267 lines
41 KiB
XML
267 lines
41 KiB
XML
<document id="BA27431235EBD44FF7478C8AD3556E0E" ID-CLB-Dataset="35024" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.608.9427" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f37895dc-7316-48e6-ac3e-901aa5f79eeb" ID-PMC="PMC4982377" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-608-1" ID-PubMed="27559303" ID-ZooBank="F865473C03374FD2915A0E3DD2299E66" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-608-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 608" ModsDocTitle="Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dorylinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" checkinTime="1470408253360" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Borowiec, Marek L." docDate="2016" docId="C8FA13935B35D652E2D55B6668C0ED30" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 608: 1-280" docOrigin="ZooKeys 608" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.608.9427" docTitle="Cheliomyrmex Mayr 1870" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="90" masterDocId="D563FF93FFEAD163FF9A3E6FFFDDF937" masterDocTitle="Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dorylinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" masterLastPageNumber="280" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="86" updateTime="1701385037927" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="DAA9EFC731BC456A4D113F752E81BFA5">Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dorylinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="1D98AB2BF6498594D96551855D63375E" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="F7A8BBD6175EE9C587EB0A88B41095AA">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="9880ACB5A51E5E51B96A5FAB23BEE298">Borowiec, Marek L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="070FD50C5D9437F5283295172FD4C9BF">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="56C6D41D369C11C5949195260CAD0DB8">
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<mods:date id="3C8E964D91A1CD27031EE2E141FFAED1">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="6C3D381C30B4666F17D3A1F6FD8AEEC4">608</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="963E7F759D2C9E82EDB35E504BC57B17">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="82108E42AAEBA598448ACC5A40E711DF">280</mods:end>
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<mods:url id="C4E4CB7B0604F147A4D64F66C5F75FB8">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.608.9427</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="214D705456279D6B305683197446CE33">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="C32631BFE3B74F827EBFFDB170171AEF" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.608.9427</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="B54FBC7D0D0E061BE03342AC85888791" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-608-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="C8FA13935B35D652E2D55B6668C0ED30" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127875729" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C8FA13935B35D652E2D55B6668C0ED30" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C8FA13935B35D652E2D55B6668C0ED30" lastPageId="89" lastPageNumber="90" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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<subSubSection id="CDA559BFF1CC3A4BED4D1E280A36F52A" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="7E5F4CA3979B16995569995FD4AFA60B" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Taxon classification Animalia Hymenoptera Formicidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="AF716B02998BC4F24EC73887F4432A40" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="A19A23CB0339304C39E28650F0F5CFBC" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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<taxonomicName id="42882E80AE0A875544D86D1FC25AD564" ID-CoL="3MN8" authority="Mayr, 1870" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1870" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cheliomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cheliomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cheliomyrmex Mayr, 1870</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9A6E3F97CA77B4169EAA4AFC37257A42" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="type-species">
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<paragraph id="E2C7AE428FEFE658AEA956826DE6B534" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Type-species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="01E9804AD7C45D10EA6C1A43E8171FDC" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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<taxonomicName id="2C44DB905A8D1ABD5A1426D3AFA0C8CE" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cheliomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cheliomyrmex nortoni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nortoni">Cheliomyrmex nortoni</taxonomicName>
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(junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="36430FFEEAD5B1E8742F8B44528D12A1" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus morosus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morosus">Labidus morosus</taxonomicName>
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), by monotypy.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B8E1B76A3FFB60BD7849BE482D82BC4D" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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<taxonomicName id="181620657C7B616659437BDAAC9A4C32" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cheliomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cheliomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cheliomyrmex</taxonomicName>
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is a rarely encountered genus of New World army ants that is a mostly subterranean predator with likely a specialized diet.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F84587977C936147423290CCE1C55C9F" lastPageId="86" lastPageNumber="87" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="CA3B1C0A6609044F663F3ADEBF18C2CE" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0D0224DFC0634C1DA414D8B6103545" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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Worker. Workers of
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<taxonomicName id="DDF42E4DBBDB83FD704D8ABD3EC7FDD6" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cheliomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cheliomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cheliomyrmex</taxonomicName>
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can be recognized by a combination of propodeal spiracle positioned high on the propodeum, propodeal declivity simple and not armed with cuticular
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<taxonomicName id="6E79F10DEC0D8324EF2043080A37D11A" class="Insecta" lsidName="ridges" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ridges">ridges</taxonomicName>
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or denticles, abdominal segment III small but broad posteriorly and thus waist appearing one-segmented, pygidium small and armed with at most a pair of modified setae, and pretarsal claws armed with a tooth.
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<taxonomicName id="2CD8BD94DD67CB091D3A0A882DD33416" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cheliomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cheliomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cheliomyrmex</taxonomicName>
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is perhaps most similar to
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<taxonomicName id="C3472070891F748006F880ADABABD505" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Labidus</taxonomicName>
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and certain
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<taxonomicName id="4144875FC717430198ECF7C1CDF70430" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neivamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neivamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neivamyrmex</taxonomicName>
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but it is unique among New World army ants in having abdominal segment III broadly attached to segment IV (i.e. it has a uninodal waist) and thus easily told apart from all other army ant genera in this region.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="40B8D0456324F0BB87463014E297B044" lastPageId="86" lastPageNumber="87" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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Male. The males of
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<taxonomicName id="D7A090761A9BD1D76A319140C903C949" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cheliomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cheliomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cheliomyrmex</taxonomicName>
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share the following wing venation characters with other New World army ants (
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<taxonomicName id="963463EBFFE3B52251D6A583573B6A0A" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eciton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eciton" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eciton</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="771E6A907DC76BD0C3A70E3AEFFA8011" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Labidus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4717C3EEF641E1068484A074F982FFD5" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neivamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neivamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neivamyrmex</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="9DBE2B55EE409B5397843E0984E9A602" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nomamyrmex</taxonomicName>
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): costal (C) vein present in the fore wing, relatively narrow pterostigma, presence of vein
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<pageBreakToken id="EC354C4B2472A63DBED3864DBB14C14A" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" start="start">2</pageBreakToken>
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rs-m and two closed submarginal cells, marginal cell closed by R·f3 and Rs·f4-5, 2rs-m present, and M·f1 vein arising from M+Cu at an angle lower than 45° and conspicuously proximal to cu-a. This characteristic venation pattern serves to distinguish New World army ants from the Old World army ants (
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<taxonomicName id="132A8F90153049DBBCD1AA2227E5307D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictogiton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aenictogiton" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aenictogiton</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="314167FCC83DB77DD262AC5AE3AE0334" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aenictus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aenictus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="F906E23296D3D9BF2791F52FC3963E6E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
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) that have no vein R·f3 and where M·f1 arises near cu-a and at an angle close to or higher than 45°.
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<taxonomicName id="261C72F129D94B597E3D3015594D31B3" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aenictus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aenictus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="30E5EB8EA1BA5D7008B1FD7C1C404D23" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
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additionally have no vein Rs·f2-3 and so only one submarginal cell that is closed distally by 2rs-m. In other dorylines with well-developed wing venation (e.g.
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<taxonomicName id="66A3B3EECEA8BEA2A40AB907A81BD8C3" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Chrysapace" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysapace" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chrysapace</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="BA9BE570B1DF131BEB9B40B8644CBCD4" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cylindromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cylindromyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cylindromyrmex</taxonomicName>
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) the vein M·f1 arises distal to cu-a and pterostigma is very broad and conspicuous. Within the New World army ants, wing venation is relatively conserved and thus of little use in discrimination of genera. Genitalic characters have been found to be the most reliable (
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<bibRefCitation id="D036C6E2C7E4FDA8A5483D251484DB22" author="Watkins, JF" journalOrPublisher="Baylor University Press, Waco, Texas" pageId="216" pageNumber="217" title="The identification and distribution of New World army ants (Dorylinae: Formicidae)." year="1976">Watkins 1976</bibRefCitation>
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), although impossible to ascertain without dissection. A combination of absence of very long setae approaching femur length on the abdomen, apices of penisvalvae with setae, and the sternite of abdominal segment IX (subgenital plate) with four teeth, and a simple hind basitarsus will distinguish
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<taxonomicName id="0145F0D51EC3327D7AB516A46734866D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cheliomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cheliomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cheliomyrmex</taxonomicName>
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males from all other army ant genera in the New World. The long setae on gaster are characteristic of
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<taxonomicName id="36A7C253FF69C5F887C8F1AA90F2260D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nomamyrmex</taxonomicName>
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. The penisvalvae with setae are also present in
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<taxonomicName id="1129D9B8AA1BC32961DB4A7B4DE4D83F" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Labidus</taxonomicName>
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but the latter can be told apart by having only two teeth on the abdominal sternite IX and a complex hind basal tarsal segment, which has a conspicuous oblique
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<taxonomicName id="CE70585BC49E61E8A95390AB3597380D" class="Insecta" lsidName="groove" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groove">groove</taxonomicName>
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that accommodates the hind tibial spur.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="133F5322FD8A3FDD664107A591849662" lastPageId="88" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" type="description">
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<paragraph id="D4F22B125B6567D402C2CDF50FA3DFD7" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9F18D3F6180BC713CE46C45A5F11E0D6" lastPageId="87" lastPageNumber="88" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
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Worker.Head: Antennae with 12 segments. Apical antennal segment not enlarged, not broader and longer than two preceding segments combined. Clypeus without cuticular apron. Lateroclypeal teeth absent.
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<taxonomicName id="7CC368993A209749E9D0301A30462A57" class="Insecta" genus="Parafrontal" lsidName="Parafrontal ridges" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ridges">Parafrontal ridges</taxonomicName>
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reduced. Torulo-posttorular complex vertical. Antennal scrobes absent. Labrum with median notch or concavity. Proximal face of stipes not projecting beyond inner margin of sclerite, prementum exposed when mouthparts fully closed. Maxillary palps 2-segmented. Labial palps 3-segmented. Mandibles polymorphic, from triangular with teeth through triangular with median tooth to falcate, with teeth on elongated masticatory margin. Eyes present, composed of 1-5 ommatidia. Ocelli absent. Head capsule with differentiated vertical posterior surface above occipital foramen. Ventrolateral margins of head without lamella or ridge extending towards mandibles and beyond carina surrounding occipital foramen. Posterior head corners dorsolaterally immarginate. Carina surrounding occipital foramen ventrally absent. Mesosoma: Pronotal flange not separated from collar by distinct ridge. Promesonotal connection with Pronotomesopleural suture completely fused.
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<taxonomicName id="1481481F6B0135C8AC3C338873619FD2" class="Insecta" genus="Pronotomesopleural" lsidName="Pronotomesopleural suture" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="suture">Pronotomesopleural suture</taxonomicName>
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visible, unfused partway to notal surface.
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<taxonomicName id="99FF9775C96E8625828CAD5FE3B6AD61" class="Insecta" genus="Mesometapleural" lsidName="Mesometapleural groove" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groove">Mesometapleural groove</taxonomicName>
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weakly impressed. Transverse
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<taxonomicName id="AEFB54695017663C8E8DE14A82968BEF" class="Insecta" lsidName="groove" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groove">groove</taxonomicName>
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dividing mesopleuron present. Pleural endophragmal pit concavity present. Mesosoma dorsolaterally immarginate. Metanotal depression or
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<taxonomicName id="FA75943DDD240546582CA74178897A3E" class="Insecta" lsidName="groove" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groove">groove</taxonomicName>
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on mesosoma present. Propodeal spiracle situated high on sclerite. Propodeal declivity without distinct dorsal edge or margin and rectangular in posterior view. Metapleural gland with bulla visible through cuticle. Propodeal lobes absent. Metasoma: Petiole anterodorsally immarginate, dorsolaterally immarginate, and laterally above spiracle marginate. Helcium in relation to tergosternal Pronotomesopleural suture placed at Pronotomesopleural suture and infraaxial. Prora narrowed into anteriorly directed spine. Spiracle openings of abdominal segments
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<normalizedToken id="A785F50194653F9CB587CEB6C465E0E5" originalValue="IV–VI">IV-VI</normalizedToken>
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oval. Abdominal segment III anterodorsally
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<pageBreakToken id="E9AAF7232013688BB03CC0B1C6AD25E2" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" start="start">immarginate</pageBreakToken>
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and dorsolaterally immarginate. Abdominal segment III more than half size of succeeding segment IV, which is weakly constricted at presegmental portion (uninodal waist). Girdling constriction of segment IV present, i.e. pre- and postsclerites distinct. Cinctus of abdominal segment IV gutter-like, not sculptured. Abdominal segment IV not conspicuously largest segment. Abdominal tergite IV not folding over sternite, and anterior portions of sternite and tergite equally well visible in lateral view. Girdling constriction between pre- and posttergites of abdominal segments V and VI absent. Girdling constriction between pre- and poststernites of abdominal segments V and VI absent. Pygidium small, reduced to narrow strip, without impressed medial field, and simple, not armed with cuticular spines or modified setae. Hypopygium unarmed. Legs: Mid tibia with single pectinate spur. Hind tibia with single pectinate spur. Hind basitarsus not widening distally, circular in cross-section. Posterior flange of hind coxa not produced as raised lamella. Metatibial gland present as oval patch of whitish cuticle. Metabasitarsal gland absent. Hind pretarsal claws each armed with a tooth. Polymorphism: Polymorphic.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C49EA2F167AF50BFCFCC00B9AF0F58BA" lastPageId="88" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
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Male.Head: Antennae with 13 segments. Clypeus without cuticular apron.
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<taxonomicName id="0CE2DB1E600AC1B2C4A7F3C98A24CF73" class="Insecta" genus="Parafrontal" lsidName="Parafrontal ridges" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ridges">Parafrontal ridges</taxonomicName>
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absent. Torulo-posttorular complex vertical. Maxillary palps 2-segmented. Labial palps 3-segmented. Mandibles falcate. Ventrolateral margins of head without lamella or ridge extending towards mandibles and beyond carina surrounding occipital foramen. Carina surrounding occipital foramen ventrally absent. Mesosoma: Pronotal flange not separated from collar by distinct ridge.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C6E0DD8BF83AF233C846A5A3E7DF93A5" class="Insecta" genus="Notauli" lsidName="Notauli" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Notauli</taxonomicName>
|
||
absent. Transverse
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B6375ABCC0633B268CFED9F2E5B4A636" class="Insecta" lsidName="groove" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groove">groove</taxonomicName>
|
||
dividing mesopleuron absent. Propodeal declivity reduced, without distinct dorsal edge or margin. Metapleural gland opening absent. Propodeal lobes absent. Metasoma: Petiole anterodorsally immarginate, dorsolaterally immarginate, and laterally above spiracle immarginate. Helcium in relation to tergosternal Pronotomesopleural suture placed at Pronotomesopleural suture and axial. Prora simple, not delimited by carina. Spiracle openings of abdominal segments
|
||
<normalizedToken id="90BAD684E369646684B54E4503D777EC" originalValue="IV–VI">IV-VI</normalizedToken>
|
||
slit-shaped. Abdominal segment III more than half size of succeeding segment IV; latter weakly constricted at presegmental portion (uninodal waist). Girdling constriction of segment IV absent, i.e. pre- and postsclerites indistinct. Cinctus of abdominal segment IV absent, not impressed. Girdling constriction between pre- and postsclerites of abdominal segments V and VI absent. Abdominal segment IV not conspicuously largest segment. Abdominal sternite VII simple. Abdominal sternite IX distally armed with two outer spines and additional two inner denticles, with lateral apodemes longer than much reduced medial apodeme, directed anteriorly (towards head). Genitalia: Cupula very long, nearing or surpassing length of rest of genital capsule and shorter ventrally than dorsally. Basimere narrowly fused to telomere, with sulcus visible at least partway through junction, and ventrally with left and right arms abutting. Telomere expanded at apex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26C8D71F58D6892C7F2AF9922BACEAA8" class="Insecta" family="Mytilidae" genus="Volsella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Volsella" order="Mytilida" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Volsella</taxonomicName>
|
||
narrow, hook-shaped. Penisvalva not flattened at apex, expanded. Legs: Mid tibia with single pectinate spur. Hind tibia with single pectinate spur. Posterior flange of hind coxa not produced as raised lamella. Metatibial gland absent. Metabasitarsal glands absent. Hind pretarsal claws each armed with a tooth. Wings: Tegula present, broad, demiovate in shape. Vein C in fore wing present. Pterostigma narrow. Abscissa R·f3 present, running toward dis
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="374609FC1774294D9CA218E2950BAC65" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" start="start">tal</pageBreakToken>
|
||
wing margin and enclosing cell with Rs·f5. Abscissae Rs·f2-3 present, connecting with Rs+M&M·f2. Cross-vein 2r-rs present, differentiated from Rs·f4 by presence of Rs·f2-3. Abscissae Rs·f4-5 differentiated into Rs·f4 and Rs·f5 by 2rs-m. Abscissa M·f2 in fore wing present, separated from Rs+M by Rs·f2. Abscissa M·f4 in fore wing present, reaching wing margin. Cross-vein 1m-cu in fore wing present. Cross-vein cu-a in fore wing present, arising from Cu and distal to, at or near M·f1. Vein Cu in fore wing present, with both branches Cu1 and Cu2. Vein A in fore wing with abscissae A·f1 and A·f2 present. Vein C in hind wing present. Vein R in hind wing present, extending past Sc+R but not reaching distal wing margin. Vein Sc+R in hind wing present. Abscissa Rs·f1 in hind wing present, shorter than 1rs-m. Abscissa Rs·f2 in hind wing present, reaching wing margin. Cross-vein 1rs-m in hind wing present, about as long as M·f1. Vein M+Cu in hind wing present. Abscissa M·f1 in hind wing present. Abscissa M·f2 in hind wing present. Cross-vein cu-a in hind wing present. Vein Cu in hind wing present. Vein A in hind wing with abscissae A·f1 and A·f2 present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F97971B9BA3AE9B83E46C46475A0ED9E" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Gyne. Not described.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C50F09017E4CF187271A308E00FE6F7B" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
|
||
Larva. Larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="35CE3487C82DD5C7156249E3E5843465" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cheliomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cheliomyrmex megalonyx" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megalonyx">Cheliomyrmex megalonyx</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been described (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3517DADB68751E7CF86DCB3E74F345F8" author="Wheeler, GC" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="217" pageNumber="218" pagination="319 - 332" title="The larvae of the army ants." url="10.1093/aesa/36.2.319" volume="36" year="1943">Wheeler 1943</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C38AC47134340D4E80AB1C58E5EC1DB8" author="Wheeler, GC" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society" pageId="217" pageNumber="218" pagination="263 - 275" title="The larvae of the army ants: a revision." volume="57" year="1984">Wheeler and Wheeler 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Presence of cocoons unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="17992588AA2CD6A0366877C9C4706985" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="818C755CC6F8795F94D3B481C83BAA17" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="112EB0EC7A74CCD8CD682D223B7E5E59" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2233F7DDF990DC6B34245E0717981059" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cheliomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cheliomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cheliomyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
is present in most of Central America, including southern Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and Panama, but so far it has not been collected in Nicaragua or Costa Rica. It is also known from northern and northwestern South America south to Peru and Bolivia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D57789A31246FE2735AF36F72B9680EF" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" type="taxonomy and phylogeny">
|
||
<paragraph id="8ECB3A4713007542FE8572D70FAA6F79" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Taxonomy and phylogeny.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="30B78C4AB922A81595BD52CED9E24363" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3BAB70D3B83435CA3EB0CD8CDDF2BCA" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cheliomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cheliomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cheliomyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
was introduced by Mayr in 1870 who described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="52CFFF11649A7E7A7EAE885753D83112" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cheliomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cheliomyrmex nortoni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nortoni">Cheliomyrmex nortoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
, now a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7576029803EEFAEDF19FEBB228C24AD7" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cheliomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cheliomyrmex morosus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morosus">Cheliomyrmex morosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FF776A81A84BFC3891463A9F651E1FCB" author="Smith, F" journalOrPublisher="British Museum, London" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" title="Catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VII. Dorylidae and Thynnidae." year="1859">Smith 1859</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and recognized its affinity to other dorylines. The genus-level taxonomy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BADA00E9C614048BAA2A9775336F58F0" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cheliomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cheliomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cheliomyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been relatively stable and there are four currently recognized species. Because of its morphology, notably the fact that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="133E8FCF2977DB6430C03FC38C7BA12C" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cheliomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cheliomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cheliomyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
are the only New World army ants that possess only a single waist segment, the genus has been often considered of particular importance to army ant systematics (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="83B843D4B1A159068E21ABE47C9E756E" author="Wheeler, WM" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences" pageId="218" pageNumber="219" pagination="291 - 328" title="Observations on army ants in British Guiana." url="10.2307/20025856" volume="56" year="1921">Wheeler 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A69466FFCF29F515B49CD9038B7E9A63" author="Gotwald, WH" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the New York Entomological Society" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="161 - 173" title="Phylogenetic affinities of the ant genus Cheliomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="79" year="1971">Gotwald 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="17AD19EA43D189CEC41E8FD49A80137F" author="Gotwald, WH" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="961 - 971" title="Taxonomic implications of doryline worker ant morphology: Cheliomyrmexmorosus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." url="10.1093/aesa/68.6.961" volume="68" year="1975">Gotwald and Kupiec 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2B3E531DD03AA57177B8EF6D3955761E" author="Gotwald, WH" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="462 - 467" title="Phylogenetic implications of army ant zoogeography (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." url="10.1093/aesa/72.4.462" volume="72" year="1979">Gotwald 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, the current understanding of doryline phylogeny shows
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E99BC0F379D6A80467B5213D15EE9E9F" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cheliomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cheliomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cheliomyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
nested within the New World army ants (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="84BBF92E3BCFC073D4EC332D07E3045C" author="Brady, SG" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" title="The rise of army ants and their relatives: diversification of specialized predatory doryline ants." url="10.1186/1471-2148-14-93" volume="14" year="2014">Brady et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), sister to the (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C817F9D0C60B3BA9EECD60614BBF3F28" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Labidus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="405CCEE19625BADB7A2A8A9CCD1FD77E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eciton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eciton" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eciton</taxonomicName>
|
||
plus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0C26B35E9DEB42C725A36D59FD10AB61" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nomamyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
)) clade.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="080DA3632762475E726E2A093DA1AACB" lastPageId="89" lastPageNumber="90" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="26D59FC32975C3385ECDE4C839A6FEA2" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EA1ADA49662E9A000FA528813571280F" lastPageId="89" lastPageNumber="90" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
|
||
Ants in this lineage have been rarely observed or collected. The raids and emigrations of these ants are mostly subterranean, only occasionally seen above ground. Raids have been observed mostly under stones or rotting wood (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="824AA8B26F5D63B0D517EC60E22CAC5C" author="Wheeler, WM" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences" pageId="218" pageNumber="219" pagination="291 - 328" title="Observations on army ants in British Guiana." url="10.2307/20025856" volume="56" year="1921">Wheeler 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="ECEF579A72CD0B8E07AC882C3138EA32" author="Gotwald, WH" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the New York Entomological Society" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="161 - 173" title="Phylogenetic affinities of the ant genus Cheliomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="79" year="1971">Gotwald 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A diverse fauna of associates was reported from an emigration column of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13214FF62F25AD6338A15CDE65F94A17" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cheliomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cheliomyrmex morosus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morosus">Cheliomyrmex morosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including phorid flies, staphylinid beetles, silverfish and mites (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E8363D50B25AEFEDF9632CE1CDF68570" author="Berghoff, SM" journalOrPublisher="Biotropica" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" pagination="771 - 773" title="First record of the army ant Cheliomyrmexmorosus in Panama and its high associate diversity." url="10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00302.x" volume="39" year="2007">Berghoff and Franks 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The 2007 study and the only other published observation of a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5F102398C30BA05B69E60867E20CECB0" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cheliomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cheliomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cheliomyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
emigration (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="465367C8463D7CCBE701FD6E7DB84F15" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cheliomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cheliomyrmex megalonyx" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megalonyx">Cheliomyrmex megalonyx</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28DC811B3B71F661EB251FB65E3ED13F" author="Wheeler, WM" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences" pageId="218" pageNumber="219" pagination="291 - 328" title="Observations on army ants in British Guiana." url="10.2307/20025856" volume="56" year="1921">Wheeler 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), described galleries of soil built by the ants to cover the areas where the ant columns had to proceed on the surface. Wheeler also reported a behavior where stationary major workers were guarding the emigration columns and compared it to that of African
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5DF687067E6EC99455A757DA8A015E0" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although this behavior is also known in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9A97AEFD371A7F0669DF60A077BEE23C" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Labidus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3014B60C76D3604DB86CCB7B93AA0F43" author="Rettenmeyer, CW" journalOrPublisher="University of Kansas Science Bulletin" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" pagination="281 - 465" title="Behavioral studies of army ants." volume="44" year="1963">Rettenmeyer 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As Wheeler observed only larvae being carried by the workers, it has been postulated that brood production is
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="8AE85AABF1AB13DB103478A52926FDF4" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" start="start">synchronized</pageBreakToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E74486C5183ED0036766B0875680A4BD" author="Rettenmeyer, CW" journalOrPublisher="University of Kansas Science Bulletin" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" pagination="281 - 465" title="Behavioral studies of army ants." volume="44" year="1963">Rettenmeyer 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE0767E55EF079BA11368325B9BEBF26" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cheliomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cheliomyrmex andicola" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andicola">Cheliomyrmex andicola</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been observed feeding on a dead snake and actively pursuing and killing a giant earthworm in Ecuador (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D639BE851A0F38E6328486CE2FCBF200" author="O'Donnell, S" journalOrPublisher="Biotropica" pageId="208" pageNumber="209" pagination="706 - 709" title="Extraordinary predation by the neotropical army ant Cheliomyrmexandicola: implications for the evolution of the army ant syndrome." url="10.1111/j.1744-7429.2005.00091.x" volume="37" year="2005">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D532D23FB8E7B117D0D8E842768FFB57" originalValue="O’Donnell">O'Donnell</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Given that no other prey has been observed for this genus, combined with the specialized mandibular morphology and potent sting,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F12E4E99364F44B1016CC3777D3E44B3" author="O'Donnell, S" journalOrPublisher="Biotropica" pageId="208" pageNumber="209" pagination="706 - 709" title="Extraordinary predation by the neotropical army ant Cheliomyrmexandicola: implications for the evolution of the army ant syndrome." url="10.1111/j.1744-7429.2005.00091.x" volume="37" year="2005">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D3004FA6AAA2D36C1C49C42D72BA9C26" originalValue="O’Donnell">O'Donnell</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. (2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
proposed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="95843BE2B8465FC4126C64D4B9EB329F" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cheliomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cheliomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cheliomyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
are specialized predators of large subterranean invertebrates or maybe even vertebrates.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="53D2F17A22556C98AD09B1008D4FCA05" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" type="species of cheliomyrmex">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B0C48F1DF835B5A2BB29DB090DE1699" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
|
||
Species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9286B226706D41EC0808ACD1F494CF29" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cheliomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cheliomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cheliomyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2666E9066E38A22D7FC7B31205A575BB" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA1A0119D5493AC4D0584DB6D79EF1D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cheliomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cheliomyrmex andicola" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andicola">Cheliomyrmex andicola</taxonomicName>
|
||
Emery, 1894: Peru
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1284FAEDBA7F971F86D0ADA62C8A9143" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14340B12563AB496AAB20C411F200846" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cheliomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cheliomyrmex audax" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="audax">Cheliomyrmex audax</taxonomicName>
|
||
Santschi, 1921b: Ecuador
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3F36A79AABCCD1927DBA844DC322562E" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="43985D3F8C99C83E4E9B1DA4055B761C" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cheliomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cheliomyrmex megalonyx" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megalonyx">Cheliomyrmex megalonyx</taxonomicName>
|
||
Wheeler, W. M., 1921: Guyana
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA40785B76E12290EBDE43C0283925BD" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B26A745B9706AE4583716F85D368C0E4" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cheliomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cheliomyrmex morosus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morosus">Cheliomyrmex morosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Smith, 1859): Mexico
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |