850 lines
120 KiB
XML
850 lines
120 KiB
XML
<document id="DA94AFE6D43C6EE72AE1599F8CC7AD0E" ID-CLB-Dataset="20773" ID-DOI="10.1111/syen.12522" ID-GBIF-Dataset="564eaad8-6245-4f42-9a88-42b97bf30807" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5975346" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1644003985773" checkinUser="tatiana" docAuthor="Boudinot, Brendon E., Borowiec, Marek L. & Prebus, Matthew M." docDate="2022" docId="03B987A94364FF9AFCBDFF60FD6FDBF2" docLanguage="en" docName="systEnt.47.113-151.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Systematic Entomology 47" docTitle="Lasius Fabricius 1804" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="137" masterDocId="FF80FFD14372FF82FFF5FF95FF99D837" masterDocTitle="Phylogeny, evolution, and classification of the ant genus Lasius, the tribe Lasiini and the subfamily Formicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" masterLastPageNumber="151" masterPageNumber="113" pageNumber="135" updateTime="1730916979833" updateUser="juliana">
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<mods:title id="9EB81272842901CF7345FC1DBDE2580F">Phylogeny, evolution, and classification of the ant genus Lasius, the tribe Lasiini and the subfamily Formicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7C0E43C21D88A17D4E9451EFE50479B3">Boudinot, Brendon E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="AC260D7BF3E8982E22C476035C381B7E">Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis CA, U. S. A. & Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institut für Spezielle Zoologie, Jena, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1844FFB13E3525D47797016D78C795D7">Borowiec, Marek L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CD6B672E47AE38A326779327903E6B6E">Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis CA, U. S. A. & Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow ID, U. S. A. & Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow ID, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="200FF182128F1835F1785FAB99A77839">Prebus, Matthew M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="40ABDE7B866B8C0A4431133ECAC73599">Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis CA, U. S. A. & School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="513ADA5097F252E0D8C33EE48BD4D843" type="email">mprebus@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="6A6E6245893D8CEC812B7146135CAB44">Systematic Entomology</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="23F21B0A0DC8331C3F87D2886F17F7D5">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="E44B963C604184AC6B228014155533F4">47</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03B987A94364FF9AFCBDFF60FD6FDBF2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6303230" ID-GBIF-Taxon="193278228" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6303230" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B987A94364FF9AFCBDFF60FD6FDBF2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B987A94364FF9AFCBDFF60FD6FDBF2" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="137" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">
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<subSubSection id="C30A65344364FF94FCBDFF60FBEBD93C" box="[840,1138,245,267]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BAF36BF4364FF94FCBDFF60FBEBD93C" blockId="22.[840,1256,245,445]" box="[840,1138,245,267]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">
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<heading id="D0E781D34364FF94FCBDFF60FBEBD93C" bold="true" box="[840,1138,245,267]" fontSize="9" level="1" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" reason="6">
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<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FCBDFF60FBEBD93C" bold="true" box="[840,1138,245,267]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FC7AFF60FBEBD93C" ID-CoL="5B7S" authority="Fabricius, 1804" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[911,1138,245,267]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FC7AFF60FC49D93D" bold="true" box="[911,976,245,266]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Lasius</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4364FF94FC23FF60FBEBD93C" author="Fabricius, J. C." bookContentInfo="xiv + 15 - 439 + 30 pp." box="[982,1138,245,267]" journalOrPublisher="Brunswick: C. Reichard" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" refId="ref33561" refString="Fabricius, J. C. (1804) Systema Piezatorum Secundum Ordines, Genera, Species, Adjectis Synonymis, Locis, Observationibus, Descriptionibus. Brunswick: C. Reichard. xiv + 15 - 439 + 30 pp." title="Systema Piezatorum Secundum Ordines, Genera, Species, Adjectis Synonymis, Locis, Observationibus, Descriptionibus" type="book" year="1804">Fabricius, 1804</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30A65344364FF94FCBDFE86FB24D98A" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BAF36BF4364FF94FCBDFE86FB71D91F" blockId="22.[840,1256,245,445]" box="[840,1256,275,296]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">
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||
=
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||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25757D64364FF94FCABFE86FB7DD91F" box="[862,1252,275,296]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">
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||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FCABFE86FC7BD91F" box="[862,994,275,296]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Donisthorpea</emphasis>
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Morice and Durrant, 1915
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</taxonomicNameLabel>
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||
.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAF36BF4364FF94FCBDFEA5FB2BD971" blockId="22.[840,1256,245,445]" box="[840,1202,304,326]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">
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||
=
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FCABFEA4FBC6D972" ID-CoL="M9T" authority="Mayr, 1862" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1862" box="[862,1119,304,326]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthomyops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FCABFEA4FC72D971" box="[862,1003,305,326]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Acanthomyops</emphasis>
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Mayr, 1862
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FB90FEA5FB2BD971" bold="true" box="[1125,1202,304,326]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">syn.rev.</emphasis>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAF36BF4364FF94FCBDFEDBFB3BD953" blockId="22.[840,1256,245,445]" box="[840,1186,334,356]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">
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||
=
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FCABFEDBFBD2D954" authorityName="Faber" authorityYear="1967" box="[862,1099,334,355]" higherTaxonomySource="Manual Input" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Austrolasius">
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<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FCABFEDBFC4DD954" box="[862,980,334,355]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Austrolasius</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4364FF94FC2FFEDBFBD2D954" author="Faber, W." box="[986,1099,334,355]" journalOrPublisher="Pflanzenschultz Berichte" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" pagination="73 - 107" part="36" refId="ref33510" refString="Faber, W. (1967) Beitrage zur Kenntnis sozialparasitischer Ameisen. I. Lasius (Austrolasius n. sg.) reginae n. sp., eine neue temporar sozialparasitische Erdameise aus Osterreich (Hym. Formicidae). Pflanzenschultz Berichte, 36, 73 - 107." title="Beitrage zur Kenntnis sozialparasitischer Ameisen. I. Lasius (Austrolasius n. sg.) reginae n. sp., eine neue temporar sozialparasitische Erdameise aus Osterreich (Hym. Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="1967">Faber, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FBA4FEDBFB3BD953" bold="true" box="[1105,1186,334,356]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">syn.nov.</emphasis>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BAF36BF4364FF94FCBDFEF9FB37D9B6" blockId="22.[840,1256,245,445]" box="[840,1198,363,385]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">
|
||
=
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FCABFEF9FBCFD9B6" authorityName="Wilson" authorityYear="1955" box="[862,1110,364,385]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Cautolasius">
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||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FCABFEF9FC49D9B6" box="[862,976,364,385]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Cautolasius</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4364FF94FC23FEF9FBCFD9B6" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[982,1110,364,385]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" pagination="1 - 201" part="113" refId="ref39584" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1955) A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 113, 1 - 201." title="A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius" type="journal article" year="1955">Wilson, 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FBA9FEFEFB37D9B6" bold="true" box="[1116,1198,363,385]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">syn.nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BAF36BF4364FF94FCBDFE1FFB5ED9A8" blockId="22.[840,1256,245,445]" box="[840,1223,393,415]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">
|
||
=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FCABFE1FFBE9D9A8" authority="Ruzsky" authorityName="Ruzsky" box="[862,1136,394,415]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Chthonolasius">
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||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FCABFE1FFC71D9A8" box="[862,1000,394,415]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Chthonolasius</emphasis>
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||
Ruzsky, 1912
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FB83FE1CFB5ED9A8" bold="true" box="[1142,1223,393,415]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">syn.nov.</emphasis>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BAF36BF4364FF94FCBDFE32FB24D98A" blockId="22.[840,1256,245,445]" box="[840,1213,423,445]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">
|
||
=
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FCABFE32FBFCD98B" authority="Ruzsky, 1912" authorityName="Ruzsky" authorityYear="1912" box="[862,1125,423,444]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthomyops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Dendrolasius">
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||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FCABFE32FC47D98B" box="[862,990,423,444]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Dendrolasius</emphasis>
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||
Ruzsky, 1912
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FB9EFE32FB24D98A" bold="true" box="[1131,1213,423,445]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">syn.nov.</emphasis>
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30A65344364FF94FCBDFE4FFAF5D9D8" box="[840,1388,474,495]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" type="type_taxon">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF36BF4364FF94FCBDFE4FFAF5D9D8" blockId="22.[821,1427,474,1863]" box="[840,1388,474,495]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FCBDFE4FFC5FD9D8" box="[840,966,474,495]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Type species.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FC3EFE4FFB77D9D8" ID-CoL="6JGHV" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[971,1262,474,495]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigra">
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||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FC3EFE4FFBCDD9D8" box="[971,1108,474,495]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Formica nigra</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4364FF94FBAEFE4FFB77D9D8" author="Linnaeus, C." bookContentInfo="824 pp." box="[1115,1262,474,495]" journalOrPublisher="L. Salvii" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" refId="ref35691" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae [= Stockholm]: L. Salvii, 824 pp." title="Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FAE7FE4FFAC4D9D8" ID-CoL="3SGXX" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1298,1373,474,495]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FAE7FE4FFAC4D9D8" box="[1298,1373,474,495]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">L. niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30A65344364FF9AFCBDFE6DFD6FDBF2" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="137" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF36BF4364FF94FCBDFE6DFB71DB01" blockId="22.[821,1427,474,1863]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FCBDFE6DFB17DA3A" box="[840,1166,504,525]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Subgeneric classification remarks</emphasis>
|
||
. The modern body of taxonomic work on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FC15FD83FB87DA1C" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[992,1054,534,555]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FC15FD83FB87DA1C" box="[992,1054,534,555]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was initiated by Wilson’s revision of the genus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4364FF94FC54FDA6FBB1DA7F" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[929,1064,563,584]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" pagination="1 - 201" part="113" refId="ref39584" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1955) A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 113, 1 - 201." title="A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius" type="journal article" year="1955">Wilson, 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which was classified into four subgenera at the time:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FC01FDC4FBFFDA51" authorityName="Wilson" authorityYear="1955" box="[1012,1126,593,614]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Cautolasius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FC01FDC4FBFFDA51" box="[1012,1126,593,614]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Cautolasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FB80FDC4FB66DA51" authorityName="Ruzsky" box="[1141,1279,593,614]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Chthonolasius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FB80FDC4FB66DA51" box="[1141,1279,593,614]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Chthonolasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FAF8FDC4FA14DA51" authorityName="Ruzsky" authorityYear="1912" box="[1293,1421,593,614]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthomyops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Dendrolasius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FAF8FDC4FA14DA51" box="[1293,1421,593,614]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Dendrolasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FC94FDFAFC06DAB3" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[865,927,623,644]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FC94FDFAFC06DAB3" box="[865,927,623,644]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25757D64364FF94FC5DFDFAFC47DAB3" box="[936,990,623,644]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
In this work, Wilson provided a phylogeny of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FCA5FD18FC17DA95" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[848,910,653,674]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FCA5FD18FC17DA95" box="[848,910,653,674]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B2A3A4364FF94FC69FD18FC71DA95" box="[924,1000,653,674]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1743,1763]" captionTargetBox="[184,1393,1309,1713]" captionTargetId="figure-289@2.[184,1394,1309,1713]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Comparison of phylogenetic hypotheses for Lasius; red indicates paraphyly of Lasius sensu stricto, orange of Lasius (Cautolasius) and violet of Lasius (Chthonolasius). (A) Intuition-based topology from Wilson (1955). (B, C) combined morphological and mitochondrial topologies of Janda et al. (2004), and Maruyama et al. (2008). (D) Consensus topology from the current study; see Table 4 for Bayes factor tests of our constraint analyses." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5975350" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5975350/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
), but this treatment was an intuitive account of what he considered trends in the evolution of the morphology and biogeography of the genus. Subsequently, the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FCC0FD73FC32DACC" authorityName="Faber" authorityYear="1967" box="[821,939,742,763]" higherTaxonomySource="Manual Input" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Austrolasius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FCC0FD73FC32DACC" box="[821,939,742,763]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Austrolasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was erected for a few socially parasitic species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4364FF94FCCEFC91FC36DB2E" author="Faber, W." box="[827,943,772,793]" journalOrPublisher="Pflanzenschultz Berichte" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" pagination="73 - 107" part="36" refId="ref33510" refString="Faber, W. (1967) Beitrage zur Kenntnis sozialparasitischer Ameisen. I. Lasius (Austrolasius n. sg.) reginae n. sp., eine neue temporar sozialparasitische Erdameise aus Osterreich (Hym. Formicidae). Pflanzenschultz Berichte, 36, 73 - 107." title="Beitrage zur Kenntnis sozialparasitischer Ameisen. I. Lasius (Austrolasius n. sg.) reginae n. sp., eine neue temporar sozialparasitische Erdameise aus Osterreich (Hym. Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="1967">Faber, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), andthe former genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FB72FC91FA8DDB2E" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1862" box="[1159,1300,772,793]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthomyops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FB72FC91FA8DDB2E" box="[1159,1300,772,793]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Acanthomyops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was included in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FCBBFCB4FC15DB01" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[846,908,801,822]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FCBBFCB4FC15DB01" box="[846,908,801,822]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the sixth subgenus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4364FF94FB9CFCB4FB47DB01" author="Ward, P. S." box="[1129,1246,801,822]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" pagination="1 - 68" part="936" refId="ref38944" refString="Ward, P. S. (2005) A synoptic review of the ants of California (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 936, 1 - 68." title="A synoptic review of the ants of California (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="2005">Ward, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF36BF4364FF94FCBDFCAAFAA0DC4A" blockId="22.[821,1427,474,1863]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">
|
||
The first phylogenetic inference based on molecular data was presented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4364FF94FC49FCC8FBF1DB45" author="Hasegawa, E." box="[956,1128,861,882]" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Science" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" pagination="133 - 135" part="1" refId="ref34212" refString="Hasegawa, E. (1998) Phylogeny and host-parasite relationships in social parasitism in Lasius ants. Entomological Science, 1, 133 - 135." title="Phylogeny and host-parasite relationships in social parasitism in Lasius ants" type="journal article" year="1998">Hasegawa (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who used COI to investigate relationships of four
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FBE5FCEEFB06DBB8" box="[1040,1183,890,912]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FBE5FCEEFBD7DBA7" box="[1040,1102,891,912]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(phylogeny not figured here). Since then, two major attempts at resolving the phylogeny were presented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4364FF94FBC9FC23FB6EDBFC" author="Janda, M. & Folkova, D. & Zrzavy, J." box="[1084,1271,950,971]" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" pagination="595 - 614" part="33" refId="ref34597" refString="Janda, M., Folkova, D. & Zrzavy, J. (2004) Phylogeny of Lasius ants based on mitochondrial DNA and morphology, and the evolution of social parasitism in the Lasiini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 33, 595 - 614." title="Phylogeny of Lasius ants based on mitochondrial DNA and morphology, and the evolution of social parasitism in the Lasiini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Janda
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FB8EFC23FB36DBFC" box="[1147,1199,950,971]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4364FF94FADEFC23FC37DBDE" author="Maruyama, M. & Steiner, F. M. & Stauffer, C. & Akino, T. & Crozier, R. H. & Schlick-Steiner, B. C." journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" pagination="1 - 15" part="8" refId="ref35850" refString="Maruyama, M., Steiner, F. M., Stauffer, C., Akino, T., Crozier, R. H. & Schlick-Steiner, B. C. (2008) A DNA and morphology based phylogenetic framework of the ant genus Lasius with hypotheses for the evolution of social parasitism and fungiculture. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 8, 1 - 15. Article 237. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 8 - 237." title="A DNA and morphology based phylogenetic framework of the ant genus Lasius with hypotheses for the evolution of social parasitism and fungiculture" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Maruyama
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FCC0FC41FCFEDBDE" box="[821,871,980,1001]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2008)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B2A3A4364FF94FC49FC41FBBEDBDE" box="[956,1063,980,1001]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1743,1763]" captionTargetBox="[184,1393,1309,1713]" captionTargetId="figure-289@2.[184,1394,1309,1713]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Comparison of phylogenetic hypotheses for Lasius; red indicates paraphyly of Lasius sensu stricto, orange of Lasius (Cautolasius) and violet of Lasius (Chthonolasius). (A) Intuition-based topology from Wilson (1955). (B, C) combined morphological and mitochondrial topologies of Janda et al. (2004), and Maruyama et al. (2008). (D) Consensus topology from the current study; see Table 4 for Bayes factor tests of our constraint analyses." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5975350" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5975350/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Fig. 1B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Both studies used a combination of morphological characters and molecular data, including mitochondrial markers (COI, COII, tRNA-Leu, 16S). Amore recent effort focused on the phylogeny of European species related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FCC0FBDEFC18DC57" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[821,897,1099,1120]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FCC0FBDEFC18DC57" box="[821,897,1099,1120]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">L. niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FC64FBDEFC56DC57" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[913,975,1099,1120]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FC64FBDEFC56DC57" box="[913,975,1099,1120]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25757D64364FF94FC22FBDFFB95DC68" box="[983,1036,1098,1119]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
) and included nuclear genes
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FAD2FBDEFAF0DC57" box="[1319,1385,1099,1120]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">LW Rh</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FCC0FBFDFCC8DC4A" box="[821,849,1128,1149]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">wg</emphasis>
|
||
in addition to 16S and COI (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4364FF94FB90FBFDFAB7DC4A" author="Talavera, G. & Espadaler, X. & Vila, R." box="[1125,1326,1128,1149]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" pagination="589 - 601" part="42" refId="ref38651" refString="Talavera, G., Espadaler, X. & Vila, R. (2015 2014) Discovered just before extinction? The first endemic ant from the Balearic Islands (Lasius balearicus sp. nov.) is endangered by climate change. Journal of Biogeography, 42, 589 - 601. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jbi. 12438." title="Discovered just before extinction? The first endemic ant from the Balearic Islands (Lasius balearicus sp. nov.) is endangered by climate change" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Talavera
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FB4BFBFDFB76DC4A" box="[1214,1263,1128,1149]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF36BF4364FF94FCBDFB13FC53DEE7" blockId="22.[821,1427,474,1863]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">
|
||
To date, the monophyly of the subgenera has not been questioned except for the nominotypical subgenus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4364FF94FAAEFB31FC30DCE1" author="Janda, M. & Folkova, D. & Zrzavy, J." journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" pagination="595 - 614" part="33" refId="ref34597" refString="Janda, M., Folkova, D. & Zrzavy, J. (2004) Phylogeny of Lasius ants based on mitochondrial DNA and morphology, and the evolution of social parasitism in the Lasiini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 33, 595 - 614." title="Phylogeny of Lasius ants based on mitochondrial DNA and morphology, and the evolution of social parasitism in the Lasiini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Janda
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FCC0FB57FCF1DCE0" box="[821,872,1218,1239]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">etal.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4364FF94FC41FB54FB00DCE1" author="Maruyama, M. & Steiner, F. M. & Stauffer, C. & Akino, T. & Crozier, R. H. & Schlick-Steiner, B. C." box="[948,1177,1217,1239]" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" pagination="1 - 15" part="8" refId="ref35850" refString="Maruyama, M., Steiner, F. M., Stauffer, C., Akino, T., Crozier, R. H. & Schlick-Steiner, B. C. (2008) A DNA and morphology based phylogenetic framework of the ant genus Lasius with hypotheses for the evolution of social parasitism and fungiculture. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 8, 1 - 15. Article 237. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 8 - 237." title="A DNA and morphology based phylogenetic framework of the ant genus Lasius with hypotheses for the evolution of social parasitism and fungiculture" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Maruyama
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FBD1FB57FBCEDCE0" box="[1060,1111,1218,1239]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">etal.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Recently,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4364FF94FAF8FB54FA16DCE1" author="Seifert, B." box="[1293,1423,1217,1238]" journalOrPublisher="Soil Organisms" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" pagination="15 - 86" part="92" refId="ref38209" refString="Seifert, B. (2020) A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the subgenus Lasius s. str. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Soil Organisms, 92, 15 - 86." title="A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the subgenus Lasius s. str. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="2020">Seifert (2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 21) stated that there is clear justification for elevating the subgenera to generic status. Such an action would considerably complicate the classification of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FB72FA8EFB5CDD07" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[1159,1221,1307,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FB72FA8EFB5CDD07" box="[1159,1221,1307,1328]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genus group because of the robustly supported paraphyly of the subgenera that we have uncovered here (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B2A3A4364FF94FBFFFAC3FBC2DD5C" box="[1034,1115,1366,1387]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1743,1763]" captionTargetBox="[184,1393,1309,1713]" captionTargetId="figure-289@2.[184,1394,1309,1713]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Comparison of phylogenetic hypotheses for Lasius; red indicates paraphyly of Lasius sensu stricto, orange of Lasius (Cautolasius) and violet of Lasius (Chthonolasius). (A) Intuition-based topology from Wilson (1955). (B, C) combined morphological and mitochondrial topologies of Janda et al. (2004), and Maruyama et al. (2008). (D) Consensus topology from the current study; see Table 4 for Bayes factor tests of our constraint analyses." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5975350" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5975350/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Figs 1D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B2A3A4364FF94FB93FAC3FBEDDD5C" box="[1126,1140,1366,1387]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[151,184,1502,1522]" captionTargetBox="[157,1422,172,1471]" captionTargetId="figure-8@8.[157,1422,172,1472]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 2. Molecular phylogeny of the Lasiini inferred from Bayesian analysis of the Lasiini_55t data matrix.Node support values are reported as Bayesian posterior probabilities (BI) versus maximum likelihood bootstrap (ML). Filled circles at nodes indicate full support from both analyses. An asterisk (*) indicates that the topology of the ML analysis diverged from the BI analysis at the given node." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5975352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5975352/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">2</figureCitation>
|
||
, S
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B2A3A4364FF94FB65FAC3FB03DD5C" box="[1168,1178,1366,1387]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1743,1763]" captionTargetBox="[184,1393,1309,1713]" captionTargetId="figure-289@2.[184,1394,1309,1713]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Comparison of phylogenetic hypotheses for Lasius; red indicates paraphyly of Lasius sensu stricto, orange of Lasius (Cautolasius) and violet of Lasius (Chthonolasius). (A) Intuition-based topology from Wilson (1955). (B, C) combined morphological and mitochondrial topologies of Janda et al. (2004), and Maruyama et al. (2008). (D) Consensus topology from the current study; see Table 4 for Bayes factor tests of our constraint analyses." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5975350" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5975350/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="C69203044364FF94FB53FAC3FB69DD5C" box="[1190,1264,1366,1387]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="7.[830,883,172,192]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Table 4. Bayes Factor results, testing alternative placements of Metalasius and the monophyly of the subgenera using the Lasiini_55t matrix." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F66374375FF85FCCBFF39FCE4D8C2" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" tableUuid="DF6F66374375FF85FCCBFF39FCE4D8C2">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
). Specifically, in order to retain monophyly at the genus rank, four new genera would need to be erected for the species groups of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FAC1FA07FA14DD90" baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[1332,1421,1426,1447]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FAC1FA07FA14DD90" box="[1332,1421,1426,1447]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FCC0FA3AFC01DDF3" authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1906" box="[821,920,1455,1476]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nearcticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FCC0FA3AFC01DDF3" box="[821,920,1455,1476]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">nearcticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FC53FA3AFC7FDDF3" authorityName="Cole" authorityYear="1958" box="[934,998,1455,1476]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atopus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FC53FA3AFC7FDDF3" box="[934,998,1455,1476]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">atopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FBD5FA3AFB18DDF3" baseAuthorityName="Provancher" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[1056,1153,1455,1476]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallitarsis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FBD5FA3AFB18DDF3" box="[1056,1153,1455,1476]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">pallitarsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. An additional issue would be the placement of the species which have not been sequenced, particularly those of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FBD1FA7EFBCFDE37" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1060,1110,1515,1536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FBD1FA7EFBCFDE37" box="[1060,1110,1515,1536]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group and, for example, the recently described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FBFAF99CFB7BDE2A" authority="Seifert" authorityName="Seifert" box="[1039,1250,1544,1566]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevipalpus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FBFAF99CFB00DE29" box="[1039,1177,1545,1566]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">L. brevipalpus</emphasis>
|
||
Seifert
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FAB1F99CFCFCDE0C" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FC5DF9B3FC43DE0C" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[936,986,1574,1595]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FC5DF9B3FC43DE0C" box="[936,986,1574,1595]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade. The strongest morphological reorganization at the generic or subgeneric levels would be to recognize the reciprocally monophyletic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FBAFF9F7FB15DE40" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1114,1164,1634,1655]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FBAFF9F7FB15DE40" box="[1114,1164,1634,1655]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FB4EF9F7FB6ADE40" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[1211,1267,1634,1655]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FB4EF9F7FB6ADE40" box="[1211,1267,1634,1655]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">flavus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clades as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FAA1F9F7FA0BDE40" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[1364,1426,1634,1655]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FAA1F9F7FA0BDE40" box="[1364,1426,1634,1655]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FC96F9EAFC69DEA3" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1862" box="[867,1008,1663,1684]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthomyops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FC96F9EAFC69DEA3" box="[867,1008,1663,1684]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Acanthomyops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, respectively, but we refrain from doing so here (for our rationale, see ‘Species group classification of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FCC0F92EFCEADEE7" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[821,883,1723,1744]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FCC0F92EFCEADEE7" box="[821,883,1723,1744]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF36BF4364FF95FCBDF94CFEE5D9DC" blockId="22.[821,1427,474,1863]" lastBlockId="23.[161,767,172,1863]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="136" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FCBDF94CFBC0DED9" box="[840,1113,1753,1774]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Comments on extant species</emphasis>
|
||
. We determine that one species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FCC0F963FB8ADF3C" authority="Reza" authorityName="Reza" authorityYear="1925" box="[821,1043,1782,1803]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="escamole">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FCC0F963FC41DF3C" box="[821,984,1782,1803]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Lasius escamole</emphasis>
|
||
Reza
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be excluded from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FAD3F963FAFDDF3C" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[1318,1380,1782,1803]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FAD3F963FAFDDF3C" box="[1318,1380,1782,1803]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and considered a junior synonym of the dolichoderine
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FAEEF881FC45DF70" authority="Mayr" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1870" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Liometopum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apiculatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FAEEF881FC38DF70" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Liometopum apiculatum</emphasis>
|
||
Mayr
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FC11F8A4FBACDF70" bold="true" box="[996,1077,1841,1863]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25757D64364FF94FC11F8A4FBACDF70" box="[996,1077,1841,1863]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">syn.nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4364FF94FBC8F8A7FB2DDF70" author="Reza, A." box="[1085,1204,1842,1863]" journalOrPublisher="Memorias y Revista de la Sociedad Cientifica " Antonio Alzate" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" pagination="1 - 22" part="44" refId="ref37226" refString="Reza, A. (1925) Recursos alimenticios de Mexico de origen animal poco conocidos. Memorias y Revista de la Sociedad Cientifica " Antonio Alzate ", 44, 1 - 22." title="Recursos alimenticios de Mexico de origen animal poco conocidos" type="journal article" year="1925">Reza (1925)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4364FF94FAEAF8A7FA0ADF70" authorityName="Reza" authorityYear="1925" box="[1311,1427,1842,1863]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="escamole">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4364FF94FAEAF8A7FA0ADF70" box="[1311,1427,1842,1863]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">L. escamole</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the context of a cultural study on the eponymous traditional Mexican dish known tobe made from the larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FD89FF5FFE78D8CA" authority="(Hoey-Chamberlain et al., 2013)" authorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityName="Hoey-Chamberlain" baseAuthorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Liometopum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apiculatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FD89FF5FFD66D8E8" box="[636,767,202,223]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. apiculatum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4365FF95FF52FF7DFE43D8CA" author="Hoey-Chamberlain, R. & Rust, M. K. & Klotz, J. H." box="[167,474,232,253]" journalOrPublisher="Sociobiology" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="1 - 10" part="60" refId="ref34482" refString="Hoey-Chamberlain, R., Rust, M. K. & Klotz, J. H. (2013) A review of the biology, ecology and behavior of velvety tree ants of North America. Sociobiology, 60, 1 - 10." title="A review of the biology, ecology and behavior of velvety tree ants of North America" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Hoey-Chamberlain
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FE92FF7DFE00D8CA" box="[359,409,232,253]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although Reza’s description and illustrations are extremely vague, it is possible to see details that point to a dolichoderine identity. In the figures of the original description, the mandibles have long masticatory margin and small, sharp, even denticles, the ventral metasoma is shown as a slit-like anal opening rather than a formicine-like acidopore, and various figures display the fine, dense, appressed pilosity characteristic of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FE66FE2CFDDED9FA" authority="Mayr" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1861" box="[403,583,440,462]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Liometopum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FE66FE2CFD92D9F9" box="[403,523,441,462]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Liometopum</emphasis>
|
||
Mayr
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but no erect setae as expected for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FEC2FE42FEECD9DB" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[311,373,471,492]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FEC2FE42FEECD9DB" box="[311,373,471,492]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF36BF4365FF95FF46FE61FF41DBD1" blockId="23.[161,767,172,1863]" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">
|
||
Many species have been added to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FE0EFE61FDA0DA3E" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[507,569,500,521]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FE0EFE61FDA0DA3E" box="[507,569,500,521]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
since Wilson’s revision, mostly in Europe and Mediterranean, while North American taxa have largely remained untreated except for a thorough revision of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FEB1FDDBFE48DA54" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1862" box="[324,465,590,611]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthomyops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FEB1FDDBFE48DA54" box="[324,465,590,611]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Acanthomyops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4365FF95FE2BFDDBFDC5DA54" author="Wing, M. W." box="[478,604,590,611]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="1 - 173" part="405" refId="ref39673" refString="Wing, M. W. (1968 a) Taxonomic revision of the Nearctic genus Acanthomyops (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Memoirs of the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, 405, 1 - 173." title="Taxonomic revision of the Nearctic genus Acanthomyops (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="1968">Wing, 1968a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4365FF95FD92FDDBFD3FDA54" author="Wing, M. W." box="[615,678,590,611]" journalOrPublisher="Dissertation Abstracts. B. Sciences and Engineering" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="3934" part="28" refId="ref39711" refString="Wing, M. W. (1968 b) A taxonomic revision of the Nearctic genus Acanthomyops Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). [Abstract.]. Dissertation Abstracts. B. Sciences and Engineering, 28, 3934." title="A taxonomic revision of the Nearctic genus Acanthomyops Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). [Abstract.]" type="journal article" year="1968">1968b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Careful research has revealed multiple Palaearctic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FDB0FDF9FD4BDAB7" box="[581,722,619,641]" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FDB0FDF9FD1ADAB6" box="[581,643,620,641]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that show only subtle morphological differentiation from close relatives (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4365FF95FF13FD32FEFEDA8B" author="Seifert, B." box="[230,359,679,700]" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Gorlitz" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="1 - 16" part="57" refId="ref37915" refString="Seifert, B. (1983) The taxonomical and ecological status of Lasius myops Forel (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) and first description of its males. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Gorlitz, 57, 1 - 16." title="The taxonomical and ecological status of Lasius myops Forel (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) and first description of its males" type="journal article" year="1983">Seifert, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4365FF95FE86FD32FE3CDA8B" author="Seifert, B." box="[371,421,679,700]" journalOrPublisher="Doriana, Supplemento agli Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale " G. Doria ". GEN" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="1 - 13" part="6" refId="ref37997" refString="Seifert, B. (1990) Supplementation to the revision of European species of the ant subgenus Chthonolasius Ruzsky, 1913 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Doriana, Supplemento agli Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale " G. Doria ". GEN, 6, 1 - 13." title="Supplementation to the revision of European species of the ant subgenus Chthonolasius Ruzsky, 1913 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="1990">1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4365FF95FE44FD32FE7ADA8B" author="Seifert, B." box="[433,483,679,700]" journalOrPublisher="Entomologia Generalis" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="69 - 81" part="16" refId="ref38050" refString="Seifert, B. (1991) Lasius platythorax n. sp., a widespread sibling species of Lasius niger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomologia Generalis, 16, 69 - 81." title="Lasius platythorax n. sp., a widespread sibling species of Lasius niger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="1991">1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4365FF95FE1AFD32FDB8DA8B" author="Seifert, B." box="[495,545,679,700]" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Gorlitz" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="1 - 67" part="66" refId="ref38086" refString="Seifert, B. (1992) A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the ant subgenus Lasius s. str. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Gorlitz, 66, 1 - 67." title="A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the ant subgenus Lasius s. str. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="1992">1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4365FF95FDD8FD32FDF9DA8B" author="Seifert, B." box="[557,608,679,700]" journalOrPublisher="Soil Organisms" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="15 - 86" part="92" refId="ref38209" refString="Seifert, B. (2020) A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the subgenus Lasius s. str. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Soil Organisms, 92, 15 - 86." title="A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the subgenus Lasius s. str. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="2020">2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4365FF95FD9EFD32FE8ADAED" author="Schlick-Steiner, B. C. & Steiner, F. M. & Schodl, S. & Seifert, B." journalOrPublisher="Sociobiology" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="725 - 736" part="41" refId="ref37748" refString="Schlick-Steiner, B. C., Steiner, F. M., Schodl, S. & Seifert, B. (2003) Lasius austriacus sp. n., a central European ant related to the invasive species Lasius neglectus. Sociobiology, 41, 725 - 736." title="Lasius austriacus sp. n., a central European ant related to the invasive species Lasius neglectus" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Schlick-Steiner
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FF54FD50FF4ADAED" box="[161,211,709,730]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There is no reason to believe that North America does not harbour a diverse fauna of such ‘cryptic species’. For example, the question of the putative Holarctically distributed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FF54FC8BFEB7DB04" box="[161,302,798,819]" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FF54FC8BFF46DB04" box="[161,223,798,819]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was resolved by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4365FF95FE17FC8BFD06DB04" author="Schar, S. & Talavera, G. & Espadaler, X. & Rana, J. D. & Anderson, A. A. & Cover, S. P. & Vila, R." box="[482,671,798,819]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="1 - 12" part="45" refId="ref37621" refString="Schar, S., Talavera, G., Espadaler, X., Rana, J. D., Anderson, A. A., Cover, S. P. & Vila, R. (2018) Do Holarctic ant species exist? Trans-Beringian dispersal and homoplasy in the Formicidae. Journal of Biogeography, 45, 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jbi. 13380." title="Do Holarctic ant species exist? Trans-Beringian dispersal and homoplasy in the Formicidae" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Schär
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FDD7FC8BFDCFDB04" box="[546,598,798,819]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2018)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who elevated to species rank the American representatives of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FD6EFCA9FD61DB66" baseAuthorityName="Foerster" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[667,760,828,849]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alienus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FD6EFCA9FD61DB66" box="[667,760,828,849]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. alienus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FF54FCCFFF6CDB58" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[161,245,858,879]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FF54FCCFFF6CDB58" box="[161,245,858,879]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. flavus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FEC5FCCFFD92DB58" authority="Nylander" authorityName="Nylander" box="[304,523,858,879]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FEC5FCCFFE3EDB58" box="[304,423,858,879]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. umbratus</emphasis>
|
||
Nylander
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, recognizing the following revived taxa, in order:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FE6AFCEDFDE9DBBA" authority="Emery" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[415,624,888,909]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FE6AFCEDFDB0DBBA" box="[415,553,888,909]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. americanus</emphasis>
|
||
Emery
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FD8CFCEDFF7BDB9C" authority="Emery" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FD8CFCEDFD66DBBA" box="[633,767,888,909]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. brevicornis</emphasis>
|
||
Emery
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FEE4FC03FE7BDB9C" authority="(Walsh)" baseAuthorityName="Walsh" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[273,482,918,939]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aphidicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FEE4FC03FE16DB9C" box="[273,399,918,939]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. aphidicola</emphasis>
|
||
(Walsh)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Renewed focus on the Nearctic fauna is necessary, as is expanded sequencing at the global scale.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF36BF4365FF95FF46FC7AFE20DCC5" blockId="23.[161,767,172,1863]" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FF46FC7AFE42DC33" box="[179,475,1007,1028]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Comments on extinct species</emphasis>
|
||
. Without having scored the Baltic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FF10FB98FEBADC15" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[229,291,1037,1058]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FF10FB98FEBADC15" box="[229,291,1037,1058]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fossils other than †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FE01FB98FD31DC15" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1868" box="[500,680,1037,1058]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schiefferdeckeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FE01FB98FD31DC15" box="[500,680,1037,1058]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. schiefferdeckeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, that is, †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FF58FBBEFEEEDC77" authority="Mayr" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1868" box="[173,375,1067,1088]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FF58FBBEFEA3DC77" box="[173,314,1067,1088]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. punctulatus</emphasis>
|
||
Mayr
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FE4CFBBEFD36DC77" authority="Wheeler" authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1915" box="[441,687,1067,1088]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nemorivagus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FE4CFBBEFDCBDC77" box="[441,594,1067,1088]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. nemorivagus</emphasis>
|
||
Wheeler
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we are unable to quantitatively address their placement. Historically, †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FF58FBF3FEAEDC4C" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1868" box="[173,311,1126,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FF58FBF3FEAEDC4C" box="[173,311,1126,1147]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. punctulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FE86FBF3FDBADC4C" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1868" box="[371,547,1126,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schiefferdeckeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FE86FBF3FDBADC4C" box="[371,547,1126,1147]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. schiefferdeckeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were considered to be members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FEECFB11FECEDCAE" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[281,343,1156,1177]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FEECFB11FECEDCAE" box="[281,343,1156,1177]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25757D64365FF95FEABFB11FE08DCAE" box="[350,401,1156,1177]" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4365FF95FE68FB11FDBBDCAE" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[413,546,1156,1177]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="1 - 201" part="113" refId="ref39584" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1955) A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 113, 1 - 201." title="A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius" type="journal article" year="1955">Wilson, 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4365FF95FDD9FB11FD21DCAE" author="Dlussky, G. M." box="[556,696,1156,1177]" journalOrPublisher="Vestnik Zoologii" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="209 - 222" part="45" refId="ref33108" refString="Dlussky, G. M. (2011) The ants of the genus Lasius (hymenoptera, Formicidae) from late Eocene European ambers. Vestnik Zoologii, 45, 209 - 222." title="The ants of the genus Lasius (hymenoptera, Formicidae) from late Eocene European ambers" type="journal article" year="2011">Dlussky, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), while the queen-based †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FEBAFB37FE7DDC80" authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1915" box="[335,484,1186,1207]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nemorivagus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FEBAFB37FE7DDC80" box="[335,484,1186,1207]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. nemorivagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FD81FB37FEABDCE2" authority="(Wilson, 1955)" authorityName="Ruzsky" baseAuthorityName="Wilson" baseAuthorityYear="1955" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Chthonolasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FD81FB37FD67DC80" box="[628,766,1186,1207]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Chthonolasius</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4365FF95FF52FB55FEB5DCE2" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[167,300,1216,1237]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="1 - 201" part="113" refId="ref39584" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1955) A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 113, 1 - 201." title="A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius" type="journal article" year="1955">Wilson, 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
later to be implicitly considered
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FD8CFB55FD66DCE2" box="[633,767,1216,1237]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
in the genus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4365FF95FED4FB48FE36DCC5" author="Dlussky, G. M." box="[289,431,1245,1266]" journalOrPublisher="Vestnik Zoologii" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="209 - 222" part="45" refId="ref33108" refString="Dlussky, G. M. (2011) The ants of the genus Lasius (hymenoptera, Formicidae) from late Eocene European ambers. Vestnik Zoologii, 45, 209 - 222." title="The ants of the genus Lasius (hymenoptera, Formicidae) from late Eocene European ambers" type="journal article" year="2011">Dlussky, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF36BF4365FF95FF46FB6EFEE0DE6F" blockId="23.[161,767,172,1863]" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">
|
||
Our combined-evidence dating analyses recover †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FD78FB6EFF7EDD19" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1868" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schiefferdeckeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FD78FB6EFF7EDD19" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. schiefferdeckeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as sister to or within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FE1EFA8CFDB0DD19" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[491,553,1305,1326]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FE1EFA8CFDB0DD19" box="[491,553,1305,1326]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genus group (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B2A3A4365FF95FD4CFA8CFD62DD19" box="[697,763,1305,1326]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,184,1709,1729]" captionTargetBox="[157,1422,221,1679]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[157,1422,221,1679]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Results from phylogenetic analysis of the Lasiini_w_outgroups_w_fossils_154t combined morphological and molecular dataset analyzed with MrBayes using the fossilized birth-death branch length prior and the IGR clock variation prior. Fossil taxa are indicated by a dagger preceding the name. Node support values are in Bayesian posterior probability. Filled circles indicate full support. Horizontal blue bars at nodes are 95% highest posterior density (HPD) intervals." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5975358" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5975358/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Figs 4</figureCitation>
|
||
, S
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B2A3A4365FF95FF5AFAA2FF40DD7B" box="[175,217,1335,1356]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[161,194,1432,1452]" captionTargetBox="[282,1315,173,1400]" captionTargetId="figure-8@17.[281,1316,172,1401]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 7. Some key features of the major clades of the Lasiini. (A) third abdominal tergite modified with dorsoventrally-oriented groove for reception of entire petiole (Pseudolasius breviceps); black line indicates contour of tergum and black ellipse the spiracle; (B) third abdominal tergite receiving only posterior base of petiole (Myrmecocystus mimicus); white line indicates contour of tergum, and white ellipse the spiracle; (C) frontal protuberance and effaced carinae low relative to face (P. breviceps); (D) frontal protuberance and effaced carinae raised dorsally from face (M. mimicus); (E) metapleural gland atrium grossly enlarged (Lasius subumbratus); black lines show larger size of the metapleural gland bulla (lower indicator) as compared to F, and relative to the propodeal spiracle (upper indicator) and space between the spiracle and bulla (middle portion); (F) metapleural gland atrium small (Lasius turcicus); black lines show smaller size of metapleural gland bulla as compared to E, and relative to the propodeal spiracle and space between spiracle and bulla." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5975368" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5975368/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">7–S</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B2A3A4365FF95FF2CFAA2FF7FDD7B" box="[217,230,1335,1356]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[161,194,1192,1212]" captionTargetBox="[185,1412,173,1160]" captionTargetId="figure-8@19.[184,1413,172,1161]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 9. Gross phenotypic synopsis of the species groups of Lasius, plus two phenotypically similar fossil species; all images in profile view; scale bars = 1.0 mm; scale bar unavailable for K. (A) Lasius brunneus (CASENT0280440); (B) Lasius fuliginosus (CASENT0179898); (C) Lasius nr. niger (CASENT0106128); (D) Lasius nr. atopus (CASENT0234858); (E) Lasius carniolicus (CASENT0280471); (F) Lasius claviger (CASENT0103542); (G) Lasius brevicornis (CASENT0280456); (H) Lasius nearcticus (CASENT0104774); (I) Lasius pallitarsis (CASENT0005405); (J) Lasius aphidicola (CASENT0280468); (K) †Lasius schiefferdeckeri (HJF013); (L) †Kyromyrma neffi (AMNH-NJ1029). (Image credits: D = the authors; AntWeb: A = Will Ericson; B = Erin Prado; C = Michael Branstetter; E, G, J = Shannon Hartman; F, H = April Nobile; I = unknown; K = Vincent Perrichot; L = Dave Grimaldi & Vincent Perrichot.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5975374" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5975374/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">9</figureCitation>
|
||
). As the specific relationship of the fossil to the extant species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FEC7FAC0FEE9DD5D" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[306,368,1365,1386]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FEC7FAC0FEE9DD5D" box="[306,368,1365,1386]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genus group is uncertain, we conservatively consider the fossil
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FE78FAE6FD89DDBF" box="[397,528,1395,1416]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FDD8FAE6FDF2DDBF" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[557,619,1395,1416]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FDD8FAE6FDF2DDBF" box="[557,619,1395,1416]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. There remains the possibility that †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FE96FA04FD8BDD91" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1868" box="[355,530,1425,1446]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schiefferdeckeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FE96FA04FD8BDD91" box="[355,530,1425,1446]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. schiefferdeckeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is ancestral to the extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FF54FA3BFF4ADDF4" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[161,211,1454,1475]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FF54FA3BFF4ADDF4" box="[161,211,1454,1475]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade and is indicative of low rates of phenotypic transformation, as suggested by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4365FF95FE58FA59FDB3DDD6" author="Mayr, G." box="[429,554,1484,1505]" journalOrPublisher="Beitrage zur Naturkunde Preussens" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="1 - 102" part="1" refId="ref36049" refString="Mayr, G. (1868) Die Ameisen des baltischen Bernsteins. Beitrage zur Naturkunde Preussens, 1, 1 - 102." title="Die Ameisen des baltischen Bernsteins" type="journal article" year="1868">Mayr (1868)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4365FF95FDC3FA59FD49DDD6" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[566,720,1484,1505]" journalOrPublisher="Schriften der Physikalisch-Okonomischen Gesellschaft zu Konigsberg" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="1 - 142" part="55" refId="ref39440" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1915 1914) The ants of the Baltic Amber. Schriften der Physikalisch-Okonomischen Gesellschaft zu Konigsberg, 55, 1 - 142." title="The ants of the Baltic Amber" type="journal article" year="1915">Wheeler (1915)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4365FF95FF54FA7FFEA9DDC8" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[161,304,1514,1535]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="1 - 201" part="113" refId="ref39584" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1955) A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 113, 1 - 201." title="A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius" type="journal article" year="1955">Wilson (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The placement of †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FE09FA7FFD37DDC8" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1868" box="[508,686,1514,1535]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schiefferdeckeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FE09FA7FFD37DDC8" box="[508,686,1514,1535]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. schiefferdeckeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be refined in future study by scoring characters which are explicitly derived from comparison of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FE09F9B3FDCCDE0C" baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[508,597,1574,1595]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FE09F9B3FDCCDE0C" box="[508,597,1574,1595]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FD71F9B3FD2FDE0C" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[644,694,1574,1595]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FD71F9B3FD2FDE0C" box="[644,694,1574,1595]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FEF2F9D6FEA0DE6F" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[263,313,1603,1624]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FEF2F9D6FEA0DE6F" box="[263,313,1603,1624]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF36BF4365FF95FF46F9F4FCE1D960" blockId="23.[161,767,172,1863]" lastBlockId="23.[830,1437,172,583]" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">
|
||
The two differentiating traits proposed for the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FD8EF9F4FD4DDE41" baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[635,724,1633,1654]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FD8EF9F4FD4DDE41" box="[635,724,1633,1654]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FF54F9EAFF4ADEA3" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[161,211,1663,1684]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FF54F9EAFF4ADEA3" box="[161,211,1663,1684]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups are, on average,
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FE15F9EAFE69DEA2" box="[480,496,1663,1685]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136"><</emphasis>
|
||
8 mandibular teeth in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FF54F908FF63DE85" baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[161,250,1693,1714]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FF54F908FF63DE85" box="[161,250,1693,1714]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4365FF95FEB2F908FE50DE85" author="Seifert, B." box="[327,457,1693,1714]" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Gorlitz" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="1 - 67" part="66" refId="ref38086" refString="Seifert, B. (1992) A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the ant subgenus Lasius s. str. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Gorlitz, 66, 1 - 67." title="A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the ant subgenus Lasius s. str. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="1992">Seifert, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FDFBF908FDD9DE85" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[526,576,1693,1714]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FDFBF908FDD9DE85" box="[526,576,1693,1714]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group species with
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FF54F92FFF28DEE7" box="[161,177,1722,1744]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136"><</emphasis>
|
||
8), and presence of a subapical cleft in the mandibles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FF54F94DFF63DEDA" baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[161,250,1752,1773]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FF54F94DFF63DEDA" box="[161,250,1752,1773]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group males (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4365FF95FE66F94DFD87DEDA" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[403,542,1752,1773]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="1 - 201" part="113" refId="ref39584" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1955) A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 113, 1 - 201." title="A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius" type="journal article" year="1955">Wilson, 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). While †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FD73F94DFF7EDF3C" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1868" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schiefferdeckeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FD73F94DFF7EDF3C" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. schiefferdeckeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
demonstrates both a tooth count of
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FD85F963FD19DF3B" box="[624,640,1782,1804]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136"><</emphasis>
|
||
8, and presence of a subapical cleft, the latter character is probably plesiomorphic of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FE83F8A7FE2DDF70" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[374,436,1842,1863]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FE83F8A7FE2DDF70" box="[374,436,1842,1863]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genus group, and the polarity of the former is uncertain. Notably,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4365FF95FB73FF39FA8BD8F6" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[1158,1298,172,193]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="1 - 201" part="113" refId="ref39584" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1955) A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 113, 1 - 201." title="A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius" type="journal article" year="1955">Wilson (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed that the male mandibles of †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FBD1FF5FFB4DD8E8" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1868" box="[1060,1236,202,223]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schiefferdeckeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FBD1FF5FFB4DD8E8" box="[1060,1236,202,223]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. schiefferdeckeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are observed to vary from the ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FC52FF7DFB99D8CA" baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[935,1024,232,253]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FC52FF7DFB99D8CA" box="[935,1024,232,253]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
form’ to the derived ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FB1CFF7DFA82D8CA" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1257,1307,232,253]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FB1CFF7DFA82D8CA" box="[1257,1307,232,253]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
form’. With these three traits in mind, it does seem reasonable that †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FA7CFE93FC4DD90E" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1868" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schiefferdeckeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FA7CFE93FC4DD90E" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. schiefferdeckeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is stem to or directly ancestral to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FA9CFEB1FA02D90E" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1385,1435,292,313]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FA9CFEB1FA02D90E" box="[1385,1435,292,313]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF36BF4365FF95FCA4FEF5FC1ADA70" blockId="23.[830,1437,172,583]" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FCA4FEF5FC75D942" box="[849,1004,352,373]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Note on biology</emphasis>
|
||
. Despite the interest in this genus, however, basic natural history remains unknown for many species, including the morphologically aberrant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FB71FE09FB47D986" authorityName="Cole" authorityYear="1958" box="[1156,1246,412,433]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atopus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FB71FE09FB47D986" box="[1156,1246,412,433]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. atopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the species we sequence here, ‘
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FC2EFE2FFC71D9F8" box="[987,1000,442,463]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L</emphasis>
|
||
. nr.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FBE0FE2FFBCCD9F8" authorityName="Cole" authorityYear="1958" box="[1045,1109,442,463]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atopus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FBE0FE2FFBCCD9F8" box="[1045,1109,442,463]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">atopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’. Only a handful of recently published studies have addressed the behaviour of some of the more rarely encountered species (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4365FF95FB8BFE63FA08DA3C" author="Raczkowski, J. M. & Luque, G. M." box="[1150,1425,502,523]" journalOrPublisher="Insectes Sociaux" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="237 - 244" part="58" refId="ref36914" refString="Raczkowski, J. M. & Luque, G. M. (2011) Colony founding and social parasitism in Lasius (Acanthomyops). Insectes Sociaux, 58, 237 - 244." title="Colony founding and social parasitism in Lasius (Acanthomyops)" type="journal article" year="2011">Raczkowski & Luque, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), indicating that more effort is needed to elucidate the biology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FCCBFDA7FCE5DA70" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[830,892,562,583]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FCCBFDA7FCE5DA70" box="[830,892,562,583]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF36BF4365FF95FCCBFDF0FB2DDA4D" blockId="23.[830,1437,613,1863]" box="[830,1204,613,635]" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FCCBFDF0FB2DDA4D" bold="true" box="[830,1204,613,635]" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">
|
||
Species group classification of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FB86FDF0FB2DDA4D" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[1139,1204,613,634]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FB86FDF0FB2DDA4D" bold="true" box="[1139,1204,613,634]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF36BF4365FF95FCCBFD16FBDADC37" blockId="23.[830,1437,613,1863]" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">
|
||
To avoid following the undesirable trend where taxonomy is divorced from molecular phylogenetics (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4365FF95FB27FD34FA00DA81" author="Steiner, F. M. & Schlick-Steiner, B. C. & Seifert, B." box="[1234,1433,673,694]" journalOrPublisher="Contributions to Natural History" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="1295 - 1315" part="12" refId="ref38534" refString="Steiner, F. M., Schlick-Steiner, B. C. & Seifert, B. (2009) Morphology-based taxonomy is essential to link molecular research to nomenclature. Contributions to Natural History, 12, 1295 - 1315." title="Morphology-based taxonomy is essential to link molecular research to nomenclature" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Steiner
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FAD7FD34FACFDA81" box="[1314,1366,673,694]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4365FF95FCCBFD2AFC2BDAE3" author="Ward, P. S." box="[830,946,703,724]" journalOrPublisher="Myrmecological News" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="21 - 29" part="15" refId="ref38975" refString="Ward, P. S. (2011) Integrating molecular phylogenetic results into ant taxonomy (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News, 15, 21 - 29." title="Integrating molecular phylogenetic results into ant taxonomy (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="2011">Ward, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), we propose an informal species-group classification of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FC70FD48FC5ADAC5" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[901,963,733,754]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FC70FD48FC5ADAC5" box="[901,963,733,754]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which reflects the phylogenetic structure within the genus. As the ICZN rules do not apply to informal species groups, this arrangement is also more adaptable to future refinements and new phylogenetic findings, thus contributing to taxonomic stability. Two main clades are recognized, those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FA7CFCC0FCE9DBBF" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FA7CFCC0FCE9DBBF" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(70 spp. + 1 ssp.), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FB85FCE6FB5CDBBF" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[1136,1221,883,904]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FB85FCE6FB5CDBBF" box="[1136,1221,883,904]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. flavus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(54 spp.), with three and seven species groups, respectively. In addition, all 21 valid extinct species are formally considered
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FB3AFC3AFAC1DBF3" box="[1231,1368,943,964]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
in the genus, while 14 extant species are considered unidentifiable and
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FCCBFC7EFC5ADC37" box="[830,963,1003,1024]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
in the genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF36BF4365FF95FCA4FB9CFC2DDF70" blockId="23.[830,1437,613,1863]" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">
|
||
Should the resurrection of subgenera be deemed advisable and desirable, we recommend dividing the genus into
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FAABFBB2FA05DC0B" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[1374,1436,1063,1084]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FAABFBB2FA05DC0B" box="[1374,1436,1063,1084]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25757D64365FF95FCCBFBD1FCEFDC6E" box="[830,886,1092,1113]" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FC5BFBD0FBA2DC6D" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1862" box="[942,1083,1093,1114]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthomyops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FC5BFBD0FBA2DC6D" box="[942,1083,1093,1114]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Acanthomyops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
along the boundaries of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FA9FFBD0FA05DC6D" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1386,1436,1093,1114]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FA9FFBD0FA05DC6D" box="[1386,1436,1093,1114]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FC9BFBF6FC3FDC4F" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[878,934,1123,1144]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FC9BFBF6FC3FDC4F" box="[878,934,1123,1144]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">flavus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade split. Resurrection of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FB2CFBF6FAFFDC4F" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1862" box="[1241,1382,1123,1144]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthomyops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FB2CFBF6FAFFDC4F" box="[1241,1382,1123,1144]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Acanthomyops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be justified, as it is readily recognizable by the autapomorphic condition of its metapleural gland (see couplet 5 of key to lasiine genera above,
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B2A3A4365FF95FBC3FB29FB39DCE6" box="[1078,1184,1212,1233]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[161,194,1432,1452]" captionTargetBox="[282,1315,173,1400]" captionTargetId="figure-8@17.[281,1316,172,1401]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 7. Some key features of the major clades of the Lasiini. (A) third abdominal tergite modified with dorsoventrally-oriented groove for reception of entire petiole (Pseudolasius breviceps); black line indicates contour of tergum and black ellipse the spiracle; (B) third abdominal tergite receiving only posterior base of petiole (Myrmecocystus mimicus); white line indicates contour of tergum, and white ellipse the spiracle; (C) frontal protuberance and effaced carinae low relative to face (P. breviceps); (D) frontal protuberance and effaced carinae raised dorsally from face (M. mimicus); (E) metapleural gland atrium grossly enlarged (Lasius subumbratus); black lines show larger size of the metapleural gland bulla (lower indicator) as compared to F, and relative to the propodeal spiracle (upper indicator) and space between the spiracle and bulla (middle portion); (F) metapleural gland atrium small (Lasius turcicus); black lines show smaller size of metapleural gland bulla as compared to E, and relative to the propodeal spiracle and space between spiracle and bulla." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5975368" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5975368/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Fig. 7E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
, also Appendix S1), and the relatively old split between the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FB45FB4EFB71DCC7" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[1200,1256,1243,1264]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FB45FB4EFB71DCC7" box="[1200,1256,1243,1264]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">flavus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FAD7FB4EFACDDCC7" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1314,1364,1243,1264]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FAD7FB4EFACDDCC7" box="[1314,1364,1243,1264]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clades (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B2A3A4365FF95FCB0FB6DFC12DD3A" box="[837,907,1272,1293]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,184,1709,1729]" captionTargetBox="[157,1422,221,1679]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[157,1422,221,1679]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Results from phylogenetic analysis of the Lasiini_w_outgroups_w_fossils_154t combined morphological and molecular dataset analyzed with MrBayes using the fossilized birth-death branch length prior and the IGR clock variation prior. Fossil taxa are indicated by a dagger preceding the name. Node support values are in Bayesian posterior probability. Filled circles indicate full support. Horizontal blue bars at nodes are 95% highest posterior density (HPD) intervals." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5975358" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5975358/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Figs 4</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B2A3A4365FF95FC69FB6DFC33DD3A" box="[924,938,1272,1293]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[151,184,1363,1383]" captionTargetBox="[165,1422,172,1332]" captionTargetId="figure-8@12.[157,1422,172,1332]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 5. Results of the BioGeoBEARS and life-history trait ancestral state estimation analyses on a chronogram pruned from the analysis of the Lasiini_w_outgroups_w_fossils_154t combined morphological and molecular dataset. Horizontal blue bars at nodes are 95% highest posterior density (HPD) intervals from the divergence dating. Coloured circles on nodes are inferred inherited biogeographic ranges, with the top half of each corresponding to the upper branch and bottom half with the lower branch; coloured circles at branch tips represent biogeographical coding for terminal; dashed lines at 60 and 30 Ma indicate the boundaries of the three BioGeoBEARS dispersal rate matrix time periods. Coloured boxes at branch tips represent presence or absence of two traits for Lasius: temporary social parasitism (black = absence, red = presence) and fungiculture (black = absence, green = presence). Stars on internal branches indicate the evolution of temporary social parasitism (red) and fungiculture (green) The figure background indicates generalized major climatological regimes during Earth’s history (Royer et al., 2004; Zachos et al., 2008; Hansen et al., 2013), while the inset globes visually represent palaeoclimate and landmass configuration modified from Scotese (1998)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5975362" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5975362/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">5</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, we have elected not to do so here because: (i) our molecular sampling is still fractional at the species level (9/70
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FC09FAA1FBB7DD7E" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1020,1070,1332,1353]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FC09FAA1FBB7DD7E" box="[1020,1070,1332,1353]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade, 12/54
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FB42FAA1FB76DD7E" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[1207,1263,1332,1353]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FB42FAA1FB76DD7E" box="[1207,1263,1332,1353]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">flavus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade); (ii) transfer of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FC77FAC7FC59DD50" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[898,960,1362,1383]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FC77FAC7FC59DD50" box="[898,960,1362,1383]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subgenera or species groups to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FAFAFAC7FA05DD50" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1862" box="[1295,1436,1362,1383]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthomyops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FAFAFAC7FA05DD50" box="[1295,1436,1362,1383]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Acanthomyops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be disruptive to the practicing systematic community; (iii) Sanger data are being rapidly superseded by UCE data for ant systematics; (iv) morphological investigation is necessary to diagnose the newly recovered groups, and (v) the ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FCB3FA7DFC1DDDCA" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[838,900,1512,1533]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FCB3FA7DFC1DDDCA" box="[838,900,1512,1533]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ gestalt is easy to recognize during field collecting and generally facilitates communication. In either case, the exceptional morphometric data being generated for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C4365FF95FADDF9B1FAFFDE0E" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[1320,1382,1572,1593]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FADDF9B1FAFFDE0E" box="[1320,1382,1572,1593]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4365FF95FCCBF9D7FC58DE60" author="Seifert, B." box="[830,961,1602,1623]" journalOrPublisher="Reichenbachia" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="85 - 96" part="20" refId="ref37877" refString="Seifert, B. (1982) Lasius (Chthonolasius) jensi n. sp. - eine neue temporar sozialparasitische Erdameise aus Mitteleuropa (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Reichenbachia, 20, 85 - 96." title="Lasius (Chthonolasius) jensi n. sp. - eine neue temporar sozialparasitische Erdameise aus Mitteleuropa (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="1982">Seifert, 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4365FF95FC25F9D7FB9BDE60" author="Seifert, B." box="[976,1026,1602,1623]" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Gorlitz" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="1 - 67" part="66" refId="ref38086" refString="Seifert, B. (1992) A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the ant subgenus Lasius s. str. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Gorlitz, 66, 1 - 67." title="A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the ant subgenus Lasius s. str. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="1992">1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4365FF95FBE4F9D7FBDDDE60" author="Seifert, B." box="[1041,1092,1602,1623]" journalOrPublisher="Soil Organisms" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="15 - 86" part="92" refId="ref38209" refString="Seifert, B. (2020) A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the subgenus Lasius s. str. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Soil Organisms, 92, 15 - 86." title="A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the subgenus Lasius s. str. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="2020">2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4365FF95FBA6F9D7FAFCDE60" author="Seifert, B. & Galkowski, C." box="[1107,1381,1602,1623]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="44 - 58" part="4132" refId="ref38246" refString="Seifert, B. & Galkowski, C. (2016) The Westpalaearctic Lasius paralienus complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) contains three species. Zootaxa, 4132, 44 - 58." title="The Westpalaearctic Lasius paralienus complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) contains three species" type="journal article" year="2016">Seifert & Galkowski, 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) will be valuable for model-based phylogenetic analysis combining phenotypic and genotypic data (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4365FF95FB3EF9EBFAD5DEA4" author="Prebus, M. M." box="[1227,1356,1662,1683]" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="22" part="17" refId="ref36726" refString="Prebus, M. M. (2017) Insights into the evolution, biogeography and natural history of the acorn ants, genus Temnothorax Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). BMC Evolutionary Biology, 17, 22. https: // doi. org / 10. 1186 / s 12862 - 017 - 1095 - 8." title="Insights into the evolution, biogeography and natural history of the acorn ants, genus Temnothorax Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="2017">Prebus, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4365FF95FAA2F9EBFC2EDE86" author="Barden, P. & Boudinot, B. E. & Lucky, A." journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Systematics" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="765 - 780" part="31" refId="ref30793" refString="Barden, P., Boudinot, B. E. & Lucky, A. (2017 a) Where fossils dare and males matter: combined morphological and molecular analysis untangles the evolutionary history of the spider ant genus Leptomyrmex Mayr (Hymenoptera: Dolichoderinae). Invertebrate Systematics, 31, 765 - 780. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 16067." title="Where fossils dare and males matter: combined morphological and molecular analysis untangles the evolutionary history of the spider ant genus Leptomyrmex Mayr (Hymenoptera: Dolichoderinae)" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Barden
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD4365FF95FCCBF909FCF6DE86" box="[830,879,1692,1713]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2017a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), particularly in the light of the greater information content of continuous trait data relative to discretized characters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E4365FF95FCB0F94DFB8EDEDA" author="Parins-Fukuchi, C." box="[837,1047,1752,1773]" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Biology" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="328 - 339" part="67" refId="ref36473" refString="Parins-Fukuchi, C. (2018) Use of continuous traits can improve morphological phylogenetics. Systematic Biology, 67, 328 - 339. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / syx 072." title="Use of continuous traits can improve morphological phylogenetics" type="journal article" year="2018">Parins-Fukuchi, 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Ultimately, our goal is to encourage the consilience of morphological and molecular data, and we view both as critical for a complete understanding of evolution and systematics.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF36BF436AFF9AFF5FFF39FDC9DA49" blockId="24.[151,758,172,965]" pageId="24" pageNumber="137">
|
||
The following inter-group transfers are made: (i) Members of nonmonophyletic former
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C436AFF9AFE7BFF5FFE55D8E8" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[398,460,202,223]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD436AFF9AFE7BFF5FFE55D8E8" box="[398,460,202,223]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="137">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25757D6436AFF9AFE26FF5FFD9ED8E8" box="[467,519,202,223]" pageId="24" pageNumber="137" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Are dispersed among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C436AFF9AFD17FF5FFF69D8CA" baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1798" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD436AFF9AFD17FF5FFF69D8CA" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="137">L. brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C436AFF9AFF08FF7DFED0D8CA" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[253,329,232,253]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD436AFF9AFF08FF7DFED0D8CA" box="[253,329,232,253]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="137">L. niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C436AFF9AFE8AFF7DFE63D8CA" baseAuthorityName="Provancher" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[383,506,232,253]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallitarsis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD436AFF9AFE8AFF7DFE63D8CA" box="[383,506,232,253]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="137">L. pallitarsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups; (ii)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C436AFF9AFD86FF7DFD55D8CA" authorityName="Cole" authorityYear="1958" box="[627,716,232,253]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atopus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD436AFF9AFD86FF7DFD55D8CA" box="[627,716,232,253]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="137">L. atopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C436AFF9AFF62FE90FECDD92D" authority="Wheeler" authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1917" box="[151,340,261,282]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="humilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD436AFF9AFF62FE90FF63D92D" box="[151,250,261,282]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="137">L. humilis</emphasis>
|
||
Wheeler
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are removed from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C436AFF9AFDCBFE90FD2DD92D" authorityName="Nylander" box="[574,692,261,282]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD436AFF9AFDCBFE90FD2DD92D" box="[574,692,261,282]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="137">L. umbratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (former
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C436AFF9AFF1EFEB6FEECD90F" authorityName="Ruzsky" box="[235,373,291,312]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Chthonolasius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD436AFF9AFF1EFEB6FEECD90F" box="[235,373,291,312]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="137">Chthonolasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and placed in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C436AFF9AFDB0FEB6FD1CD90F" authorityName="Cole" authorityYear="1958" box="[581,645,291,312]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atopus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD436AFF9AFDB0FEB6FD1CD90F" box="[581,645,291,312]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="137">atopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C436AFF9AFD48FEB6FD6CD90F" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[701,757,291,312]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD436AFF9AFD48FEB6FD6CD90F" box="[701,757,291,312]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="137">flavus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups, respectively and; (iii)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C436AFF9AFE3EFED4FD30D961" authority="Wheeler" authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1906" box="[459,681,321,342]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nearcticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD436AFF9AFE3EFED4FDD4D961" box="[459,589,321,342]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="137">L. nearcticus</emphasis>
|
||
Wheeler
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C436AFF9AFD17FED4FED3D944" authority="Yamauchi" authorityName="Yamauchi" authorityYear="1979" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonobei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD436AFF9AFD17FED4FF78D944" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="137">L. sonobei</emphasis>
|
||
Yamauchi
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are removed from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C436AFF9AFDD8FECBFDFCD944" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[557,613,350,371]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD436AFF9AFDD8FECBFDFCD944" box="[557,613,350,371]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="137">flavus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (former
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C436AFF9AFF62FEE9FE90D9A6" authorityName="Wilson" authorityYear="1955" box="[151,265,380,401]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Cautolasius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD436AFF9AFF62FEE9FE90D9A6" box="[151,265,380,401]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="137">Cautolasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and placed in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C436AFF9AFE30FEE9FDB1D9A6" authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1906" box="[453,552,380,401]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nearcticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD436AFF9AFE30FEE9FDB1D9A6" box="[453,552,380,401]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="137">nearcticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group. For diagnosis of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C436AFF9AFF2CFE0FFE92D998" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[217,267,410,431]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD436AFF9AFF2CFE0FFE92D998" box="[217,267,410,431]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="137">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C436AFF9AFECBFE0FFEEFD998" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[318,374,410,431]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD436AFF9AFECBFE0FFEEFD998" box="[318,374,410,431]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="137">flavus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clades, see the key to extant genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C436AFF9AFF62FE22FF40D9FB" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1905" box="[151,217,439,460]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Lasiini">Lasiini</taxonomicName>
|
||
above. The task of morphologically distinguishing two pairs of groups, those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C436AFF9AFE7EFE40FE7DD9DD" baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[395,484,469,490]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD436AFF9AFE7EFE40FE7DD9DD" box="[395,484,469,490]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="137">brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C436AFF9AFDE0FE40FDDED9DD" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[533,583,469,490]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD436AFF9AFDE0FE40FDDED9DD" box="[533,583,469,490]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="137">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C436AFF9AFD61FE40FD55D9DD" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[660,716,469,490]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD436AFF9AFD61FE40FD55D9DD" box="[660,716,469,490]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="137">flavus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C436AFF9AFF62FE66FF63DA3F" authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1906" box="[151,250,499,520]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nearcticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD436AFF9AFF62FE66FF63DA3F" box="[151,250,499,520]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="137">nearcticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is difficult. Future phylogenetic studies are expected to refine the boundaries of these species-groups. In addition, keys to the species within these groups, and especially that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C436AFF9AFF62FDD9FF68DA56" authorityName="Nylander" box="[151,241,588,609]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD436AFF9AFF62FDD9FF68DA56" box="[151,241,588,609]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="137">umbratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are necessary. Diagnostic remarks for each species group are provided to guide such future work.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF36BF436AFF9AFF5FFD12FD6FDBF2" blockId="24.[151,758,172,965]" pageId="24" pageNumber="137">
|
||
Note that, in the list below, [e] indicates that specimen(s) of the taxon has/have been examined while empty brackets, [], indicate that specimens were unavailable and placed based on study of the literature. Species that were included in our molecular sampling are
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD436AFF9AFED7FD68FEFEDB24" bold="true" box="[290,359,765,787]" pageId="24" pageNumber="137">bolded</emphasis>
|
||
. Genus group type species are marked with asterisks (*). Overall, with the exclusion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C436AFF9AFD8CFC89FD6CDB06" authorityName="Boudinot & Borowiec & Prebus" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Mei" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[633,757,796,817]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Metalasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="myrmidon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD436AFF9AFD8CFC89FD6CDB06" box="[633,757,796,817]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="137">L. myrmidon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D3C436AFF9AFF31FCACFEA2DB79" authorityName="Reza" authorityYear="1925" box="[196,315,825,846]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="escamole">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAAD436AFF9AFF31FCACFEA2DB79" box="[196,315,825,846]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="137">L. escamole</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 118 of the 125 valid, extant species (124) and subspecies (1) were examined either directly or indirectly (via AntWeb). For authorities and taxonomic synopses, refer to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E436AFF9AFF62FC07FEB8DB90" author="Bolton, B." bookContentInfo="p. 504" box="[151,289,914,935]" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="24" pageNumber="137" refId="ref31474" refString="Bolton, B. (1995) A New General Catalogue of the Ants of the World, p. 504. Harvard University Press, Cambridge." title="A New General Catalogue of the Ants of the World" type="book" year="1995">Bolton (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
or AntCat (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B4E436AFF9AFE6CFC07FD87DB90" accessDate="2021-07-05" author="Bolton, B." box="[409,542,914,935]" pageId="24" pageNumber="137" publicationUrl="http://antcat.org" refId="ref31528" refString="Bolton, B. (2021) AntCat: An Online Catalog of the Ants of the World. URL http: // antcat. org [accessed on 5 July 2021]." title="AntCat: An Online Catalog of the Ants of the World" type="url" year="2021">Bolton, 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Finally, it should be noted that some groups contain additional, undescribed species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |