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<mods:title id="AADDED1ED1AC6BC0C3668F7147C46734">A new species of the genus Luzulaspis (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) from Hokkaido Island, Japan</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E23F1DB03E08859ECF0FB92A8E9F611A">Tanaka, Hirotaka</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="979D329503E53EC3EFE67CE6CE0D122D">Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Tarumi 3 - 5 - 7, Matsuyama, Ehime 790 - 8566, Japan. &amp; The Kyushu University Museum, Hakozaki 6 - 10 - 1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812 - 8581 Japan.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A79DDE15BF35AC8437AA5265F1386CC2">Sasaki, Daisuke</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="7B2DED95D404134DC66A51B51D84800B">Kamikawa Agricultural Experiment Station, Local Independent Administrative Agency Hokkaido Research Organization, Minami 1 sen 5, Pippu, Kamikawa-gun, Hokkaido 078 - 0311 Japan.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="4264CCCE76B1DA4C0ED20D55B445076B">Kamitani, Satoshi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3594DA46D3608A6669385F712D906662">Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Fukuoka 819 - 0395 Japan. kamitani @ agr. kyushu-u. ac. jp; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0870 - 5163</mods:affiliation>
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<subSubSection id="76E6651ADE3D7053F1D6FC319460FBA3" box="[151,570,1014,1041]" pageId="1" pageNumber="415" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="3E433691DE3D7053F1D6FC319460FBA3" blockId="1.[151,570,1014,1041]" box="[151,570,1014,1041]" pageId="1" pageNumber="415">
<heading id="650B81FDDE3D7053F1D6FC319460FBA3" bold="true" box="[151,570,1014,1041]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="415" reason="1">
<emphasis id="0C88EA83DE3D7053F1D6FC319460FBA3" bold="true" box="[151,570,1014,1041]" pageId="1" pageNumber="415">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="F9FC4D12DE3D7053F1AFFC319460FBA3" ID-CoL="5HGT" ID-ENA="2752294" authority="Cockerell, 1902" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1902" box="[238,570,1014,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Luzulaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="415" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0C88EA83DE3D7053F1AFFC31972AFBA2" bold="true" box="[238,368,1014,1041]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="415">Luzulaspis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="5A6D4B60DE3D7053F039FC319460FBA3" author="Cockerell, T. D. A." box="[376,570,1014,1040]" pageId="1" pageNumber="415" pagination="20 - 26" refId="ref5838" refString="Cockerell, T. D. A. (1902) III. - new genera and species of Coccidae, with notes on known species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 9 (49), 20 - 26. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930208678531" type="journal article" year="1902">Cockerell, 1902</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="76E6651ADE3D7053F1D6FBF99785F89A" pageId="1" pageNumber="415" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="3E433691DE3D7053F1D6FBF995F0FBEA" blockId="1.[151,1437,1086,2013]" box="[151,938,1086,1113]" pageId="1" pageNumber="415">
<emphasis id="0C88EA83DE3D7053F1D6FBF99731FBEB" bold="true" box="[151,363,1086,1112]" pageId="1" pageNumber="415">Generic diagnosis</emphasis>
(slightly modified from
<bibRefCitation id="5A6D4B60DE3D7053F3C1FBF895C7FBEA" author="Kosztarab, M. P. &amp; Kozar, F." box="[640,925,1087,1113]" pageId="1" pageNumber="415" refId="ref6264" refString="Kosztarab, M. P. &amp; Kozar, F. (1988) Scale Insects of Central Europe. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, 456 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 009 - 4045 - 1" type="book" year="1988">Kosztarab &amp; Kozár 1988</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3E433691DE3D7053F186FBA5972CFABE" blockId="1.[151,1437,1086,2013]" pageId="1" pageNumber="415">
<emphasis id="0C88EA83DE3D7053F186FBA59737FBCF" bold="true" box="[199,365,1122,1148]" pageId="1" pageNumber="415">Adult female.</emphasis>
In life, waxy ovisac elongate, almost parallel sided, white,
<quantity id="F9049B74DE3D7053F56CFBA492D7FBCE" box="[1069,1165,1123,1149]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="415" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="3.0">36 mm</quantity>
long, covering dorsum of adult female almost entirely. Post-reproductive female sclerotized, ovisac shrinking and falling off, except for when specimens have been parasitized. Teneral female elongate, parallel sided, with both ends rounded or slightly tapered; dorsum flat or slightly convex; venter almost flat; typically, body yellowish with or without 2 red dorsal longitudinal stripes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3E433691DE3D7053F186FAD09548FA72" blockId="1.[151,1437,1086,2013]" pageId="1" pageNumber="415">
<emphasis id="0C88EA83DE3D7053F186FAD0977BFA83" box="[199,289,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="415">Dorsum</emphasis>
. Body setae of different shapes and sizes, ranging from small hair-like to large conical setae, but all relatively short (each up to 20 μm long on head) and sparse (with up to 20 setae within an area between the antennal bases and procoxae on the venter). Preopercular pores, each 36 μm in diameter, forming a medial longitudinal band on thorax and abdomen. Tubular ducts numerous. Anal ring 4580 μm in diameter, bearing 6 setae, each 110180 μm long. Anal plates triangular, each with 4 apical setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3E433691DE3D7053F186FA0C92DDFA56" blockId="1.[151,1437,1086,2013]" box="[199,1159,1483,1509]" pageId="1" pageNumber="415">
<emphasis id="0C88EA83DE3D7053F186FA0C9778FA57" box="[199,290,1483,1508]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="415">Margin.</emphasis>
Marginal setae spine-like or hair-like; different
<typeStatus id="E1478833DE3D7053F27DFA0C952DFA56" box="[828,887,1483,1509]" pageId="1" pageNumber="415">types</typeStatus>
of setae not intermixed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3E433691DE3D7053F186FA289785F89A" blockId="1.[151,1437,1086,2013]" pageId="1" pageNumber="415">
<emphasis id="0C88EA83DE3D7053F186FA289755F9BB" box="[199,271,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="415">Venter</emphasis>
. Antennae slender, each with 8 segments. Labium cube shaped, with 5 pairs of setae; stylet loop approximately same length as labium. Legs slender, anterior legs always shortest; tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis present; claw digitules large, each with an expanded apical knob. Spiracular pore bands mostly composed of quinquelocular pores; each spiracular cleft containing 2 subequal, enlarged spiracular setae. Body setae of various lengths; interantennal setae of various lengths (up to 150 μm long), usually numbering 1025 but rarely over 30 (up to 33 setae). Multilocular pores mostly each with 810 loculi, although sometimes with fewer or more loculi, forming transverse bands across abdominal sternites VVII, rarely on anterior segments. Tubular ducts of various sizes. Microducts, each 1.01.5 μm in diameter, normally forming a submarginal row, present also on medial areas of head, thorax, and on abdomen in some species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="76E6651ADE3D7050F186F8F4949AFD36" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="416" pageId="1" pageNumber="415" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="3E433691DE3D7050F186F8F49728FED6" blockId="1.[151,1437,1086,2013]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,150,645]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="416" pageId="1" pageNumber="415">
<emphasis id="0C88EA83DE3D7053F186F8F49761F8FE" bold="true" box="[199,315,1843,1869]" pageId="1" pageNumber="415">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F9FC4D12DE3D7053F005F8F497E6F8FE" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1902" box="[324,444,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Luzulaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="415" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0C88EA83DE3D7053F005F8F497E6F8FE" box="[324,444,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="415">Luzulaspis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most closely related to
<taxonomicName id="F9FC4D12DE3D7053F3ACF8F495BFF8FE" authority="Koteja, 1978" authorityName="Koteja" authorityYear="1978" box="[749,997,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Poaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="415" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0C88EA83DE3D7053F3ACF8F4951CF8FF" box="[749,838,1843,1868]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="415">Poaspis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="5A6D4B60DE3D7053F20EF8F495BFF8FE" author="Koteja, J." box="[847,997,1843,1869]" pageId="1" pageNumber="415" pagination="311 - 327" refId="ref6350" refString="Koteja, J. (1978) An introduction to the revision of the Eriopeltini Sulc (Homoptera, Coccidae), with establishment of two new genera. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 48, 311 - 327." type="journal article" year="1978">Koteja, 1978</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, with respect to the distribution of the large ventral setae, the number of stigmatic spines, structure of the dorsal setae, and claw digitules (
<bibRefCitation id="5A6D4B60DE3D7053F453F89096ADF826" author="Calytkan, A. F. &amp; Kaydan, M. B. &amp; Ulgenturk, S. &amp; Ulusoy, M. R." pageId="1" pageNumber="415" pagination="287 - 296" refId="ref5770" refString="Calytkan, A. F., Kaydan, M. B., Ulgenturk, S. &amp; Ulusoy, M. R. (2015) Description of a new species of Luzulaspis Cockerell (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) from Turkey. Turkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 39, 287 - 296. https: // doi. org / 10.16970 / ted. 34813" type="journal article" year="2015">
Çalýþkan
<emphasis id="0C88EA83DE3D7053F4C9F89096EEF826" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="415">et al.</emphasis>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="5A6D4B60DE3D7053F043F8BC97F0F826" author="Hodgson, C. J." box="[258,426,1915,1941]" pageId="1" pageNumber="415" refId="ref6101" refString="Hodgson, C. J. (1994) The Scale Insect Family Coccidae: an Identification Manual to Genera. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, 639 pp." type="book" year="1994">Hodgson 1994</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="5A6D4B60DE3D7053F0F7F8BC941EF826" author="Koteja, J." box="[438,580,1915,1941]" pageId="1" pageNumber="415" pagination="311 - 327" refId="ref6350" refString="Koteja, J. (1978) An introduction to the revision of the Eriopeltini Sulc (Homoptera, Coccidae), with establishment of two new genera. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 48, 311 - 327." type="journal article" year="1978">Koteja 1978</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="5A6D4B60DE3D7053F30EF8BC94C0F825" author="Koteja, J." box="[591,666,1915,1942]" pageId="1" pageNumber="415" pagination="585 - 638" refId="ref6420" refString="Koteja, J. (1979 b) Revision of the genus Luzulaspis Cockerell (Homoptera, Coccidae). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 49, 585 - 638." type="journal article" year="1979">1979b</bibRefCitation>
). To differentiate these genera,
<bibRefCitation id="5A6D4B60DE3D7053F2BCF8BC92C0F826" author="Koteja, J." box="[1021,1178,1915,1941]" pageId="1" pageNumber="415" pagination="311 - 327" refId="ref6350" refString="Koteja, J. (1978) An introduction to the revision of the Eriopeltini Sulc (Homoptera, Coccidae), with establishment of two new genera. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 48, 311 - 327." type="journal article" year="1978">Koteja (1978)</bibRefCitation>
proposed in his key to genera of “Eriopeltini” that species of
<taxonomicName id="F9FC4D12DE3D7053F30FF858949CF80A" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1902" box="[590,710,1951,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Luzulaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="415" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0C88EA83DE3D7053F30FF858949CF80A" box="[590,710,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="415">Luzulaspis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differ from those in
<taxonomicName id="F9FC4D12DE3D7053F2F4F8589254F80B" authorityName="Koteja" authorityYear="1978" box="[949,1038,1951,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Poaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="415" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0C88EA83DE3D7053F2F4F8589254F80B" box="[949,1038,1951,1976]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="415">Poaspis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having claw digitules each with the apical knob wider than the width of the claw. However, at least a few
<taxonomicName id="F9FC4D12DE3D7053F293F80492F8F86E" box="[978,1186,1987,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Luzulaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="415" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="0C88EA83DE3D7053F293F8049210F86E" box="[978,1098,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="415">Luzulaspis</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
do not have this character state, as was evident in his illustrations (
<bibRefCitation id="5A6D4B60DE3E7050F3D8FF50956CFF02" author="Koteja, J." box="[665,822,151,177]" pageId="2" pageNumber="416" pagination="585 - 638" refId="ref6420" refString="Koteja, J. (1979 b) Revision of the genus Luzulaspis Cockerell (Homoptera, Coccidae). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 49, 585 - 638." type="journal article" year="1979">Koteja 1979b</bibRefCitation>
, Figs 45).
<bibRefCitation id="5A6D4B60DE3E7050F2FBFF50922BFF02" author="Hodgson, C. J." box="[954,1137,151,177]" pageId="2" pageNumber="416" refId="ref6101" refString="Hodgson, C. J. (1994) The Scale Insect Family Coccidae: an Identification Manual to Genera. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, 639 pp." type="book" year="1994">Hodgson (1994)</bibRefCitation>
proposed that members of
<taxonomicName id="F9FC4D12DE3E7050F1D6FF7C9755FF66" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1902" box="[151,271,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Luzulaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="416" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0C88EA83DE3E7050F1D6FF7C9755FF66" box="[151,271,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="416">Luzulaspis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have no more than 30 well-developed, long ventral setae between the antennal bases. However, in this study, we have established that this character state may not be a strict criterion for distinguishing the genera (see below). Accordingly, we suggest that the relationships between species assigned to
<taxonomicName id="F9FC4D12DE3E7050F503FEC492E0FEAE" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1902" box="[1090,1210,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Luzulaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="416" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0C88EA83DE3E7050F503FEC492E0FEAE" box="[1090,1210,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="416">Luzulaspis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F9FC4D12DE3E7050F5B0FEC49310FEAF" authorityName="Koteja" authorityYear="1978" box="[1265,1354,259,284]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Poaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="416" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0C88EA83DE3E7050F5B0FEC49310FEAF" box="[1265,1354,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="416">Poaspis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be re-examined based on molecular phylogenetic analysis and evaluations of other potentially relevant morphological character states.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3E433691DE3E7050F186FEA8949AFD36" blockId="2.[151,1437,150,645]" pageId="2" pageNumber="416">
To distinguish
<taxonomicName id="F9FC4D12DE3E7050F02DFEA897BEFE3A" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1902" box="[364,484,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Luzulaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="416" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0C88EA83DE3E7050F02DFEA897BEFE3A" box="[364,484,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="416">Luzulaspis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="F9FC4D12DE3E7050F366FEA894DAFE3B" authorityName="Koteja" authorityYear="1978" box="[551,640,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Poaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="416" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0C88EA83DE3E7050F366FEA894DAFE3B" box="[551,640,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="416">Poaspis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we tentatively propose to use the number of well-developed, long ventral setae between the antennae, as did
<bibRefCitation id="5A6D4B60DE3E7050F309FE549558FE1E" author="Hodgson, C. J." box="[584,770,403,429]" pageId="2" pageNumber="416" refId="ref6101" refString="Hodgson, C. J. (1994) The Scale Insect Family Coccidae: an Identification Manual to Genera. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, 639 pp." type="book" year="1994">Hodgson (1994)</bibRefCitation>
. However, we also propose here that the criterion should be looser than in
<bibRefCitation id="5A6D4B60DE3E7050F076FE7097ABFE62" author="Hodgson, C. J." box="[311,497,439,465]" pageId="2" pageNumber="416" refId="ref6101" refString="Hodgson, C. J. (1994) The Scale Insect Family Coccidae: an Identification Manual to Genera. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, 639 pp." type="book" year="1994">Hodgson (1994)</bibRefCitation>
; if the number of well-developed interantennal setae of the species is 33 or less, the species is considered to belong to
<taxonomicName id="F9FC4D12DE3E7050F353FE1C94D0FE46" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1902" box="[530,650,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Luzulaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="416" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0C88EA83DE3E7050F353FE1C94D0FE46" box="[530,650,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="416">Luzulaspis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; but if the number is 35 or more, the species is considered to belong to
<taxonomicName id="F9FC4D12DE3E7050F1D6FE3896AAFDAB" authorityName="Koteja" authorityYear="1978" box="[151,240,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Poaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="416" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0C88EA83DE3E7050F1D6FE3896AAFDAB" box="[151,240,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="416">Poaspis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Furthermore, possession of numerous dorsal setae within an area between the antennal bases and procoxae on the venter (about 2040) (
<bibRefCitation id="5A6D4B60DE3E7050F09BFDE4942FFD8E" author="Koteja, J." box="[474,629,547,573]" pageId="2" pageNumber="416" pagination="451 - 474" refId="ref6389" refString="Koteja, J. (1979 a) A revision of the genus Poaspis Koteja (Homoptera, Coccidae). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 49, 451 - 474." type="journal article" year="1979">Koteja 1979a</bibRefCitation>
), and evenly scattered and comparatively long dorsal setae (about 2040 μm on head) (
<bibRefCitation id="5A6D4B60DE3E7050F075FD80979BFDD2" author="Koteja, J." box="[308,449,583,609]" pageId="2" pageNumber="416" pagination="311 - 327" refId="ref6350" refString="Koteja, J. (1978) An introduction to the revision of the Eriopeltini Sulc (Homoptera, Coccidae), with establishment of two new genera. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 48, 311 - 327." type="journal article" year="1978">Koteja 1978</bibRefCitation>
) are both character states exclusive to
<emphasis id="0C88EA83DE3E7050F237FD80958CFDD3" box="[886,982,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="416">
<taxonomicName id="F9FC4D12DE3E7050F237FD809588FDD3" authorityName="Koteja" authorityYear="1978" box="[886,978,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Poaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="416" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Poaspis</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
These morphological characters may be helpful for assignment of species to these genera.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>