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<document id="F57B746852069F8ED7A870A7001E50F3" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2024.2377336" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13758076" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1726223167086" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kobayashi, Itaru, Sonoyama, Takayuki, Hibino, Mai, Kawano, Mitsuhisa &amp; Kohtsuka, Hisanori" docDate="2024" docId="03A3730A852CFFB1FE60CB0DFE683ECB" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.58.25-28.949-964.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 58 (25 - 28)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2377336" docStyle="DocumentStyle:485A7191CD41D6261F41521A3380DC73.9:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleId="485A7191CD41D6261F41521A3380DC73" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Gephyreaster swifti" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="953" masterDocId="FF9A0B72852EFFB4FFADCD42FFEC3C34" masterDocTitle="Pseudarchasteridae (Asteroidea: Paxillosida) in Japanese waters, with description of a new species and range extension of three species" masterLastPageNumber="964" masterPageNumber="949" pageNumber="950" updateTime="1726223585582" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="DCEA89F94C42195D35E00D4D9FCCFA27">
<mods:title id="3152CD7961E7C83ED1005BC1E88FE306">Pseudarchasteridae (Asteroidea: Paxillosida) in Japanese waters, with description of a new species and range extension of three species</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="F98EC563F9B325280F5DD89643FDF9D3" type="personal">
<mods:role id="DE03D25C57DC1CBCC2E04B97095C42B1">
<mods:roleTerm id="D69CCBFE12CE0162E19E27808A8B07A7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="BDC6D77C7EB4CE3D3169C0907FBB7A4D">Kobayashi, Itaru</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="ADA13049715378B9E2227FB1F7F80A03">Misaki Marine Biological Station, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Kanagawa, Japan;</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="06C0FB73D7BB0A303F336800679652E2">Sonoyama, Takayuki</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="2690781C9EF70F9E4208E6BE387A87AD">Enoshima Aquarium, Kanagawa, Japan;</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="62C5B41A3AE98DF1E68312069BAF621F" type="personal">
<mods:role id="CE4BECF599B58A71A1BF8DDB4B0AF329">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="3F9A4C0965394D615735204D29176EFF">Hibino, Mai</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="1B74B908EAEE442221007572D72B2E97">Marine Science Museum, Fukushima Prefecture, Aquamarine Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan;</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="D3FB704E28BAE1390DAE1A755804C931" type="personal">
<mods:role id="F300F49C11484CC73CE5A4CCD41E7DDB">
<mods:roleTerm id="47C31C6773AD9A39C12CFE1DDD66D1BF">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="9531C79F25C37B68BB2C8D6E67A93D95">Kawano, Mitsuhisa</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="AEDEF8723DCCED1B0A9010E8B62EA865">Japan Sea Division, Yamaguchi Prefectural Fisheries Research Centre, Yamaguchi, Japan</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="12A7BC9E7014465C5DA38B430482027E">Kohtsuka, Hisanori</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="990CF6E3852E4C832A85B1037E638D64">Misaki Marine Biological Station, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Kanagawa, Japan;</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="AEA35B9095997ED64E9D35492B2AD8B3">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="FAC7DA836C3216F7EA48B59F59E56D66">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="02B958F29F4B85BE14297C0B972458D3">
<mods:date id="24B9DBF15897C85B91A32DDAB008BF13">2024</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="E68BDF4DD51185CE53178DD4C7927A41" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="F05DF2B216BC0CF4D136B6D06422557C">2024-08-02</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="CADBD01424F850C1FC1D004154690B3B" type="volume">
<mods:number id="E9D126770E5642D3F44EEB7D690D07C0">58</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="6D2A06CE9A3B4B747AE3D2AD2E223EED" type="issue">
<mods:number id="A37409283C16A07E7BCC7E9866AB4AF6">25 - 28</mods:number>
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<mods:extent id="E231305CA4FD46B5F20C7CC24BC377C0" unit="page">
<mods:start id="B9A74ADC43E39B81AB220B83782254E0">949</mods:start>
<mods:end id="E2EC0F731FDA5F261C29B614F819E682">964</mods:end>
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<mods:url id="B1F414D917EAE087762989B3149C7F2E">http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2377336</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="AF9F5E2F8F18AF81747076F6044D0C68">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="563BC467DC37CD614072BECA270DF459" type="DOI">10.1080/00222933.2024.2377336</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="C38F4651AF7C6853E0265F57D0846F34" type="ISSN">1464-5262</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="28099FD519AAEC1C2380DF3D46C7AA47" type="Zenodo-Dep">13758076</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03A3730A852CFFB1FE60CB0DFE683ECB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A3730A852CFFB1FE60CB0DFE683ECB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A3730A852CFFB1FE60CB0DFE683ECB" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="953" pageId="2" pageNumber="950">
<subSubSection id="C3109197852CFFB7FE60CB0DFD203C9D" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="951" pageId="2" pageNumber="950" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB5C21C852CFFB6FE60CB0DFCBA3A5E" blockId="2.[461,854,1615,1642]" box="[461,854,1615,1642]" pageId="2" pageNumber="950">
<heading id="D0FD7570852CFFB6FE60CB0DFCBA3A5E" box="[461,854,1615,1642]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="950" reason="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C0AB99F852CFFB6FE60CB0DFCBA3A5E" ID-CoL="3FTQ3" authority="(Fisher 1905)" baseAuthorityName="Fisher" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[461,854,1615,1642]" class="Asteroidea" family="Pseudarchasteridae" genus="Gephyreaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="2" pageNumber="950" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="swifti">
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E852CFFB6FE60CB0DFD5C3A5E" box="[461,688,1615,1642]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="950">Gephyreaster swifti</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BBFED852CFFB6FD13CB0DFCA23A5E" author="Fisher WK" box="[702,846,1615,1642]" pageId="2" pageNumber="950" pagination="291 - 320" refId="ref6601" refString="Fisher WK. 1905. New starfishes from deep water off California and Alaska. Bull Fish Sci. 24: 291 - 320." type="journal article" year="1905">Fisher 1905</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB5C21C852CFFB7FE06CBC7FD203C9D" blockId="2.[427,920,1669,1694]" lastBlockId="3.[599,716,142,169]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="951" pageId="2" pageNumber="950">
[New Japanese name: Daiou-momiji-hitode] (
<figureCitation id="1331DE99852DFFB7FDF2CDCCFD283C9D" box="[607,708,142,169]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1338,1361]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[163,1153,142,1307]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Gephyreaster swifti, NSMT E-14747. A, Live specimen, whole body, abactinal (left) and actinal (right) side; B, denuded abactinal surface of proximal portion of arm; C, denuded abactinal surface of distal portion of arm; D, abactinal surface of proximal portion of disc; E, denuded supero- and inferomarginal plates of proximal portion of arm; F, supero- and inferomarginal plates of proximal portion of arm; G, denuded actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; H, actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; I, abactinal surface of an extracted jaw. Abbreviations: ad, adambulacral series; c, carinal series; i, inferomarginal series; o, oral plate; s, superomarginal series; t, tube feet; u, unpaired oral spine. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–I = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758078/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">Figure 1</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3109197852DFFB7FF0DCDA4FB6F3D16" pageId="3" pageNumber="951" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB5C21C852DFFB7FF0DCDA4FDCC3CCB" blockId="3.[160,1155,230,290]" box="[160,544,230,255]" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1AE532852DFFB7FF0DCDA4FDCC3CCB" box="[160,544,230,255]" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">
<treatmentCitation id="0AABE40D852DFFB7FF0DCDA4FDCC3CCB" author="Fisher WK" box="[160,544,230,255]" page="301" pageId="3" pageNumber="951" year="1905">
<taxonomicName id="4C0AB99F852DFFB7FF0DCDA4FDCC3CCB" ID-CoL="6RKM3" authority="Fisher 1905, p. 301" authorityName="Fisher" authorityPageNumber="301" authorityYear="1905" box="[160,544,230,255]" class="Asteroidea" family="Pseudarchasteridae" genus="Mimaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="951" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="swifti">
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E852DFFB7FF0DCDA4FEAA3CCB" box="[160,326,230,255]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">Mimaster swifti</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BBFED852DFFB7FEE0CDA4FE223CCB" author="Fisher WK" box="[333,462,230,255]" pageId="3" pageNumber="951" pagination="291 - 320" refId="ref6601" refString="Fisher WK. 1905. New starfishes from deep water off California and Alaska. Bull Fish Sci. 24: 291 - 320." type="journal article" year="1905">Fisher 1905</bibRefCitation>
, p. 301
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB5C21C852DFFB7FF0DCC4BFB6F3D16" blockId="3.[160,1155,230,290]" box="[160,1155,265,290]" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1AE532852DFFB7FF0DCC4BFB6F3D16" box="[160,1155,265,290]" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">
<taxonomicName id="4C0AB99F852DFFB7FF0DCC4BFE823D16" ID-CoL="3FTQ3" baseAuthorityName="Fisher" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[160,366,265,290]" class="Asteroidea" family="Pseudarchasteridae" genus="Gephyreaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="951" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="swifti">
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E852DFFB7FF0DCC4BFE823D16" box="[160,366,265,290]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">Gephyreaster swifti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– Fisher 1910: 171; 1911: 175;
<treatmentCitation id="0AABE40D852DFFB7FD68CC4BFC743D16" author="Djakonov AM" box="[709,920,265,290]" page="43" pageId="3" pageNumber="951" year="1950">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BBFED852DFFB7FD68CC4BFC743D16" author="Djakonov AM" box="[709,920,265,290]" pageId="3" pageNumber="951" pagination="1 - 203" refId="ref6528" refString="Djakonov AM. 1950. Sea stars (asteroids) of the USSR seas. Keys to the fauna of the U. S. S. R. 34: 1 - 203. (In Russian)." type="journal article" year="1950">Djakonov 1950: 43</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; Baranova, 1957: 159
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3109197852DFFB7FF0DCC1FFC663D88" pageId="3" pageNumber="951" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BB5C21C852DFFB7FF0DCC1FFC663D88" blockId="3.[160,1156,349,444]" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E852DFFB7FF0DCC1FFE6A3D43" bold="true" box="[160,390,349,375]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">Material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B62C841852DFFB7FE38CC1CFC6A3D88" collectingDate="2022-07-25" collectionCode="NSMT, R" country="Japan" elevation="660" latitude="44.0695" location="Nemuro Strait" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="145.3202" municipality="Sea of Okhotsk" pageId="3" pageNumber="951" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="ED1B5AD9852DFFB7FE38CC1CFE3A3D43" box="[405,470,350,375]" country="Japan" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/f678-ci92" name="National Science Museum (Natural History)" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">NSMT</collectionCode>
E-14747,
<date id="FFB4E4DC852DFFB7FDE9CC1CFD3E3D43" box="[580,722,350,375]" pageId="3" pageNumber="951" value="2022-07-25">
<collectingDate id="EFF01D34852DFFB7FDE9CC1CFD3E3D43" box="[580,722,350,375]" pageId="3" pageNumber="951" value="2022-07-25">25 July 2022</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<location id="8ED594C7852DFFB7FD70CC1CFC903D43" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A3730A852CFFB1FE60CB0DFE683ECB:8ED594C7852DFFB7FD70CC1CFC903D43" box="[733,892,350,375]" country="Japan" latitude="44.0695" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="145.3202" municipality="Sea of Okhotsk" name="Nemuro Strait" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">Nemuro Strait</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD15866852DFFB7FC2ACC1CFBDE3D43" box="[903,1074,350,375]" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">Sea of Okhotsk</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingCountry id="F31D828C852DFFB7FB91CC1CFB6C3D43" box="[1084,1152,350,375]" name="Japan" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">Japan</collectingCountry>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3EA4DB852DFFB7FF0DCCC3FEF83DAE" box="[160,276,385,410]" degrees="44.0695" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="951" precision="5" value="44.0695">44.0695°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3EA4DB852DFFB7FEB2CCC3FE713DAE" box="[287,413,385,410]" degrees="145.3202" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="951" precision="5" value="145.3202">145.3202°E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4CF26FF9852DFFB7FE0ACCC3FDC93DAE" box="[423,549,385,410]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.6" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="5.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="951" unit="m" value="660.0" valueMax="750.0" valueMin="570.0">
<elevation id="0027252F852DFFB7FE0ACCC3FDC93DAE" box="[423,549,385,410]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.6" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="5.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="951" unit="m" value="660.0" valueMax="750.0" valueMin="570.0">570–750 m</elevation>
</quantity>
in depth, collected by the fishing boat
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E852DFFB7FC4ACCC3FB923DAE" box="[999,1150,385,410]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">Houyuu-maru</emphasis>
, frozen and later fixed in 99% ethanol,
<collectionCode id="ED1B5AD9852DFFB7FDE2CCE1FDB13D88" box="[591,605,419,444]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">R</collectionCode>
= 152.0 mm, r =
<quantity id="4CF26FF9852DFFB7FC8CCCE1FC6A3D88" box="[801,902,419,444]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.88" pageId="3" pageNumber="951" unit="mm" value="58.8">58.8 mm</quantity>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3109197852DFFB7FF0DCCBAFE523E26" box="[160,446,504,530]" pageId="3" pageNumber="951" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BB5C21C852DFFB7FF0DCCBAFE523E26" blockId="3.[160,446,504,530]" box="[160,446,504,530]" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E852DFFB7FF0DCCBAFEF63E26" bold="true" box="[160,282,504,530]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
As for genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3109197852DFFB7FF0DCF0FFD2439D8" pageId="3" pageNumber="951" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB5C21C852DFFB7FF0DCF0FFC273FAB" blockId="3.[160,1156,589,1516]" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E852DFFB7FF0DCF0FFEC13E53" bold="true" box="[160,301,589,615]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">Description.</emphasis>
Body stellate, flat. Arms five, broad proximally, gradually tapering to arm tips (
<figureCitation id="1331DE99852DFFB7FF0ACF33FEFC3EBE" box="[167,272,625,650]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1338,1361]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[163,1153,142,1307]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Gephyreaster swifti, NSMT E-14747. A, Live specimen, whole body, abactinal (left) and actinal (right) side; B, denuded abactinal surface of proximal portion of arm; C, denuded abactinal surface of distal portion of arm; D, abactinal surface of proximal portion of disc; E, denuded supero- and inferomarginal plates of proximal portion of arm; F, supero- and inferomarginal plates of proximal portion of arm; G, denuded actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; H, actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; I, abactinal surface of an extracted jaw. Abbreviations: ad, adambulacral series; c, carinal series; i, inferomarginal series; o, oral plate; s, superomarginal series; t, tube feet; u, unpaired oral spine. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–I = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758078/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">Figure 1A</figureCitation>
). R/r 2.6. Abactinal surface covered with numerous abactinal paxillae comprising abactinal plates and spines. Carinal abactinal plates indiscernible from lateral abactinal plates. Abactinal plates mostly hexalobate, with tabulate paxillar columns narrower than spaces between neighbouring ridges, arranged in 15–16 regular longitudinal series (
<figureCitation id="1331DE99852DFFB7FF0ACFB9FEDE3F20" box="[167,306,763,788]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1338,1361]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[163,1153,142,1307]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Gephyreaster swifti, NSMT E-14747. A, Live specimen, whole body, abactinal (left) and actinal (right) side; B, denuded abactinal surface of proximal portion of arm; C, denuded abactinal surface of distal portion of arm; D, abactinal surface of proximal portion of disc; E, denuded supero- and inferomarginal plates of proximal portion of arm; F, supero- and inferomarginal plates of proximal portion of arm; G, denuded actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; H, actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; I, abactinal surface of an extracted jaw. Abbreviations: ad, adambulacral series; c, carinal series; i, inferomarginal series; o, oral plate; s, superomarginal series; t, tube feet; u, unpaired oral spine. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–I = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758078/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">Figure 1A, B</figureCitation>
). Abactinal series gradually irregular towards arm tip, but traces of two or three midradial series extend to arm tip (
<figureCitation id="1331DE99852DFFB7FDF6CE5CFD2F3F03" box="[603,707,798,823]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1338,1361]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[163,1153,142,1307]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Gephyreaster swifti, NSMT E-14747. A, Live specimen, whole body, abactinal (left) and actinal (right) side; B, denuded abactinal surface of proximal portion of arm; C, denuded abactinal surface of distal portion of arm; D, abactinal surface of proximal portion of disc; E, denuded supero- and inferomarginal plates of proximal portion of arm; F, supero- and inferomarginal plates of proximal portion of arm; G, denuded actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; H, actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; I, abactinal surface of an extracted jaw. Abbreviations: ad, adambulacral series; c, carinal series; i, inferomarginal series; o, oral plate; s, superomarginal series; t, tube feet; u, unpaired oral spine. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–I = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758078/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">Figure 1C</figureCitation>
). Abactinal plates bear hourglass-shaped spines on paxillae centre and conical spines on paxillae margin (
<figureCitation id="1331DE99852DFFB7FCC3CE03FC363F6E" box="[878,986,833,858]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1338,1361]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[163,1153,142,1307]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Gephyreaster swifti, NSMT E-14747. A, Live specimen, whole body, abactinal (left) and actinal (right) side; B, denuded abactinal surface of proximal portion of arm; C, denuded abactinal surface of distal portion of arm; D, abactinal surface of proximal portion of disc; E, denuded supero- and inferomarginal plates of proximal portion of arm; F, supero- and inferomarginal plates of proximal portion of arm; G, denuded actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; H, actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; I, abactinal surface of an extracted jaw. Abbreviations: ad, adambulacral series; c, carinal series; i, inferomarginal series; o, oral plate; s, superomarginal series; t, tube feet; u, unpaired oral spine. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–I = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758078/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">Figure 1D</figureCitation>
). Papular areas mostly contain 1–4 papulae, every six surrounding one abactinal plate. Madreporite single, round, convex, with radiated tortuous grooves, located at interradial disc.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB5C21C852DFFB7FF6DCEEBFC3138A6" blockId="3.[160,1156,589,1516]" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">
Supero- and inferomarginal plates paxilliform, longitudinally and transversely elongated, respectively and arranged in longitudinal series (
<figureCitation id="1331DE99852DFFB7FC8FCE89FC613FD0" box="[802,909,971,996]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1338,1361]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[163,1153,142,1307]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Gephyreaster swifti, NSMT E-14747. A, Live specimen, whole body, abactinal (left) and actinal (right) side; B, denuded abactinal surface of proximal portion of arm; C, denuded abactinal surface of distal portion of arm; D, abactinal surface of proximal portion of disc; E, denuded supero- and inferomarginal plates of proximal portion of arm; F, supero- and inferomarginal plates of proximal portion of arm; G, denuded actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; H, actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; I, abactinal surface of an extracted jaw. Abbreviations: ad, adambulacral series; c, carinal series; i, inferomarginal series; o, oral plate; s, superomarginal series; t, tube feet; u, unpaired oral spine. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–I = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758078/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">Figure 1E</figureCitation>
). Supero- and inferomarginal series comprise 108 plates per interradius, no odd plates, gradually decreasing width distally. Inferomarginal plates projected farther laterally than superomarginal plates, fringing body margin. Marginal fascicular grooves as long as or longer than ridges of neighbouring supero- and inferomarginal plates. Supero- and inferomarginal plates bear conical to clavate spines on ridges, without major spines (
<figureCitation id="1331DE99852DFFB7FCCAC93BFC3C38A6" box="[871,976,1145,1170]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1338,1361]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[163,1153,142,1307]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Gephyreaster swifti, NSMT E-14747. A, Live specimen, whole body, abactinal (left) and actinal (right) side; B, denuded abactinal surface of proximal portion of arm; C, denuded abactinal surface of distal portion of arm; D, abactinal surface of proximal portion of disc; E, denuded supero- and inferomarginal plates of proximal portion of arm; F, supero- and inferomarginal plates of proximal portion of arm; G, denuded actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; H, actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; I, abactinal surface of an extracted jaw. Abbreviations: ad, adambulacral series; c, carinal series; i, inferomarginal series; o, oral plate; s, superomarginal series; t, tube feet; u, unpaired oral spine. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–I = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758078/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">Figure 1F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB5C21C852DFFB7FF6DC9D9FC1338CE" blockId="3.[160,1156,589,1516]" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">
Actinal plates rectangular, flat and arranged in oblique transverse series between each pair of inferomarginal and adambulacral plates (
<figureCitation id="1331DE99852DFFB7FD19C9FCFCCC38E3" box="[692,800,1214,1239]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1338,1361]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[163,1153,142,1307]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Gephyreaster swifti, NSMT E-14747. A, Live specimen, whole body, abactinal (left) and actinal (right) side; B, denuded abactinal surface of proximal portion of arm; C, denuded abactinal surface of distal portion of arm; D, abactinal surface of proximal portion of disc; E, denuded supero- and inferomarginal plates of proximal portion of arm; F, supero- and inferomarginal plates of proximal portion of arm; G, denuded actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; H, actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; I, abactinal surface of an extracted jaw. Abbreviations: ad, adambulacral series; c, carinal series; i, inferomarginal series; o, oral plate; s, superomarginal series; t, tube feet; u, unpaired oral spine. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–I = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758078/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">Figure 1G</figureCitation>
). The actinal series extends 93% of R. Each actinal plate bears clavate spines (
<figureCitation id="1331DE99852DFFB7FD3AC9A3FCE938CE" box="[663,773,1249,1274]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1338,1361]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[163,1153,142,1307]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Gephyreaster swifti, NSMT E-14747. A, Live specimen, whole body, abactinal (left) and actinal (right) side; B, denuded abactinal surface of proximal portion of arm; C, denuded abactinal surface of distal portion of arm; D, abactinal surface of proximal portion of disc; E, denuded supero- and inferomarginal plates of proximal portion of arm; F, supero- and inferomarginal plates of proximal portion of arm; G, denuded actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; H, actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; I, abactinal surface of an extracted jaw. Abbreviations: ad, adambulacral series; c, carinal series; i, inferomarginal series; o, oral plate; s, superomarginal series; t, tube feet; u, unpaired oral spine. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–I = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758078/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">Figure 1H</figureCitation>
). Pedicellariae absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB5C21C852DFFB7FF6DC841FBBB3956" blockId="3.[160,1156,589,1516]" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">
Adambulacral plates transversely elongated rectangular and arranged in one longitudinal series along ambulacral furrow (
<figureCitation id="1331DE99852DFFB7FDC2C864FD32390B" box="[623,734,1318,1343]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1338,1361]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[163,1153,142,1307]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Gephyreaster swifti, NSMT E-14747. A, Live specimen, whole body, abactinal (left) and actinal (right) side; B, denuded abactinal surface of proximal portion of arm; C, denuded abactinal surface of distal portion of arm; D, abactinal surface of proximal portion of disc; E, denuded supero- and inferomarginal plates of proximal portion of arm; F, supero- and inferomarginal plates of proximal portion of arm; G, denuded actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; H, actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; I, abactinal surface of an extracted jaw. Abbreviations: ad, adambulacral series; c, carinal series; i, inferomarginal series; o, oral plate; s, superomarginal series; t, tube feet; u, unpaired oral spine. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–I = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758078/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">Figure 1G</figureCitation>
). Each adambulacral plate bears 2–3 furrow spines arranged in oblique longitudinal series and 4–9 subambulacral spines.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB5C21C852DFFB7FF6DC829FE9939FE" blockId="3.[160,1156,589,1516]" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">
Each pair of oral plates, forming the jaw, bears one unpaired oral spine on its proximal edge (
<figureCitation id="1331DE99852DFFB7FF46C8CCFEBD3993" box="[235,337,1422,1447]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1338,1361]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[163,1153,142,1307]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Gephyreaster swifti, NSMT E-14747. A, Live specimen, whole body, abactinal (left) and actinal (right) side; B, denuded abactinal surface of proximal portion of arm; C, denuded abactinal surface of distal portion of arm; D, abactinal surface of proximal portion of disc; E, denuded supero- and inferomarginal plates of proximal portion of arm; F, supero- and inferomarginal plates of proximal portion of arm; G, denuded actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; H, actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; I, abactinal surface of an extracted jaw. Abbreviations: ad, adambulacral series; c, carinal series; i, inferomarginal series; o, oral plate; s, superomarginal series; t, tube feet; u, unpaired oral spine. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–I = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758078/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">Figure 1I</figureCitation>
). Each oral plate bears 48–66 oral spines arranged in irregular or 3–4 longitudinal series.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB5C21C852DFFB7FF6DC891FD2439D8" blockId="3.[160,1156,589,1516]" box="[192,712,1491,1516]" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">Tube feet biserial, ending with suckered discs.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3109197852DFFB7FF0DCB6AFBDB3A9E" pageId="3" pageNumber="951" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BB5C21C852DFFB7FF0DCB6AFBDB3A9E" blockId="3.[160,1157,1576,1706]" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E852DFFB7FF0DCB6AFED93A76" bold="true" box="[160,309,1576,1602]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">Distribution.</emphasis>
Off
<collectingRegion id="49CE0CFE852DFFB7FEDFCB6BFE113A76" box="[370,509,1577,1602]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">Washington</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F31D828C852DFFB7FDA1CB6BFDD73A76" box="[524,571,1577,1602]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BBFED852DFFB7FDE1CB6BFD383A76" author="Fisher WK" box="[588,724,1577,1602]" pageId="3" pageNumber="951" pagination="1 - 420" refId="ref6626" refString="Fisher WK. 1911. Asteroidea of the North Pacific and adjacent waters. Part I. Phanerozonia and Spinulosa. Bull US National Mus. 76: 1 - 420." type="journal article" year="1911">Fisher 1911</bibRefCitation>
);
<collectingRegion id="49CE0CFE852DFFB7FD40CB6BFC423A76" box="[749,942,1577,1602]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F31D828C852DFFB7FC10CB6BFBFD3A76" box="[957,1041,1577,1602]" name="Canada" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">Canada</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BBFED852DFFB7FB8ECB6BFF343A50" author="Lambert P" pageId="3" pageNumber="951" refId="ref7000" refString="Lambert P. 2000. Sea stars of British Columbia, Southeast Alaska, and puget sound. Vancouver: UBC Press in Collaboration with the Royal British Columbia Museum." type="book" year="2000">Lambert 2000</bibRefCitation>
); Stephens Passage,
<collectingRegion id="49CE0CFE852DFFB7FE78CB09FDCD3A50" box="[469,545,1611,1636]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">Alaska</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F31D828C852DFFB7FD82CB09FDB23A50" box="[559,606,1611,1636]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BBFED852DFFB7FDDCCB09FD173A50" author="Fisher WK" box="[625,763,1611,1636]" pageId="3" pageNumber="951" pagination="291 - 320" refId="ref6601" refString="Fisher WK. 1905. New starfishes from deep water off California and Alaska. Bull Fish Sci. 24: 291 - 320." type="journal article" year="1905">Fisher 1905</bibRefCitation>
); adjacent waters of Attu Island, Aleutian Island,
<collectingCountry id="F31D828C852DFFB7FEF5CB2CFE6B3AB3" box="[344,391,1646,1671]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BBFED852DFFB7FE3ACB2CFDF03AB3" author="Fisher WK" box="[407,540,1646,1671]" pageId="3" pageNumber="951" pagination="1 - 420" refId="ref6626" refString="Fisher WK. 1911. Asteroidea of the North Pacific and adjacent waters. Part I. Phanerozonia and Spinulosa. Bull US National Mus. 76: 1 - 420." type="journal article" year="1911">Fisher 1911</bibRefCitation>
); Olyutorskii Bay, Bering Sea,
<collectingCountry id="F31D828C852DFFB7FCD9CB2CFC553AB3" box="[884,953,1646,1671]" name="Russia" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">Russia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BBFED852DFFB7FC64CB2CFB9A3AB3" author="Djakonov AM" box="[969,1142,1646,1671]" pageId="3" pageNumber="951" pagination="1 - 203" refId="ref6528" refString="Djakonov AM. 1950. Sea stars (asteroids) of the USSR seas. Keys to the fauna of the U. S. S. R. 34: 1 - 203. (In Russian)." type="journal article" year="1950">Djakonov 1950</bibRefCitation>
); Nemuro Strait, Sea of Okhotsk,
<collectingCountry id="F31D828C852DFFB7FDADCBD3FDAE3A9E" box="[512,578,1681,1706]" name="Japan" pageId="3" pageNumber="951">Japan</collectingCountry>
(this study). Bathymetric range is
<quantity id="4CF26FF9852DFFB7FC6FCBD3FBDF3A9E" box="[962,1075,1681,1706]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8049999999999997" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="0.11" pageId="3" pageNumber="951" unit="m" value="380.5" valueMax="750.0" valueMin="11.0">
11–
<specimenCount id="9D0C0995852DFFB7FC48CBD3FBDF3A9E" box="[997,1075,1681,1706]" count="750" pageId="3" pageNumber="951" type="generic">750 m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF759294852AFFB0FF0DC878FCBA3A2B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758078" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13758078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758078/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="952" startId="4.[160,225,1338,1361]" targetBox="[163,1153,142,1307]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BB5C21C852AFFB0FF0DC878FCBA3A2B" blockId="4.[160,1156,1338,1567]" pageId="4" pageNumber="952">
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E852AFFB0FF0DC878FF153965" bold="true" box="[160,249,1338,1361]" pageId="4" pageNumber="952">Figure 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0AB99F852AFFB0FF52C878FE143965" authority=", NSMT" authorityName="NSMT" box="[255,504,1338,1361]" class="Asteroidea" family="Pseudarchasteridae" genus="Gephyreaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="4" pageNumber="952" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="swifti">
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E852AFFB0FF52C878FE5F3965" box="[255,435,1338,1361]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="952">Gephyreaster swifti</emphasis>
, NSMT
</taxonomicName>
E-14747. A, Live specimen, whole body, abactinal (left) and actinal (right) side; B, denuded abactinal surface of proximal portion of arm; C, denuded abactinal surface of distal portion of arm; D, abactinal surface of proximal portion of disc; E, denuded supero- and inferomarginal plates of proximal portion of arm; F, supero- and inferomarginal plates of proximal portion of arm; G, denuded actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; H, actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; I, abactinal surface of an extracted jaw. Abbreviations: ad, adambulacral series; c, carinal series; i, inferomarginal series; o, oral plate; s, superomarginal series; t, tube feet; u, unpaired oral spine. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–I = 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C3109197852BFFB1FF0DCDCCFD693CFF" pageId="5" pageNumber="953" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BB5C21C852BFFB1FF0DCDCCFD693CFF" blockId="5.[160,1155,142,203]" pageId="5" pageNumber="953">
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E852BFFB1FF0DCDCCFDE13C9C" bold="true" box="[160,525,142,168]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="953">Etymology of Japanese name.</emphasis>
The Japanese name follows the generic name of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C0AB99F852BFFB1FF41CDF0FE963CFF" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1910" box="[236,378,178,203]" class="Asteroidea" family="Pseudarchasteridae" genus="Gephyreaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="953" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E852BFFB1FF41CDF0FE963CFF" box="[236,378,178,203]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="953">Gephyreaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
proposed in this study.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3109197852BFFB1FF0DCC42FE683ECB" pageId="5" pageNumber="953" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB5C21C852BFFB1FF0DCC42FEEA3D2E" blockId="5.[160,1156,256,767]" box="[160,262,256,282]" pageId="5" pageNumber="953">
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E852BFFB1FF0DCC42FEEA3D2E" bold="true" box="[160,262,256,282]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="953">Remarks</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB5C21C852BFFB1FF0DCC66FCE03DDE" blockId="5.[160,1156,256,767]" pageId="5" pageNumber="953">
The genus
<taxonomicName id="4C0AB99F852BFFB1FEB6CC66FE453D09" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1910" box="[283,425,292,317]" class="Asteroidea" family="Pseudarchasteridae" genus="Gephyreaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="953" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E852BFFB1FEB6CC66FE453D09" box="[283,425,292,317]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="953">Gephyreaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows close morphological affinities with two
<taxonomicName id="4C0AB99F852BFFB1FC19CC66FBC63D09" baseAuthorityName="Mah and Foltz" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[948,1066,292,317]" class="Asteroidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="953" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="order">Paxillosida</taxonomicName>
genera,
<taxonomicName id="4C0AB99F852BFFB1FF0DCC04FEF33D6B" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1916" box="[160,287,326,351]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Mimastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="953" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E852BFFB1FF0DCC04FEF33D6B" box="[160,287,326,351]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="953">Mimastrella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C0AB99F852BFFB1FE81CC04FE0C3D6B" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[300,480,326,351]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="953" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Astropectinidae</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C0AB99F852BFFB1FDB2CC04FD683D6B" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1881" box="[543,644,326,351]" class="Asteroidea" family="Radiasteridae" genus="Radiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="953" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E852BFFB1FDB2CC04FD683D6B" box="[543,644,326,351]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="953">Radiaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C0AB99F852BFFB1FD3CCC04FCC23D6B" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1916" box="[657,814,326,351]" class="Asteroidea" family="Radiasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="953" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Radiasteridae</taxonomicName>
), and was considered an intermediate genus between these genera and the confamilial
<taxonomicName id="4C0AB99F852BFFB1FC92CC2BFB933DB6" authority="(Fisher 1911)" baseAuthorityName="Fisher" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[831,1151,361,386]" class="Asteroidea" family="Pseudarchasteridae" genus="Pseudarchaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="953" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E852BFFB1FC92CC2BFC0F3DB6" box="[831,995,361,386]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="953">Pseudarchaster</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BBFED852BFFB1FC5FCC2BFB9A3DB6" author="Fisher WK" box="[1010,1142,361,386]" pageId="5" pageNumber="953" pagination="1 - 420" refId="ref6626" refString="Fisher WK. 1911. Asteroidea of the North Pacific and adjacent waters. Part I. Phanerozonia and Spinulosa. Bull US National Mus. 76: 1 - 420." type="journal article" year="1911">Fisher 1911</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. However, our specimen distinctly differs from these genera by the following combination of morphological characters: suckered tube feet (
<figureCitation id="1331DE99852BFFB1FD50CCECFC7B3DF3" box="[765,919,430,455]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1338,1361]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[163,1153,142,1307]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Gephyreaster swifti, NSMT E-14747. A, Live specimen, whole body, abactinal (left) and actinal (right) side; B, denuded abactinal surface of proximal portion of arm; C, denuded abactinal surface of distal portion of arm; D, abactinal surface of proximal portion of disc; E, denuded supero- and inferomarginal plates of proximal portion of arm; F, supero- and inferomarginal plates of proximal portion of arm; G, denuded actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; H, actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; I, abactinal surface of an extracted jaw. Abbreviations: ad, adambulacral series; c, carinal series; i, inferomarginal series; o, oral plate; s, superomarginal series; t, tube feet; u, unpaired oral spine. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–I = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758078/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="953">Figure 1A, H</figureCitation>
), flat actinal plates (
<figureCitation id="1331DE99852BFFB1FF05CC93FEF93DDE" box="[168,277,465,490]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1338,1361]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[163,1153,142,1307]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Gephyreaster swifti, NSMT E-14747. A, Live specimen, whole body, abactinal (left) and actinal (right) side; B, denuded abactinal surface of proximal portion of arm; C, denuded abactinal surface of distal portion of arm; D, abactinal surface of proximal portion of disc; E, denuded supero- and inferomarginal plates of proximal portion of arm; F, supero- and inferomarginal plates of proximal portion of arm; G, denuded actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; H, actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; I, abactinal surface of an extracted jaw. Abbreviations: ad, adambulacral series; c, carinal series; i, inferomarginal series; o, oral plate; s, superomarginal series; t, tube feet; u, unpaired oral spine. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–I = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758078/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="953">Figure 1G</figureCitation>
), and paxilliform marginal plates (
<figureCitation id="1331DE99852BFFB1FD3BCC93FD133DDE" box="[662,767,465,490]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1338,1361]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[163,1153,142,1307]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Gephyreaster swifti, NSMT E-14747. A, Live specimen, whole body, abactinal (left) and actinal (right) side; B, denuded abactinal surface of proximal portion of arm; C, denuded abactinal surface of distal portion of arm; D, abactinal surface of proximal portion of disc; E, denuded supero- and inferomarginal plates of proximal portion of arm; F, supero- and inferomarginal plates of proximal portion of arm; G, denuded actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; H, actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; I, abactinal surface of an extracted jaw. Abbreviations: ad, adambulacral series; c, carinal series; i, inferomarginal series; o, oral plate; s, superomarginal series; t, tube feet; u, unpaired oral spine. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–I = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758078/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="953">Figure 1E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB5C21C852BFFB1FF6DCCB6FE683ECB" blockId="5.[160,1156,256,767]" pageId="5" pageNumber="953">
Notably, our specimen has inferomarginal plates that encroach upon the abactinal side (
<figureCitation id="1331DE99852BFFB1FF05CF54FEC13E1B" box="[168,301,534,559]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1338,1361]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[163,1153,142,1307]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Gephyreaster swifti, NSMT E-14747. A, Live specimen, whole body, abactinal (left) and actinal (right) side; B, denuded abactinal surface of proximal portion of arm; C, denuded abactinal surface of distal portion of arm; D, abactinal surface of proximal portion of disc; E, denuded supero- and inferomarginal plates of proximal portion of arm; F, supero- and inferomarginal plates of proximal portion of arm; G, denuded actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; H, actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; I, abactinal surface of an extracted jaw. Abbreviations: ad, adambulacral series; c, carinal series; i, inferomarginal series; o, oral plate; s, superomarginal series; t, tube feet; u, unpaired oral spine. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–I = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758078/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="953">Figure 1A, E</figureCitation>
), unlike the
<typeStatus id="54B17CBE852BFFB1FE14CF54FDF13E1B" box="[441,541,534,559]" pageId="5" pageNumber="953" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C0AB99F852BFFB1FDEFCF54FCFC3E1B" box="[578,784,534,559]" class="Asteroidea" family="Pseudarchasteridae" genus="Gephyreaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="953" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="swifti">
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E852BFFB1FDEFCF54FCFC3E1B" box="[578,784,534,559]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="953">Gephyreaster swifti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which has inferomarginal plates restricted to the actinal side (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BBFED852BFFB1FE41CF7BFD9C3E66" author="Fisher WK" box="[492,624,569,594]" pageId="5" pageNumber="953" pagination="291 - 320" refId="ref6601" refString="Fisher WK. 1905. New starfishes from deep water off California and Alaska. Bull Fish Sci. 24: 291 - 320." type="journal article" year="1905">Fisher 1905</bibRefCitation>
). However, the remaining morphological characters of our specimen aligned with those of the
<typeStatus id="54B17CBE852BFFB1FD76CF1EFCAE3E41" box="[731,834,604,629]" pageId="5" pageNumber="953" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. It is uncertain whether this morphological difference is an artefact because the specimen had a weakened and somewhat depressed abactinal body wall. This is the first occurrence record of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C0AB99F852BFFB1FF42CF86FE913EE9" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1910" box="[239,381,708,733]" class="Asteroidea" family="Pseudarchasteridae" genus="Gephyreaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="953" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E852BFFB1FF42CF86FE913EE9" box="[239,381,708,733]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="953">Gephyreaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Japanese waters, extending the southern- and western-most distributional range.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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