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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.54.11290" ID-GBIF-Dataset="daa8ff59-7a92-4c4e-87d7-888ea3787057" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154473311" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-54-43" ID-Pensoft-UUID="EA215937FF89E311914CFFB4410DFFB4" ID-ZBK="B68BE62E69C440D987BE27D604E6DD61" ID-Zenodo-Dep="322874" ID-ZooBank="B68BE62E69C440D987BE27D604E6DD61" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2017" ModsDocID="1314-2607-54-43" ModsDocOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research " ModsDocTitle="Notes on the nesting of three species of Megachilinae in the Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve, UAE" checkinTime="1553125479656" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Gess, Sarah Kathleen &amp; Roosenschoon, Peter Alexander" docDate="2017" docId="4906EBBF015140A4FA8F8A626708A799" docLanguage="en" docName="JourHymenoptRes 54: 43-56" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 54" docPubDate="2017-02-27" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.54.11290" docTitle="Megachile (Eurymella) patellimana" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="EA215937FF89E311914CFFB4410DFFB4" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="49" masterDocId="EA215937FF89E311914CFFB4410DFFB4" masterDocTitle="Notes on the nesting of three species of Megachilinae in the Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve, UAE" masterLastPageNumber="56" masterPageNumber="43" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" updateTime="1643481427929" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Notes on the nesting of three species of Megachilinae in the Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve, UAE</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Gess, Sarah Kathleen</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Albany Museum and Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6139 South Africa</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">s.gess@ru.ac.za</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Roosenschoon, Peter Alexander</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve, Dubai, United Arab Emirates</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Journal of Hymenoptera Research</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2017-02-27</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>54</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>43</mods:start>
<mods:end>56</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.54.11290</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.54.11290</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2607-54-43</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">B68BE62E69C440D987BE27D604E6DD61</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">EA215937FF89E311914CFFB4410DFFB4</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">322874</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="154473311" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4906EBBF015140A4FA8F8A626708A799" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4906EBBF015140A4FA8F8A626708A799" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="47" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
<taxonomicName LSID="33C660C3-71D2-5E01-A892-3999851C4893" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile (Eurymella) patellimana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patellimana" subGenus="Eurymella">Megachile (Eurymella) patellimana</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="47" type="taxonomy">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Taxonomy.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
In
<bibRefCitation author="Gess, SK" journalOrPublisher="Albany Museum, Grahamstown" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" refId="B8" refString="Gess, SK, Gess, FW, 2003. A catalogue of flower visiting records for aculeate wasps and bees in the semi-arid to arid areas of southern Africa. Albany Museum, Grahamstown" title="A catalogue of flower visiting records for aculeate wasps and bees in the semi-arid to arid areas of southern Africa." year="2003">Gess and Gess (2003)</bibRefCitation>
and in
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.018" author="Litman, JR" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" pagination="183 - 198" refId="B16" refString="Litman, JR, Griswold, T, Danforth, BN, 2016. Phylogenetic systematics and a revised generic classification of anthidiine bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 100: 183 - 198, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.018" title="Phylogenetic systematics and a revised generic classification of anthidiine bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.018" volume="100" year="2016">Gess and Roosenschoon (2016)</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile patellimana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patellimana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Megachile patellimana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is given as belonging to the subgenus
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eutricharaea">Eutricharaea</taxonomicName>
, following
<bibRefCitation author="Michener, CD" journalOrPublisher="The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" refId="B20" refString="Michener, CD, 2007. The bee genera of the world. Second Edition. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London" title="The bee genera of the world. Second Edition." year="2007">Michener (2007)</bibRefCitation>
who did not consider the subgenus
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eurymella)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eurymella">Eurymella</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Pasteels, JJ" journalOrPublisher="The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" refId="B21" refString="Pasteels, JJ, 1965. Revision des Megachilidae (HymenopteraApoidea) de L'Afrique Noire I. Les Genres Creightoniella, Chalichodoma et Megachile (s. str.). Musee Royal de L'Afrique Centrale , Tervuren, Belgique, Annales Serie in-8°, Sciences Zoologiques 137: 1-579." title="Revision des Megachilidae (HymenopteraApoidea) de L'Afrique Noire I. Les Genres Creightoniella, Chalichodoma et Megachile (s. str.). Musee Royal de L'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique, Annales Serie in- 8 °, Sciences Zoologiques 137: 1 - 579." year="1965">Pasteels (1965)</bibRefCitation>
to be distinct from the subgenus
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eutricharaea">Eutricharaea</taxonomicName>
.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Michener’s">Michener's</normalizedToken>
opinion was generally accepted (e.g.
<bibRefCitation author="Eardley, C" journalOrPublisher="Abc Taxa volume" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 138" refId="B6" refString="Eardley, C, Kuhlmann, M, Pauly, A, 2010. The Bee Genera and Subgenera of sub-Saharan Africa. Abc Taxa volume 7: 1 - 138" title="The Bee Genera and Subgenera of sub-Saharan Africa." volume="7" year="2010">Eardley et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3601.1.1" author="Eardley, C" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 134" refId="B5" refString="Eardley, C, 2013. A taxonomic revision of the southern African leaf-cutter bees, Megachile Latreille sensu stricto and Heriadopsis Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae). Zootaxa 3601 (1): 1 - 134, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3601.1.1" title="A taxonomic revision of the southern African leaf-cutter bees, Megachile Latreille sensu stricto and Heriadopsis Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3601.1.1" volume="3601" year="2013">Eardley 2013</bibRefCitation>
). However, in their analysis
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.07.004" author="Trunz, V" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" pagination="245 - 259" refId="B24" refString="Trunz, V, Packer, L, Arrigo, N, Praz, CJ, 2016. Comprehensive phylogeny, biogeography and new classification of the diverse bee tribe Megachilini: Can we use DNA barcodes in phylogenies of large genera. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 103: 245 - 259, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.07.004" title="Comprehensive phylogeny, biogeography and new classification of the diverse bee tribe Megachilini: Can we use DNA barcodes in phylogenies of large genera." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.07.004" volume="103" year="2016">Trunz et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
revisit the status of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pasteels" authorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Eurymella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eurymella" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Eurymella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and recognize it as a valid subgenus distinct from
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thompson" authorityYear="1872" class="Hexapoda" family="Megachilidae" genus="Eutricharaea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eutricharaea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Eutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Their opinion has been accepted and in the present contribution
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pasteels" authorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Eurymella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eurymella" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Eurymella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is recognized as being distinct from
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thompson" authorityYear="1872" class="Hexapoda" family="Megachilidae" genus="Eutricharaea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eutricharaea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Eutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
given that both groups appear distantly related in the phylogeny of Trunz et al.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
The female of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile patellimana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patellimana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Megachile patellimana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, like most species of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pasteels" authorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Eurymella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eurymella" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Eurymella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, has robust mandibles with particularly large and acute teeth, as also seen in the subgenus
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Eurymella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Creightonella)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Creightonella">Creightonella</taxonomicName>
. In
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thompson" authorityYear="1872" class="Hexapoda" family="Megachilidae" genus="Eutricharaea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eutricharaea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Eutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in contrast, the female mandibles are mostly less robust and the teeth smaller.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="47" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
Widely distributed in western Palaearctic, particularly in the Mediterranean, Asia Minor, Egypt and UAE, also south-western Africa, Sudan, Niger and Mozambique (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.018" author="Litman, JR" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" pagination="183 - 198" refId="B16" refString="Litman, JR, Griswold, T, Danforth, BN, 2016. Phylogenetic systematics and a revised generic classification of anthidiine bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 100: 183 - 198, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.018" title="Phylogenetic systematics and a revised generic classification of anthidiine bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.018" volume="100" year="2016">Gess and Roosenschoon 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="47" type="flower visiting">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Flower visiting.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
In the DDCR
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile patellimana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patellimana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Megachile patellimana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been recorded from flowers of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Apocynaceae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Asclepiadoideae">Asclepiadoideae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Decne" authorityYear="1838" baseAuthorityName="Forsk." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Leptadenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Leptadenia pyrotechnica" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pyrotechnica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Leptadenia pyrotechnica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Leptadenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Boraginaceae" genus="Centaurea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Centaurea pseudosinaica" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="pseudosinaica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Centaurea pseudosinaica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Czerep.;
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Boraginaceae" genus="Centaurea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Boraginaceae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Heliotropium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heliotropium kotschyi" order="Brassicales" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kotschyi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Heliotropium kotschyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Heliotropium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Brassicaceae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Farsetia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Farsetia linearis" order="Fabales" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="linearis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Farsetia linearis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Decne ex Boiss.;
<taxonomicName authorityName="Turra" authorityYear="1765" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Farsetia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName authorityName="Turra" authorityYear="1765" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Farsetia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mimosoideae">Mimosoideae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Prosopis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Prosopis cineraria" order="Fabales" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cineraria">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Prosopis cineraria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Prosopis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Prosopis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Papilionoideae">Papilionoideae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Zygophyllaceae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Crotalaria aegyptiaca" order="Geraniales" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="aegyptiaca">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Crotalaria aegyptiaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Benth.;
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Zygophyllaceae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Geraniales" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Zygophyllaceae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Zygophyllaceae" genus="Tribulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tribulus maropterus" order="Geraniales" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="maropterus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Tribulus maropterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Boiss.(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.018" author="Litman, JR" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" pagination="183 - 198" refId="B16" refString="Litman, JR, Griswold, T, Danforth, BN, 2016. Phylogenetic systematics and a revised generic classification of anthidiine bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 100: 183 - 198, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.018" title="Phylogenetic systematics and a revised generic classification of anthidiine bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.018" volume="100" year="2016">Gess and Roosenschoon 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
In Namibia this species has been recorded from flowers of
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Zygophyllaceae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Crotalaria podocarpa" order="Geraniales" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="podocarpa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Crotalaria podocarpa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
DC (
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Zygophyllaceae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Geraniales" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Papilionoideae">Papilionoideae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation author="Gess, SK" journalOrPublisher="Albany Museum, Grahamstown" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" refId="B8" refString="Gess, SK, Gess, FW, 2003. A catalogue of flower visiting records for aculeate wasps and bees in the semi-arid to arid areas of southern Africa. Albany Museum, Grahamstown" title="A catalogue of flower visiting records for aculeate wasps and bees in the semi-arid to arid areas of southern Africa." year="2003">Gess and Gess 2003</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" type="nesting">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Nesting.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
The only published mention of the nesting of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile patellimana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patellimana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Megachile patellimana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to be the statement in
<bibRefCitation author="Alfken, JD" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Royale Entomologique d'Egypte" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" pagination="146 - 163" refId="B1" refString="Alfken, JD, 1934. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Megachile -Arten von Aegypten (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Bulletin de la Societe Royale Entomologique d'Egypte 18: 146 - 163" title="Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Megachile - Arten von Aegypten (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)." volume="18" year="1934">Alfken (1934</bibRefCitation>
, page 148) that &quot;Als echte Blattschneiderbiene ist auch
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile patellimana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patellimana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Megachile patellimana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
M. Spin. beobachet worden&quot; [
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile patellimana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patellimana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Megachile patellimana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has also been observed as a true leaf-cutting species]. The nesting situation does not seem to have been recorded.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
The only other observations on nesting by a species of the subgenus
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eurymella)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eurymella">Eurymella</taxonomicName>
seem to be those for
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile bucephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bucephala">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Megachile bucephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fabricius) (as
<taxonomicName authorityName="Friese" authorityYear="1922" class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile semifulva" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semifulva">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Megachile semifulva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Friese, recently placed in synonymy with
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile bucephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bucephala">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Megachile bucephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Eardley, 2013); this synonymy requires confirmation given that
<bibRefCitation author="Pasteels, JJ" journalOrPublisher="The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" refId="B21" refString="Pasteels, JJ, 1965. Revision des Megachilidae (HymenopteraApoidea) de L'Afrique Noire I. Les Genres Creightoniella, Chalichodoma et Megachile (s. str.). Musee Royal de L'Afrique Centrale , Tervuren, Belgique, Annales Serie in-8°, Sciences Zoologiques 137: 1-579." title="Revision des Megachilidae (HymenopteraApoidea) de L'Afrique Noire I. Les Genres Creightoniella, Chalichodoma et Megachile (s. str.). Musee Royal de L'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique, Annales Serie in- 8 °, Sciences Zoologiques 137: 1 - 579." year="1965">Pasteels (1965</bibRefCitation>
: 127) mentions that there are sculptural differences
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="48" start="start">between</pageBreakToken>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Friese" authorityYear="1922" class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile semifulva" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semifulva">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Megachile semifulva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile bucephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bucephala">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Megachile bucephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(C. Praz, pers. comm.)). These observations &quot;Nests in ground 6-7 inched vertical; lined with blade of certain grass, selected them before biting; measures it by running up and down. The pieces varied in length from 3-4 inches. St. W. Warley, 29.X.1916&quot; quoted by
<bibRefCitation author="Pasteels, JJ" journalOrPublisher="The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" refId="B21" refString="Pasteels, JJ, 1965. Revision des Megachilidae (HymenopteraApoidea) de L'Afrique Noire I. Les Genres Creightoniella, Chalichodoma et Megachile (s. str.). Musee Royal de L'Afrique Centrale , Tervuren, Belgique, Annales Serie in-8°, Sciences Zoologiques 137: 1-579." title="Revision des Megachilidae (HymenopteraApoidea) de L'Afrique Noire I. Les Genres Creightoniella, Chalichodoma et Megachile (s. str.). Musee Royal de L'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique, Annales Serie in- 8 °, Sciences Zoologiques 137: 1 - 579." year="1965">Pasteels (1965</bibRefCitation>
: page 127) are from manuscript copies in the Natal and Durban museums.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
It therefore seems worth recording the fragmentary observations on the nesting of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile patellimana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patellimana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Megachile patellimana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the DDCR where it was observed to be nesting at Tawi Manana in burrows excavated in compacted sand beneath
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Heliotropium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heliotropium kotschyi" order="Brassicales" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kotschyi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Heliotropium kotschyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
plants and at the Camel Farm in burrows excavated in the compacted sand banks of an irrigation furrow. It was not clear whether the burrows had been originated by
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile patellimana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patellimana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Megachile patellimana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or were pre-existing.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
At Tawi Manana a female was captured carrying a piece of cut green leaf (approx. length 10 mm and approx. width 5 mm) and at the Camel Farm a female was captured carrying into a burrow a piece of tough green plastic approximately 10 mm in length cut from a strip 2 mm wide and almost 1 mm in thickness (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 16. Megachile patellimana: female (actual length approx. 16 mm) with a leaf piece (green and fresh when collected) and female (actual length approx. 16 mm) with cut lengths of plastic, one from female and the rest from her nesting burrow." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.54.11290.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/124072" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">16</figureCitation>
). Attempts to excavate the nests did not yield nest plans. In the nest of the female carrying plastic six more identical pieces of plastic (average length10 mm) were discovered grouped together in an apparent attempt to construct a cell. The cutting of the tough plastic would have been possible by using the large, robustly and acutely toothed mandibles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
The use of plastic by
<taxonomicName genus="Megahile" lsidName="Megahile patellimana" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" rank="species" species="patellimana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Megahile patellimana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, though surprising, is supported by the observations of
<bibRefCitation DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES13-00308.1" author="MacIvor, JS" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" refId="B17" refString="MacIvor, JS, Moore, AE, 2013. Bees collect polyurethane and polyethylene plastics as novel nest materials. Ecosphere 4(12): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES13-00308.1" title="Bees collect polyurethane and polyethylene plastics as novel nest materials. Ecosphere 4 (12): 155." url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES13-00308.1" year="2013">MacIvor and Moore (2013)</bibRefCitation>
who reported that
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile rotundata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rotundata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Megachile rotundata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Fabricius, which normally uses cut pieces of plant leaf, was found constructing brood cells out of cut pieces of polyethylene-based plastic bags. In addition to recording the use of plastic bags by
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile rotundata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rotundata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Megachile rotundata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
MacIvor and Moore reported, even more surprisingly, that
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Robertson" baseAuthorityYear="1903" class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile campanulae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="campanulae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Megachile campanulae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Robertson), which uses plant and tree resins, was found to have made brood cells constructed out of a polyurethane-based exterior building sealant. In their discussion they suggested that &quot;Although perhaps incidentally collected, the novel use of plastics in the nests of bees could reflect eco
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="49" start="start">logically</pageBreakToken>
adaptive traits necessary for survival in an increasingly human-dominated environment&quot;.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
It is clear that the flexible pieces cut from polyethylene bags by
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile rotundata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rotundata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Megachile rotundata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were successfully used to construct cells whereas it is seems unlikely that
<taxonomicName genus="Megahile" lsidName="Megahile patellimana" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="patellimana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Megahile patellimana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would have successfully constructed cells from the stiff, narrow strips of plastic that she was assembling within her nesting burrow.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Provision.</emphasis>
As both the nesting females were captured carrying nesting materials their scopae were empty and as nesting was in an early stage no provision was obtained from the nests.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="989091" doi="10.3897/jhr.54.11290.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/124070" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" start="Figure 7" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Figure 7.</emphasis>
Trap-nests 1-4 as at 25 May 2016 after
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile maxillosa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maxillosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Megachile maxillosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
imagines had emerged from all of the cells. Trap-nest 3 shows the remains of the nest of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1988" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoheriades" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoheriades grandiceps" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandiceps">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Pseudoheriades grandiceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that preceded the nest of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile maxillosa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maxillosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Megachile maxillosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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