207 lines
25 KiB
XML
207 lines
25 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="E76540C23D7F7C14D848B5D6CD55CD8A">
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<mods:title id="CFD2BCB335D1C3C79CEE51955812B0AA">Heteromyidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="612BB8DA62D3EF69E6901C857A96B8BB">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C50A9B4E5C3416F4036A35A76BC4A060">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="32CB797374F006E5A790DCCB0F3233B1">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="C2954B31BF5E07DE0C5D11CF44741E58">2016</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="F6E42E5A8805595244CC46BE42D7055E">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="FE22D98900C2BFCC8B5992DD41CF7557">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="A0E2F2766C04C6764C49824354BEB5CF">
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<mods:title id="FF20F6C32CD1ADEFAF5EC19459DC8878">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I</mods:title>
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<treatment id="3C3D87A68769B1321E045B1EFC57F46C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6608360" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195730811" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6608360" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3C3D87A68769B1321E045B1EFC57F46C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3C3D87A68769B1321E045B1EFC57F46C" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="232" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
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<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8769B1331E045B1EFA02F2C3" box="[1373,1430,3340,3390]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B1331E045B1EFA02F2C3" blockId="38.[1371,2472,3340,3473]" box="[1373,1430,3340,3390]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
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<heading id="EF6381DC8769B1331E045B1EFA02F2C3" box="[1373,1430,3340,3390]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
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<figureCitation id="2CAF2A358769B1331E045B1EFA02F2C3" box="[1373,1430,3340,3390]" captionStart="Plate 11: Heteromyidae" captionStartId="28.[107,137,3285,3310]" captionTargetBox="[13,2733,16,3643]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="45. Dark Kangaroo Mouse (Microdipodops megacephalus), 46. Pallid Kangaroo Mouse (Microdipodops pallidus), 47. Desert Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys deserti), 48. Banner-tailed Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys spectabilis), 49. Nelson’s Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys nelsoni), 50. Texas Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys elator), 51. Plateau Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys ornatus), 52. Phillips’s Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys phillipsu), 53. San Quintin Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys gravipes), 54. Merriam’s. 9 Kangaroo Rat. Dipodomys merriami (null), 55. Ord’s Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys ordu), 56. Gulf Coast Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys compactus), 57. California Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys californicus), 58. Narrow-faced Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys venustus), 59. Agile Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys agilis), 60. Dulzura Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys simulans), 61. Giant Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys ingens), 62. Chisel-toothed Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys microps), 63. San Joaquin Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys nitratoides), 64. Stephens’s Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys stephenst), 65. Heermann' ’ s Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys heermanni), 66. Panamint Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys panamintinus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6611358" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6611358/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">64.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8769B1331EF15B1EF825F2C3" box="[1448,1969,3340,3390]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B1331EF15B1EF825F2C3" blockId="38.[1371,2472,3340,3473]" box="[1448,1969,3340,3390]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
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||
<heading id="EF6381DC8769B1331EF15B1EF825F2C3" box="[1448,1969,3340,3390]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
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||
<vernacularName id="3A97469E8769B1331EF15B1EF825F2C3" box="[1448,1969,3340,3390]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">Stephens’s Kangaroo Rat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8769B1331CAF5B1EF6F4F2C3" box="[2038,2400,3340,3390]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B1331CAF5B1EF6F4F2C3" blockId="38.[1371,2472,3340,3473]" box="[2038,2400,3340,3390]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
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||
<heading id="EF6381DC8769B1331CAF5B1EF6F4F2C3" box="[2038,2400,3340,3390]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
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||
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331CAF5B1EF6F4F2C3" ID-CoL="36PN9" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[2038,2400,3340,3390]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stephensi">
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<emphasis id="86E0EAA28769B1331CAF5B1EF6F4F2C3" box="[2038,2400,3340,3390]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">Dipodomys stephensi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8769B1331E045B42F8E4F270" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B1331E045B42F63CF298" blockId="38.[1371,2472,3340,3473]" box="[1373,2472,3408,3429]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
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<heading id="EF6381DC8769B1331E045B42F63CF298" box="[1373,2472,3408,3429]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
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<emphasis id="86E0EAA28769B1331E045B42FA3CF298" bold="true" box="[1373,1448,3408,3429]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="3A97469E8769B1331EEB5B42F95CF298" box="[1458,1736,3408,3429]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">Rat-kangourou de Stephens</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="86E0EAA28769B1331D845B42F8A3F298" bold="true" box="[1757,1847,3408,3429]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="3A97469E8769B1331C195B42F7B1F298" box="[1856,2085,3408,3429]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">Stephens-Kangururatte</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="86E0EAA28769B13313635B42F701F298" bold="true" box="[2106,2197,3408,3429]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="3A97469E8769B13313C65B42F63CF298" box="[2207,2472,3408,3429]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">Rata canguro de Stephens</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B1331E055B6AF8E4F270" blockId="38.[1371,2472,3340,3473]" box="[1372,1904,3448,3469]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
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<heading id="EF6381DC8769B1331E055B6AF8E4F270" box="[1372,1904,3448,3469]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
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<emphasis id="86E0EAA28769B1331E055B6AF9C7F270" bold="true" box="[1372,1619,3448,3469]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="3A97469E8769B1331D045B6AF8E4F270" box="[1629,1904,3448,3469]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">Bonsall Relict Kangaroo Rat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8768B132187C5731FCFBFE9A" pageId="39" pageNumber="232" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="B42B36B08768B132187C5731FCFBFE9A" blockId="39.[804,1400,291,714]" pageId="39" pageNumber="232">
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<emphasis id="86E0EAA28768B132187C5731FC55FEBD" bold="true" box="[805,961,291,320]" pageId="39" pageNumber="232">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338768B13218835731FCFEFE9A" authority="Merriam, 1907" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1907" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Perodipus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stephens">Perodipus stephens: Merriam, 1907</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8768B13218D95758FBDEFE4B" pageId="39" pageNumber="232" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="B42B36B08768B13218D95758FBDEFE4B" blockId="39.[804,1400,291,714]" pageId="39" pageNumber="232">
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<materialsCitation id="04FC3CED8768B13218D95758FBDEFE4B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3802894307" pageId="39" pageNumber="232">San Jacinto Valley [= a little W of Winchester, toward Menifee], Riverside Co., California, USA.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8768B132187F57AFFBDFFD86" pageId="39" pageNumber="232" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="B42B36B08768B132187F57AFFBDFFD86" blockId="39.[804,1400,291,714]" pageId="39" pageNumber="232">
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Based on molecular sequence analyses,
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338768B132187C57FAFC55FDF8" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[805,961,488,517]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stephensi">D. stephensi</taxonomicName>
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1s a member of the
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338768B1321FA857FAFAE3FDF8" authorityName="Le Conte" authorityYear="1853" box="[1265,1399,488,517]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heermanni">heermanni</taxonomicName>
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species group, along with
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338768B1321FEF5419FAFBFDD1" authorityName="Le Conte" authorityYear="1853" box="[1206,1391,523,556]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heermanni">D. heermanni</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338768B132187C5429FC27FDA9" authorityName="Huey" authorityYear="1925" box="[805,947,571,596]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gravipes">D. gravipes</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338768B13218985429FB0AFDA9" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1894" box="[961,1182,571,596]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamintinus">D. panamintinus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338768B1321FF55429FAA5FDA9" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[1196,1329,571,596]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microps">D. microps</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338768B132187C544CFC0BFD86" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1904" box="[805,927,606,635]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Perodipus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ingens">D. ingens</taxonomicName>
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. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8768B132187C5494FB7CFD0C" pageId="39" pageNumber="232" type="distribution">
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<caption id="E0EB66388768B132187C5494FB7CFD0C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6611328" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6611328" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6611328/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="232" targetBox="[190,781,297,712]" targetPageId="39">
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<paragraph id="B42B36B08768B132187C5494FB7CFD0C" blockId="39.[804,1400,291,714]" lastBlockId="39.[185,1397,720,2961]" pageId="39" pageNumber="232">
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||
<emphasis id="86E0EAA28768B132187C5494FC41FD5E" bold="true" box="[805,981,646,675]" pageId="39" pageNumber="232">Distribution.</emphasis>
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SW USA (restricted distribution in the San Jacinto Valley and adjacent lowlands, and a disjunct population near Warner Springs in SW
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338768B1321F1154C2FB4FFD0C" box="[1096,1243,720,753]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Geraniaceae" genus="California" kingdom="Plantae" order="Geraniales" pageId="39" pageNumber="232" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">California</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8768B1321B9954E5FD54FBAE" pageId="39" pageNumber="232" type="description">
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<paragraph id="B42B36B08768B1321B9954E5FD54FBAE" blockId="39.[185,1397,720,2961]" pageId="39" pageNumber="232">
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<emphasis id="86E0EAA28768B1321B9954E5FE54FCE5" bold="true" box="[192,448,759,792]" pageId="39" pageNumber="232">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 115-120 mm, tail 164-180 mm, ear mean 14 mm, hindfoot mean 42 mm; weight 45-73 g. Stephens’s Kangaroo Rat is a medium-sized kangaroo rat, with five toes on hindfeet (including small claw on side of hindfoot), relatively large auditory bullae, and wide face. Upper parts are dusky cinnamon buff; tail is 145% of head-body length and is bicolored, with dull brownish-black crest and tuft. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 70 and FN = 86. Stephens’s Kangaroo Ratis most similar to the allopatric Heermann’s Kangaroo Rat (
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338768B13218B055F6FB0DFBF8" authorityName="Le Conte" authorityYear="1853" box="[1001,1177,996,1029]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heermanni">D. heermanni</taxonomicName>
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) and Panamint Kangaroo Rat (
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338768B1321ACC5206FDE3FBD0" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1894" box="[405,631,1044,1069]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamintinus">D. panamintinus</taxonomicName>
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), and it has a broader face than the sympatric,five-toed Dulzura Kangaroo Rat (
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338768B13219485224FD27FBAE" authority="Merriam, 1904" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1904" box="[529,691,1078,1107]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simulans">D. simulans</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8768B1321B995248FAA2F986" pageId="39" pageNumber="232" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="B42B36B08768B1321B995248FAA2F986" blockId="39.[185,1397,720,2961]" pageId="39" pageNumber="232">
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||
<emphasis id="86E0EAA28768B1321B995248FEBBFB86" bold="true" box="[192,303,1114,1147]" pageId="39" pageNumber="232">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Open, sparsely vegetated annual grasslands in Coastal Sage and light chaparral communities at elevations of 55-1250 m in the San Jacinto Valley interior to ranges along the Pacific coast of southern
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338768B132184D52BBFC36FB37" box="[788,930,1193,1226]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Geraniaceae" genus="California" kingdom="Plantae" order="Geraniales" pageId="39" pageNumber="232" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">California</taxonomicName>
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. Stephens’s Kangaroo Rat occurs in gravelly to sandy soils. Burrows are often found clustered in complexes (discrete patches with burrow entrances less than 1 m apart). Tunnels or aboveground runways often connect neighboring burrow entrances. Burrows are usually 21-23 cm in depth (maximum of 45 cm). Stephens’s Kangaroo Rat also uses abandoned burrow networks of Botta’s Pocket Gopher (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73944D338768B13219635360FD50FA72" authorityName="Wied-Neuwied" authorityYear="1839" box="[570,708,1394,1423]" class="Mammalia" family="Geomyidae" genus="Thomomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Thomomys</taxonomicName>
|
||
bottae) and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73944D338768B13218FC5360FAB2FA72" authority="Ground Squirrel" authorityName="Ground Squirrel" box="[933,1318,1394,1423]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Geraniaceae" genus="California" kingdom="Plantae" order="Geraniales" pageId="39" pageNumber="232" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">California Ground Squirrel</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Otospermophilus beecheyi). Species of rodents co-occurring with Stephens’s Kangaroo Rat include the North American Deermouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), the Agile Kangaroo Rat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73944D338768B1321A5F53F6FEEFF9F8" authorityName="Gambel" authorityYear="1848" box="[262,379,1508,1541]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agilis">D. agilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the Dulzura Kangaroo Rat, the San Diego Pocket Mouse (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73944D338768B1321F8C53F6FE99F9D1" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Chaetodipus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fallax">Chaetodipus fallax</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Bryant's Woodrat (Neotoma bryanti), Botta’s Pocket Gopher, and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73944D338768B1321FBE5019FDD7F9A9" authority="Ground Squirrel. Common" authorityName="Ground Squirrel. Common" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Geraniaceae" genus="California" kingdom="Plantae" order="Geraniales" pageId="39" pageNumber="232" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">California Ground Squirrel. Common</taxonomicName>
|
||
barn owls (7yto alba) and northern long-eared owls (Asio otus) are important predators, along with snakes, small carnivores, and feral dogs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8768B1321BE65093FB17F95F" box="[191,1155,1665,1698]" pageId="39" pageNumber="232" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="B42B36B08768B1321BE65093FB17F95F" blockId="39.[185,1397,720,2961]" box="[191,1155,1665,1698]" pageId="39" pageNumber="232">
|
||
<emphasis id="86E0EAA28768B1321BE65093FE51F95F" bold="true" box="[191,453,1665,1698]" pageId="39" pageNumber="232">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
There is no information available for this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8768B1321BE650BBFC5DF8BD" pageId="39" pageNumber="232" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="B42B36B08768B1321BE650BBFC5DF8BD" blockId="39.[185,1397,720,2961]" pageId="39" pageNumber="232">
|
||
<emphasis id="86E0EAA28768B1321BE650BBFED1F937" bold="true" box="[191,325,1705,1738]" pageId="39" pageNumber="232">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Breeding of Stephens’s Kangaroo Rat occurs from late spring to mid-summer. In years with greater than average rainfall, females may produce two litters, and females born early in the year may mature and produce their first litters by the end of summer. Average litter sizes are 2-3 young (range 2-4).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8768B1321BE45154FE40F873" pageId="39" pageNumber="232" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="B42B36B08768B1321BE45154FE40F873" blockId="39.[185,1397,720,2961]" pageId="39" pageNumber="232">
|
||
<emphasis id="86E0EAA28768B1321BE45154FE33F89A" bold="true" box="[189,423,1862,1895]" pageId="39" pageNumber="232">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Stephens’s Kangaroo Rats might spend only c.1 hour outside oftheir burrows each night.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8768B1321BE65187FE63F5F9" pageId="39" pageNumber="232" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="B42B36B08768B1321BE65187FE63F5F9" blockId="39.[185,1397,720,2961]" pageId="39" pageNumber="232">
|
||
<emphasis id="86E0EAA28768B1321BE65187FCECF84B" bold="true" box="[191,888,1941,1974]" pageId="39" pageNumber="232">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Stephens’s Kangaroo Ratis solitary; however,as suggested by clumping of burrows and connecting tunnels and runways, 26% of individuals sampled shared at least one burrow entrance with another individual during a three-year study. Most (93%) entrance sharing was between two individuals. The most common pair was adults of mixed sexes, but sharing was unrelated to reproductive condition or breeding season, suggesting male-female cohabitation is not limited to periods of breeding activity. Other pairs involved one adult and one juvenile, irrespective of sex. This pattern is similar to that observed in Heermann’s Kangaroo Rat, although not as common as natal philopatry documented for the Banner-tailed Kangaroo Rat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73944D338768B132196B5EEAFD49F6E4" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1890" box="[562,733,2296,2329]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spectabilis">D. spectabilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and possibly Nelson’s Kangaroo Rat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73944D338768B1321E405EEAFF6DF6BC" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1907" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nelsoni">D. nelsoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Furthermore, the study relied on observation of sharing of burrow entrances, and shared burrow entrances may not necessarily indicate shared nesting chambers or food resources. Densities of Stephens’s Kangaroo Rats average 20-36 ind/ha but can vary monthly from 7 ind/ha to 57 ind/ha. Population peaks follow reproductive seasons in late spring and early summer, and changes in density are closely tied to seasonal precipitation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8768B1321BE65C19FCBDF4E5" pageId="39" pageNumber="232" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="B42B36B08768B1321BE65C19FCBDF4E5" blockId="39.[185,1397,720,2961]" pageId="39" pageNumber="232">
|
||
<emphasis id="86E0EAA28768B1321BE65C19FD8BF5D1" bold="true" box="[191,543,2571,2604]" pageId="39" pageNumber="232">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Because of agricultural and urban development, remaining populations of Stephens’s Kangaroo Rats (mostly in western Riverside County) are fragmented and isolated. Total adult population size is unknown but exceeds 10,000. As of the late 1980s, there were 79 known extant populations; in 1997, the US Fish and Wildlife Service mapped a dozen “significant populations.” Most existing populations occupy relatively small areas of less than optimalsize for maximum viability.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8768B1321BE65D3AFC57F46C" pageId="39" pageNumber="232" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="B42B36B08768B1321BE65D3AFC57F46C" blockId="39.[185,1397,720,2961]" pageId="39" pageNumber="232">
|
||
<emphasis id="86E0EAA28768B1321BE65D3AFEC3F4BC" bold="true" box="[191,343,2856,2881]" pageId="39" pageNumber="232">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Alexander & Riddle (2005), Best (1993a, 1999j), Bleich (1977), Brock & Kelt (2004a, 2004b), Eisenberg (1963, 1993), Hall (1981), Ingles (1954), Jones (1993), Linzey & NatureServe (Williams & Hammerson) (2008b), Patton & Rogers (1993), USFWS (1997), Williams et al. (1993).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |