. 2016. Studies on biology and morphometric of rice case-worm, Nymphula depunctalis Guenee. J Plant Prot Sci. 24 (1): 74 - 77." type="journal article" year="2016">
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Surbala
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<emphasis id="B92DF54DFFD06253FE97FAFDFE9ADF4D" box="[294,342,1357,1382]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="660">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2016
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6295FFFD06252FF71FADFFD2BDEBF" blockId="2.[160,1156,1010,1728]" lastBlockId="3.[160,1156,1043,1172]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="661" pageId="2" pageNumber="660">
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Rice case worm larvae thrive in submerged plants, exhibiting semi-aquatic behaviour by climbing plants using their legs to feed on leaves (
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<figureCitation id="136235DAFFD06253FCA7FA22FCB8DF80" box="[790,884,1426,1451]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1407,1430]" captionTargetBox="[263,1052,143,1372]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[261,1055,142,1375]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. A pictorial representation of the Paraponyx stagnalis life cycle.(a) Eggs are laid on the abaxial side of the leaf. (b) Newly emerged first-instar larvae are feeding on the leaf tissue. (c,d) Larvae making the leaf shelter. (e) Folded leaf case in the rice leaf. (f) Tubular cases fall off the rice plant, floating on the water. (g) The rice case worm uses its legs to climb up adjacent plants. (h) Caterpillars feed on leaves. (i) Pupae adhere to the culms of rice paddy saplings via the lateral border of the cases, slightly above the water surface." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219617" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219617/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="660">Figure 3</figureCitation>
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). While consumption is constrained in dry conditions, water droplets on leaves enhance larval feeding. Caterpillars navigate water-logged fields during the day by swimming or following water or wind currents to reach young rice plants. The larval stage lasts between 15 and 30 days, with final-instar larvae reaching the maximum length of
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. Upon completing larval development, the fifth-instar larva seals both ends of its leaf case, pupates within it (
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC854AEFFD06253FEC7F9D2FE27DC50" author="Dale D" box="[374,491,1634,1659]" pageId="2" pageNumber="660" pagination="438 - 442" refId="ref5472" refString="Dale D. 1994. Insect pests of the rice plant - their biology and ecology, and Heinrichs EA, editor. Biology and management of rice insects. Manila, Philippines: Wiley Eastern Limited and New Age International Limited; p. 438 - 442." type="book chapter" year="1994">Dale 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and stays there for 5–11 days (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC854AEFFD06253FCD9F9D2FBBADC50" author="Viraktamath CA & Puttarudriah M & ChannaBasavanna GP" box="[872,1142,1634,1659]" pageId="2" pageNumber="660" pagination="234 - 241" refId="ref6873" refString="Viraktamath CA, Puttarudriah M, ChannaBasavanna GP. 1974. Studies on the biology of rice caseworm, Nymphula depunctalis Guenee (Pyraustidae: Lepidoptera). Mysore Journal of Agricultural Science. 8: 234 - 241." type="journal article" year="1974">
|
||
Viraktamath
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF54DFFD06253FC4DF9D2FBE3DC50" box="[1020,1071,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="660">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1974
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Pupae often adhere to rice paddy saplings or wild grasses above water surfaces but may also be immersed in water (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC854AEFFD06253FE64F917FD72DCEB" author="Grist DH & Lever RJAW" box="[469,702,1703,1728]" pageId="2" pageNumber="660" refId="ref5923" refString="Grist DH, Lever RJAW. 1969. Pests of rice. London: Longmans, Greens and Co. Ltd; p. 520." type="journal volume" year="1969">Grist and Lever 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The pupa, about
|
||
<quantity id="4CA184BAFFD06253FC20F917FC29DCEB" box="[913,997,1703,1728]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="660" unit="mm" value="5.5">5.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length and
|
||
<quantity id="4CA184BAFFD16252FF11FBA3FF38DE07" box="[160,244,1043,1068]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="661" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
in width, is initially cream in colour but soon turns silvery white before eclosion. The pupal stage (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136235DAFFD16252FEDDFB85FE00DE65" box="[364,460,1077,1102]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[160,225,1319,1342]" captionTargetBox="[175,1149,144,1283]" captionTargetId="figure-95@6.[163,1153,142,1288]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Biology of Paraponyx stagnalis. (a) Unparasitised late-instar P. stagnalis larva in a cut-open case. (b) Normal tubular case of P. stagnalis. (c) Newly formed P. stagnalis pupa in a cut-open case. (d) P. stagnalis pupa within the silken cocoon. (d) Adult P. stagnalis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219619" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219619/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="661">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
(c,d)) lasts approximately a week. The adult usually emerges through a hole in the upper end of the case (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136235DAFFD16252FD17FBE8FCCFDE5A" box="[678,771,1112,1137]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[160,225,1319,1342]" captionTargetBox="[175,1149,144,1283]" captionTargetId="figure-95@6.[163,1153,142,1288]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Biology of Paraponyx stagnalis. (a) Unparasitised late-instar P. stagnalis larva in a cut-open case. (b) Normal tubular case of P. stagnalis. (c) Newly formed P. stagnalis pupa in a cut-open case. (d) P. stagnalis pupa within the silken cocoon. (d) Adult P. stagnalis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219619" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219619/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="661">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
(e)). The life cycle of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5952DCFFD16252FC5EFBE8FBA7DE5A" baseAuthorityName="Zeller" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[1007,1131,1112,1137]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Paraponyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="661" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stagnalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF54DFFD16252FC5EFBE8FBA7DE5A" box="[1007,1131,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="661">P. stagnalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is completed within a month (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC854AEFFD16252FE6AFBCBFD16DEBF" author="Pathak MD & Khan ZR" box="[475,730,1147,1172]" pageId="3" pageNumber="661" refId="ref6569" refString="Pathak MD, Khan ZR. 1994. Insect pests of rice. Los Banos (Manila): International Rice Research Institute; p. 19." type="journal volume" year="1994">Pathak and Khan 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |