treatments-xml/data/03/93/16/03931615EC6AFFEAFEDFFC8CFAB8F957.xml

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<mods:title id="9382905B07C7848D98CFE32F9B2536DF">A review of the families and genera of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Phronimoidea Bowman &amp; Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03931615EC6AFFEAFEDFFC8CFAB8F957" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5030017" ID-GBIF-Taxon="184952227" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5030017" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03931615EC6AFFEAFEDFFC8CFAB8F957" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03931615EC6AFFEAFEDFFC8CFAB8F957" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<subSubSection id="C320F488EC6AFFEBFEDFFC8CFDE1FC20" box="[264,627,884,910]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B85A703EC6AFFEBFEDFFC8CFDE1FC20" blockId="26.[264,627,884,910]" box="[264,627,884,910]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<heading id="D0CD106FEC6AFFEBFEDFFC8CFDE1FC20" bold="true" box="[264,627,884,910]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6AFFEBFEDFFC8CFDE1FC20" bold="true" box="[264,627,884,910]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C3ADC80EC6AFFEBFE88FC8CFDE1FC20" ID-CoL="7Q49K" authority="Guerin 1825" authorityName="Guerin" authorityYear="1825" box="[351,627,884,910]" class="Malacostraca" family="Hyperiidae" genus="Themisto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6AFFEBFE88FC8CFE5DFC20" bold="true" box="[351,463,884,910]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Themisto</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6AFFEBFE00FC8CFDE1FC20" author="Guerin, F. E." box="[471,627,884,910]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref26438" refString="Guerin, F. E. (1825) Encyclopedie Methodique Histoire Naturelle. Entomologie, ou histoire naturelle des Crustaces, des Arachnides et des Insectes par M. Latreille. Tome 10. Paris." type="book" year="1825">Guérin 1825</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C320F488EC6AFFEAFEDFFC47FB67FD30" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B85A703EC6AFFEBFEDFFC47FEFCFC76" blockId="26.[264,1324,959,1905]" box="[264,366,959,984]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6AFFEBFEDFFC47FEFCFC76" box="[264,366,959,984]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Remarks</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B85A703EC6AFFEBFEEFFC1FFC85FB0F" blockId="26.[264,1324,959,1905]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
This genus has provided much taxonomic confusion in the past. Its status has been in question being known alternately as 
<taxonomicName id="4C3ADC80EC6AFFEBFD62FBF7FCABFB86" authorityName="Bovallius" authorityYear="1887" box="[693,825,1039,1064]" class="Malacostraca" family="Hyperiidae" genus="Euthemisto" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6AFFEBFD62FBF7FCABFB86" box="[693,825,1039,1064]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Euthemisto</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="4C3ADC80EC6AFFEBFCB6FBF7FC6DFB86" box="[865,1023,1039,1064]" class="Malacostraca" family="Hyperiidae" genus="Parathemisto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6AFFEBFCB6FBF7FC6DFB86" box="[865,1023,1039,1064]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Parathemisto</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, sometimes with subgenera. Bowman 
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6AFFEBFE64FBCFFE75FBFE" box="[435,487,1079,1104]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al</emphasis>
. (1982) restored the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C3ADC80EC6AFFEBFCFFFBCFFC01FBFE" authorityName="Guerin" authorityYear="1825" box="[808,915,1079,1104]" class="Malacostraca" family="Hyperiidae" genus="Themisto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6AFFEBFCFFFBCFFC01FBFE" box="[808,915,1079,1104]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Themisto</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which up until that time was considered a junior homonym of the nudibranch 
<taxonomicName id="4C3ADC80EC6AFFEBFCF8FBA7FBA6FBD7" authority="Oken, 1815" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1815" box="[815,1076,1119,1145]" class="Malacostraca" family="Hyperiidae" genus="Themisto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6AFFEBFCF8FBA7FC08FBD6" box="[815,922,1119,1144]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Themisto</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6AFFEBFC72FBA7FBA6FBD7" author="Oken, L." box="[933,1076,1119,1145]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref28543" refString="Oken, L. (1815) Okens Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, 1: Fleischlose Thiere. Jena: August Schmid und Comp., 850 pp., 40 pls." type="book" year="1815">Oken, 1815</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; a work rejected for nomenclatural purposes by the ICZN (1956).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B85A703EC6AFFEBFEEFFB57FB92FA4F" blockId="26.[264,1324,959,1905]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
The uncertainty of the generic status combined with several ill­defined species, subspecies and varieties has made specific determination very difficult, despite the efforts of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6AFFEBFEDFFB07FE5CFAB7" author="Bowman, T. E." box="[264,462,1279,1305]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="343 - 392" refId="ref24304" refString="Bowman, T. E. (1960) The pelagic amphipod genus Parathemisto (Hyperiidea: Hyperiidae) in the North Pacific and adjacent Arctic Ocean. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 112, 343 - 392." type="journal article" year="1960">Bowman (1960)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6AFFEBFE08FB07FC8DFAB7" author="Sheader, M. &amp; Evans, F." box="[479,799,1279,1305]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="915 - 924" refId="ref29559" refString="Sheader, M. &amp; Evans, F. (1974) The taxonomic relationship of Parathemisto gaudichaudi (Guerin) and P. gracilipes (Norman), with a key to the genus Parathemisto. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 54, 915 - 924." type="journal article" year="1974">Sheader and Evans (1974)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6AFFEBFCB6FB07FEC8FAEF" author="Schneppenheim, R. &amp; Weigmann-Haass, R." pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="215 - 225" refId="ref29102" refString="Schneppenheim, R. &amp; Weigmann-Haass, R. (1986) Morphological and electrophoretic studies of the genus Themisto (Amphipoda: Hyperiidea) from the south and north Atlantic. Polar Biology, 6, 215 - 225." type="journal article" year="1986">Schneppenheim and Weigmann­Haass (1986)</bibRefCitation>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6AFFEBFEA4FADFFD0DFAEF" author="Vinogradov, M. E. &amp; Volkov, A. F. &amp; Semenova, T. N." box="[371,671,1319,1345]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref31017" refString="Vinogradov, M. E., Volkov, A. F. &amp; Semenova, T. N. (1982) Amfipody-Giperiidy (Amphipoda: Hyperiidea) Mrovogo Okeanea. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR No. 132. Leningrad, 492 pp. [In Russian]. (English translation, 1996, Smithsonian Institution Libraries, Washington D. C., D. Siegel-Causey, Scientific Editor)." type="book" year="1982">
Vinogradov 
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6AFFEBFDDFFADFFDADFAEE" box="[520,575,1319,1344]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al</emphasis>
. (1982)
</bibRefCitation>
recognise six species, but 
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6AFFEBFC3EFADFFE7CFAC7" author="Schneppenheim, R. &amp; Weigmann-Haass, R." pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="215 - 225" refId="ref29102" refString="Schneppenheim, R. &amp; Weigmann-Haass, R. (1986) Morphological and electrophoretic studies of the genus Themisto (Amphipoda: Hyperiidea) from the south and north Atlantic. Polar Biology, 6, 215 - 225." type="journal article" year="1986">Schneppenheim and Weigmann­Haass (1986)</bibRefCitation>
demonstrated that northern hemisphere material, previously identified with 
<taxonomicName id="4C3ADC80EC6AFFEBFE90FA8FFD3FFA3F" authority="Guerin, 1825" authorityName="Guerin" authorityYear="1825" box="[327,685,1399,1425]" class="Malacostraca" family="Hyperiidae" genus="Hyperia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gaudichaudii">
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6AFFEBFE90FA8FFD90FA3E" box="[327,514,1399,1424]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">T. gaudichaudii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6AFFEBFDDAFA8FFD3FFA3F" author="Guerin, F. E." box="[525,685,1399,1425]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref26438" refString="Guerin, F. E. (1825) Encyclopedie Methodique Histoire Naturelle. Entomologie, ou histoire naturelle des Crustaces, des Arachnides et des Insectes par M. Latreille. Tome 10. Paris." type="book" year="1825">Guérin, 1825</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, is a separate species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3ADC80EC6AFFEBFC12FA8FFB6BFA3F" authority="Goes, 1865" authorityName="Goes" authorityYear="1865" box="[965,1273,1399,1425]" class="Malacostraca" family="Hyperiidae" genus="Themisto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compressa">
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6AFFEBFC12FA8FFBF3FA3E" box="[965,1121,1399,1424]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">T. compressa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6AFFEBFBBBFA8FFB6BFA3F" author="Goes, A. T." box="[1132,1273,1399,1425]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="517 - 536" refId="ref26329" refString="Goes, A. T. (1865) Crustacea amphipoda maris Spetsbergiam alluentis cum speciebus aliis arcticis enumerat. Ofversigt af Kongelige Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar 1865, 8, 517 - 536, pls 36 - 41. (Reprint, pp. 1 - 20)." type="journal article" year="1865">Goës, 1865</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. In view of the past confusion, and recent studies by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6AFFEBFCB4FA67FECBFA4F" author="Schneppenheim, R. &amp; Weigmann-Haass, R." pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="215 - 225" refId="ref29102" refString="Schneppenheim, R. &amp; Weigmann-Haass, R. (1986) Morphological and electrophoretic studies of the genus Themisto (Amphipoda: Hyperiidea) from the south and north Atlantic. Polar Biology, 6, 215 - 225." type="journal article" year="1986">Schneppenheim and Weigmann­Haass (1986)</bibRefCitation>
, a new key to species is provided to assist future workers.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B85A703EC6AFFEBFEEFFA17FD02F957" blockId="26.[264,1324,959,1905]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
The 
<typeStatus id="548119A1EC6AFFEBFEBAFA17FE46F9A7" box="[365,468,1519,1545]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3ADC80EC6AFFEBFE2DFA17FD20F9A6" authorityName="Guerin" authorityYear="1825" box="[506,690,1519,1544]" class="Malacostraca" family="Hyperiidae" genus="Hyperia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gaudichaudii">
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6AFFEBFE2DFA17FD20F9A6" box="[506,690,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">T. gaudichaudii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was discovered recently in the Guérin­Méneville collection (No. 438), in the ANSP (
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6AFFEBFD70F9EFFCDBF99F" author="Zeidler, W." box="[679,841,1559,1585]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="121 - 146" refId="ref31784" refString="Zeidler, W. (1997) The hyperiid amphipod specimens in the Guerin-Meneville collection surviving in the collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 148, 121 - 146." type="journal article" year="1997">Zeidler 1997</bibRefCitation>
). The correct citation for the original description of this species has been confused in the past with some authors citing 
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6AFFEBFB05F9C7FED0F92F" author="Guerin, F. E." pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="379 - 386" refId="ref26475" refString="Guerin, F. E. (1828) Memoire sur le nouveau genre Themisto, de la classe des Crustaces. Memoires de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 4, 379 - 386, pl. 23." type="journal article" year="1828">Guérin, 1828</bibRefCitation>
(eg. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6AFFEBFEA9F99FFCE6F92F" author="Schneppenheim, R. &amp; Weigmann-Haass, R." box="[382,884,1639,1665]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="215 - 225" refId="ref29102" refString="Schneppenheim, R. &amp; Weigmann-Haass, R. (1986) Morphological and electrophoretic studies of the genus Themisto (Amphipoda: Hyperiidea) from the south and north Atlantic. Polar Biology, 6, 215 - 225." type="journal article" year="1986">Schneppenheim &amp; Weigmann­Haass 1986</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6AFFEBFC57F99FFB03F92F" author="Spamer, E. E. &amp; Bogan, A. E." box="[896,1169,1639,1665]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 305" refId="ref29936" refString="Spamer, E. E. &amp; Bogan, A. E. (1992) General Invertebrates Collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Tryonia, 26, 1 - 305." type="journal article" year="1992">Spamer &amp; Bogan 1992</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6AFFEBFB49F99FFB4FF92F" author="Spamer, E. E. &amp; Bogan, A. E." box="[1182,1245,1639,1665]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="35 - 46" refId="ref29972" refString="Spamer, E. E. &amp; Bogan, A. E. (1994) Type specimens of Crustacea surviving in the Guerin-Meneville collection, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 145, 35 - 46." type="journal article" year="1994">1994</bibRefCitation>
). This has arisen because, although the genus and species was first described in 1825, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6AFFEBFB0EF977FEC4F97F" author="Guerin, F. E." pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="379 - 386" refId="ref26475" refString="Guerin, F. E. (1828) Memoire sur le nouveau genre Themisto, de la classe des Crustaces. Memoires de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 4, 379 - 386, pl. 23." type="journal article" year="1828">Guérin (1828)</bibRefCitation>
more or less repeated his description in a separate memoir introducing them as new, and providing figures of the type.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B85A703EC6AFFEAFEEFF8FFFDBDFDE0" blockId="26.[264,1324,959,1905]" lastBlockId="27.[264,1324,284,710]" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
All species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3ADC80EC6AFFEBFE30F8FFFDC0F88E" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1815" box="[487,594,1799,1824]" class="Malacostraca" family="Hyperiidae" genus="Themisto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6AFFEBFE30F8FFFDC0F88E" box="[487,594,1799,1824]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Themisto</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are mainly free­swimming, and can occur in large numbers, particularly in colder waters where, like krill, they play a significant role as food for plankton­feeding predators. Although considered mainly free­living, species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3ADC80EC6AFFEBFB46F8AFFB6EF8DE" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1815" box="[1169,1276,1879,1904]" class="Malacostraca" family="Hyperiidae" genus="Themisto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6AFFEBFB46F8AFFB6EF8DE" box="[1169,1276,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Themisto</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are known to be associated with medusae and salps (
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFC8FFEE4FB16FE98" author="Harbison, G. R. &amp; Biggs, D. C. &amp; Madin, L. P." box="[856,1156,284,310]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="465 - 488" refId="ref26746" refString="Harbison, G. R., Biggs, D. C. &amp; Madin, L. P. (1977) The associations of Amphipoda Hyperiidea with gelatinous zooplankton - II. Associations with Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Radiolaria. Deep-Sea Research, 24, 465 - 488." type="journal article" year="1977">Madin &amp; Harbison 1977</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFB45FEE4FA8FFE98" author="Laval, P." box="[1170,1309,284,310]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="11 - 56" refId="ref27842" refString="Laval, P. (1980) Hyperiid amphipods as crustacean parasitoids associated with gelatinous plankton. Oceanography and Marine Biology, Annual Review, 18, 11 - 56." type="journal article" year="1980">Laval 1980</bibRefCitation>
), and specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3ADC80EC6BFFEAFE08FEBCFDF1FEF3" authorityName="Stebbing, 1888:" authorityYear="1431" box="[479,611,324,349]" class="Malacostraca" family="Phrosinidae" genus="Phrosina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6BFFEAFE08FEBCFDF1FEF3" box="[479,611,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">T. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been collected from 
<taxonomicName id="4C3ADC80EC6BFFEAFC76FEBCFBF0FEF3" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1804" box="[929,1122,324,349]" class="Thaliacea" family="Salpidae" genus="Salpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salpida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusiformis">
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6BFFEAFC76FEBCFBF0FEF3" box="[929,1122,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Salpa fusiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Tasmanian waters. Additional biological and ecological information is given by the following; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFB25FE94FECBFE00" author="Bary, B. M." pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="317 - 334" refId="ref24077" refString="Bary, B. M. (1959) Ecology and distribution of some pelagic Hyperiidea (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from New Zealand waters. Pacific Science, 13, 317 - 334." type="journal article" year="1959">Bary (1959)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFEBDFE6CFD97FE00" author="Kane, J. E." box="[362,517,404,430]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="35 - 45" refId="ref27107" refString="Kane, J. E. (1963) Stages in the early development of Parathemisto gaudichaudii (Guer.) (Crustacea Amphipoda: Hyperiidea), the development of secondary sexual characters and of the ovary. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 3 (5), 35 - 45." type="journal article" year="1963">Kane (1963)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFDC1FE6CFD4DFE00" author="Siegfried, W. R." box="[534,735,404,430]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="339 - 352" refId="ref29898" refString="Siegfried, W. R. (1965) Observations on the amphipod Parathemisto gaudichaudi (Guerin) off the west coast of South Africa. Zoologica Africana, 1 (1), 339 - 352." type="journal article" year="1965">Siegfried (1965)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFD27FE6CFC1AFE00" author="Gray, J. S." box="[752,904,404,430]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="100" refId="ref26377" refString="Gray, J. S. (1967) Swarming of hyperiid amphipods. Nature, 215, 100." type="journal article" year="1967">Gray (1967)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFC4DFE6CFBADFE00" author="Evans, F." box="[922,1087,404,430]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="105 - 106" refId="ref25877" refString="Evans, F. (1968) The subgenera Parathemisto and Euthemisto of the genus Parathemisto (Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Crustaceana, 14 (1), 105 - 106." type="journal article" year="1968">Evans (1968)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFB87FE6CFABAFE00" author="Semenova, T. N." box="[1104,1320,404,430]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="272 - 276" refId="ref29177" refString="Semenova, T. N. (1974) Diurnal vertical migration of Parathemisto japonica Bov. (Hyperiidea) in the Sea of Japan. Oceanology, 14, 272 - 276." type="journal article" year="1974">Semenova (1974)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFEDFFE44FE29FE78" author="Sheader, M." box="[264,443,444,470]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="887 - 891" refId="ref29300" refString="Sheader, M. (1975) Factors influencing change in the phenotype of the planktonic amphipod Parathemisto gaudichaudi (Guerin). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 55, 887 - 891." type="journal article" year="1975">Sheader (1975</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFE19FE44FD99FE78" author="Sheader, M." box="[462,523,444,470]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="943 - 954" refId="ref29340" refString="Sheader, M. (1977) Breeding and marsupial development in laboratory - maintained Parathemisto gaudichaudi (Amphipoda). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 57, 943 - 954." type="journal article" year="1977">1977</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFDC8FE44FDCEFE78" author="Sheader, M." box="[543,604,444,470]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="769 - 787" refId="ref29378" refString="Sheader, M. (1981) Development and growth in laboratory - maintained and field populations of Parathemisto gaudichaudi (Hyperiidea: Amphipoda). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 61, 769 - 787." type="journal article" year="1981">1981</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFDB8FE44FD3FFE78" author="Sheader, M." box="[623,685,444,470]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="478 - 490" refId="ref29456" refString="Sheader, M. (1990) Morphological adaptations permitting resource partitioning in the predatory hyperiid Themisto (Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). In: Barnes, M. &amp; Gibson, R. N. (Eds) Trophic Relationships in the Marine Environment. Aberdeen University Press, pp. 478 - 490." type="book chapter" year="1990">1990</bibRefCitation>
), Sheader and Evans (1975), 
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFBFFFE44FECBFE50" author="Williams, R. &amp; Robins, D." pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="289 - 298" refId="ref31381" refString="Williams, R. &amp; Robins, D. (1981) Seasonal variability in abundance and vertical distribution of Parathemisto gaudichaudi (Amphipoda: Hyperiidea) in the North East Atlantic Ocean. Marine Ecology, Progress Series, 4, 289 - 298." type="journal article" year="1981">Williams and Robins (1981)</bibRefCitation>
, Bowman 
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6BFFEAFE0DFE1CFD9DFE53" box="[474,527,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
. (1982), 
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFDA9FE1CFCB6FE50" author="Hiroki, M." box="[638,804,484,510]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="48 - 52" refId="ref26797" refString="Hiroki, M. (1988) Relation between diel vertical migration and locomotor activity of a marine hyperiidean amphipod, Themisto japonica (Bovallius). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 8 (1), 48 - 52." type="journal article" year="1988">Hiroki (1988)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFCE5FE1CFC46FE50" author="Corey, S." box="[818,980,484,510]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="291 - 308" refId="ref25450" refString="Corey, S. (1990) Distributional patterns of Amphipoda in the Bay of Fundy region, Canada. Crustaceana, 58 (3), 291 - 308." type="journal article" year="1990">Corey (1990)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFC36FE1CFB48FE50" author="Semura, H. &amp; Minoda, T. &amp; Kawamura, A." box="[993,1242,484,510]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="33 - 41" refId="ref29211" refString="Semura, H., Minoda, T. &amp; Kawamura, A. (1991) Quantitative study on diagnostic characters of two pelagic amphipods Themisto japonica and T. pacifica along their growth. Bulletin of Plankton Society of Japan, 38 (1), 33 - 41. [In Japanese]." type="journal article" year="1991">
Semura 
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6BFFEAFB93FE1CFBEBFE53" box="[1092,1145,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
. (1991)
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFB3FFE1CFECBFD88" author="Percy, J. A." pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="131 - 139" refId="ref28575" refString="Percy, J. A. (1993) Reproduction and growth of the Arctic hyperiid amphipod Themisto libellula Mandt. Polar Biology, 13, 131 - 139." type="journal article" year="1993">Percy (1993)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFEB0FDF4FD3CFD88" author="Colombo, G. L. A. &amp; Vinas, M. D." box="[359,686,524,550]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="5 - 10" refId="ref25353" refString="Colombo, G. L. A. &amp; Vinas, M. D. (1994) Relaciones peso seco-talla y volumen-talla en Themisto gaudichaudii, principal antipodo hiperido del mar epicontinental Argentino. Revista des Investigacion Desarrollo Pesquero, 9, 5 - 10." type="journal article" year="1994">Colombo and Vinas (1994)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFD6BFDF4FC59FD88" author="Koszteyn, J. &amp; Timofeev, S. &amp; Weslawski J. M. &amp; Malinga, B." box="[700,971,524,550]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="85 - 92" refId="ref27164" refString="Koszteyn, J., Timofeev, S., Weslawski J. M. &amp; Malinga, B. (1995) Size structure of Themisto abyssorum Boeck and Themisto libellula (Mandt) populations in European Arctic Seas. Polar Biology, 15, 85 - 92." type="journal article" year="1995">
Koszteyn 
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6BFFEAFCE3FDF4FCFBFD8B" box="[820,873,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
. (1995)
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFC0EFDF4FAB8FD88" author="Condon, R. H. &amp; Norman, M. D." box="[985,1322,524,550]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="261 - 267" refId="ref25400" refString="Condon, R. H. &amp; Norman, M. D. (1999) Commensal associations between the hyperiid amphipod, Themisto australis, and the scyphozoan jellyfish, Cyanea capillata. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 32 (4), 261 - 267." type="journal article" year="1999">Condon and Norman (1999)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFEEDFDCCFDB9FDE0" author="Vinogradov, G. M." box="[314,555,564,590]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="465 - 467" refId="ref30894" refString="Vinogradov, G. M. (1999 b) Deep-sea near-bottom swarms of pelagic amphipods Themisto: observations from submersibles. Sarsia, 84, 465 - 467." type="journal article" year="1999">Vinogradov (1999b)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B85A703EC6BFFEAFEEFFDA4FB67FD30" blockId="27.[264,1324,284,710]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="4C3ADC80EC6BFFEAFEEFFDA4FE31FDDB" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1815" box="[312,419,604,629]" class="Malacostraca" family="Hyperiidae" genus="Themisto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6BFFEAFEEFFDA4FE31FDDB" box="[312,419,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Themisto</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a bi­polar distribution with species restricted to the colder waters of the Arctic and Antarctic regions and occasionally venturing into cool­temperature waters.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C320F488EC6BFFEAFEEFFD54FD26FD68" box="[312,692,684,710]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B85A703EC6BFFEAFEEFFD54FD26FD68" blockId="27.[264,1324,284,710]" box="[312,692,684,710]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6BFFEAFEEFFD54FE01FD68" bold="true" box="[312,403,684,710]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Species</emphasis>
: as in the following key.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C320F488EC6BFFEAFEDFFCDCFD69FC90" box="[264,763,804,830]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8B85A703EC6BFFEAFEDFFCDCFD69FC90" blockId="27.[264,763,804,830]" box="[264,763,804,830]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<heading id="D0CD106FEC6BFFEAFEDFFCDCFD69FC90" bold="true" box="[264,763,804,830]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6BFFEAFEDFFCDCFD69FC90" bold="true" box="[264,763,804,830]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
Key to the species of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C3ADC80EC6BFFEAFD5CFCDCFD69FC90" ID-CoL="7Q49K" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1815" box="[651,763,804,830]" class="Malacostraca" family="Hyperiidae" genus="Themisto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6BFFEAFD5CFCDCFD69FC90" bold="true" box="[651,763,804,830]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Themisto</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C320F488EC6BFFEAFEDFFC97FAB8F957" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="key">
<keyStep id="30CEBFA6EC6BFFEAFEDFFC97FABEFC1F" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<paragraph id="8B85A703EC6BFFEAFEDFFC97FABEFC27" blockId="27.[264,1324,879,1785]" box="[264,1324,879,905]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<keyLead id="30CB0436EC6BFFEAFEDFFC97FABEFC27" box="[264,1324,879,905]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">1. Pereopod 5 not longer than P6 or P7 ........................................................................... 2</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B85A703EC6BFFEAFEDFFC6FFABEFC1F" blockId="27.[264,1324,879,1785]" box="[264,1324,919,945]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<keyLead id="30CB0436EC6BFFEAFEDFFC6FFABEFC1F" box="[264,1324,919,945]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">­ Pereopod 5 much longer than P6 or P7 ........................................................................ 5</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30CEBFA6EC6BFFEAFEDFFC47FAB9FB87" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<paragraph id="8B85A703EC6BFFEAFEDFFC47FAB5FBAF" blockId="27.[264,1324,879,1785]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<keyLead id="30CB0436EC6BFFEAFEDFFC47FAB5FBAF" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
2. Maxilliped without row of setae on distal margin of basal plate (arctic and subarctic of Atlantic) ............................................................................. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3ADC80EC6BFFEAFC0BFC1FFAB5FBAF" ID-CoL="7BVMT" authority="(Boeck, 1871)" baseAuthorityName="Boeck" baseAuthorityYear="1871" box="[988,1319,999,1025]" class="Malacostraca" family="Hyperiidae" genus="Themisto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abyssorum">
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6BFFEAFC0BFC1FFBE5FBAE" box="[988,1143,999,1024]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">T. abyssorum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFB50FC1FFA8CFBAF" author="Boeck, A." box="[1159,1310,999,1025]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="81 - 280" refId="ref24153" refString="Boeck, A. (1871) Crustacea Amphipoda Borealia et Arctica. Forhandlinger i Vedenskabs-Selskabet i Christiana Aar, 1870, 81 - 280 (1 - 200)." type="journal article" year="1871">Boeck, 1871</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B85A703EC6BFFEAFEDFFBF7FAB9FB87" blockId="27.[264,1324,879,1785]" box="[264,1323,1039,1065]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<keyLead id="30CB0436EC6BFFEAFEDFFBF7FAB9FB87" box="[264,1323,1039,1065]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">­ Maxilliped with row of setae on distal margin of basal plate ..................................... 3</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30CEBFA6EC6BFFEAFEDFFBCFFAB9FB67" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<paragraph id="8B85A703EC6BFFEAFEDFFBCFFAB8FBD7" blockId="27.[264,1324,879,1785]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<keyLead id="30CB0436EC6BFFEAFEDFFBCFFAB8FBD7" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
3. Pereopods 5 &amp; 6; dactylus smooth. Antenna 1 of female hooked, stout (colder waters of 
<collectingCountry id="F32DE793EC6BFFEAFE8FFBA7FE51FBD7" box="[344,451,1119,1145]" name="Australia" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Australia</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F32DE793EC6BFFEAFE2BFBA7FD09FBD7" box="[508,667,1119,1145]" name="New Zealand" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
) 
<taxonomicName id="4C3ADC80EC6BFFEAFC0CFBA7FAB8FBD7" ID-CoL="4GV8X" authority="(Stebbing, 1888)" baseAuthorityName="Stebbing" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[987,1322,1119,1145]" class="Malacostraca" family="Phrosinidae" genus="Phrosina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6BFFEAFC0CFBA7FBCCFBD6" box="[987,1118,1119,1144]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">T. australis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFBB9FBA7FAB0FBD7" author="Stebbing, T. R. R." box="[1134,1314,1119,1145]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 1737" refId="ref30066" refString="Stebbing, T. R. R. (1888) Report on the Amphipoda collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 76 Zoology, 29, i - xxiv + 1 - 1737, pls 1 - 210." type="journal article" year="1888">Stebbing, 1888</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B85A703EC6BFFEAFEDFFB7FFAB9FB67" blockId="27.[264,1324,879,1785]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<keyLead id="30CB0436EC6BFFEAFEDFFB7FFAB9FB67" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">­ Pereopods 5 &amp; 6; dactylus with setae at base. Antennae 1 of female straight, tapering (North Pacific) ............................................................................................................. 4</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30CEBFA6EC6BFFEAFEDFFB2FFAB8FA17" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<paragraph id="8B85A703EC6BFFEAFEDFFB2FFAB8FAEF" blockId="27.[264,1324,879,1785]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<keyLead id="30CB0436EC6BFFEAFEDFFB2FFAB8FAEF" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
4. Antennae 2 of females longer than A1. Adult females reach 
<quantity id="4CC20AE6EC6BFFEAFC29FB2FFBFFFB5F" box="[1022,1133,1239,1265]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="13.0" valueMax="17.0" valueMin="9.0">9–17 mm</quantity>
in length. Pereopod 3 with 6–8 (usually 7) robust setae on posterior margin of carpus ...................... 
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6BFFEAFEECFADFFC5DFAEE" box="[315,975,1319,1344]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">..........................................................................................</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3ADC80EC6BFFEAFC04FADFFAB8FAEF" ID-CoL="56BG2" authority="(Bovallius, 1887)" baseAuthorityName="Bovallius" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[979,1322,1319,1345]" class="Malacostraca" family="Hyperiidae" genus="Themisto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6BFFEAFC04FADFFBC4FAEE" box="[979,1110,1319,1344]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">T. japonica</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFBB1FADFFAB0FAEF" author="Bovallius, C." box="[1126,1314,1319,1345]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 50" refId="ref24219" refString="Bovallius, C. (1887) Systematical list of the Amphipoda Hyperiidea. Bihang till Kungliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 11 (16), 1 - 50." type="journal article" year="1887">Bovallius, 1887</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B85A703EC6BFFEAFEDFFAB7FAB8FA17" blockId="27.[264,1324,879,1785]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<keyLead id="30CB0436EC6BFFEAFEDFFAB7FAB8FA17" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
­ Antennae 2 of females equal in length to A1. Adult females reach 
<quantity id="4CC20AE6EC6BFFEAFB98FAB7FB23FAC7" box="[1103,1201,1359,1385]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="7.0" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="5.0">5–9 mm</quantity>
in length. Pereopod 3 with 3–5 (usually 4) robust setae on posterior margin of carpus ................ 
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6BFFEAFEECFA67FC44FA16" box="[315,982,1439,1464]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">...........................................................................................</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3ADC80EC6BFFEAFC0AFA67FAB8FA17" ID-CoL="4GV8Y" authority="(Stebbing, 1888)" baseAuthorityName="Stebbing" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[989,1322,1439,1465]" class="Malacostraca" family="Phrosinidae" genus="Phrosina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pacifica">
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6BFFEAFC0AFA67FBCDFA16" box="[989,1119,1439,1464]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">T. pacifica</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFBB9FA67FAB0FA17" author="Stebbing, T. R. R." box="[1134,1314,1439,1465]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 1737" refId="ref30066" refString="Stebbing, T. R. R. (1888) Report on the Amphipoda collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 76 Zoology, 29, i - xxiv + 1 - 1737, pls 1 - 210." type="journal article" year="1888">Stebbing, 1888</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30CEBFA6EC6BFFEAFEDFFA3FFAB8F9F7" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<paragraph id="8B85A703EC6BFFEAFEDFFA3FFAB8F99F" blockId="27.[264,1324,879,1785]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<keyLead id="30CB0436EC6BFFEAFEDFFA3FFAB8F99F" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
5. Pereopod 7 usually longer than P6, but shorter than P5. Gnathopod 2; merus with relatively straight distal margin,anterodistal corner produced into small tooth(North Atlantic) 
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6BFFEAFEECF9EFFB90F99E" box="[315,1026,1559,1584]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">.................................................................................................</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3ADC80EC6BFFEAFBD1F9EFFAB8F99F" ID-CoL="56BFW" authority="Goes, 1865" authorityName="Goes" authorityYear="1865" box="[1030,1322,1559,1585]" class="Malacostraca" family="Hyperiidae" genus="Themisto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compressa">
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6BFFEAFBD1F9EFFB0CF99E" box="[1030,1182,1559,1584]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">T. compressa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFB72F9EFFAB8F99F" author="Goes, A. T." box="[1189,1322,1559,1585]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="517 - 536" refId="ref26329" refString="Goes, A. T. (1865) Crustacea amphipoda maris Spetsbergiam alluentis cum speciebus aliis arcticis enumerat. Ofversigt af Kongelige Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar 1865, 8, 517 - 536, pls 36 - 41. (Reprint, pp. 1 - 20)." type="journal article" year="1865">Goës, 1865</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B85A703EC6BFFEAFEDFF9C7FAB8F9F7" blockId="27.[264,1324,879,1785]" box="[264,1322,1599,1625]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<keyLead id="30CB0436EC6BFFEAFEDFF9C7FAB8F9F7" box="[264,1322,1599,1625]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">­ Pereopod 6 &amp; 7 subequal in length. Gnathopod 2; merus with rounded distal margin 6</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30CEBFA6EC6BFFEAFEDFF99FFAB8F957" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<paragraph id="8B85A703EC6BFFEAFEDFF99FFAB8F907" blockId="27.[264,1324,879,1785]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<keyLead id="30CB0436EC6BFFEAFEDFF99FFAB8F907" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
6. Pereopods 3–7; dactylus with setae on basal part (arctic and subarctic) ........................ 
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6BFFEAFEECF977FC51F906" box="[315,963,1679,1704]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
....................................................................... 
<taxonomicName id="4C3ADC80EC6BFFEAFC91F977FC51F906" ID-CoL="56BG3" baseAuthorityName="Lichtenstein" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[838,963,1679,1704]" class="Malacostraca" family="Hyperiidae" genus="Themisto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="libellula">T. libellula</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(Lichtenstein in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFB5CF977FAB0F907" author="Mandt, M. A." box="[1163,1314,1679,1705]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref28127" refString="Mandt, M. A. (1822) Observationes in historium naturalem et anatomiam comparatum in itinere Groenlandico factae, Dissertatio inauguralis. Berlin, 40 pp." type="book" year="1822">Mandt, 1822</bibRefCitation>
)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B85A703EC6BFFEAFEDFF94FFAB8F957" blockId="27.[264,1324,879,1785]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<keyLead id="30CB0436EC6BFFEAFEDFF94FFAB8F957" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
­ Pereopods 3–7; dactylus smooth (colder waters of southern oceans) ............................. 
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6BFFEAFEECF927FC55F956" box="[315,967,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">.........................................................................................</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3ADC80EC6BFFEAFC05F927FAB8F957" ID-CoL="3NP7D" authority="Guerin, 1825" authorityName="Guerin" authorityYear="1825" box="[978,1322,1759,1785]" class="Malacostraca" family="Hyperiidae" genus="Hyperia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gaudichaudii">
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6BFFEAFC05F927FB1BF956" box="[978,1161,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">T. gaudichaudii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFB47F927FAB8F957" author="Guerin, F. E." box="[1168,1322,1759,1785]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref26438" refString="Guerin, F. E. (1825) Encyclopedie Methodique Histoire Naturelle. Entomologie, ou histoire naturelle des Crustaces, des Arachnides et des Insectes par M. Latreille. Tome 10. Paris." type="book" year="1825">Guérin, 1825</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>