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<document id="3AC7B7A50D0FBD2D4F527EB52E56754E" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.773.21690" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ae746066-49d5-4114-b580-39dc874dc23e" ID-PMC="PMC6048178" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-773-109" ID-PubMed="30026663" ID-ZooBank="2A36493366624B6C84774AAE1E591652" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970-773-109" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 773" ModsDocTitle="Hawaiian Philodoria (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Ornixolinae) leaf mining moths on Myrsine (Primulaceae): two new species and biological data" checkinTime="1531209161602" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Kobayashi, Shigeki, Johns, Chris A., Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos, Camiel Doorenweerd,, Kawakita, Atsushi, Ohshima, Issei, Lees, David C., Hanabergh, Sofia &amp; Kawahara, Akito Y." docDate="2018" docId="3C6A220EAB1A0F3E9AC769BA06D0D33F" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 773: 109-141" docOrigin="ZooKeys 773" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.773.21690" docTitle="Philodoria succedanea Walsingham 1907" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="109" masterDocId="FFE4B918FFEC4228FFBEFFE31054FFD4" masterDocTitle="Hawaiian Philodoria (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Ornixolinae) leaf mining moths on Myrsine (Primulaceae): two new species and biological data" masterLastPageNumber="141" masterPageNumber="109" pageNumber="109" updateTime="1701316533703" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="3BEF89BEA3D495FC4F68437B79EB1D81">Hawaiian Philodoria (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Ornixolinae) leaf mining moths on Myrsine (Primulaceae): two new species and biological data</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="694155043C6B729752B2839A28F31E50">Kobayashi, Shigeki</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0C1A2CFFD9A00DBA8505672AEB17F96E">Johns, Chris A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="89232ECA03BE702A4811D5A9F23076C4">Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C4D3169428800A29F750813F6222B8E5">Camiel Doorenweerd,</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F2DFFF2424D1A70FFC9CD4EE74BC9048">Kawakita, Atsushi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="06AAAE66D79235E495C13FB5369DF37F">Ohshima, Issei</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="44BCEEF83D59E6F8CB0C5CBE5D131C75">Lees, David C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="753176AE95331E8316DD7887B4FDCAA7">Hanabergh, Sofia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="372ADA1F0E69BC393E3DF30FAAB12A5B">Kawahara, Akito Y.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="D113145E6C7346E4079837F5C190BA59">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="FAF8F0A0A4B3130513783DBB1C57BDBE">773</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="8652805C09E7248C0391B86E649E1C85">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="3C6A220EAB1A0F3E9AC769BA06D0D33F" ID-GBIF-Taxon="146053672" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3C6A220EAB1A0F3E9AC769BA06D0D33F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3C6A220EAB1A0F3E9AC769BA06D0D33F" lastPageNumber="109" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
<subSubSection id="D91F4FFB4080D2EB7B8E6841CF4C64A0" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="917253F3AB5924B958F75D64E24FECE1" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
<taxonomicName id="8C879DB1E4213301F81FC5080FE0E25C" ID-CoL="4G8NZ" authority="Walsingham, 1907" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1907" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philodoria succedanea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="succedanea">Philodoria succedanea Walsingham, 1907</taxonomicName>
Figs 2
<normalizedToken id="CA11E16B0AE72E38B5905EB581861EFD" originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
, 5
<normalizedToken id="13F1D142416E8E35D8B6FAC84EA59166" originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
, 6
<normalizedToken id="56E86E400AB4E5EFCF2ECBD1F160B690" originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
, 7E, F, 8A, 9, 14A
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="54AF3C61BC510AC2F2085514F15AED29" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="3ACB6BB06B613B427A7972636B6EC015" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
<taxonomicName id="01F9A07FAC935E326522214CE85F4C15" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philodoria succedanea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="succedanea">Philodoria succedanea</taxonomicName>
Walsingham, 1907: 717-718; pl. 25, fig. 19.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3365E67DC2E63B8990172EA3871B106B" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
<taxonomicName id="6D5A33D65E4231366E7ADD5AC0D926E3" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philodoria (Philodoria) succedanea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="succedanea" subGenus="Philodoria">Philodoria (Philodoria) succedanea</taxonomicName>
Walsingham, 1907:
<bibRefCitation id="8BB52C817F7A8BD8446DFE8D7506DACB" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Zimmerman 1978</bibRefCitation>
: 718, figs 433, 435, 467, 472.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="35F81E1F943270AADD7F5F537916A393" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="type locality">
<paragraph id="DBB836EDD5A6EEDD4E9B245A5697EBF7" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="70CD19C4F9A0725138A3411CED3C1829" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Olinda, Haleakala (Maui).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2F16C52B344ADA8CBD2155EB723986DD" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="type material">
<paragraph id="BC44F7D9768B9CB32D444DEF58F1C2E5" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9648F67739439709AFFEC2F0010992D0" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Lectotype ♀, Olinda, 4000 ft., Haleakala, MAUI, Hawaiian Is. iv.1894, Perkins. 26695 [Walsingham specimen number]|PHILODORIA SUCCEDANEA Wlsm. Fn. Hawaii. I TYPE ♀ descr. figd.|Walsingham Collection. 1910-427.|NHMUK010305341 (here designated).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B7638BABD672FEEFF04B1FE04AD86F8E" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
Paralectotypes 17 (2♂ 1♀ 14 unsexed; NHMUK ones are all from above Walsingham accession and
<normalizedToken id="9EFB283E7DD8DCDF332F68AAECA9F061" originalValue="‘PARATYPE’">'PARATYPE'</normalizedToken>
below is short for 'PHILODORIA SUCCEDANEA Wlsm.
<normalizedToken id="EA7D9EC27D4802BC8DE65FFB57CB113B" originalValue="PARATYPE’">PARATYPE'</normalizedToken>
as printed on large black-margined labels, with the 5-digit Walsingham specimen numbers whose first digit is
<normalizedToken id="740BD65441641F5E2ABE8FBE82573C46" originalValue="‘2’">'2'</normalizedToken>
borne on the locality label): 1 ♂, Haleakula 4000 ft. MAUI, Hawaiian Is. V. 1896|Perkins. 28505|PHILODORIA SUCCEDANEA Wlsm. Fn. Hawaii. I TYPE ♂|BM ♂ Genitalia slide no. 2755|NHMUK010305341. 1♀ 2 unsexed: Haleakala, 5000ft, MAUI, Hawaiian Is., v.1896, Perkins. 28355|PARATYPE 3/17|NHMUK010862804|; 28230|PARATYPE 4/17♀| BPBM 34324; 28236|PARATYPE 5/17| BPBM 34321. 4 unsexed: Haleakula -4000 ft. Maui, v. 1896, Perkins. 28492|PARATYPE8/17; 28493|PARATYPE 9/17| BPBM 34320|; 28494|PARATYPE10/17|NHMUK010862806; 28495|PARATYPE 11/17|NHMUK010862807.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A2DF5B61B13A12682495BB2873442B16" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">1 ♂ 7 unsexed, same data and locality as lectotype: 26696|NHMUK010862803; 26661|PARATYPE1/17|BPBM34325; 26667|PARATYPE2/17| BPBM 34222; 28511|PARATYPE12/17|NHMUK010862808; 28512|PARATYPE13/17|NHMUK010862809; 28513|PARATYPE14/17|NHMUK010862810; 28514|PARATYPE15/17♂|NHMUK010862811; 28552|PARATYPE 16/17| BPBM 34323.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4B67E260ADD07628004461BBD7FED015" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
This species was described from 19 specimens: 'type ♀ (26695); ♂ (28505)' and 17
<normalizedToken id="6ADF30384EEC924DD80650AA107BB02D" originalValue="‘paratypes’">'paratypes'</normalizedToken>
from Kauai and Haleakala, Maui. This seems to indicate that Lord Walsingham considered them as holotype, allotype, and paratypes, as indicated on their specimen labels. But as a holotype was not specified in the description, the so-labelled types and paratypes are all to be considered syntypes under the present Code, Article 73.2 (
<bibRefCitation id="8407BB1CBA46691C606B0BF08523039A" author="Hebert, PDN" journalOrPublisher="London: International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" title="International code of zoological nomenclature, fourth edition." year="1999">ICZN 1999</bibRefCitation>
), and any one is thus eligible for designation as lectotype. The syntype 'type ♀ (26695)', which Walsingham listed first and figured, is here designated as lectotype (Fig. 2A). The remaining syntypes are therefore paralectotypes.
</paragraph>
<caption id="ECCB00CD6940367EC49FB517AD4171CC" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
<paragraph id="8C09E9D0DF8C8F6AE4EB8EDB6CBF0E9F" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
Figure 2. Adults of
<taxonomicName id="8548F244959DB4F9F5F2096479AE3392" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Myrsine" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myrsine" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Myrsine</taxonomicName>
-feeding
<taxonomicName id="86D8A86AE12372804F3FE40331E7BD09" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philodoria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philodoria</taxonomicName>
species.
<normalizedToken id="DA0DE5586F644A516A2B76F68FC67F01" originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName id="A7B62C04559627C8082E1951AC8376C6" lsidName="P. succedanea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="succedanea">P. succedanea</taxonomicName>
Walsingham, 1907 A Lectotype female B Paralectotype male C Paralectotype female D Male Lanai
<normalizedToken id="F9D145A12C6101883BEB488B4014275A" originalValue="E–F">E-F</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName id="13D4892E1684C0C360D47E1685A739A2" lsidName="P. auromagnifica" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="auromagnifica">P. auromagnifica</taxonomicName>
Walsingham, 1907 E Holotype male F Female Kauai. Scale bar: 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CC8E179F679BC944EEEC507AD9F0A1DB" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="1E956D58BF927FC6F17E1B9A7D4B8B8B" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Additional material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A735C4672562AF5BF766DA240866C68" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">32 (11♂ 15♀ 6 unsexed).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BEEA375FB4AA696574F72BB7E6CE25BD" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
Adults: Oahu Is.: 2♀, Mt. Kaala, 18.ii.1923, Swezey coll., host: &quot;
<taxonomicName id="E0FDC808BC33ED2F0104DFC18F32F545" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Suttonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Suttonia" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Suttonia</taxonomicName>
&quot; (=
<taxonomicName id="841FA7B7B0DBEA5ED6AA3BAB3455BED9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Myrsine" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myrsine" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Myrsine</taxonomicName>
), SK797♀, 798♀ in USNM; 3♂ 3♀, Palikea, 28.iii.2016 stored in 99 % ethanol (stored), K. Bustamente leg., host:
<taxonomicName id="0C1E9109EA67045B33F8D0B582F0F1DA" lsidName="M. lessertiana" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="lessertiana">M. lessertiana</taxonomicName>
, 10.xi.2015, CJ-526, CJ-531, SK639♂, SK803♀, 804♀, 807♂, 808♂ in BPBM.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C8B8D7CDD50179790AE11089BB3BEA99" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
Molokai Is.: 1♀, Kainalu [Kainalu Forest, South East Molokai Forest Reserve], 27?vii.1927,
<taxonomicName id="E26369B342A253EF3CB3FF53131678C9" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philodoria auromagnifica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auromagnifica">Philodoria auromagnifica</taxonomicName>
Walsingham Det. by O.H. Swezey, 34145 in BPBM; 1 unsexed, 4000 ft Molokai P. 2.02
<taxonomicName id="F0256004CD1CA2F3097BE4D2BD9703B7" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philodoria succedanea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="succedanea">Philodoria succedanea</taxonomicName>
Wals. 1/1 E. Meyrick det. in Meyrick coll., in NHMUK.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C965A09F994483F6D7770445743C9665" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
Lanai Is.: 2♂, 2750 ft, Munro Trail, 2.x.1976, K. &amp; E. Sattler BM1976-605, BMNH(E)1621676 and BMNH(E)1621677,
<taxonomicName id="5E90E205D138A1FC0D282898EBD39CD6" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philodoria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philodoria</taxonomicName>
sp. 8 (Lanai) Sattler coll. D.C. Lees Sep 2016.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED5987E6B923870B7F636E7D29088265" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
Maui Is., in BPBM: 1♂ 6♀ 1 unsexed, below Eke, 17&amp;21.v.2013 (stored), C.A. Johns leg., host:
<taxonomicName id="4656A0A06864E03DD6BF8219C3EAD27F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Myrsine" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myrsine" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Myrsine</taxonomicName>
sp., 24.iv.2013, CJ-136, 141, SK799♀; 1♂, Waikamoi, 24.v.2016 (stored), C.A. Johns leg., Spring.2016, CJ-539, SK641♂.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8D277A80D865224B912D41D63B740F8F" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
Hawaii Is., host:
<taxonomicName id="10444842F85F6C83848CF6C7A6C57738" lsidName="M. lessertiana" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="lessertiana">M. lessertiana</taxonomicName>
in BPBM: 1♂ 1♀,
<normalizedToken id="FB9D0422E1E1ADF7373102C03CFE7F3A" originalValue="Hawai’i">Hawai'i</normalizedToken>
Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii, A. Kawakita leg.,
<normalizedToken id="C580166D86F0C08BA2E28C857ECD2837" originalValue="“Leaf-dropper”">&quot;Leaf-dropper&quot;</normalizedToken>
, 25.iv.2016 (larva), SK624♀, SK625♂; 2♂ 1♀ 1 unsexed, Same locality, 17&amp;21.v.2016 em., A.Y. Kawahara leg., 29.iv.2016(Cocoon &amp; larva), SKH-10, SK801♂, SKH-13, SK633♂. 1♀, 3800 ft, N. Kohala, Distr. Kohala Mts, Puu Laalaau area, 14-17.vii.1976, K. &amp; E. Sattler, BM1976-605, BMNH(E)1621089,
<taxonomicName id="59B7F877F0F9A25509EDDA86712E5CCD" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philodoria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philodoria</taxonomicName>
sp. 9 (Hawaii) Sattler coll. D.C. Lees Sep 2016, 1621676 in NHMUK; 1♂, same data as last specimen, BMNH(E)1621090,
<taxonomicName id="D889EEAD583BAE59E37A50EFE2177BC3" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philodoria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philodoria</taxonomicName>
sp. 9 (Hawaii) Sattler coll. D.C. Lees Sep 2016; 1 unsexed, Kohala Watershed Partnership, 9.vi.2015 (stored), C.A. Johns leg., host:
<taxonomicName id="F3C72B1CCDE755B6DB116931C6A4C9C5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Myrsine" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myrsine sandwicensis" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sandwicensis">Myrsine sandwicensis</taxonomicName>
, 18.v.2015, CJ-419 in BPBM.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="46206CB564770F5203F68D5B4BAE6E94" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
Larvae: 2 unsexed, Kokee, Kauai Is., 16&amp;26.vi.2015 (stored), C.A. Johns leg., host:
<taxonomicName id="532FC52203D6E5CF1417C82318315992" lsidName="M. knudsenii" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="knudsenii">M. knudsenii</taxonomicName>
15.vi.2015 (larva), CJ-433, 442 in FLMNH.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E2C92EC1F5F393D162F9A543F3B2A78B" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="AE8EF709E45A9E933DCAA1405A21582B" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C634FF34F3BEAB48EAA5FA0C5A712972" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
This species is very similar to
<taxonomicName id="886646D708666459D27760C7D687AF18" lsidName="P. auromagnifica" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="auromagnifica">P. auromagnifica</taxonomicName>
feeding on the same hostplant,
<taxonomicName id="906D3332DC15F8F823ABDE37F785FEF7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Myrsine" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myrsine" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Myrsine</taxonomicName>
, but is recognizable by the rather bright orange patches and black triangular shaped basal patch in the forewing (Table 4; Figs 2
<normalizedToken id="1EC01EB79A512E319E51546CF2C5AA95" originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
, 5
<normalizedToken id="A18B858E2BB0A97EFC1EC196BDEFEE4C" originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
); in the male genitalia by the rather broad valva, slender and long saccus curving toward dorsal side (Fig. 6
<normalizedToken id="78BD78BBC8AC30E489658DF654B1F7F2" originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
); in the female genitalia by signa with slender and long spines (Fig. 7E, F).
</paragraph>
<caption id="8F0B17185581FC56B66F6507619C836C" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
<paragraph id="E86BD0387F9B180FB95E309D6B67192D" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
Table 4. Diagnostic features of four
<taxonomicName id="230A70A72200848FF5A300B37EE335F1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Myrsine" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myrsine" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Myrsine</taxonomicName>
-mining
<taxonomicName id="4F010953DD30F214B29C2D08E0192CE9" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philodoria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philodoria</taxonomicName>
species.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="DE6776453C662A4C0E91829E0345DA4E" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
<table id="F271B5D86E69488F1FD7E6F9BDB6B11D" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
<tr id="5B2FE91EB1C15FB5DEFB710F4FE669F5" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
<th id="A0B9FE1C7F262F94A6D7F43EC1674965" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">Species name</th>
<th id="EA67EFAF3A9A6194A254DD643BA67546" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="5C462B070C53F6E9F73640B913E891A3" lsidName="P. succedanea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="succedanea">P. succedanea</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="DB77838E554DF7C30CC5F1CDF919EA76" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="A9B4831C379DF18C1C4B60FB796839C8" lsidName="P. kauaulaensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="kauaulaensis">P. kauaulaensis</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="7B535018782D1FFC5D39A7273C0845F6" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="2ABCF74A578DBB3991E43FD2237A21CD" lsidName="P. auromagnifica" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="auromagnifica">P. auromagnifica</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="8DD0D936CF7769ED21F20DBC2678BBDA" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="AB5DFFA2C679C8D59826CB70BAD5A766" lsidName="P. kolea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="kolea">P. kolea</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="346A629895079570920897CE5B151F66" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
<td id="76D216BE3B81C44FC5F10F0D5CCABB36" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="FACC488928AA9D95554162CE930C2013" lsidName="P. succedanea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="succedanea">P. succedanea</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="F992C130BD706FD71391D27DB8C37458" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
<td id="2A648595A173C48F72A0F10A9BF71D7B" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">a,b</td>
<td id="09AB555872D663E3E37D5CB98486F31C" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">KauaiOahuLanaiMaui</td>
<td id="C333C679124CEEC5756221A055446650" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">Maui</td>
<td id="A18E231480F3459A2E23D36BA5058209" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">KauaiOahu</td>
<td id="60C9490F3216AFD29B12E38CBFAF2F61" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">Hawaii</td>
</tr>
<tr id="D1BA050193D26F19A309172656B651D9" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
<td id="3F0541624FA3A6F82A9495C481F7C4AB" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">a,b</td>
<td id="44B0A30503D2C2065B4349CAF1F78213" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="0B6A6BCD76CABD9B9F1B8BB2748E7DAB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Myrsine" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myrsine lessertiana" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lessertiana">Myrsine lessertiana</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="A114045E512FE212C14A0A16F664070B" lsidName="M. sandwicensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="sandwicensis">M. sandwicensis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="2A7C62724D75D022ABB5D7F7998B13EC" lsidName="M. knudsenii" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="knudsenii">M. knudsenii</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="5BBEFE60030F88FE75C6199400752E6F" lsidName="M. linearifolia" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="linearifolia">M. linearifolia</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="EEB80D1F3F3C7112079103B056CFECCD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Myrsine" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myrsine" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Myrsine</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="BC28F880AB3F4A77AC21F90EE0D492BA" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="9B74A8F24919DC7FE0B64EA0156C4899" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Myrsine" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myrsine lessertiana" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lessertiana">Myrsine lessertiana</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="3A9C5DAC6BF11585C5CD5D8210EC4876" lsidName="M. lanaiensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="lanaiensis">M. lanaiensis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="6CEF6BABD2DB5FD00F48CC8B3E2BDF24" lsidName="M. sandwicensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="sandwicensis">M. sandwicensis</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="62BA54650090BBA894EC598DD77522F5" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="7D9DC98D09F362833331124C59DB6D96" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Myrsine" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myrsine lessertiana" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lessertiana">Myrsine lessertiana</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="71CDF321C245DBB70BD98F28FF3F86F7" lsidName="M. sandwicensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="sandwicensis">M. sandwicensis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="BD31E46E5B35EC0D19DA521BF90D6408" lsidName="M. wawraea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="wawraea">M. wawraea</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="1B0A7FB5498C3787E3B605BFD490E5D2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Myrsine" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myrsine" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Myrsine</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="4EAF98E493F3FA710BBCBBBDCC4C5BD3" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="907FC4770FBDF6D60EC1F4A2E84E34E6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Myrsine" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myrsine lessertiana" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lessertiana">Myrsine lessertiana</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A6D5ECCA947F9754554BDA846FFFAD92" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="redescription">
<paragraph id="48B53C0EEED370E86E018E32EBFBB348" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Redescription.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D122E79AE4F6AF4A013D384E400576DF" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
Adult (Figs 2
<normalizedToken id="256D5933C7FA20FDE8EDADFD133CDDB2" originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
, 5
<normalizedToken id="B7377337F535AA26D86898C089EEC3F0" originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
, 8A). Wingspan 9-10 mm in type series; forewing length 4 mm in 'TYPE ♂ (28505)' (fig. 2B), 3.6-3.8 mm in paralectotypes. Head bronze; frons white; maxillary palpus reduced; labial palpus bronze grey, with dark brown scales at apex. Antenna shiny tawny fuscous. Thorax bronze.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="30ADB74E30B02DCEE45B52B1843D9778" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Forewing shiny, metallic bronze with bright orange-ochreous patches: a black triangular basal patch along the costal fold (Figs 5A, C, 8A); an oblique transverse fascia before the middle of wing, bordered with black scales; a large transverse patch after the middle to costal 3/4, distinctly narrowing in the dorsum, extending to dorsal 2/3, containing white costal spot; one white color band on the middle of the first bronze color band, others on both extremities of second and third bands; a fuscous patch extending toward the termen and apex with a black apical spot, sometimes with orange-ochreous color encroaching on the apical part; cilia tawny, with two metallic silver basal lines, one at the apical cilia, another from termen to tornus. Hindwing dark tawny; cilia tawny. Abdomen tawny above, silvery beneath. Legs tawny, with silvery spurs and slightly paler tarsi.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="34226ECE71EC3B825457814E652C6965" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
Male genitalia (Fig. 6
<normalizedToken id="3B3FF8502FCA0C971D8830CF0AB14E6B" originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
) (n = 7). Capsule 960
<normalizedToken id="003B17E1ECADD52F5546DD663745191E" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
. Uncus absent. Tegumen 570-580
<normalizedToken id="11E561517F73B8A0B8639A923EBB80EB" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
long, 1.2
<normalizedToken id="38F92D9B6413620401170FE5B52BF56C" originalValue="–1.3×">-1.3x</normalizedToken>
length of valva with series of long hairs at lateral side of base (Fig. 6C). Tuba analis membranous with weakly sclerotized subscaphium; gnathos V-shaped transverse band, terminal margin weakly joining subscaphium and anterior process connecting ventral base of tegumen. Valva broad, 430
<normalizedToken id="EB531063415C42D7DB7266C13DFA29FB" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
in length covered with fine setae distally, and having a short dorsal process (Fig. 6A).Vinculum U-shaped; saccus 250
<normalizedToken id="01EDA8B27F0A669567680EAA73101B17" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
long, slender, curved toward dorsal side (Fig. 6B, C). Phallus 720
<normalizedToken id="2EF30989FAD82AA853FA0B12F04F4F76" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
long, tubular and long about 1.2
<normalizedToken id="87430B3BB1D6C6793466C4AD91B89E32" originalValue="–1.3×">-1.3x</normalizedToken>
length of valva, sinuous in lateral view with two series of minute spiniform cornuti in vesica; coecum slightly curved toward inner side (Fig. 6D).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E9D1D299A1AAF151699D4EA4EF9EB2B" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Female genitalia (Fig. 7E, F) (n = 7). Ostium bursae rather small, opening at the middle of 7th abdominal segment; antrum cup-shaped with slender a pair of lateral lobes; ductus bursae slender, tubular, extremity connected to antrum very slender and membranous, curved inside of body, and middle part weakly sclerotized and plate-shape; end of the ductus bursae broad; inception of ductus seminalis on the posterior part of ductus bursae. Corpus bursae pyriform, anterior end weakly sclerotized; some lines consisting of wrinkles running longitudinally, some sclerotized; paired signa with a pair of long slender spines.</paragraph>
<caption id="B546F0CE3F7AFF449BDD568819064B91" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
<paragraph id="2DAD28BF995088C0F64694A012F549B0" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
Figure 3. Adults of
<taxonomicName id="AFD1FC0825EF6AA9B38F2B1F9409F805" lsidName="P. kolea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="kolea">P. kolea</taxonomicName>
sp. n. A holotype male B Paratype female. Scale bar 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="28E67975AE854E148246BAD1078C1915" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
<paragraph id="7863F9E0B5A47D8D4D72FD129B3E0D88" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
Figure 4. Distribution of
<taxonomicName id="50F6FBA4B8517EDF9329A3CCDD179E49" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Myrsine" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myrsine" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Myrsine</taxonomicName>
-feeding
<taxonomicName id="01F8374FABC6A235871D79692689FF5D" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philodoria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philodoria</taxonomicName>
species. The star indicates the type locality of each species. Information based on this study and label data of specimens in BPBM, USNM, and NHMUK. Symbols are numbered according to showing locality in Table 1 and alphabetical symbols (
<normalizedToken id="A78FDB019B9531FFC1801D8DBBF02001" originalValue="A–K">A-K</normalizedToken>
) correspond to figure numbers in Figure 5.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="ACB57B51533F98E316B53CD35456AE7F" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
<paragraph id="AD0A4027122B4C2F4A7652B6CA658406" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
Figure 5. Forewing coloration and pattern of
<taxonomicName id="C437FC6C5566519517CC4099A6568287" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Myrsine" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myrsine" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Myrsine</taxonomicName>
-feeding
<taxonomicName id="65479D9C92DB8452D347E941DBA2AEA9" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philodoria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philodoria</taxonomicName>
species.
<normalizedToken id="A624E1D9F84213D45825010110291467" originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName id="E6F1496BFCD00EE663D41ED97B7D7B23" lsidName="P. succedanea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="succedanea">P. succedanea</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="42525BA792A19FD245D6E8362C6AC3F5" originalValue="E–H">E-H</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName id="F6CFFFDC8BF4FA3E727211428A6A92C0" lsidName="P. auromagnifica" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="auromagnifica">P. auromagnifica</taxonomicName>
I, J
<taxonomicName id="D6B256CD81D6CFD02BB07FC893B6F375" lsidName="P. kauaulaensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="kauaulaensis">P. kauaulaensis</taxonomicName>
K, L
<taxonomicName id="80E3F71F2D391DA7A00D419668000E14" lsidName="P. kolea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="kolea">P. kolea</taxonomicName>
.
<normalizedToken id="027B3797B6EB8F2DB47F0C9E594AA886" originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken id="31C51AC9DF909B174653411D45FA6487" originalValue="E–G">E-G</normalizedToken>
, K
<normalizedToken id="EE719E3B58E022E4B2DBAAF433C8523B" originalValue="Hawai’i">Hawai'i</normalizedToken>
Volcanoes National Park. A Female SK622, leaf-dropper B Male SK625, leaf-dropper C Male SK633 D Paralectotype female 34320 Haleakala, Maui in BPBME Female SK624, non-leaf-dropper F Female SK623, non-leaf-dropper G Male SK805 H Female Z-XII-20-62-6 34143 Wailupe, Oahu, in BPBMI, J Holotype female SK690 K Paratype female SK632 L Paratype female SK631. Scale bars: 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="D3A7CEB2B1CA2ED3DF9DAA1CEDCCB497" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
<paragraph id="FE3B875045486ED86AEB00575579825E" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
Figure 6. Male genitalia of
<taxonomicName id="25BED8F395052C02FF04DC62D694829C" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philodoria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philodoria</taxonomicName>
.
<normalizedToken id="B9D420FA5C96E6B2F61BD37531F3B405" originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName id="59431A37195F9F0E4E9DC1ACED408630" lsidName="P. succedanea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="succedanea">P. succedanea</taxonomicName>
Maui SK641
<normalizedToken id="3AF5C7966647FF9DE2E9CB794AF4CEBD" originalValue="E–H">E-H</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName id="71CC365D90A94269258E8A30E56B974B" lsidName="P. auromagnifica" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="auromagnifica">P. auromagnifica</taxonomicName>
Hawaii SK800
<normalizedToken id="24D081DEC1B27E69295C599EC41E76FF" originalValue="I–L">I-L</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName id="20547BD11BCDE5D2C5C85695859F78D2" lsidName="P. auromagnifica" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="auromagnifica">P. auromagnifica</taxonomicName>
Kauai SK689 A, E, I Left valva B, F, J Genital capsule lateral view C Genital capsule with left valva ventral view G, K Genital capsule ventral view D, H, L Phallus lateral view. Abbreviations: co: cornuti; gn: gnathos; sa: saccus; ss: subscaphium; ta: tuba analis; te: tegumen; va: valva; vi: vinculum.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="F72DC9A28D9D4AF3336A9B89B1F4EA22" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
<paragraph id="6D6D170F4439BDB58B12F9CB6907DE9C" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
Figure 7. Genitalia of
<taxonomicName id="2D51E64E776A590B864FB05E3859EE53" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philodoria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philodoria</taxonomicName>
.
<normalizedToken id="713B2FD893FC59BB22696C40D0AADA85" originalValue="E–I">E-I</normalizedToken>
Female.
<normalizedToken id="61703F04E0C894D3F197483F59208E7F" originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName id="F9759CD8E9B43F27991BFD3173745D32" lsidName="P. kolea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="kolea">P. kolea</taxonomicName>
holotype male Hawaii SK851 E
<taxonomicName id="6B2A6F291CE41E06A0FB1641C51804E8" lsidName="P. succedanea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="succedanea">P. succedanea</taxonomicName>
paralectotype Maui SK714 F
<taxonomicName id="B50971D49363AB2B99C5D16AE4C34249" lsidName="P. succedanea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="succedanea">P. succedanea</taxonomicName>
leaf dropper Hawaii SK624 G
<taxonomicName id="02BA70CE2FF6E149AD231E742E82DF09" lsidName="P. auromagnifica" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="auromagnifica">P. auromagnifica</taxonomicName>
non leaf dropper Hawaii SK623 H
<taxonomicName id="BE468082D42B77DA587FC4BCCA9CC13F" lsidName="P. kauaulaensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="kauaulaensis">P. kauaulaensis</taxonomicName>
holotype SK690 I
<taxonomicName id="6056CACF293D08F335BFB491C03CB5FA" lsidName="P. kolea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="kolea">P. kolea</taxonomicName>
paratype Hawaii SK634. A Valva B Genital capsule lateral view C Genital capsule ventral view D Phallus lateral view
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2675DB9D2B338CFDE671A8B64EF4EA43" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="796D1C86CF8834DD43857DFF021F9D9D" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F0D273BCF06D571919AA46A7D56251E0" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
Kauai, Oahu and Lanai: new record, Maui (Walsingham 1907), Molokai and Hawaii (Big Island) (
<bibRefCitation id="0A52C024814CAF50DC91CB0CF9F8F57B" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Zimmerman 1978</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9FFAD713DDB82AE163DC9E644A7664D7" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="host">
<paragraph id="9425558D4C2AFFE540BE7E002060AD79" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Host plants.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="950E8BD0EEAABEB1FBC24F5BF01E9824" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
<taxonomicName id="29049C20625006DE8BB0F5E40C534302" family="Primulaceae" lsidName="Philodoria" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="family">Primulaceae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="698415C4663F3CBA4E103740BBAA9208" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Myrsine" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myrsine sandwicensis" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sandwicensis">Myrsine sandwicensis</taxonomicName>
A. DC.,
<taxonomicName id="A0A002108D074F1D473EB23F64D132C7" lsidName="M. lessertiana" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="lessertiana">M. lessertiana</taxonomicName>
A. DC. (
<bibRefCitation id="52AD6979B57E95D0518ACCFC720D87CA" author="Johns, CA" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" pagination="361 - 372" title="Molecular phylogeny, revised higher classification, and implications for conservation of endangered Hawaiian leaf-mining moths (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Philodoria)." url="https://doi.org/10.2984/70.3.7" volume="70" year="2016">Johns et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C33D3C1618FDAE2E6C4241A5D9B7656" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Myrsine" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myrsine" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Myrsine</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<bibRefCitation id="E8B4B2F19F5929229F016294712E4A99" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Zimmerman 1978</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="EF1596ABC2D77EB6ED1E8BC359DCE73E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Myrsine" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myrsine linearifolia" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="linearifolia">Myrsine linearifolia</taxonomicName>
Hosaka and
<taxonomicName id="89371B6BE8270BF5AC5424F535839A54" lsidName="M. knudsenii" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="knudsenii">M. knudsenii</taxonomicName>
(Rock) Hosaka are new host records (see Remarks).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="08F39C519E4717A7EF297E6BF7B4CA59" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="44560F409BB5F482868BB75265C2A3B6" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="70CCA667C6B98F0AF9CC212991E03ECE" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
(Figs 8A, 9, 14A). The larvae mine the adaxial side of leaves of
<taxonomicName id="BBC2628F2D24A37484437CDE91C5328F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Myrsine" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myrsine" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Myrsine</taxonomicName>
species, forming a long linear mine (Fig. 9B, G, H). The mine is at first tornus-shaped (Fig. 9C, D, I, J) and the larva broaches the mid vein towards the petiole of the leaf, forming a straight mine; the vein mine and surrounding pattern are red in coloration (Fig. 9F, H) and later instars leave the mid vein usually near the base of the leaf, gradually expanding as they feed and grow forming a full-depth mine (Fig. 9E, F). There were usually one to two mines per leaf (Fig. 9B, G, M). The pupal cocoon is situated outside of the mine, usually on the leaf surface, and also on the woody tissue of the host plant with leaf mines and larvae. At
<normalizedToken id="F53D58E14C36C7C9CDE92D85B82D2BF9" originalValue="Hawai’i">Hawai'i</normalizedToken>
Volcanoes National Park, larvae were collected from leaves that had fallen to the ground and reared to adulthood (Fig. 9A). The adult has been observed during the day (Maui and Hawaii Island), resting on the upper leaf surface of the host plant (Fig. 8A).
</paragraph>
<caption id="BBDC6BFE7D812088DB1D861A39A39204" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
<paragraph id="3A516EC7220F4094C5B46300C6546168" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
Figure 8. Resting posture of adult
<taxonomicName id="4AB7583620F1D893E299F1A312128EE6" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philodoria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philodoria</taxonomicName>
. A
<taxonomicName id="AC9B63446E346A9DF5112B972911DB9D" lsidName="P. succedanea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="succedanea">P. succedanea</taxonomicName>
Waikamoi Maui B
<taxonomicName id="410282CC645A1D36A6FC68B8225A72A8" lsidName="P. auromagnifica" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="auromagnifica">P. auromagnifica</taxonomicName>
Molokai CJ241.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="F179D72460ECE7B0B9431B2E219671A2" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
<paragraph id="02079F0FECA93BAEEE46E85A0C858207" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
Figure 9. Biology of
<taxonomicName id="15A2C9B0CA4968E70A7BB68B64BC973A" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philodoria succedanea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="succedanea">Philodoria succedanea</taxonomicName>
with its hostplant,
<taxonomicName id="FFDCAAC792BD7EE38C7AA8B3D08221C0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Myrsine" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myrsine lessertiana" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lessertiana">Myrsine lessertiana</taxonomicName>
.
<normalizedToken id="C9D3FBB29AC9724F82DB6A538DD50338" originalValue="A–J">A-J</normalizedToken>
Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii (Big Island)
<normalizedToken id="913F16903029C1F47A8B16480A0DAF25" originalValue="K–N">K-N</normalizedToken>
Maui A Fallen leaf and leaf mine with larva B Hostplants and leaf mines C, I, J Young mine D Leaf vein mine
<normalizedToken id="938301B80DD2B4F2E20AEE3C4FBA91B8" originalValue="E–G">E-G</normalizedToken>
Mine by late instar larva H, K, M Mature larva and mine N Mature larva O Adult, CJ-145, lateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="32A69A7CC71FA41995E7BB74988F72BE" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="dna barcoding">
<paragraph id="1BE5859ADD7822ED07EDB20091113A86" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">DNA barcoding.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2BF0E63DBE0B621BC79874DA4D89F53F" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
BIN BOLD:ADF5435. The two specimens sequenced for COI, one from Maui and one from Hawaii, have identical DNA barcode sequences. The p-distance to the nearest neighbor,
<taxonomicName id="CF946C018E306846A380B1BE2001A5D6" lsidName="P. kauaulaensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="kauaulaensis">P. kauaulaensis</taxonomicName>
, is 6.63%.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AE5DD627297667ADCDC058344DDE5142" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="702A0783C04C42891BB46655F088DA54" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9A4E63F8CEDD9BBA9F3CAA84655EDF7F" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
We identified two adult moths (Coll ID CJ-144 / GenBank accession no. ID KT982414 and CJ-145) as
<taxonomicName id="AF68D324156E60C00DE0F35691196A43" lsidName="P. succedanea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="succedanea">P. succedanea</taxonomicName>
, based on the presence of a basal black patch on forewing, from which whole bodies were sacrificed for molecular analysis (
<bibRefCitation id="905B7C0147FE5BA4C15E79DA075D13EA" author="Johns, CA" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" pagination="361 - 372" title="Molecular phylogeny, revised higher classification, and implications for conservation of endangered Hawaiian leaf-mining moths (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Philodoria)." url="https://doi.org/10.2984/70.3.7" volume="70" year="2016">Johns et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
; Figs 6O, 12).
<bibRefCitation id="E5B6FFE7762FD053DBC1D584B901559F" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Zimmerman (1978)</bibRefCitation>
did not recognize
<normalizedToken id="EA526C1D12A3C277B8C409D3D10B8268" originalValue="Walsingham’s">Walsingham's</normalizedToken>
(1907) Kauai record of this species because Walsingham had only one specimen at hand, which was in poor condition (specimen data: 1 ♂, Mts [which Mts not further specified], 3-4000 ft., Kauai, vi. 1894 Perkins.27297| PARATYPE 17/17 (?)|'NOT
<taxonomicName id="771509C4D420510BE18D988D3661F6FA" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philodoria succedanea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="succedanea">succedanea</taxonomicName>
Det. by E. C. Zimmerman|NHMUK010862812). We could not find the specimen from Kauai. However, we found
<taxonomicName id="7AE23C563C1C8FC0AAE163F0AF89DCEC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Myrsine" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myrsine knudsenii" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="knudsenii">Myrsine knudsenii</taxonomicName>
(Endangered, IUCN) leaves with mines with active larvae from Kokee, Kauai Is. (CJ-433, 442), which were similar in appearance to mines of
<taxonomicName id="222FB92CCA9E075F11D869A2A0C77C1D" lsidName="P. succedanea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="succedanea">P. succedanea</taxonomicName>
on
<taxonomicName id="17912CBBC2BF91A7BB73708FDD31E10B" lsidName="M. lessertiana" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="lessertiana">M. lessertiana</taxonomicName>
. Judging from these data, we consider the larval mines on
<taxonomicName id="61FD6DF5F6DD830A8EAF65E53EA9C07E" lsidName="M. knudsenii" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="knudsenii">M. knudsenii</taxonomicName>
were made by
<taxonomicName id="7AB84097E7E48E339CFF1D1FA60CB9B6" lsidName="P. succedanea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="succedanea">P. succedanea</taxonomicName>
. We also collected active
<taxonomicName id="61B0FFFAFBC0CD399A18623A967C1762" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philodoria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philodoria</taxonomicName>
leaf mines from
<taxonomicName id="8ED8C4A61A79539C754BB6D05F103567" lsidName="M. linearifolia" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="linearifolia">M. linearifolia</taxonomicName>
(Endangered, IUCN) at the same location as
<taxonomicName id="0C707E24E02179875ADE6BD54AAB2378" lsidName="M. knudsenii" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="knudsenii">M. knudsenii</taxonomicName>
, but were unable to rear adult moths. It is thus possible that
<taxonomicName id="DD82F411FC8386B961E5418150E3A294" lsidName="P. succedanea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="succedanea">P. succedanea</taxonomicName>
also mines
<taxonomicName id="B3DE69FC0A12E380D711CC3E316F3D1E" lsidName="M. linearifolia" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="linearifolia">M. linearifolia</taxonomicName>
, but this needs to be further examined.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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