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<document id="174228BDE20981A455D4DF0238ECE997" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2024.2377336" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13758076" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1726223167086" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kobayashi, Itaru, Sonoyama, Takayuki, Hibino, Mai, Kawano, Mitsuhisa &amp; Kohtsuka, Hisanori" docDate="2024" docId="03A3730A8526FFBEFE07CC4BFDEC3F97" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.58.25-28.949-964.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 58 (25 - 28)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2377336" docStyle="DocumentStyle:485A7191CD41D6261F41521A3380DC73.9:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleId="485A7191CD41D6261F41521A3380DC73" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Paragonaster stenostichus Fisher 1913" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="958" masterDocId="FF9A0B72852EFFB4FFADCD42FFEC3C34" masterDocTitle="Pseudarchasteridae (Asteroidea: Paxillosida) in Japanese waters, with description of a new species and range extension of three species" masterLastPageNumber="964" masterPageNumber="949" pageNumber="956" updateTime="1726223585582" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="20D30D63A750F32293888C20CD44E830">Pseudarchasteridae (Asteroidea: Paxillosida) in Japanese waters, with description of a new species and range extension of three species</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm id="A586B7881F79936B2349F28DF01E1C88">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="9ECAC0EAEFC13CF53A6EA4E5B00DA315">Kobayashi, Itaru</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="BB82F98077827A34C42340D09ADD60AD">Misaki Marine Biological Station, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Kanagawa, Japan;</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="CD65BEFDF392353A32F77FA2495E69CB">Sonoyama, Takayuki</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="CACF9913644B3FC81FF59E067849CC11">Enoshima Aquarium, Kanagawa, Japan;</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="641654B65A663E836487BA44132EEE5D" type="personal">
<mods:role id="5AA368DC27D844CF3E2C00EDD05575E7">
<mods:roleTerm id="D032FE57006D3F2463DA4371ED95FF99">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="913DC59A2AC44AE9C618658A5EC800F4">Hibino, Mai</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="C54C0FECFE56B7F414E1BD4E3752CDE6">Marine Science Museum, Fukushima Prefecture, Aquamarine Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan;</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="2B63CB8E1FAABA57A65F00AEDA3347CD" type="personal">
<mods:role id="EA07A1B67F1A550AC2C54E338A6FDD4C">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="14F4AC6740D026649E6FC321290367A0">Kawano, Mitsuhisa</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="D8541E80109009028998E18DA1CBB0A4">Japan Sea Division, Yamaguchi Prefectural Fisheries Research Centre, Yamaguchi, Japan</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:role id="D9FC1F10EA30B821F9FD7C423E9B346D">
<mods:roleTerm id="CF4DF508ED7E1D6E111DFA2F474F6873">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="ACE3022565E930D5AFFA6317F3924462">Kohtsuka, Hisanori</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="41D87E2893BB2546AC42A58A47E4EE50">Misaki Marine Biological Station, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Kanagawa, Japan;</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="D70F2B811AB56DFC9B17197CD267985D">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="60B4F81CB7A490180C434C69B76A0A84">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="ACAE81CFEC69E54BE637457ADE12622D">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="441361C264910CB464AD562F62A3F85D">2024-08-02</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="88F05C3D6A770AB29F0AA0E47B7C0B68" type="volume">
<mods:number id="98C415D972E485869CD6B6AB171F8750">58</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="BC1F2DBE167987967A692FC26E715D07" type="issue">
<mods:number id="DBC21FE374C592174C08ED796446A816">25 - 28</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="D263CCC969CF0EE2179B099BBD963E8F">949</mods:start>
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<mods:identifier id="751A5994899BF9AD366372F9B64D3375" type="DOI">10.1080/00222933.2024.2377336</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="5323C4DCAB4266286F01F90CE9798431" type="ISSN">1464-5262</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="91B78B1B7F9CDC350ECCE5F7BA663EC6" type="Zenodo-Dep">13758076</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A3730A8526FFBEFE07CC4BFDEC3F97" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13758090" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A3730A8526FFBEFE07CC4BFDEC3F97" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A3730A8526FFBEFE07CC4BFDEC3F97" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="958" pageId="8" pageNumber="956">
<subSubSection id="C31091978526FFBCFE07CC4BFC6A3D6C" pageId="8" pageNumber="956" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB5C21C8526FFBCFE07CC4BFC953D10" blockId="8.[426,889,265,292]" box="[426,889,265,292]" pageId="8" pageNumber="956">
<heading id="D0FD75708526FFBCFE07CC4BFC953D10" box="[426,889,265,292]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="956" reason="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C0AB99F8526FFBCFE07CC4BFC953D10" ID-CoL="4CVZD" authority="Fisher 1913" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1913" box="[426,889,265,292]" class="Asteroidea" family="Pseudarchasteridae" genus="Paragonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="956" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="stenostichus">
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E8526FFBCFE07CC4BFD083D10" box="[426,740,265,292]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="956">Paragonaster stenostichus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BBFED8526FFBCFD46CC4BFC953D10" author="Fisher WK" box="[747,889,265,292]" pageId="8" pageNumber="956" pagination="599 - 648" refId="ref6658" refString="Fisher WK. 1913. Four new genera and fifty-eight new species of starfishes from the Philippine Islands, Celebes and the Moluccas. Proc US Natl Mus. 43: 599 - 648. doi: 10.5479 / si. 00963801.43 - 1944.599." type="journal article" year="1913">Fisher 1913</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB5C21C8526FFBCFE10CC7DFC6A3D6C" blockId="8.[445,902,319,344]" box="[445,902,319,344]" pageId="8" pageNumber="956">[Japanese name: Minami-gokaku-hitode]</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31091978526FFBCFDFACC2CFD203DBD" box="[599,716,366,393]" pageId="8" pageNumber="956" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB5C21C8526FFBCFDFACC2CFD203DBD" blockId="8.[599,716,366,393]" box="[599,716,366,393]" pageId="8" pageNumber="956">
(
<figureCitation id="1331DE998526FFBCFDF2CC2CFD283DBD" box="[607,708,366,393]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1233,1256]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1202]" captionTargetId="figure-75@9.[163,1153,142,1202]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Paragonaster stenostichus, OMNH-Iv 10662. A, Live specimen, whole body, abactinal (left) and actinal (right) side; B, abactinal surface of proximal portion of disc; C, denuded abactinal surface of proximal portion of arm; D, denuded actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; E, actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; F, denuded actinal surface of a jaw. Abbreviations: ad, adambulacral series; c, carinal abactinal series; i, inferomarginal series; o, oral plate; s, superomarginal series; u, unpaired oral spine. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–F = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758084/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="956">Figure 3</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31091978526FFBCFF0DCCE1FC443E36" pageId="8" pageNumber="956" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB5C21C8526FFBCFF0DCCE1FDB23DEB" blockId="8.[160,1156,419,514]" pageId="8" pageNumber="956">
<taxonomicName id="4C0AB99F8526FFBCFF0DCCE1FDBA3D88" ID-CoL="4CVZD" authority="(Fisher 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Fisher" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[160,598,419,444]" class="Asteroidea" family="Pseudarchasteridae" genus="Paragonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="956" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="stenostichus">
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E8526FFBCFF0DCCE1FE503D88" box="[160,444,419,444]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="956">Paragonaster stenostichus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BBFED8526FFBCFE67CCE1FDA13D88" author="Fisher WK" box="[458,589,419,444]" pageId="8" pageNumber="956" pagination="599 - 648" refId="ref6658" refString="Fisher WK. 1913. Four new genera and fifty-eight new species of starfishes from the Philippine Islands, Celebes and the Moluccas. Proc US Natl Mus. 43: 599 - 648. doi: 10.5479 / si. 00963801.43 - 1944.599." type="journal article" year="1913">Fisher 1913</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, p. 627;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BBFED8526FFBCFD18CCE1FC493D88" author="Fisher WK" box="[693,933,419,444]" pageId="8" pageNumber="956" pagination="1 - 547" refId="ref6703" refString="Fisher WK. 1919. Starfishes of the Philippine seas and adjacent waters. Bull US National Mus. 3: 1 - 547." type="journal article" year="1919">Fisher 1919: 232–235</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 60, fig. 2, pl. 70, fig. 2, pl. 71, fig. 1, pl. 91 figs. 10, 10a
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB5C21C8526FFBCFF0DCCABFC443E36" blockId="8.[160,1156,419,514]" box="[160,936,489,514]" pageId="8" pageNumber="956">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1AE5328526FFBCFF0DCCABFC443E36" box="[160,936,489,514]" pageId="8" pageNumber="956">
<taxonomicName id="4C0AB99F8526FFBCFF0DCCABFE7C3E36" ID-CoL="4CVZ6" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1889" box="[160,400,489,514]" class="Asteroidea" family="Pseudarchasteridae" genus="Paragonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="956" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ctenipes">
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E8526FFBCFF0DCCABFE7C3E36" box="[160,400,489,514]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="956">Paragonaster ctenipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
–
<treatmentCitation id="0AABE40D8526FFBCFE00CCABFD693E36" author="Oguro C" box="[429,645,489,514]" page="46" pageId="8" pageNumber="956" year="1987">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BBFED8526FFBCFE00CCABFD693E36" author="Oguro C" box="[429,645,489,514]" pageId="8" pageNumber="956" pagination="46 - 51" refId="ref7138" refString="Oguro C. 1987. Paragonaster ctenipes Sladen (Asteroidea, Goniasteridae) from Tokushima Pref. Shikoku, Japan. Proc Japn Soc Syst Zool 36: 46 - 51." type="journal article" year="1987">Oguro 1987: 46–51</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs. 1–2;
<treatmentCitation id="0AABE40D8526FFBCFD57CCABFC443E36" author="Oguro C" box="[762,936,489,514]" page="47" pageId="8" pageNumber="956" year="1990">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BBFED8526FFBCFD57CCABFC443E36" author="Oguro C" box="[762,936,489,514]" pageId="8" pageNumber="956" pagination="35 - 63" refId="ref7170" refString="Oguro C. 1990. Asteroidea. In: Hisamune T, editor. Echinoderms from continental shelf and slope around Japan. Vol. 1. Tokyo: Japan Fisheries resource Conservation Association; p. 35 - 63." type="book chapter" year="1990">Oguro 1990: 47</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31091978526FFBCFF0DCF6CFD843EB9" pageId="8" pageNumber="956" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BB5C21C8526FFBCFF0DCF6CFD843EB9" blockId="8.[160,1156,558,653]" pageId="8" pageNumber="956">
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E8526FFBCFF0DCF6CFE6A3E7C" bold="true" box="[160,390,558,584]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="956">Material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B62C8418526FFBCFE3BCF6CFD883EB9" collectingDate="2020-07-09" collectionCode="R, V" country="Japan" elevation="130" latitude="34.9717" location="Sea" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="130.815" pageId="8" pageNumber="956" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Yamaguchi">
OMNH-Iv 10662,
<date id="FFB4E4DC8526FFBCFDFACF6CFD353E73" box="[599,729,558,583]" pageId="8" pageNumber="956" value="2020-07-09">
<collectingDate id="EFF01D348526FFBCFDFACF6CFD353E73" box="[599,729,558,583]" pageId="8" pageNumber="956" value="2020-07-09">9 July 2020</collectingDate>
</date>
, north-west of
<collectingRegion id="49CE0CFE8526FFBCFC28CF6CFB6D3E73" box="[901,1153,558,583]" country="Japan" name="Yamaguchi" pageId="8" pageNumber="956">Yamaguchi Prefecture</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="8ED594C78526FFBCFF0DCF13FF2B3E5E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A3730A8526FFBEFE07CC4BFDEC3F97:8ED594C78526FFBCFF0DCF13FF2B3E5E" box="[160,199,593,618]" country="Japan" latitude="34.9717" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="130.815" name="Sea" pageId="8" pageNumber="956" stateProvince="Yamaguchi">Sea</location>
of
<collectingCountry id="F31D828C8526FFBCFF41CF13FEDC3E5E" box="[236,304,593,618]" name="Japan" pageId="8" pageNumber="956">Japan</collectingCountry>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3EA4DB8526FFBCFE96CF13FE433E5E" box="[315,431,593,618]" degrees="34.9717" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="956" precision="5" value="34.9717">34.9717°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3EA4DB8526FFBCFE14CF13FDDB3E5E" box="[441,567,593,618]" degrees="130.8150" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="956" precision="5" value="130.815">130.8150°E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4CF26FF98526FFBCFDECCF13FD6B3E5E" box="[577,647,593,618]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="8" pageNumber="956" unit="m" value="130.0">
<elevation id="0027252F8526FFBCFDECCF13FD6B3E5E" box="[577,647,593,618]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="8" pageNumber="956" unit="m" value="130.0">130 m</elevation>
</quantity>
in depth, collected by the
<collectionCode id="ED1B5AD98526FFBCFC15CF13FC2B3E5E" box="[952,967,593,618]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="8" pageNumber="956">R</collectionCode>
/
<collectionCode id="ED1B5AD98526FFBCFC63CF13FC323E5E" box="[974,990,593,618]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="8" pageNumber="956" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E8526FFBCFC48CF13FBCF3E5E" box="[997,1059,593,618]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="956">Kaisei</emphasis>
, fixed in 99% ethanol,
<collectionCode id="ED1B5AD98526FFBCFE97CF36FEA43EB9" box="[314,328,628,653]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="8" pageNumber="956">R</collectionCode>
=
<quantity id="4CF26FF98526FFBCFEC5CF36FE213EB9" box="[360,461,628,653]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.29" pageId="8" pageNumber="956" unit="mm" value="42.9">42.9 mm</quantity>
, r = 12.0 mm
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31091978526FFBCFF0DCFFBFC863F69" pageId="8" pageNumber="956" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BB5C21C8526FFBCFF0DCFFBFC863F69" blockId="8.[160,1155,697,861]" pageId="8" pageNumber="956">
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E8526FFBCFF0DCFFBFEF63EE7" bold="true" box="[160,282,697,723]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="956">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
R/r&gt; 3; most rectangular carinal abactinal plates as narrow as or narrower than length, except several first plates wider than length; lateral abactinal series extends to less than half of R; superomarginal plates widest in 3rd–4th plates; inferomarginal plates bear granules and 1–5 conical spines; actinal plates bear granules, spines and no pedicellariae; each adambulacral plate bears 6–7 furrow spines.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31091978526FFBEFF0DCECBFD9D3E36" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="958" pageId="8" pageNumber="956" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB5C21C8526FFBCFF0DCECBFE8539C4" blockId="8.[160,1156,905,1728]" pageId="8" pageNumber="956">
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E8526FFBCFF0DCECBFEC13F97" bold="true" box="[160,301,905,931]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="956">Description.</emphasis>
Body stellate, flat (
<figureCitation id="1331DE998526FFBCFDA0CEC8FD953F97" box="[525,633,906,931]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1233,1256]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1202]" captionTargetId="figure-75@9.[163,1153,142,1202]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Paragonaster stenostichus, OMNH-Iv 10662. A, Live specimen, whole body, abactinal (left) and actinal (right) side; B, abactinal surface of proximal portion of disc; C, denuded abactinal surface of proximal portion of arm; D, denuded actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; E, actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; F, denuded actinal surface of a jaw. Abbreviations: ad, adambulacral series; c, carinal abactinal series; i, inferomarginal series; o, oral plate; s, superomarginal series; u, unpaired oral spine. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–F = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758084/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="956">Figure 3A</figureCitation>
). Arms five, broad proximally, gradually tapering to arm tips. R/r 3.6. Abactinal surface densely covered with numerous abactinal paxillae comprising abactinal plates and granules (
<figureCitation id="1331DE998526FFBCFD4DCE8DFC843FDC" box="[736,872,975,1000]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1233,1256]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1202]" captionTargetId="figure-75@9.[163,1153,142,1202]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Paragonaster stenostichus, OMNH-Iv 10662. A, Live specimen, whole body, abactinal (left) and actinal (right) side; B, abactinal surface of proximal portion of disc; C, denuded abactinal surface of proximal portion of arm; D, denuded actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; E, actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; F, denuded actinal surface of a jaw. Abbreviations: ad, adambulacral series; c, carinal abactinal series; i, inferomarginal series; o, oral plate; s, superomarginal series; u, unpaired oral spine. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–F = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758084/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="956">Figure 3B, C</figureCitation>
). Abactinal plates in
<specimenCount id="9D0C09958526FFBCFBF5CE8DFF33383F" count="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="956" type="generic" typeStatus="types">two types</specimenCount>
, larger carinal and smaller lateral abactinal plates (
<figureCitation id="1331DE998526FFBCFCA5CEB0FC9E383F" box="[776,882,1010,1035]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1233,1256]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1202]" captionTargetId="figure-75@9.[163,1153,142,1202]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Paragonaster stenostichus, OMNH-Iv 10662. A, Live specimen, whole body, abactinal (left) and actinal (right) side; B, abactinal surface of proximal portion of disc; C, denuded abactinal surface of proximal portion of arm; D, denuded actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; E, actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; F, denuded actinal surface of a jaw. Abbreviations: ad, adambulacral series; c, carinal abactinal series; i, inferomarginal series; o, oral plate; s, superomarginal series; u, unpaired oral spine. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–F = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758084/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="956">Figure 3C</figureCitation>
). Lateral abactinal plates mostly hexalobate, with cylindrical to prismatic paxillar columns, arranged in 5–6 regular longitudinal series on each side of arm. Paxillar columns wider than spaces between neighbouring paxillar columns. Adradial-most lateral abactinal series longest, extending to 29% of R. Carinal abactinal plates on proximal 30% of R, hexagonal with cylindrical paxillar columns and those on distal 70%, rectangular with prismatic paxillar columns. Carinal abactinal plates arranged in one regular longitudinal series extending to arm tip, wedged between two superomarginal series in distal 71% of R. Hexagonal carinal abactinal plates as narrow as length and gradually increase in width towards first rectangular plates. Rectangular carinal abactinal plates wider than length at first several plates but mostly narrower than length, gradually decreasing in width distally. Lateral and carinal abactinal plates bear mushroom-shaped granules without spines (
<figureCitation id="1331DE998526FFBCFC0AC82DFBFA39BC" box="[935,1046,1391,1416]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1233,1256]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1202]" captionTargetId="figure-75@9.[163,1153,142,1202]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Paragonaster stenostichus, OMNH-Iv 10662. A, Live specimen, whole body, abactinal (left) and actinal (right) side; B, abactinal surface of proximal portion of disc; C, denuded abactinal surface of proximal portion of arm; D, denuded actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; E, actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; F, denuded actinal surface of a jaw. Abbreviations: ad, adambulacral series; c, carinal abactinal series; i, inferomarginal series; o, oral plate; s, superomarginal series; u, unpaired oral spine. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–F = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758084/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="956">Figure 3B</figureCitation>
). Papular areas mostly contain one papula, every six surrounding one lateral abactinal plate (
<figureCitation id="1331DE998526FFBCFF05C8F7FEF939FA" box="[168,277,1461,1486]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1233,1256]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1202]" captionTargetId="figure-75@9.[163,1153,142,1202]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Paragonaster stenostichus, OMNH-Iv 10662. A, Live specimen, whole body, abactinal (left) and actinal (right) side; B, abactinal surface of proximal portion of disc; C, denuded abactinal surface of proximal portion of arm; D, denuded actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; E, actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; F, denuded actinal surface of a jaw. Abbreviations: ad, adambulacral series; c, carinal abactinal series; i, inferomarginal series; o, oral plate; s, superomarginal series; u, unpaired oral spine. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–F = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758084/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="956">Figure 3C</figureCitation>
). Madreporite single, round, convex, with radiated tortuous grooves, located at interradial disc.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB5C21C8526FFBDFF6DC8B8FEF23A03" blockId="8.[160,1156,905,1728]" lastBlockId="9.[160,1156,1462,1660]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="957" pageId="8" pageNumber="956">
Supero- and inferomarginal plates wide rectangular with oblong to oval ridges and arranged in longitudinal series along body margin (
<figureCitation id="1331DE998526FFBCFD7ACB5FFC9A3A02" box="[727,886,1565,1590]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1233,1256]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1202]" captionTargetId="figure-75@9.[163,1153,142,1202]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Paragonaster stenostichus, OMNH-Iv 10662. A, Live specimen, whole body, abactinal (left) and actinal (right) side; B, abactinal surface of proximal portion of disc; C, denuded abactinal surface of proximal portion of arm; D, denuded actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; E, actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; F, denuded actinal surface of a jaw. Abbreviations: ad, adambulacral series; c, carinal abactinal series; i, inferomarginal series; o, oral plate; s, superomarginal series; u, unpaired oral spine. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–F = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758084/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="956">Figure 3A, C–E</figureCitation>
). Superomarginal plates gradually increase in width up to 3rd–4th plates, and beyond these plates, gradually decrease in width distally (
<figureCitation id="1331DE998526FFBCFE6BCB20FDA73A4F" box="[454,587,1634,1659]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1233,1256]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1202]" captionTargetId="figure-75@9.[163,1153,142,1202]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Paragonaster stenostichus, OMNH-Iv 10662. A, Live specimen, whole body, abactinal (left) and actinal (right) side; B, abactinal surface of proximal portion of disc; C, denuded abactinal surface of proximal portion of arm; D, denuded actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; E, actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; F, denuded actinal surface of a jaw. Abbreviations: ad, adambulacral series; c, carinal abactinal series; i, inferomarginal series; o, oral plate; s, superomarginal series; u, unpaired oral spine. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–F = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758084/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="956">Figure 3A, C</figureCitation>
). Inferomarginal plates gradually decrease in width distally (
<figureCitation id="1331DE998526FFBCFEADCBC7FE7C3AAA" box="[256,400,1669,1694]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1233,1256]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1202]" captionTargetId="figure-75@9.[163,1153,142,1202]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Paragonaster stenostichus, OMNH-Iv 10662. A, Live specimen, whole body, abactinal (left) and actinal (right) side; B, abactinal surface of proximal portion of disc; C, denuded abactinal surface of proximal portion of arm; D, denuded actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; E, actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; F, denuded actinal surface of a jaw. Abbreviations: ad, adambulacral series; c, carinal abactinal series; i, inferomarginal series; o, oral plate; s, superomarginal series; u, unpaired oral spine. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–F = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758084/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="956">Figure 3A, D</figureCitation>
). Supero- and inferomarginal series comprise 54 plates per interradius, without odd plates. Fascicular grooves narrow, shorter than ridges of neighbouring supero- and inferomarginal plates (
<figureCitation id="1331DE998527FFBDFD7BC8F4FC8F39FB" box="[726,867,1462,1487]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1233,1256]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1202]" captionTargetId="figure-75@9.[163,1153,142,1202]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Paragonaster stenostichus, OMNH-Iv 10662. A, Live specimen, whole body, abactinal (left) and actinal (right) side; B, abactinal surface of proximal portion of disc; C, denuded abactinal surface of proximal portion of arm; D, denuded actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; E, actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; F, denuded actinal surface of a jaw. Abbreviations: ad, adambulacral series; c, carinal abactinal series; i, inferomarginal series; o, oral plate; s, superomarginal series; u, unpaired oral spine. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–F = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758084/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="957">Figure 3C, D</figureCitation>
). Supero- and inferomarginal plates covered with mushroom-shaped granules and proximal to middle inferomarginal plates bear 1–5 conical spines arranged in one zigzag to two transverse series (
<figureCitation id="1331DE998527FFBDFF05CB5CFEFD3A03" box="[168,273,1566,1591]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1233,1256]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1202]" captionTargetId="figure-75@9.[163,1153,142,1202]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Paragonaster stenostichus, OMNH-Iv 10662. A, Live specimen, whole body, abactinal (left) and actinal (right) side; B, abactinal surface of proximal portion of disc; C, denuded abactinal surface of proximal portion of arm; D, denuded actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; E, actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; F, denuded actinal surface of a jaw. Abbreviations: ad, adambulacral series; c, carinal abactinal series; i, inferomarginal series; o, oral plate; s, superomarginal series; u, unpaired oral spine. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–F = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758084/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="957">Figure 3E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7592948527FFBDFF0DC993FCD4394F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758084" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13758084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758084/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="957" startId="9.[160,225,1233,1256]" targetBox="[163,1153,142,1202]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BB5C21C8527FFBDFF0DC993FCD4394F" blockId="9.[160,1156,1233,1403]" pageId="9" pageNumber="957">
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E8527FFBDFF0DC993FF1038DC" bold="true" box="[160,252,1233,1256]" pageId="9" pageNumber="957">Figure 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0AB99F8527FFBDFEA9C993FDEC38DC" baseAuthorityName="Fisher" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[260,512,1233,1256]" class="Asteroidea" family="Pseudarchasteridae" genus="Paragonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="957" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="stenostichus">
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E8527FFBDFEA9C993FDEC38DC" box="[260,512,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="957">Paragonaster stenostichus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, OMNH-Iv 10662. A, Live specimen, whole body, abactinal (left) and actinal (right) side; B, abactinal surface of proximal portion of disc; C, denuded abactinal surface of proximal portion of arm; D, denuded actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; E, actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; F, denuded actinal surface of a jaw. Abbreviations: ad, adambulacral series; c, carinal abactinal series; i, inferomarginal series; o, oral plate; s, superomarginal series; u, unpaired oral spine. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–F = 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB5C21C8527FFBEFF6DCB02FF1E3CFE" blockId="9.[160,1156,1462,1660]" lastBlockId="10.[160,1156,142,514]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="958" pageId="9" pageNumber="957">
Actinal plates oval to rectangular, convex, and arranged in three longitudinal series (
<figureCitation id="1331DE998527FFBDFF05CB21FEF93A48" box="[168,277,1635,1660]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1233,1256]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1202]" captionTargetId="figure-75@9.[163,1153,142,1202]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Paragonaster stenostichus, OMNH-Iv 10662. A, Live specimen, whole body, abactinal (left) and actinal (right) side; B, abactinal surface of proximal portion of disc; C, denuded abactinal surface of proximal portion of arm; D, denuded actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; E, actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; F, denuded actinal surface of a jaw. Abbreviations: ad, adambulacral series; c, carinal abactinal series; i, inferomarginal series; o, oral plate; s, superomarginal series; u, unpaired oral spine. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–F = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758084/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="957">Figure 3D</figureCitation>
). Actinal series confined within 26% of R. Each actinal plate bears mushroom-shaped to clavate granules and typically one major conical spine (
<figureCitation id="1331DE998524FFBEFCD6CDCCFC0F3C93" box="[891,995,142,167]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1233,1256]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1202]" captionTargetId="figure-75@9.[163,1153,142,1202]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Paragonaster stenostichus, OMNH-Iv 10662. A, Live specimen, whole body, abactinal (left) and actinal (right) side; B, abactinal surface of proximal portion of disc; C, denuded abactinal surface of proximal portion of arm; D, denuded actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; E, actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; F, denuded actinal surface of a jaw. Abbreviations: ad, adambulacral series; c, carinal abactinal series; i, inferomarginal series; o, oral plate; s, superomarginal series; u, unpaired oral spine. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–F = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758084/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="958">Figure 3E</figureCitation>
). Pedicellariae absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB5C21C8524FFBEFF6DCD96FE383D43" blockId="10.[160,1156,142,514]" pageId="10" pageNumber="958">
Adambulacral plates oval and arranged in one longitudinal series along the ambulacral furrow (
<figureCitation id="1331DE998524FFBEFF54CDB4FE8A3D3B" box="[249,358,246,271]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1233,1256]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1202]" captionTargetId="figure-75@9.[163,1153,142,1202]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Paragonaster stenostichus, OMNH-Iv 10662. A, Live specimen, whole body, abactinal (left) and actinal (right) side; B, abactinal surface of proximal portion of disc; C, denuded abactinal surface of proximal portion of arm; D, denuded actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; E, actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; F, denuded actinal surface of a jaw. Abbreviations: ad, adambulacral series; c, carinal abactinal series; i, inferomarginal series; o, oral plate; s, superomarginal series; u, unpaired oral spine. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–F = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758084/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="958">Figure 3D</figureCitation>
). Adambulacral series comprises 44 plates, extending to arm tips. Each adambulacral plate bears 6–7 furrow spines arranged in longitudinal curved series, one major subambulacral spine on plate centre and 12–15 minor subambulacral spines on plate margin (
<figureCitation id="1331DE998524FFBEFE92CC1CFE2B3D43" box="[319,455,350,375]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1233,1256]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1202]" captionTargetId="figure-75@9.[163,1153,142,1202]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Paragonaster stenostichus, OMNH-Iv 10662. A, Live specimen, whole body, abactinal (left) and actinal (right) side; B, abactinal surface of proximal portion of disc; C, denuded abactinal surface of proximal portion of arm; D, denuded actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; E, actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; F, denuded actinal surface of a jaw. Abbreviations: ad, adambulacral series; c, carinal abactinal series; i, inferomarginal series; o, oral plate; s, superomarginal series; u, unpaired oral spine. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–F = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758084/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="958">Figure 3D, E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB5C21C8524FFBEFF6DCCC3FF0A3DEB" blockId="10.[160,1156,142,514]" pageId="10" pageNumber="958">
Each pair of oral plates, forming jaw, bears one unpaired oral spine on its proximal edge (
<figureCitation id="1331DE998524FFBEFF44CCE6FEBF3D89" box="[233,339,420,445]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1233,1256]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1202]" captionTargetId="figure-75@9.[163,1153,142,1202]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Paragonaster stenostichus, OMNH-Iv 10662. A, Live specimen, whole body, abactinal (left) and actinal (right) side; B, abactinal surface of proximal portion of disc; C, denuded abactinal surface of proximal portion of arm; D, denuded actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; E, actinal surface of interradii to proximal portion of arm; F, denuded actinal surface of a jaw. Abbreviations: ad, adambulacral series; c, carinal abactinal series; i, inferomarginal series; o, oral plate; s, superomarginal series; u, unpaired oral spine. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–F = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758084/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="958">Figure 3F</figureCitation>
). Each oral plate bears 25–28 oral spines arranged in three longitudinal series.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB5C21C8524FFBEFF6DCCABFD9D3E36" blockId="10.[160,1156,142,514]" box="[192,625,489,514]" pageId="10" pageNumber="958">Tube feet biserial, with suckered discs.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31091978524FFBEFF0DCF6CFCDD3EB9" pageId="10" pageNumber="958" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BB5C21C8524FFBEFF0DCF6CFCDD3EB9" blockId="10.[160,1156,558,653]" pageId="10" pageNumber="958">
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E8524FFBEFF0DCF6CFEDF3E7C" bold="true" box="[160,307,558,584]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="958">Distribution.</emphasis>
Waters adjacent to the
<collectingCountry id="F31D828C8524FFBEFDFDCF6DFCFA3E7C" box="[592,790,559,584]" name="Philippines" pageId="10" pageNumber="958">Philippine Islands</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BBFED8524FFBEFC88CF6DFC453E7C" author="Fisher WK" box="[805,937,559,584]" pageId="10" pageNumber="958" pagination="1 - 547" refId="ref6703" refString="Fisher WK. 1919. Starfishes of the Philippine seas and adjacent waters. Bull US National Mus. 3: 1 - 547." type="journal article" year="1919">Fisher 1919</bibRefCitation>
); south and southeast off Shikoku Island,
<collectingCountry id="F31D828C8524FFBEFE02CF13FE1D3E5E" box="[431,497,593,618]" name="Japan" pageId="10" pageNumber="958">Japan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BBFED8524FFBEFE52CF13FD643E5E" author="Oguro C" box="[511,648,593,618]" pageId="10" pageNumber="958" pagination="46 - 51" refId="ref7138" refString="Oguro C. 1987. Paragonaster ctenipes Sladen (Asteroidea, Goniasteridae) from Tokushima Pref. Shikoku, Japan. Proc Japn Soc Syst Zool 36: 46 - 51." type="journal article" year="1987">Oguro 1987</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BBFED8524FFBEFD3BCF13FD213E5E" author="Oguro C" box="[662,717,593,618]" pageId="10" pageNumber="958" pagination="35 - 63" refId="ref7170" refString="Oguro C. 1990. Asteroidea. In: Hisamune T, editor. Echinoderms from continental shelf and slope around Japan. Vol. 1. Tokyo: Japan Fisheries resource Conservation Association; p. 35 - 63." type="book chapter" year="1990">1990</bibRefCitation>
); north-west of
<collectingRegion id="49CE0CFE8524FFBEFC28CF13FB6D3E5E" box="[901,1153,593,618]" country="Japan" name="Yamaguchi" pageId="10" pageNumber="958">Yamaguchi Prefecture</collectingRegion>
, Sea of
<collectingCountry id="F31D828C8524FFBEFF40CF36FEC33EB9" box="[237,303,628,653]" name="Japan" pageId="10" pageNumber="958">Japan</collectingCountry>
(this study). Bathymetric range is
<quantity id="4CF26FF98524FFBEFD03CF36FCC13EB9" box="[686,813,628,653]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.12" metricValueMax="3.1399999999999997" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="10" pageNumber="958" unit="m" value="212.0" valueMax="314.0" valueMin="110.0">
110–
<specimenCount id="9D0C09958524FFBEFD4FCF36FCC13EB9" box="[738,813,628,653]" count="314" pageId="10" pageNumber="958" type="generic">314 m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31091978524FFBEFF0DCFFBFDEC3F97" pageId="10" pageNumber="958" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB5C21C8524FFBEFF0DCFFBFDEC3F97" blockId="10.[160,1156,697,931]" pageId="10" pageNumber="958">
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E8524FFBEFF0DCFFBFEFC3EE7" bold="true" box="[160,272,697,723]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="958">Remarks.</emphasis>
The observed specimen aligns with the morphological characteristics of
<taxonomicName id="4C0AB99F8524FFBEFF0DCF9EFEAE3EC1" baseAuthorityName="Fisher" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[160,322,732,757]" class="Asteroidea" family="Pseudarchasteridae" genus="Paragonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="10" pageNumber="958" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="stenostichus">
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E8524FFBEFF0DCF9EFEAE3EC1" box="[160,322,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="958">P. stenostichus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
described by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BBFED8524FFBEFE46CF9EFD9A3EC1" author="Fisher WK" box="[491,630,732,757]" pageId="10" pageNumber="958" pagination="599 - 648" refId="ref6658" refString="Fisher WK. 1913. Four new genera and fifty-eight new species of starfishes from the Philippine Islands, Celebes and the Moluccas. Proc US Natl Mus. 43: 599 - 648. doi: 10.5479 / si. 00963801.43 - 1944.599." type="journal article" year="1913">Fisher (1913</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BBFED8524FFBEFD2BCF9EFD513EC1" author="Fisher WK" box="[646,701,732,757]" pageId="10" pageNumber="958" pagination="1 - 547" refId="ref6703" refString="Fisher WK. 1919. Starfishes of the Philippine seas and adjacent waters. Bull US National Mus. 3: 1 - 547." type="journal article" year="1919">1919</bibRefCitation>
) (see Diagnosis and Key).
<taxonomicName id="4C0AB99F8524FFBEFC5FCF9EFE733F2C" authority="Sladen 1889" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1889" class="Asteroidea" family="Pseudarchasteridae" genus="Paragonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="10" pageNumber="958" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ctenipes">
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E8524FFBEFC5FCF9EFF173F2C" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="958">Paragonaster ctenipes</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BBFED8524FFBEFEA7CFBDFE733F2C" author="Sladen WP" box="[266,415,767,792]" pageId="10" pageNumber="958" pagination="1 - 893" refId="ref7308" refString="Sladen WP. 1889. The asteroidea. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. 30: 1 - 893." type="journal article" year="1889">Sladen 1889</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, reported by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BBFED8524FFBEFDFFCFBDFD053F2C" author="Oguro C" box="[594,745,767,792]" pageId="10" pageNumber="958" pagination="46 - 51" refId="ref7138" refString="Oguro C. 1987. Paragonaster ctenipes Sladen (Asteroidea, Goniasteridae) from Tokushima Pref. Shikoku, Japan. Proc Japn Soc Syst Zool 36: 46 - 51." type="journal article" year="1987">Oguro (1987</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BBFED8524FFBEFD53CFBDFCDA3F2C" author="Oguro C" box="[766,822,767,792]" pageId="10" pageNumber="958" pagination="35 - 63" refId="ref7170" refString="Oguro C. 1990. Asteroidea. In: Hisamune T, editor. Echinoderms from continental shelf and slope around Japan. Vol. 1. Tokyo: Japan Fisheries resource Conservation Association; p. 35 - 63." type="book chapter" year="1990">1990</bibRefCitation>
) most probably belong to
<taxonomicName id="4C0AB99F8524FFBEFF0DCE60FEAC3F0F" baseAuthorityName="Fisher" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[160,320,802,827]" class="Asteroidea" family="Pseudarchasteridae" genus="Paragonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="10" pageNumber="958" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="stenostichus">
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E8524FFBEFF0DCE60FEAC3F0F" box="[160,320,802,827]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="958">P. stenostichus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, because most rectangular carinal abactinal plates are narrower than the length of his specimens, unlike those of
<taxonomicName id="4C0AB99F8524FFBEFDD2CE06FD1A3F69" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1889" box="[639,758,836,861]" class="Asteroidea" family="Pseudarchasteridae" genus="Paragonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="10" pageNumber="958" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ctenipes">
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E8524FFBEFDD2CE06FD1A3F69" box="[639,758,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="958">P. ctenipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which are wider than the length (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BBFED8524FFBEFF0BCE25FEDD3FB4" author="Sladen WP" box="[166,305,871,896]" pageId="10" pageNumber="958" pagination="1 - 893" refId="ref7308" refString="Sladen WP. 1889. The asteroidea. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. 30: 1 - 893." type="journal article" year="1889">Sladen 1889</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BBFED8524FFBEFE90CE25FE513FB4" author="Fisher WK" box="[317,445,871,896]" pageId="10" pageNumber="958" pagination="1 - 547" refId="ref6703" refString="Fisher WK. 1919. Starfishes of the Philippine seas and adjacent waters. Bull US National Mus. 3: 1 - 547." type="journal article" year="1919">Fisher 1919</bibRefCitation>
). This is the first report of
<taxonomicName id="4C0AB99F8524FFBEFD4FCE25FC6C3FB4" baseAuthorityName="Fisher" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[738,896,871,896]" class="Asteroidea" family="Pseudarchasteridae" genus="Paragonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="10" pageNumber="958" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="stenostichus">
<emphasis id="B97E1E0E8524FFBEFD4FCE25FC6C3FB4" box="[738,896,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="958">P. stenostichus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F31D828C8524FFBEFC69CE25FBE43FB4" box="[964,1032,871,896]" name="Japan" pageId="10" pageNumber="958">Japan</collectingCountry>
, extending its northern distributional limit.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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