271 lines
37 KiB
XML
271 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document id="B923037EA3584CD200644F8113887B18" ID-CLB-Dataset="33463" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.639.10893" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9884f9b2-091d-4f9a-9284-b2e78a5e6c30" ID-PMC="PMC5240373" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-639-1" ID-PubMed="28138281" ID-ZooBank="BB23AA3FDD9E42CE92F737E047AE80C7" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-639-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 639" ModsDocTitle="Revision of the western Palaearctic species of Aleiodes Wesmael (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Rogadinae). Part 1: Introduction, key to species groups, outlying distinctive species, and revisionary notes on some further species" checkinTime="1481618735599" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="van Achterberg, Cornelis & Shaw, Mark R." docDate="2016" docId="F8D208716B943C4A83D1C1BA5279F33F" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 639: 1-164" docOrigin="ZooKeys 639" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.639.10893" docTitle="Aleiodes apiculatus Fahringer 1932" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="43" masterDocId="1A60FFDC4008240EFF9E5829510DDB79" masterDocTitle="Revision of the western Palaearctic species of Aleiodes Wesmael (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Rogadinae). Part 1: Introduction, key to species groups, outlying distinctive species, and revisionary notes on some further species" masterLastPageNumber="164" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="40" updateTime="1731886816191" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:title id="6026817578C2691C3A18262DA39E5559">Revision of the western Palaearctic species of Aleiodes Wesmael (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Rogadinae). Part 1: Introduction, key to species groups, outlying distinctive species, and revisionary notes on some further species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1944BF942125FFA5B44C1A4792D4B035">van Achterberg, Cornelis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0951956A75F54C6CB8F949C303FE90BD">Shaw, Mark R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="C9B1D015080420669F5B6DC56E32FF8B">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="757AEB00D8DF7C90017B1CEE2B8340BB">639</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="A01B92182492F6D270BDE631FAEA94CF">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="E887FD0929AB65DF01BE354C6D9C3A5C" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.639.10893</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="F8D208716B943C4A83D1C1BA5279F33F" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127902454" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8D208716B943C4A83D1C1BA5279F33F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F8D208716B943C4A83D1C1BA5279F33F" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<subSubSection id="4515FF7085488E2CCC6746E65B6DEA78" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="F3ABE520164AD2804BF2F40D9B88449E" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName id="8227F6807785C1F82C65054C3587E4CA" ID-CoL="BM8P" authority="Fahringer, 1932" authorityName="Fahringer" authorityYear="1932" baseAuthorityName="Fahringer" baseAuthorityYear="1932" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes apiculatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apiculatus">Aleiodes apiculatus (Fahringer, 1932)</taxonomicName>
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Figs 48-49, 50-62
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7B7AE9D1F01DA5B6202BB258F6417093" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="4D144FE27E19A6687DF86EA7EE1DA21A" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName id="F00E351533B64D17F90B006B95AF2F6B" authority="Reinhard, 1863: 266" authorityName="Reinhard" authorityPageNumber="266" authorityYear="1863" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Rogas" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rogas apicalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">Rogas apicalis Reinhard, 1863: 266</taxonomicName>
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(not
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<normalizedToken id="5BD7865515F87F533463F0B1803EE491" originalValue="Brullé">Brulle</normalizedToken>
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1832) (examined).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E5C57806120A7497F4F6479041E3B145" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName id="C3DE49B2CB1CD701CF0D7B26FDC7DBA8" authority="Fahringer, 1932: 284" authorityName="Fahringer" authorityPageNumber="284" authorityYear="1932" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Rhogas" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhogas apiculatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apiculatus">Rhogas apiculatus Fahringer, 1932: 284</taxonomicName>
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(replacement name).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0944B4E6B166752FF6BC8A336237C361" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName id="D9770A487EF4628F5E399A237B018D1A" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes apiculatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apiculatus">Aleiodes apiculatus</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="20C62A8AF6CEC32B7029F53AC1EC8F09" author="Shenefelt, RD" journalOrPublisher="Hymenopterorum Catalogus (nova editio)" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" pagination="1115 - 1262" title="Braconidae 8. Exothecinae, Rogadinae." volume="12" year="1975">Shenefelt 1975</bibRefCitation>
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: 1165;
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<bibRefCitation id="C595AB863851FADF60E154BF16B2BDF9" author="Papp, J" journalOrPublisher="Magyarorszag Allatvilaga [Fauna Hungariae]" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" pagination="1 - 122" title="Parasitic wasps of the superfamily Ichneumonoidea. Braconidae. 18. Doryctinae. 19. Rogadinae." volume="167" year="1991">Papp 1991</bibRefCitation>
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: 101 (as synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="3FE9DEC8E936F15D2CB8402D4E08D319" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes pallidator" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidator">Aleiodes pallidator</taxonomicName>
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);
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<bibRefCitation id="0A9D324E34C4DAB17D9F36EC0815E857" author="Belokobylskij, SA" journalOrPublisher="Beitraege zur Entomologie" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" pagination="341 - 435" title="Checklist of the Braconidae (Hymenoptera) of Germany." volume="53" year="2003">Belokobylskij et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
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: 398.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8C17F0F63EA01E4CFFB11A2E0D0003DF" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName id="412078E8906A6D97F8EDB5CA8ECE8214" authority="Tobias, 1961: 123" authorityName="Tobias" authorityPageNumber="123" authorityYear="1961" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Rogas" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rogas (Aleiodes) negativus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="negativus" subGenus="Aleiodes">Rogas (Aleiodes) negativus Tobias, 1961: 123</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EB9E55392C986D582BF57EE56B805A97" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Belokobylskij 2000</bibRefCitation>
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: 60 (as synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="3E01325A6A053BDD89FACADE3384976C" authority="(Fahringer, 1932)" baseAuthorityName="Fahringer" baseAuthorityYear="1932" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes apiculatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apiculatus">Aleiodes apiculatus (Fahringer, 1932)</taxonomicName>
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; paratype in BMNH examined).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="277EF74702DDCA89D2486669714013A2" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName id="3C130BF45AF890B9FE962AEDF3CC0483" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes negativus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="negativus">Aleiodes negativus</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="FF514C0B15B90CA7AC9CB54A94130DCD" author="Shenefelt, RD" journalOrPublisher="Hymenopterorum Catalogus (nova editio)" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" pagination="1115 - 1262" title="Braconidae 8. Exothecinae, Rogadinae." volume="12" year="1975">Shenefelt 1975</bibRefCitation>
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: 1165.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2634B0048B0015FE81947FC0DB0681C0" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="type material">
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<paragraph id="426013D7D8C33913590CD1F7ABA67E36" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1DE027C3602F90AA58B7164813468148" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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Holotype of
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<taxonomicName id="4240C05CFC798E8D8FA163114535627F" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes apiculatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apiculatus">Aleiodes apiculatus</taxonomicName>
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, ♀ (ZMB),
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<normalizedToken id="5E0EF5D3C11A7BE7520492F3E7145C76" originalValue="“Type”">"Type"</normalizedToken>
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, "Coll. H. Rhd", "Germania, [surroundings of] Bautzen", "Holotypus
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<taxonomicName id="63E504794777963F38BDEB43C8960549" authority="Reinh., 1863" authorityName="Reinh." authorityYear="1863" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Rogas" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rogas apiculatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apiculatus">Rogas apiculatus Reinh., 1863</taxonomicName>
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, ♀, Papp, 1983", "
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<taxonomicName id="166478F51C714DEBE6C7C48959F109AF" authority="Thunb." authorityName="Thunb." class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes pallidator" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidator">Aleiodes pallidator Thunb.</taxonomicName>
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, ♀, det. Papp, J., 1984/
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<taxonomicName id="C882F46C7D75A9AB2DB82C01A127776C" authority="(Fahr.)" baseAuthorityName="Fahr." class="Insecta" family="Salicaceae" genus="Ichneumonoidea" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ichneumonoidea var. apiculatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" variety="apiculatus">var. apiculatus (Fahr.)</taxonomicName>
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". Paratype of
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<taxonomicName id="2F23BEA8D01170AF47C30DC647847F92" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes negativus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="negativus">Aleiodes negativus</taxonomicName>
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, ♀ (BMNH) from Russia (Siberia: Tuvinskaya ASSR).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="043C6A26CCE47871008AA69BF66B18C1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="86F56AE2587B105552E54A7226F50739" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Additional material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3C7176A408C01FFC3991E6E7BD2D93C2" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">*England (V.C.s 9, 17, 20, 23, 24, 29, 31), *Poland. Specimens in NMS, BMNH, RMNH, AAC.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="4051CA927858C1D483F6BCAFDD7A2D15" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="molecular data">
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<paragraph id="1345381F8EA60BF6B26458F9215841D1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Molecular data.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E7010E0BE7CED2D091B27BDA672025B7" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">MRS028 (England EF115455, CO1 + EF115440, 28S), MRS064 (England KU682218, CO1), MRS079 (England KU682222, CO1), MRS407 (England KU682239, CO1).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1BC17883827BB13B34DBB6625C0D04CC" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="58466963AC6976E9D5A4F150D98B2564" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Biology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E55E599F66B35E4365414D6E6EC6FA0B" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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This rather poorly-known species is a probably monophagous parasitoid of
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<taxonomicName id="9AF7A638AF74BA45A0ACAD37070E4DA3" authority="(Fuessly)" baseAuthorityName="Fuessly" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Euproctis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euproctis similis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="similis">Euproctis similis (Fuessly)</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="BBAAC62DC54D5FD8C271F84C4FEB2DF0" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Erebidae</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="06747A781C818A530B52E66B0C7835E9" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lymantriinae">Lymantriinae</taxonomicName>
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), from which we have seen 5 rearings (England, Poland; A.A. Allen, S.D. Beavan, M.R. Shaw, L. Sukovata) in addition to a reared paratype of
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<taxonomicName id="C47423B04DDD8F34C8B311C90DEFBE0F" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes negativus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="negativus">Aleiodes negativus</taxonomicName>
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from the same host. Although evidently not obligatorily so (see below), it is probably largely univoltine, and the winter is passed inside the diapausing host larva. The host is arboreal, and when parasitised shows strong climbing behaviour just before being mummified, such that mummies are formed in exposed positions. It was readily reared from
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<taxonomicName id="7A6206FB0855D23BF5705A50B429236C" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Euproctis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euproctis similis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="similis">Euproctis similis</taxonomicName>
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in culture, but quantitative data are not available owing to high overwintering mortality. The notes that follow relate to a single, virgin, female. This female showed great interest in an egg mass of its host, antennating the dense covering of setae left by the female moth, and probing also with the ovipositor but probably without attempting to oviposit except into fully eclosed larvae as they exited from the felted covering. Neither legs nor antennae were used to manipulate such hosts, and the process was achieved with a single insertion of the ovipositor. In subsequent trials, second instar hosts were offered naked, and it was clear that there was an injection of a temporarily paralysing venom (detected by a clear jerk of the wings) before actual oviposition took place, although the ovipositor was usually not removed in the interim. As with the emerging first instars, the use of antennae or legs to hold the host was minimal so usually the ovipositor was all that was in contact with the host, pinning it against the substrate, and oviposition usually took about (often just over) 2 minutes, without a period of post-oviposition assessment or at most with only a minimal one. The long setae of third instar hosts were a good deal harder for the female to penetrate, but some ovipositions into this instar also occurred.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F9B3ACAA1946823F60473DCDA8B348D0" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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In culture
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<taxonomicName id="1FB7C57362FDF81BF1E8059AA3DF2DF4" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes apiculatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apiculatus">Aleiodes apiculatus</taxonomicName>
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proved to be, like its host, partly plurivoltine. The host invariably overwinters as a partly grown larva in a densely spun hibernaculum, and the adult moths appear in the following vi/vii. In captivity, a small proportion of host larvae (available from about vii onwards) from the resulting eggs fed up rapidly and produced a second generation of the moth, while the majority developed only slowly and entered hibernation in the autumn (often not until the end of ix) while still relatively small, joined at that time by offspring of the second generation. The parasitoid invariably overwinters as a small larva within these diapausing hosts. From overwintering hosts mummification takes place in about (
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<normalizedToken id="D08A491243754AA4770D836E54D701F3" originalValue="v–">v-</normalizedToken>
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)vi the following year, and emergence of the adult parasitoids in about (
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<normalizedToken id="BCD55F4EA57C9AE970D323C39CCC8D80" originalValue="vi–">vi-</normalizedToken>
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)vii, to oviposit into the young hosts that appear soon after. In host individuals with the accelerated growth pattern the host was mummified in about viii and the adult parasitoids emerged in ix (N = 4). At this time host larvae, from both generations, are still available prior to constructing their hibernacula. The cohort of hosts with accelerated growth that produced a second generation during the culture experiments arose in control groups as well as among the parasitised hosts, so this behaviour was not the result of having been parasitised: rather, it seems likely that only the growth of host individuals independently destined for a second generation would have provoked similar early development by the parasitoid. Hosts bearing the parasitoid entered winter diapause on average an estimated 8-10 days sooner than unparasitised ones. For the hibernaculum, the parasitised hosts constructed a weak outer
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<pageBreakToken id="6922051E34F27978A32B2E806BC34724" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" start="start">web</pageBreakToken>
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, moulted, and then made a much denser inner chamber isolated from the exuvium, while unparasitised controls usually moulted before commencing construction of a single chamber. Parasitised hosts (N = 10) broke diapause in spring over a period of 22 days, on average 8.0 days later than controls (N = 9) which emerged from their hibernacula over a period of 11 days (see also
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<taxonomicName id="C2A14422603BBC79FCCD27F892D469F9" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes pallidator" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidator">Aleiodes pallidator</taxonomicName>
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which exhibits similar behaviour).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AAC4E2F0835D57E7492793638DBB054D" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
|
||
Despite the possibility of plurivoltinism revealed in culture experiments the capture dates, in Britain (
|
||
<normalizedToken id="986DBBE06CCBB398657F5A6CF8E4C742" originalValue="vi–)vii–ix(–">vi-)vii-ix(-</normalizedToken>
|
||
x), suggest that a single generation of rather long-lived individuals is the norm. It appears to have colonised Britain only recently; the first specimens known to us were collected in 1999 in Berkshire, since when it has been taken in MV traps in the SE corner of England fairly regularly. It is unlikely to have been long-overlooked in Britain, as its rather common and attractive host larva is conspicuous, readily identified, often reared and, when mummified by this parasitoid, often easily seen in a sun-exposed position.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FC9913CA89DAE4F99A5E3A7961BE7708" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="880C9E33547C10C56EF904B62193EF35" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="77DBE0EECDF2EA9C3793200288B87C56" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
|
||
Head transverse in dorsal view and directly narrowed ventrally in anterior view; eye rather large; OOL 0.5
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EF888B271159D0950CEC15ED9F509494" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
width of posterior ocellus; scapus and pedicellus of ♀ at least partly blackish, contrasting with yellowish middle of antenna and antenna of ♀ in dorsal view bicoloured,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="958996B4CC4B43D25A7D875420340582" originalValue="first–fifth[–">first-fifth[-</normalizedToken>
|
||
eighth] and few apical segments more or less dark brown, remainder of antenna yellowish, antenna of ♂ entire yellowish; antennal segments of ♀ 46-49; length of malar space of ♀ 0.25-0.30
|
||
<normalizedToken id="DB37A4B25739A31DFDCD8C4B8B26617D" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
height of eye in lateral view (Fig. 60; of ♂ 0.30 times); speculum of mesopleuron granulate and with satin sheen; fore wing rather narrow (Fig. 50); vein m-cu of fore wing straight and angled to vein 2-CU1 (Fig. 50); pterostigma dark brown with its basal half largely pale yellow; hind femur about 4.5
|
||
<normalizedToken id="691CD533B9663B00E886BFF75AAC3A7F" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as long as its maximum width; hind trochantellus about 2.6
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F8888EF1DC0F000C7131D59964544218" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as long ventrally as wide (Fig. 53); hind tibia completely brownish yellow (Fig. 53); tarsal claws with distinct fine pecten (Fig. 54); dorsal face of propodeum medium-sized and rounded posteriorly (Figs 51, 52), first metasomal tergite lamelliform protruding latero-anteriorly (Fig. 62); second metasomal tergite rather stout and with minute smooth triangular area medio-basally (Fig. 52); third tergite finely sculptured; apical half of third and fourth tergite without sharp lateral crease and superficially granulate and with satin sheen; fourth metasomal tergite of ♀ black latero-posteriorly (Figs 52, 53; of ♂ brownish yellow).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="E25B6AC52601D2AF0EB76F505E53C09D" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<paragraph id="4DEEBCBA817D716F23F3394493F4EAE9" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
|
||
Figures 48-49.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0E9E014FD90494BD56EAC205052CAE02" authority="(Fahringer)" baseAuthorityName="Fahringer" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes apiculatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apiculatus">Aleiodes apiculatus (Fahringer)</taxonomicName>
|
||
, ♀, England. 48 habitus lateral 49 mummy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3D3B7C9F21401640F3AC53ADFA7A25BD" authority="(Fuessly)" baseAuthorityName="Fuessly" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Euproctis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euproctis similis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="similis">Euproctis similis (Fuessly)</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="3A4F860F05B25D000FC342547E139154" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<paragraph id="4F8EE2FE4613C20F4FA07D3FFA3EC6E6" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
|
||
Figures 50-62.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE4BD0B53AF415DBF5B9B0CE3C7327E1" authority="(Fahringer)" baseAuthorityName="Fahringer" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes apiculatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apiculatus">Aleiodes apiculatus (Fahringer)</taxonomicName>
|
||
, ♀, England. 50 wings 51 mesosoma lateral 52 propodeum and anterior half of metasoma dorsal 53 hind leg lateral 54 outer hind claw lateral 55 fore femur lateral 56 antenna 57 apical segments of antenna 58 basal segments of antenna 59 head anterior 60 head lateral 61 head dorsal 62 base of first tergite dorsal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C2DA20F9D1C6E71ED6372C6CAE5FEFF5" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="1CCD01BFFA5FBB359D669285695BB478" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="08E1DB20B06FFE47D7575C00FF867548" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Redescribed ♀ (NMS) from England, length of fore wing 5.9 mm, of body 6.8 mm.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="95ED9B8B5EE159ACB6A88C61A78C34B1" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
|
||
Head. Antennal segments of ♀ 47, length of antenna 1.2
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A484399BBE879FB8AECE1131CB83C08E" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
fore wing, its subapical segments 1.6
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EA1B4295E0C2B6A445D4009D93F954AD" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as long as wide; frons granulate, with satin sheen and some rugae; OOL and POL 0.5 and 0.6
|
||
<normalizedToken id="13BE8609F8903AE422AAB7221A315F9C" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
width of posterior ocellus, respectively; stemmaticum strongly protruding; vertex rugulose-granulate, with satin sheen; clypeus convex and punctulate-coriaceous; ventral margin of clypeus thick and convex (Fig. 59); width of hypoclypeal depression 0.4
|
||
<normalizedToken id="85D74E8088B3599ACC6C32D03DF6E41C" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
minimum width of face (Fig. 59) and face mainly granulate with transverse rugulae; length of eye 3.4
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A8C9C989E67F6EAF8B92D8DE1DE5ED3F" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
temple in dorsal view and temple moderately narrowed behind eye; occiput behind stemmaticum rugulose-granulate; occipital carina reduced medio-dorsally and complete ventrally, without crenulae and dorsally curved (Fig. 61); clypeus above lower level of eyes (Fig. 59); length of malar space 0.30
|
||
<normalizedToken id="82B5D166806886EAC0D426478B3B349B" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
height of eye in lateral view; eyes rather protruding (Figs 59-61).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3008AA0C4D7AAA6F7E541C5A7A690A3C" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="24C437DE08D99A59A10B405EC6AACDC7" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" start="start">Mesosoma</pageBreakToken>
|
||
. Length of mesosoma 1.7
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F3E9B20905C020995B5770FD35009915" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
its height; mesoscutal lobes finely granulate, matt, but medio-posteriorly irregularly rugose and anteriorly high; notauli medium-sized and crenulate; prepectal carina medium-sized, remaining separate far from anterior border; precoxal area of mesopleuron and area above it distinctly rugose; remainder of mesopleuron (including speculum) granulate and with satin sheen (Fig. 51); metapleuron distinctly granulate and with satin sheen; mesosternal sulcus shallow and sparsely crenulate; mesosternum rather angulate latero-posteriorly but rounded medially; scutellum slightly convex, finely granulate, and antero-laterally with carina; propodeum weakly convex, without tubercles, anteriorly granulate, medially coarsely rugose and posteriorly with longitudinal carinae, median carina complete.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DFE3682F0737CD5DA590A5C8F4F3FF89" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
Wings. Fore wing: r 0.3
|
||
<normalizedToken id="994B89A86779DE50FDAB6F6FA3207BDD" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3-SR (Fig. 50); 1-CU1 slightly oblique, 0.5
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9E04EF1E455C0F9E8E2A6C399F8BA3C6" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as long as 2-CU1; r-m 0.6
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4084F2E653ABCDCAB4F00B97552BD19A" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
2-SR, and 0.45
|
||
<normalizedToken id="496FE4142233D2C2741A8F954205EF5D" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3-SR; second submarginal cell rather long (Fig. 50); cu-a slightly inclivous, not parallel with CU1b, straight (Fig. 50); 1-M straight posteriorly and 1-SR angled to 1-M. Hind wing: marginal cell parallel-sided, but slightly narrowed submedially; 2-SC+R medium-sized, slender; m-cu short and only slightly pigmented; M+CU:1-M = 4:3; 1r-m 0.7
|
||
<normalizedToken id="69FBD5F35537FAF4BACE482E0CE471B0" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
1-M.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="09991EFA42F08466191497AFD6C6EDEF" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
Legs. Tarsal claws rather small and with distinct fine pecten (Fig. 54); hind coxa finely granulate, with satin sheen and 0.8
|
||
<normalizedToken id="35D816D32E202682003E74FC5F48211D" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as long as first tergite; hind trochantellus 2.6
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A19A28EEDCF21AE7EFB6499B5C9F0C48" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
longer ventrally than wide; length of fore and hind femora 6.0 and 4.6
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2EA50E7F537A45F16EAA05AC8FB6A400" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
their width, respectively; inner apex of hind tibia without distinct comb; length of inner hind spur 0.35
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2D9FF9F29354832885CD5178677D4235" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
hind basitarsus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EF4B880DC3CCD691189C3C6078915A66" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
Metasoma. First tergite 1.1
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C067B33BAFA04499F622503C9C049CD8" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as long as wide posteriorly, stout, convex anteriorly and latero-anteriorly distinctly lamelliform; first and second tergites densely coarsely longitudinally rugose (Fig. 52), third tergite basally rugulose and with distinct median carina up to middle of third tergite; medio-basal area of second tergite minute; second suture rather wide and crenulate; remainder of third tergite granulate and following tergites shiny and superficially granulate; apical half of third and fourth tergites without sharp lateral crease; ovipositor sheath densely setose and apically truncate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DFD3A733500EE1C53A685C71CFFD1E07" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
Colour. Brownish yellow; scapus and pedicellus of ♀ at least partly blackish, contrasting with yellowish middle of antenna and antenna of ♀ in dorsal view bicoloured,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="848B4357FB8AC002831F191614C0E593" originalValue="first–fifth[–">first-fifth[-</normalizedToken>
|
||
eighth] and 2-3 apical segments more or less dark brown, remainder of antenna yellowish; malar space, mandible, palpi, tegulae, pronotum anteriorly, basal half of pterostigma, trochanters and trochantelli, fore and middle coxae, and ventral half of metasoma ivory or pale yellow; face medially, frons and vertex medially, stemmaticum, occiput dorsally, mesoscutum laterally narrowly, scutellar sulcus, axilla, scutellum posteriorly, metanotum, third (except antero-lateral corner)-sixth tergites,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="CE8B86EBF76E326901D4AB0EB4BE6CB9" originalValue="fourth–sixth">fourth-sixth</normalizedToken>
|
||
sternites and ovipositor sheath black or dark brown; telotarsi slightly infuscate; veins and apical half of pterostigma dark brown; wing membrane slightly infuscate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="644F827BBE4793ABE05F6485DF848F25" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
Variation. Antennal segments of ♀ 46(1), 47(10), 48(4), 49(1); ♂ 41(1), 42(2), 43(8), 44(3), 45(6), 46(2). Length of fore wing 5-6 mm, of body 5-7 mm. Males are brownish yellow, but stemmaticum black and antenna apically, occiput dorsally, mesoscutum laterally, scutellum posteriorly, metanotum, propodeum medially, first
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="7E69B7B0A0ECEC173C8092AC2847A8C0" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" start="start">tergite</pageBreakToken>
|
||
except posteriorly and second tergite laterally somewhat infuscate; malar space, palpi, tegulae, pronotum, fore and middle coxae, trochanters and trochantelli, first tergite medio-apically and middle of second tergite pale yellowish.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="552A8DE444AFD9C890538068833134DA" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="notes">
|
||
<paragraph id="F952D42F3AA41290705F7A59BA4E7AB6" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Notes.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2A2F1E88E71887E614AD56897B7731F7" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8349418D0F71A20340590CA526AA60A" authority="(Thunberg)" baseAuthorityName="Thunberg" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes pallidator" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidator">Aleiodes pallidator (Thunberg)</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the latter differs by having the tarsal claws only bristly setose, the hind trochantellus ventrally 2.2
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0885F6710BD134F257AF1816830B01FE" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as long as wide, the antennal segments of ♀ with 51-57 segments; the stemmaticum less protuberant, the pterostigma yellow and the body of ♀ entirely brownish yellow. The extent of dark colouration is highly variable, and is often poorly developed in the British population. In males especially, the colour (including scape and even stemmaticum) can be rather uniform orange to light honey-brown. Because it can lack the colour characters usually plain in females, the male of this species can superficially resemble some of the relatively large orange species with big ocelli and antennal segments in the range 41-48 that fall into the residual
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EF4256493BDC46D4635FC716F48EB3F3" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Ichneumonoidea" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ichneumonoidea circumscriptus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="circumscriptus">circumscriptus</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group not dealt with in this paper. Good recognition characters for male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EA039B6D2E383A780FA65CA28555C254" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes apiculatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apiculatus">Aleiodes apiculatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
include its somewhat bristly antenna and legs, its enlarged fifth tarsal segment (especially in the fore leg), its relatively strongly sculptured second metasomal tergite with weak mediolateral depressions, its weakly pectinate claws, and the stronger (though weak) development of a comb at the apex of the hind tibia. The synonymy with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0CDAE4AEA83FDCC820DDCB9AB0C5003A" authority="(Tobias)" baseAuthorityName="Tobias" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes negativus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="negativus">Aleiodes negativus (Tobias)</taxonomicName>
|
||
is accepted; the examined females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13FE4D594B15BFB9BCF153363827153F" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes apiculatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apiculatus">Aleiodes apiculatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
have the antenna with 46-49 segments (the holotype has 49 segments). The examined paratype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B3333D6749242AF4462904794F8A5621" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes negativus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="negativus">Aleiodes negativus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BMNH) was reared from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A6D23F55C7BA416344C36A98819AC1AA" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Euproctis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euproctis similis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="similis">Euproctis similis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and has 47 antennal segments. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="29120EFF81A6EFED0E58111244B9A523" author="Tobias, VI" journalOrPublisher="Izvestia Sibirskogo otdelenia Akademii nauk SSSR" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" pagination="121 - 129" volume="11" year="1961">Tobias (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="99716B9B3DE391097F3EE96AF2C60E62" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes negativus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="negativus">Aleiodes negativus</taxonomicName>
|
||
female types (including the holotype) should have 35-38 antennal segments and the male types 42-43 segments; most likely the antennal counts for the female types given by Tobias result from a lapsus or typographical error and should be 45-48.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |