447 lines
61 KiB
XML
447 lines
61 KiB
XML
<document id="2A90193315F2437C20EE12284F7E1035" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14798833" ID-ZooBank="FC4C2C8C-B379-4E7C-9FBB-116783DDD4A0" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.treatments_approvedBy="valdenar" checkinTime="1738625443653" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka & Bae, Yang-Seop" docDate="2025" docId="03946562FFC0FF9CFF15651C677EFEC4" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5583.2.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5583 (2)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Thaumatographa Walsingham 1897" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="275" masterDocId="FFAD1D1AFFC2FF98FF8264576327FFD9" masterDocTitle="Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini)" masterLastPageNumber="292" masterPageNumber="271" pageNumber="273" updateTime="1738777263520" updateUser="valdenar" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="4693DCFDFBC58D3F9684A97553BCC3D5">Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="54F250D023411600CAF283CEC848905F" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="C042D4CE4C50CEC4FCEC1FE5610E074E">Heppner, J. B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8A1AEF6F3C6F67C32F0EBE3E01799F7B">McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA. & Bio ˗ Resource and Environmental Center, Incheon National University, 119 Academy ˗ ro, Yeonsu ˗ gu, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="30785CF865D64A0868CB14362A8CF3E3">Arita, Yutaka</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3DFFA2A275F43D0FF9C375D5117401F7">Zoological Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468 - 85 - 2, Japan.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="27420E0C37497AC21FCC9874B3C73364">Bae, Yang-Seop</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="78F4E538271E292E75209D9E86F8EF7A">Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Songdo ˗ dong, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea. & Bio ˗ Resource and Environmental Center, Incheon National University, 119 Academy ˗ ro, Yeonsu ˗ gu, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="901AAE62BDEDD6DC139E1FFA22CA1B6B" type="email">baeys@inu.ac.kr</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="2EA7B62866B669E44A76988322F1D768">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="118E83BC62D9C9198794C8E071D63EFC">
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<mods:date id="9C3DC0A38152533677E8AF2891EA72BD">2025</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="83CE98E3BCD88642B687F6913925EC90">2025-02-03</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="B2CDC04EF15C06A37E219B4974BD029B">5583</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="51733AF5393EBEE71A538F45E576C707">271</mods:start>
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<subSubSection id="C32787FFFFC0FF9AFF15651C6186FEBD" box="[151,673,330,357]" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B82D474FFC0FF9AFF15651C6186FEBD" blockId="2.[151,673,330,357]" box="[151,673,330,357]" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">
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<heading id="D0CA6318FFC0FF9AFF15651C6186FEBD" bold="true" box="[151,673,330,357]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC0FF9AFF15651C6186FEBD" ID-CoL="92P6W" authority="Walsingham, 1897" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1897" box="[151,673,330,357]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Thaumatographa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9490866FFC0FF9AFF15651C6186FEBD" bold="true" box="[151,673,330,357]" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">
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<emphasis id="B9490866FFC0FF9AFF15651C6293FEBC" bold="true" box="[151,436,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">THAUMATOGRAPHA</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFACA985FFC0FF9AFE39651D6186FEBD" author="Walsingham, T. de" box="[443,673,330,356]" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" pagination="33 - 67" refId="ref12725" refString="Walsingham, T. de G. (1897) Western Equatorial African Micro-Lepidoptera. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1897, 33-67, pls. 2 - 3. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1897.tb01674.x" type="journal article" year="1897">Walsingham, 1897</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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<paragraph id="8B82D474FFC0FF9AFF1565D8611FFE7E" blockId="2.[151,1245,399,460]" box="[151,568,399,423]" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC0FF9AFF1565D86113FE7E" ID-CoL="92P6W" authority="Walsignham, 1897: 52" authorityName="Walsignham" authorityPageNumber="52" authorityYear="1897" box="[151,564,399,423]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Thaumatographa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9490866FFC0FF9AFF1565D86260FE7E" box="[151,327,399,423]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">Thaumatographa</emphasis>
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Walsignham, 1897: 52
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.
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<paragraph id="8B82D474FFC0FF9AFDBF65C76189FE12" blockId="2.[151,1245,399,460]" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">
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<subSubSection id="C32787FFFFC0FF9AFDBF65C767FAFE7E" box="[573,1245,399,424]" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" type="type_taxon">
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<typeStatus id="54866AD6FFC0FF9AFDBF65C76148FE71" box="[573,623,400,424]" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC0FF9AFD4E65D86718FE7E" ID-CoL="9762K" authority="Meyrick, 1886" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1886" box="[716,1087,399,423]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Hilarographa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zapyra">
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<emphasis id="B9490866FFC0FF9AFD4E65D86083FE7E" box="[716,932,399,423]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">Hilarographa zapyra</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFACA985FFC0FF9AFC2865D86718FE7E" author="Meyrick, E." box="[938,1087,399,423]" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" pagination="189 - 296" refId="ref12134" refString="Meyrick, E. (1886) Descriptions of Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1886, 189-296. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1886.tb01626.x" type="journal article" year="1886">Meyrick, 1886</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(New
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<collectingCountry id="F32A94E4FFC0FF9AFB0665D867F5FE7E" box="[1156,1234,399,423]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">Guinea</collectingCountry>
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).
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<subSubSection id="C32787FFFFC0FF9AFF1565E66189FE12" box="[151,686,433,460]" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" type="reference_group">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB2DF35AFFC0FF9AFF1565E66189FE12" box="[151,686,433,460]" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC0FF9AFF1565E66271FE12" ID-CoL="B63FX" authorityName="Diakonoff" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,342,433,459]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Tharmatographa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9490866FFC0FF9AFF1565E66271FE12" box="[151,342,433,459]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">Tharmatographa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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:
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<treatmentCitation id="0A9CF265FFC0FF9AFEE765E6617EFE15" author="Diakonoff, A." box="[357,601,433,460]" page="51" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" year="1977">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFACA985FFC0FF9AFEE765E6617EFE15" author="Diakonoff, A." box="[357,601,433,460]" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" pagination="3 - 55" refId="ref10939" refString="Diakonoff, A. (1977 b) Rearrangement of certain Glyphipterygidae sensu Meyrick, 1913, with descriptions of new taxa (Lepidoptera). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 158, 3-55." type="journal article" year="1977">Diakonoff, 1977b: 51</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, missp.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</subSubSection>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C32787FFFFC0FF9BFF1565AE61FAFD70" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="274" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B82D474FFC0FF9AFF1565AE6265FCD6" blockId="2.[151,1437,505,2008]" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">
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<emphasis id="B9490866FFC0FF9AFF1565AE622DFDCA" bold="true" box="[151,266,505,531]" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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. Wing expanse range, 7.5–27.0mm (average size:
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<quantity id="4CC57991FFC0FF9AFCD565AE60F0FDCA" box="[855,983,505,531]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" unit="mm" value="15.0" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="12.0">12–18 mm</quantity>
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). The genus is defined in the tribe and distinguished from
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<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC0FF9AFEEC664A612EFDEE" baseAuthorityName="Razowski" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[366,521,541,567]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Hilarographa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9490866FFC0FF9AFEEC664A612EFDEE" box="[366,521,541,567]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">Hilarographa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by the following particulars: the labial palpi are distinctly dorso-ventrally flattened (tubular in
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<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC0FF9AFE9A66166294FD82" baseAuthorityName="Razowski" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[280,435,577,603]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Hilarographa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9490866FFC0FF9AFE9A66166294FD82" box="[280,435,577,603]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">Hilarographa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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); in the male genitalia, the uncus is basally fused to the tegumen (membranous basally in
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<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC0FF9AFF3766326277FDA6" baseAuthorityName="Razowski" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[181,336,613,639]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Hilarographa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9490866FFC0FF9AFF3766326277FDA6" box="[181,336,613,639]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">Hilarographa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), the hami are prominent and usually tubular, and the socii are sclerotic and usually slender, little setose, usually basally fused to the hami (socii wide, flattened and highly setose, and not fused to the hami in
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<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC0FF9AFF1566FA6215FD1E" baseAuthorityName="Razowski" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[151,306,685,711]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Hilarographa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9490866FFC0FF9AFF1566FA6215FD1E" box="[151,306,685,711]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">Hilarographa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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). The female genitalia usually have a bursal diverticular accessory sac, and the signum a bilobed fan-like form of numerous long spines curved inwardly, rarely absent or reduced (usually a scobinate patch in
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<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC0FF9AFF1566A26215FCD6" baseAuthorityName="Razowski" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[151,306,757,783]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Hilarographa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9490866FFC0FF9AFF1566A26215FCD6" box="[151,306,757,783]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">Hilarographa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B82D474FFC0FF9AFF45674E60D8FC3E" blockId="2.[151,1437,505,2008]" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">
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||
<emphasis id="B9490866FFC0FF9AFF45674E6285FCEA" bold="true" box="[199,418,793,819]" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">Descriptive Notes.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B9490866FFC0FF9AFE29674E62CFFCEA" box="[427,488,793,819]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">Head</emphasis>
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||
: small compared to most tortricids; scales relatively appressed except caudally on vertex; eyes large; ocellus posterior and moderate (sometimes enlarged); antenna very short (less than 1/2 length of forewing), filiform but thickened, with ventral bristles usually long in males (short in females); haustellum short; maxillary palpus very small, 1-segmented; labial palpus moderate and recurved, with the apical segment dorso-ventrally flattened, the median segment smooth-scaled but with few very fine and short bristles (but not always exposed among the scales), and the basal segment mostly also smooth-scaled.
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B82D474FFC0FF9AFF4567A66270FBF6" blockId="2.[151,1437,505,2008]" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">
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||
<emphasis id="B9490866FFC0FF9AFF4567A6623FFBD2" box="[199,280,1009,1035]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">Thorax</emphasis>
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: average tortricoid, with mostly appressed scales; tegula short. Legs average for body size, mostly with scales appressed.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B82D474FFC0FF9AFF45606D6016FB3A" blockId="2.[151,1437,505,2008]" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">
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<emphasis id="B9490866FFC0FF9AFF45606D6214FB8A" box="[199,307,1082,1107]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">Forewing</emphasis>
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||
(
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<figureCitation id="1306C8F1FFC0FF9AFEC4606E62A9FB8A" box="[326,398,1081,1107]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1110,1134]" captionTargetBox="[410,1178,305,1083]" captionTargetId="figure-97@5.[410,1178,305,1086]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 7. Wing venation of Thaumatographa zapyra (Meyrick) (New Guinea), type-species of the genus: redrawn from original sketch of Walsingham (1897). Note: the wing venation could not be compared to an actual specimen of T. zapyra for accuracy, so the venation may not be totally accurate in all details since the original sketch by Walsingham is small and somewhat simplified." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14798837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14798837/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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): oblong, with costal margin slightly curved, termen truncated and apex and tornus more or less rounded; dorsal margin straight until anal curve; all veins free and mostly equally spaced, except R1 from middle of radius or from 2/3 of cell, and R2 and R3 sometimes close at end of chorda; chorda present, short (ca. 1/5 cell length), or vestigial; R5 to termen; median of cell vestigial; CuA1 from 2/3 end of cell; CuP at tornus, then vestigial toward base; A1+2 with relatively long basal fork.
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82D474FFC0FF9AFF4560BA6234FA62" blockId="2.[151,1437,505,2008]" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9490866FFC0FF9AFF4560BA6212FADE" box="[199,309,1261,1287]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">Hindwing</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306C8F1FFC0FF9AFEC760BA62ADFADE" box="[325,394,1261,1287]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1110,1134]" captionTargetBox="[410,1178,305,1083]" captionTargetId="figure-97@5.[410,1178,305,1086]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 7. Wing venation of Thaumatographa zapyra (Meyrick) (New Guinea), type-species of the genus: redrawn from original sketch of Walsingham (1897). Note: the wing venation could not be compared to an actual specimen of T. zapyra for accuracy, so the venation may not be totally accurate in all details since the original sketch by Walsingham is small and somewhat simplified." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14798837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14798837/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
): oblong-triangular to more oblong shape, with widely rounded tornus and anal margin; costa relatively straight; Sc to near apex; R to costa just before apex and M1 to termen just below apex and short-stalked with R near end of cell; cell from 1/2 to 3/5 length of hindwing; cell median vein vestigial; median veins equidistant at end of cell and at termen; M3 merged with CuA2 at end of cell; CuA1 from middle of cell or from 2/3 of cell; CuP vestigial or slightly at termen; 1A+2A with short basal fork; 3A long; male frenulum long; 2-bristle frenulum in females.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82D474FFC0FF9AFF45619266A8F9DD" blockId="2.[151,1437,505,2008]" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9490866FFC0FF9AFF4561926216FA06" box="[199,305,1477,1503]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
: average for body size, but sometimes slightly elongated; thoracic articulation tortricoid but apodemes somewhat thin; male coremata usually present and short, but can be prominent and as long as pregenital segment.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82D474FFC0FF9AFF45625A61B8F801" blockId="2.[151,1437,505,2008]" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9490866FFC0FF9AFF45625A624CF9FE" box="[199,363,1549,1575]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">Male genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306C8F1FFC0FF9AFEFA625A629BF9FE" box="[376,444,1549,1575]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1802,1826]" captionTargetBox="[156,1435,1263,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-160@5.[151,1436,1263,1779]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 8. Male genital structures in Thaumatographa, showing main characters for the complex male genitalia of this genus (modified after Diakonoff 1977, for T. zapyra, New Guinea) (the tegumen in this sketch is detached from the vinculum); coremata on pregenital segment (8a) (T. aurosa, Japan; after Diakonoff 1986). Note: the coremata typically are attached to the pregenital membrane structure of the abdomen in Thaumatographa (Fig. 8a), and rest within dorsal slits of each valva when not extruded, but in T. zapyra are attached to the costal margin of the valva itself. The aedeagus in Thaumatographa typically has a long ductus ejaculatorius (2 to 4 times length of aedeagus), with a long proximal hood (not shown in the drawing)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14798839" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14798839/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
): hilarographine, with hami and socii prominent and usually long; tegumen and vinculum both generally triangular in shape, thin; uncus usually slender and very strongly sclerotized (rarely wide or short, or very long), and usually recurved caudally, basally fused to tegumen, and usually apically hooked; hami sclerotic and usually long and slender (rarely flattened or short); socii porrect or pendulate and long (rarely short and stubby), setose, usually slender and fused to base of hami; gnathos usually ovate to quadrate, and pendulate; transtilla usually present, band-like (or as valval stubs), sometimes caudally widened and even with caudal projections); juxta usually a small, caudally concave ovate plate; anellus a membranous and undeveloped ring; aedeagus tubular, short to long, sometimes with a distal lateral thorn; vesica finely scobinate, cornuti reduced or a single elongated tube (sometimes with an apical hook); phallobase often undeveloped, or small and bulbous, often ventrally decumbent; ductus ejaculatorius typically long, with prominent proximal elongated hood (rarely bulbous); valva oblong, usually quadratic with truncated termen and generally unadorned (sometimes with various ridges), but split open on dorsal margin (pouch-like split retains coremata in repose); saccus reduced and usually very short (rarely long), with acute apex, or sometimes a recurved truncated apex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82D474FFC1FF9BFF4564EC61FAFD70" blockId="3.[151,1437,187,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9490866FFC1FF9BFF4564EC62A2FF0C" box="[199,389,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Female genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306C8F1FFC1FF9BFE1064EC62F1FF0C" box="[402,470,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1897,1921]" captionTargetBox="[497,1080,181,1861]" captionTargetId="figure-26@6.[497,1090,180,1873]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 9. Female genital structures in Thaumatographa, showing main characters for the complex female genitalia of this genus (after Diakonoff 1986, for T. aurosa, Japan). Note: female genitalia in this genus typically also have a dorsal flap of unknown purpose on the tergal membrane of segment 8 (not shown in this sketch)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14798841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14798841/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
): complicated bursal and accessory sac form, usually with very long narrow but straight ductus bursae; ovipositor usually somewhat short, with setose and elongated papilla anales; apophyses usually subequal and average length; dorsum of tergite 8 on ovipositor sometimes with an upright flattened membranous flap (either laterally flattened or horizontally flattened); ostium a varied funnel-shape, on the intersegmental membrane between sternites 7 and 8; sterigma usually little developed, as a sclerotized or membranous margin; ductus bursae usually a long membranous tube uniformly narrow (rarely short and wide), but sometimes sclerotized on the pre-ostial section (rarely with some modification or colliculum-like formation), sometimes with a small ventral sac-like diverticulum (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306C8F1FFC1FF9BFD9665E06156FE08" box="[532,625,438,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1858,1882]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,453,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-128@15.[151,1436,453,1835]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 15. Thaumatographa aurosa taiwana Heppner & Arita, subsp. nov., paratype female (Taiwan: Lien-Hua-Chih For. Sta., Nantou Co.), with details of ostium, sterigma, and antrum diverticulum (a), and signum, (b) (gen. slide JBH-4644 (MGCL)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14798853" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14798853/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Fig. 15a</figureCitation>
|
||
) internally spiculate and emergent from the ductus bursae by the antrum (rarely distally bifid, see
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306C8F1FFC1FF9BFE32658C612FFE2C" box="[432,520,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1341,1365]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1317]" captionTargetId="figure-20@13.[151,1436,181,1317]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 14. Thaumatographa fennchihwu Heppner & Arita, sp. nov., paratype female (Taiwan: Fennchichwu, Chiayi Co.), with details of ostium, sterigma, and antrum diverticulum (a), and signum (b) (gen. slide JBH-4647, except YA-1192 for detail b) (MGCL)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14798851" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14798851/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Fig 14a</figureCitation>
|
||
); ductus seminalis varied, usually from corpus bursae junction with ductus bursae (or from near ostium); corpus busae usually semi-ovate and asymmetrical with one end somewhat elongated (rarely more uniformly elongate-ovate), with an elongate-ovate diverticular accessory sac on a short and slender tube from caudal end of bursa and near emergence of ductus seminalis and ductus bursae (ductus seminalis rarely from caudal end of ductus bursae); signum usually a fan-like cluster of dense and long spines curved inwardly (rarely as a single cluster of short spines, or signum diffuse or absent).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32787FFFFC1FF9BFF4566E5613DFAA0" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82D474FFC1FF9BFF4566E56259FBA4" blockId="3.[151,1437,187,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9490866FFC1FF9BFF4566E56206FD15" bold="true" box="[199,289,690,716]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Biology</emphasis>
|
||
. Mostly unknown, but adults appear to all be diurnally active, yet may come to lights. Larvae are borers of shoots and roots as far as is known:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFD0D6680676FFD28" authority="(Meyrick)" baseAuthorityName="Meyrick" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[655,1096,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Thaumatographa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caminodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9490866FFC1FF9BFD0D668060F7FD28" box="[655,976,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Thaumatographa caminodes</emphasis>
|
||
(Meyrick)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeding on roots of cardamom (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFF2366AC6281FCCC" box="[161,422,763,789]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Elettaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cardamomum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9490866FFC1FF9BFF2366AC6281FCCC" box="[161,422,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Elettaria cardamomum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and also a wild
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFDF166AC6035FCCC" box="[627,786,763,789]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Zingiberaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A94E4FFC1FF9BFCB866AC608DFCCC" box="[826,938,763,789]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFACA985FFC1FF9BFC3866AC6752FCCC" author="Diakonoff, A." box="[954,1141,763,789]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" pagination="1 - 436" refId="ref10974" refString="Diakonoff, A. (1986) Glyphipterigidae auct. sensu lata (sensu Meyrick, 1913). In: Amsel, H. G., Reisser, H. & Gregor, F. (Eds.), Microlepidoptera Palaearctic. Vol. 7. G. Braun, Karlsruhe, pp. 1-436, 175 pls." type="book chapter" year="1986">Diakonoff 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFB0866AC6276FCE0" authority="(Meyrick)" baseAuthorityName="Meyrick" baseAuthorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Thaumatographa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucopyrga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9490866FFC1FF9BFB0866AC63F0FCE1" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Thaumatographa leucopyrga</emphasis>
|
||
(Meyrick)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in shoots of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFE66674861B1FCE0" box="[484,662,799,825]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Ardisia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sieboldi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9490866FFC1FF9BFE66674861B1FCE0" box="[484,662,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Ardisia sieboldi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFD276748601FFCE0" box="[677,824,799,825]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrsinaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myrsinaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F91A96FFC1FF9BFCE6674860B1FCE0" box="[868,918,799,825]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Java</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A94E4FFC1FF9BFC276748673FFCE0" box="[933,1048,799,825]" name="Indonesia" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFBDE6748622DFC84" authority="Diakonoff" authorityName="Diakonoff" authorityYear="1977" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Thaumatographa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oenobapta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9490866FFC1FF9BFBDE674866BBFCE0" box="[1116,1436,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Thaumatographa oenobapta</emphasis>
|
||
Diakonoff
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in calyxes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFE26671462C6FC85" box="[420,481,835,860]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Ixora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9490866FFC1FF9BFE26671462C6FC85" box="[420,481,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Ixora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFE6D6714614DFC84" box="[495,618,835,861]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), are the only examples known, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFC78671467B6FC84" baseAuthorityName="Meyrick" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[1018,1169,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Thaumatographa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucopyrga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9490866FFC1FF9BFC78671467B6FC84" box="[1018,1169,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">T. leucopyrga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not a typical member of the genus. The other species with biological data that have been included among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFBB9673067DAFC58" authorityName="Walsignham" authorityYear="1897" box="[1083,1277,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Thaumatographa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9490866FFC1FF9BFBB9673067DAFC58" box="[1083,1277,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Thaumatographa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFACA985FFC1FF9BFA8967306234FC7C" author="Diakonoff, A. & Arita, Y." pageId="3" pageNumber="274" pagination="56 - 60" refId="ref11081" refString="Diakonoff, A. & Arita, Y. (1981) The early stages of Thaumatographa eremnotorna Diakonoff & Arita with remarks on the status of the Hilarographini (Lepidoptera: Tortricoidea). Entomologische Berichten, 41, 56-60." type="journal article" year="1981">Diakonoff & Arita 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFACA985FFC1FF9BFE9C67DC62E6FC7C" author="Heppner, J. B." box="[286,449,907,933]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" pagination="165 - 176" refId="ref11281" refString="Heppner, J. B. (1983) Revision of American Thaumatographa with a new species from Cuba (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 58, 165-176." type="journal article" year="1983">Heppner 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFACA985FFC1FF9BFE4E67DD6132FC7C" author="Heppner, J. B." box="[460,533,906,933]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" refId="ref11535" refString="Heppner, J. B. (2025 b) Nearctic Hilarographa and a new genus for species in North America and Asia (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Lepidoptera Novae, 18, in press." type="journal volume" year="2025">2025b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), appear to all be pine trunk feeders (cambium layer) but are atypical and will be transferred to their own genus:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFE7767F86704FC10" authority="Diakonoff & Arita" authorityName="Diakonoff & Arita" box="[501,1059,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Thaumatographa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eremnotorna">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9490866FFC1FF9BFE7767F86069FC11" box="[501,846,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Thaumatographa eremnotorna</emphasis>
|
||
Diakonoff & Arita
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFBE567F86607FC10" box="[1127,1312,943,969]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="densiflora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9490866FFC1FF9BFBE567F86607FC10" box="[1127,1312,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Pinus densiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFAAC67F866B2FC10" box="[1326,1429,943,969]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Pinaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A94E4FFC1FF9BFF35678463DDFC34" box="[183,250,979,1005]" name="Japan" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFE8B678461EDFC34" authority="(Walsingham)" baseAuthorityName="Walsingham" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[265,714,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Thaumatographa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="regalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9490866FFC1FF9BFE8B67846104FC34" box="[265,547,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Thaumatographa regalis</emphasis>
|
||
(Walsingham)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFC976784608EFC34" box="[789,937,979,1005]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ponderosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9490866FFC1FF9BFC976784608EFC34" box="[789,937,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">P. ponderosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFC6467846755FC34" box="[998,1138,979,1005]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sabiniana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9490866FFC1FF9BFC6467846755FC34" box="[998,1138,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">P. sabiniana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A94E4FFC1FF9BFB1F678467F4FC34" box="[1181,1235,979,1005]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F91A96FFC1FF9BFB676784667AFC34" box="[1253,1373,979,1005]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
); and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFF1567A0610FFBC8" authority="Heppner" authorityName="Heppner" authorityYear="1983" box="[151,552,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Thaumatographa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cubensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9490866FFC1FF9BFF1567A062E7FBC8" box="[151,448,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Thaumatographa cubensis</emphasis>
|
||
Heppner
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFDEE67A061CFFBC8" authorityName="Heppner" authorityYear="1983" box="[620,744,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Thaumatographa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cubensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9490866FFC1FF9BFDEE67A061CFFBC8" box="[620,744,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">P. cubensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A94E4FFC1FF9BFC8967A0606DFBC8" box="[779,842,1015,1041]" name="Cuba" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
||
. None of the other more tropical species of the genus have any host data available (likewise for species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFD69604C60A1FBEC" baseAuthorityName="Razowski" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[747,902,1051,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Hilarographa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9490866FFC1FF9BFD69604C60A1FBEC" box="[747,902,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Hilarographa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Neotropics), so we do not know what tropical trees they may feed on, but perhaps the other Asian species are also on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFBCE606867F9FB80" box="[1100,1246,1087,1113]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrsinaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myrsinaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFB6F60686642FB80" box="[1261,1381,1087,1113]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFF1560346211FBA4" box="[151,310,1123,1149]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Zingiberaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
hosts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82D474FFC1FF9BFF4560D0613DFAA0" blockId="3.[151,1437,187,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">
|
||
The only larva and pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFD8C60D06194FB78" box="[526,691,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hilarographini">Hilarographini</taxonomicName>
|
||
with detailed descriptions are for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFBC060D067D6FB79" box="[1090,1265,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Thaumatographa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eremnotorna">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9490866FFC1FF9BFBC060D067D6FB79" box="[1090,1265,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">T. eremnotorna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A94E4FFC1FF9BFA9860D0667AFB78" box="[1306,1373,1159,1185]" name="Japan" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with details described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFACA985FFC1FF9BFEF860FC61BEFB1C" author="Diakonoff, A. & Arita, Y." box="[378,665,1195,1221]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" pagination="56 - 60" refId="ref11081" refString="Diakonoff, A. & Arita, Y. (1981) The early stages of Thaumatographa eremnotorna Diakonoff & Arita with remarks on the status of the Hilarographini (Lepidoptera: Tortricoidea). Entomologische Berichten, 41, 56-60." type="journal article" year="1981">Diakonoff & Arita (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but this species will be transferred to a related new genus of northern pine-feeding species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFACA985FFC1FF9BFE0E60986165FB30" author="Heppner, J. B." box="[396,578,1230,1257]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" refId="ref11535" refString="Heppner, J. B. (2025 b) Nearctic Hilarographa and a new genus for species in North America and Asia (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Lepidoptera Novae, 18, in press." type="journal volume" year="2025">Heppner 2025b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The larval characters described for this species, nonetheless, may have the main characters applicable also to the tribe, since larvae of all the species are thought to be borers. The primary distinction of this borer larva from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A94E4FFC1FF9BFD9C61406179FAE8" box="[542,606,1303,1329]" name="Japan" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
is the bisetose state of the prothoracic L-group setae, normally trisetose in all other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFF7A616C6255FA8C" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1803" box="[248,370,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tortricidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and including the other group of borer larvae in the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFBA7616C679AFA8C" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1895" box="[1061,1213,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Olethreutinae">Olethreutinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFACA985FFC1FF9BFB49616C6674FA8C" author="Horak, M." box="[1227,1363,1339,1365]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" pagination="3 - 64" refId="ref11678" refString="Horak, M. (1984) Assessment of taxonomically significant structures in Tortricinae (Lep., Tortricidae). Mitteilungen der Schweizerische Entomologische Gessellschaft, 57, 3-64." type="journal article" year="1984">Horak 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFACA985FFC1FF9BFADF616C66B0FA8C" author="Horak, M." box="[1373,1431,1339,1365]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref11711" refString="Horak, M. (1991) Morphology, phylogeny and systematics. In: van der Geest, L. P. S. & Evenhuis, H. H. (Eds.), Tortricid Pests, their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. Elsevier Scientific Publishers, Amsterdam, pp. 1-22." type="book chapter" year="1991">1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFACA985FFC1FF9BFF15610863F5FAA0" author="Horak, M." box="[151,210,1375,1401]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" pagination="199 - 215" refId="ref11771" refString="Horak, M. (1998) The Tortricoidea. In: Kristensen, N. P. (Ed.), Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. Vol. 1. Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography, In: Handbuch der Zoologie. Band IV. Arthropoda: Insecta. Teilband 35. Walter De Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 199-215. [1999] https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110804744.199" type="book chapter" year="1998">1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFACA985FFC1FF9BFF5C610862A7FAA0" author="MacKay, M. R." box="[222,384,1374,1401]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" pagination="1 - 338" refId="ref12006" refString="MacKay, M. R. (1959) Larvae of the North American Olethreutidae (Lepidoptera). Canadian Entomologist, 91 (Supplement 10), 1-338. https://doi.org/10.4039/entm9110fv" type="journal article" year="1959">MacKay 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFACA985FFC1FF9BFE09610862E1FAA0" author="MacKay, M. R." box="[395,454,1375,1401]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" pagination="1 - 182" refId="ref12050" refString="MacKay, M. R. (1962) Larvae of the North American Tortricinae (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canadian Entomologist, Supplement 28, 1-182. https://doi.org/10.4039/entm9428fv" type="journal article" year="1962">1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFACA985FFC1FF9BFE536108612AFAA0" author="MacKay, M. R." box="[465,525,1375,1401]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" pagination="1321 - 1344" refId="ref12093" refString="MacKay, M. R. (1963) Evolution and adaptation of larval characters in the Tortricidae. Canadian Entomologist, 95, 1321-1344. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent951321-12" type="journal article" year="1963">1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32787FFFFC1FF9BFF4561D562BCF964" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82D474FFC1FF9BFF4561D562BCF964" blockId="3.[151,1437,187,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9490866FFC1FF9BFF4561D5627EFA45" bold="true" box="[199,345,1410,1436]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
. South Asia (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A94E4FFC1FF9BFE7A61D46114FA44" box="[504,563,1411,1437]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A94E4FFC1FF9BFDED61D461C6FA44" box="[623,737,1411,1437]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
) to Southeast Asia, from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A94E4FFC1FF9BFB8B61D4674AFA44" box="[1033,1133,1411,1437]" name="Thailand" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A94E4FFC1FF9BFB1761D467D3FA44" box="[1173,1268,1411,1437]" name="Vietnam" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A94E4FFC1FF9BFAAD61D466BBFA44" box="[1327,1436,1411,1437]" name="Indonesia" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(including Borneo,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F91A96FFC1FF9BFEF461F0628DFA18" box="[374,426,1447,1473]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Java</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A94E4FFC1FF9BFE3B61F0610EFA18" box="[441,553,1447,1473]" name="Indonesia" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Moluccas</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F91A96FFC1FF9BFDB461F061B9FA18" box="[566,670,1447,1473]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F91A96FFC1FF9BFD5F61F0601AFA18" box="[733,829,1447,1473]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Sumatra</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and undoubtedly the other islands as well), north to southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A94E4FFC1FF9BFF7C619C6266FA3C" box="[254,321,1483,1509]" name="China" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F91A96FFC1FF9BFECD619C6283FA3C" box="[335,420,1483,1509]" country="China" name="Hainan" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Hainan</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A94E4FFC1FF9BFE2D619C6112FA3C" box="[431,565,1483,1509]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Taiwan) and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A94E4FFC1FF9BFD52619C6034FA3C" box="[720,787,1483,1509]" name="Japan" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and in northeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A94E4FFC1FF9BFC7A619C6778FA3C" box="[1016,1119,1483,1509]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F91A96FFC1FF9BFBEF619C67D2FA3C" box="[1133,1269,1483,1509]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Queensland</collectingRegion>
|
||
) and the South Pacific (New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A94E4FFC1FF9BFEB061B862A4F9D0" box="[306,387,1519,1545]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Solomons, and an undescribed species from Tahiti) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFACA985FFC1FF9BFB8A61B86798F9D0" author="Diakonoff, A." box="[1032,1215,1519,1545]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" pagination="1 - 436" refId="ref10974" refString="Diakonoff, A. (1986) Glyphipterigidae auct. sensu lata (sensu Meyrick, 1913). In: Amsel, H. G., Reisser, H. & Gregor, F. (Eds.), Microlepidoptera Palaearctic. Vol. 7. G. Braun, Karlsruhe, pp. 1-436, 175 pls." type="book chapter" year="1986">Diakonoff 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFACA985FFC1FF9BFB4E61B8665CF9D0" author="Heppner, J. B." box="[1228,1403,1518,1545]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" refId="ref11576" refString="Heppner, J. B. (2025 c) A new Thaumatographa specices from Tahiti (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Lepidoptera Novae, 18, in press." type="journal volume" year="2025">Heppner 2025c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, d;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFACA985FFC1FF9BFF1562446271F9F4" author="Razowski, J." box="[151,342,1555,1581]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" pagination="261 - 287" refId="ref12491" refString="Razowski, J. (2009 a) The Old World Hilarographini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). SHILAP Revista Lepidopterologica, 37, 261-287." type="journal article" year="2009">Razowski 2009a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The genus is undoubtedly also in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A94E4FFC1FF9BFC89624460AEF9F4" box="[779,905,1555,1581]" name="Philippines" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
but has not been recorded there yet (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFACA985FFC1FF9BFAA5624463F4F988" author="Diakonoff, A." pageId="3" pageNumber="274" pagination="1 - 484" refId="ref10826" refString="Diakonoff, A. ([1968]) Microlepidoptera of the Philippine Islands. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 257, 1-484. [1967] https://doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.257.1" type="journal article" year="1968">Diakonoff 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Three species are recorded in North America (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFACA985FFC1FF9BFD74626060BCF988" author="Heppner, J. B." box="[758,923,1591,1617]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" pagination="165 - 176" refId="ref11281" refString="Heppner, J. B. (1983) Revision of American Thaumatographa with a new species from Cuba (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 58, 165-176." type="journal article" year="1983">Heppner 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and one related pine-feeder from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A94E4FFC1FF9BFAAC6260664BF988" box="[1326,1388,1591,1617]" name="Cuba" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but these are partially in a related new genus while two are in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFC1F620C671FF9AC" baseAuthorityName="Razowski" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[925,1080,1627,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Hilarographa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9490866FFC1FF9BFC1F620C671FF9AC" box="[925,1080,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Hilarographa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The pine feeders in the related genus occur in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A94E4FFC1FF9BFEC3622862A3F940" box="[321,388,1663,1689]" name="Japan" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the Kuril Islands (Russian Far East) and North America (plus one in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32A94E4FFC1FF9BFB0C622867ECF940" box="[1166,1227,1663,1689]" name="Cuba" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFACA985FFC1FF9BFB63622866B0F940" author="Diakonoff, A." box="[1249,1431,1663,1689]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" pagination="1 - 436" refId="ref10974" refString="Diakonoff, A. (1986) Glyphipterigidae auct. sensu lata (sensu Meyrick, 1913). In: Amsel, H. G., Reisser, H. & Gregor, F. (Eds.), Microlepidoptera Palaearctic. Vol. 7. G. Braun, Karlsruhe, pp. 1-436, 175 pls." type="book chapter" year="1986">Diakonoff 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFACA985FFC1FF9BFF1562F4621DF964" author="Heppner, J. B." box="[151,314,1699,1725]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" pagination="165 - 176" refId="ref11281" refString="Heppner, J. B. (1983) Revision of American Thaumatographa with a new species from Cuba (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 58, 165-176." type="journal article" year="1983">Heppner 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFACA985FFC1FF9BFEC762F562B7F964" author="Heppner, J. B." box="[325,400,1698,1725]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" refId="ref11535" refString="Heppner, J. B. (2025 b) Nearctic Hilarographa and a new genus for species in North America and Asia (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Lepidoptera Novae, 18, in press." type="journal volume" year="2025">2025b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32787FFFFC1FF9CFF456291677EFEC4" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="275" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82D474FFC1FF9BFF4562916102F804" blockId="3.[151,1437,187,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9490866FFC1FF9BFF4562916262F939" bold="true" box="[199,325,1734,1760]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Discussion</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFACA985FFC1FF9BFED662906132F938" author="Razowski, J." box="[340,533,1735,1761]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref12550" refString="Razowski, J. (2017) Diagnoses and remarks on the genera of Tortricidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Chlidanotinae. Acta Zoologica Cracovoensia, 60, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3409/azc.60_1.01" type="journal article" year="2017">Razowski (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
synonymized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFD3862906732F938" authority="Walsingham, 1897" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1897" box="[698,1045,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Idiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9490866FFC1FF9BFD386290601CF938" box="[698,827,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Idiothauma</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFACA985FFC1FF9BFCC162906732F938" author="Walsingham, T. de" box="[835,1045,1735,1761]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" pagination="33 - 67" refId="ref12725" refString="Walsingham, T. de G. (1897) Western Equatorial African Micro-Lepidoptera. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1897, 33-67, pls. 2 - 3. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1897.tb01674.x" type="journal article" year="1897">Walsingham, 1897</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFBD5629067D5F938" baseAuthorityName="Razowski" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[1111,1266,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Hilarographa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9490866FFC1FF9BFBD5629067D5F938" box="[1111,1266,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Hilarographa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but it remains a distinct genus of three African species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFACA985FFC1FF9BFDE962BC6006F8DC" author="Heppner, J. B." box="[619,801,1770,1797]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" refId="ref11610" refString="Heppner, J. B. (2025 d) Notes on Hilarographine genera (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Lepidoptera Novae, 18, in press." type="journal volume" year="2025">Heppner 2025d</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These two genera and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFBB662BC67D1F8DC" authorityName="Walsignham" authorityYear="1897" box="[1076,1270,1771,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Thaumatographa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9490866FFC1FF9BFBB662BC67D1F8DC" box="[1076,1270,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Thaumatographa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are all closely related genera.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFACA985FFC1FF9BFEC86358613CF8F0" author="Razowski, J." box="[330,539,1807,1833]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" pagination="261 - 287" refId="ref12491" refString="Razowski, J. (2009 a) The Old World Hilarographini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). SHILAP Revista Lepidopterologica, 37, 261-287." type="journal article" year="2009">Razowski (2009a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described numerous new species from Southeast Asia (all as ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFB78635866B2F8F0" baseAuthorityName="Razowski" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[1274,1429,1807,1833]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Hilarographa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9490866FFC1FF9BFB78635866B2F8F0" box="[1274,1429,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Hilarographa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ but transferred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFEE663646101F894" authorityName="Walsignham" authorityYear="1897" box="[356,550,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Thaumatographa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9490866FFC1FF9BFEE663646101F894" box="[356,550,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Thaumatographa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFACA985FFC1FF9BFDE163646032F894" author="Heppner, J. B." box="[611,789,1842,1869]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" refId="ref11610" refString="Heppner, J. B. (2025 d) Notes on Hilarographine genera (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Lepidoptera Novae, 18, in press." type="journal volume" year="2025">Heppner 2025d</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), with varying wing shapes and somewhat varied genital morphology, so further study will be needed to verify if all are really in the same genus. Most species of the genus are known from only single or very few specimens. The 2-bristle frenulum of female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFBCF632C6628F84C" authorityName="Walsignham" authorityYear="1897" box="[1101,1295,1915,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Thaumatographa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9490866FFC1FF9BFBCF632C6628F84C" box="[1101,1295,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Thaumatographa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
conforms to this morphology in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFEF063C86130F860" box="[370,535,1951,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hilarographini">Hilarographini</taxonomicName>
|
||
and for the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC1FF9BFC9163C86094F860" box="[787,947,1951,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chlidanotinae">Chlidanotinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, versus the 3-bristle norm for the remainder of tortricids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFACA985FFC1FF9BFEAB6394613EF804" author="Yang, A. & Brown, J. W." box="[297,537,1987,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" pagination="743 - 751" refId="ref12779" refString="Yang, A. & Brown, J. W. (2009) Variation in the female frenulum in Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) Part 1. Chlidanotinae. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 111, 743-751. https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797-111.3.743" type="journal article" year="2009">Yang & Brown 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82D474FFC6FF9CFF4564C0677EFEC4" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,285]" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
|
||
The thin ovate dorsal flap at the middle of tergite
|
||
<quantity id="4CC57991FFC6FF9CFC8F64C0601CFF68" box="[781,827,151,177]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.032" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" unit="in" value="8.0">8 in</quantity>
|
||
females is present in some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3DAFF7FFC6FF9CFBFD64C066BBFF68" box="[1151,1436,151,177]" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9490866FFC6FF9CFBFD64C06666FF68" box="[1151,1345,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">Thaumatographa</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but the function of this structure is unknown. Likewise, some species have a bulbous flap (or pouch) ventrally at the base of the ostial funnel at the caudel end of the ductus bursae, seemingly emergent approximate to the antrum (sometimes even distally bifid), but the function of this sac or pouch is also unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |