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<mods:title id="617D1F8358BFAF8FA6B9BB36C8A404A1">Review of Oweniidae Rioja, 1917 (Annelida, Palaeoannelida) from Malaysia, with a description of two new species and a key to South China Sea species</mods:title>
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Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C104D0AF53F8E61FC59FF7A48272197" ID-CoL="84NR5" authority="Kirkegaard, 1959" authorityName="Kirkegaard" authorityYear="1959" box="[1002,1342,215,242]" class="Polychaeta" family="Oweniidae" genus="Galathowenia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="516" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B964EA9BF53F8E61FC59FF7A49622194" box="[1002,1147,215,241]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="516">Galathowenia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B78F53F8E61FB31FF7A48272197" author="KIRKEGAARD J. B." box="[1154,1342,215,242]" pageId="5" pageNumber="516" pagination="7 - 117" refId="ref12267" refString="KIRKEGAARD J. B. 1959. - The Polychaeta of West Africa Part I. Sedentary species. Atlantide Report 5: 7 - 117." type="book chapter" year="1959">Kirkegaard, 1959</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="8BAF3689F53F8E61FC9EFEBD4994204D" blockId="5.[813,1165,272,296]" box="[813,1165,272,296]" pageId="5" pageNumber="516">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB0011A7F53F8E61FC9EFEBD4994204D" box="[813,1165,272,296]" pageId="5" pageNumber="516">
<treatmentCitation id="0AB11098F53F8E61FC9EFEBD4990204D" author="KIRKEGAARD J. B." box="[813,1161,272,296]" page="67" pageId="5" pageNumber="516" year="1959">
<taxonomicName id="4C104D0AF53F8E61FC9EFEBD4990204D" ID-CoL="84NR5" authority="Kirkegaard, 1959: 67" authorityName="Kirkegaard" authorityPageNumber="67" authorityYear="1959" box="[813,1161,272,296]" class="Polychaeta" family="Oweniidae" genus="Galathowenia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="516" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B964EA9BF53F8E61FC9EFEBD4EA9204D" box="[813,944,272,296]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="516">Galathowenia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B78F53F8E61FC05FEBD4990204D" author="KIRKEGAARD J. B." box="[950,1161,272,296]" pageId="5" pageNumber="516" pagination="7 - 117" refId="ref12267" refString="KIRKEGAARD J. B. 1959. - The Polychaeta of West Africa Part I. Sedentary species. Atlantide Report 5: 7 - 117." type="book chapter" year="1959">Kirkegaard, 1959: 67</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<subSubSection id="C30A6502F53F8E61FC9EFEED48B62093" pageId="5" pageNumber="516" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BAF3689F53F8E61FC9EFEED48B62093" blockId="5.[811,1457,320,502]" pageId="5" pageNumber="516">
<smallCapsWord id="8D49A055F53F8E61FC9EFEED4E8E2033" baselines="337,338" box="[813,919,320,343]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Diagnosis" pageId="5" pageNumber="516">DIAGNOSIS</smallCapsWord>
(adapted from
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B78F53F8E61FB82FEED49CD203D" author="CAPA M. &amp; PARAPAR J. &amp; HUTCHINGS P." box="[1073,1236,320,344]" pageId="5" pageNumber="516" pagination="236 - 278" refId="ref10642" refString="CAPA M., PARAPAR J. &amp; HUTCHINGS P. 2012. - Phylogeny of Oweniidae (Polychaeta) based on morphological data and taxonomic revision of Australian fauna. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 166 (2): 236 - 278. https: // doi. org / 10.111 1 / j. 1096 - 3642.2012.00850." type="journal article" year="2012">
Capa
<emphasis id="B964EA9BF53F8E61FBD9FEEC4980203D" box="[1130,1177,320,344]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="516">et al.</emphasis>
2012
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). — Cylindrical head, anteriorly truncated, terminal mouth extending mid-ventrally as an elongated slit and presence of ventral pharyngeal organ. Breakage groove between first and second chaetiger. Y-shaped oesophageal commissure. First three segments uniramous, with capillaries on notopodia. Following segments biramous, notopodia with capillary chaetae only and neuropodial uncini with two obliquely arranged teeth.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAF3689F53F8E61FC98FDA24EE12324" blockId="5.[811,1455,526,577]" pageId="5" pageNumber="516">
T YPE SPECIES. —
<taxonomicName id="4C104D0AF53F8E61FC56FDA348902343" authority="Kirkegaard, 1959" authorityName="Kirkegaard" authorityYear="1959" box="[997,1417,526,550]" class="Polychaeta" family="Oweniidae" genus="Galathowenia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="516" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="africana">
<emphasis id="B964EA9BF53F8E61FC56FDA349D02343" box="[997,1225,526,550]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="516">Galathowenia africana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B78F53F8E61FB61FDA348902343" author="KIRKEGAARD J. B." box="[1234,1417,526,550]" pageId="5" pageNumber="516" pagination="7 - 117" refId="ref12267" refString="KIRKEGAARD J. B. 1959. - The Polychaeta of West Africa Part I. Sedentary species. Atlantide Report 5: 7 - 117." type="book chapter" year="1959">Kirkegaard, 1959</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by original designation.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C30A6502F53F8E61FC9EFDDB487D27C9" pageId="5" pageNumber="516" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BAF3689F53F8E61FC9EFDDB4E8823EB" blockId="5.[811,1457,630,1709]" box="[813,913,630,656]" pageId="5" pageNumber="516">
<smallCapsWord id="8D49A055F53F8E61FC9EFDDB4E8823EB" baselines="649,649" box="[813,913,630,656]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Remarks" pageId="5" pageNumber="516">REMARKS</smallCapsWord>
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<taxonomicName id="4C104D0AF53F8E61FC9EFD3B4EA423D5" ID-CoL="84NR5" authorityName="Kirkegaard" authorityYear="1959" box="[813,957,662,688]" class="Polychaeta" family="Oweniidae" genus="Galathowenia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="516" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B964EA9BF53F8E61FC9EFD3B4EA423D5" box="[813,957,662,688]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="516">Galathowenia</emphasis>
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was established by
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B78F53F8E61FB35FD3B485323D5" author="KIRKEGAARD J. B." box="[1158,1354,661,688]" pageId="5" pageNumber="516" pagination="7 - 117" refId="ref12267" refString="KIRKEGAARD J. B. 1959. - The Polychaeta of West Africa Part I. Sedentary species. Atlantide Report 5: 7 - 117." type="book chapter" year="1959">Kirkegaard (1959)</bibRefCitation>
for
<taxonomicName id="4C104D0AF53F8E61FAC0FD3B4E7623AA" ID-CoL="3F2RY" authorityName="Kirkegaard" authorityYear="1959" class="Polychaeta" family="Oweniidae" genus="Galathowenia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="516" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="africana">
<emphasis id="B964EA9BF53F8E61FAC0FD3B4E7623AA" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="516">G. africana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the
<typeStatus id="54AB882BF53F8E61FC11FD18491823AA" box="[930,1025,693,719]" pageId="5" pageNumber="516" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
was collected during the “GALATHEA expedition on the west coast of Africa. In addition to being differentiated based on the shape of the prostomium (anteriorly truncated) with a ventral cleft,
<taxonomicName id="4C104D0AF53F8E61FB08FCBB4828224A" ID-CoL="3F2RY" authorityName="Kirkegaard" authorityYear="1959" box="[1211,1329,789,816]" class="Polychaeta" family="Oweniidae" genus="Galathowenia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="516" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="africana">
<emphasis id="B964EA9BF53F8E61FB08FCBB4828224A" box="[1211,1329,789,816]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="516">G. africana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species was characterised by having an “achaetous peristomium fused with the prostomium, the presence of two eye-spots and three thoracic segments without neuropodial hooks”. The validity of
<taxonomicName id="4C104D0AF53F8E61FCF4FC384ECE22CA" ID-CoL="84NR5" authorityName="Kirkegaard" authorityYear="1959" box="[839,983,917,943]" class="Polychaeta" family="Oweniidae" genus="Galathowenia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="516" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B964EA9BF53F8E61FCF4FC384ECE22CA" box="[839,983,917,943]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="516">Galathowenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was later agreed upon by several taxonomists because of the shape of the prostomium (
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B78F53F8E61FAB3FC1848BF22AA" author="FAUCHALD K." box="[1280,1446,949,975]" pageId="5" pageNumber="516" refId="ref11254" refString="FAUCHALD K. 1977. - The polychaete worms. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County: 198. https: // doi. org / 10.3354 / dao 063107" type="journal volume" year="1977">Fauchald 1977</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B78F53F8E61FC9EFC794EC5228A" author="KIRKEGAARD J. B." box="[813,988,980,1007]" pageId="5" pageNumber="516" pagination="593 - 608" refId="ref12321" refString="KIRKEGAARD J. B. 1983. - Bathyal benthic polychaetes from the North East Atlantic Ocean, South West of the British Isles. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 63 (3): 593 - 608. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315400070909" type="journal article" year="1983">Kirkegaard 1983</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B78F53F8E61FC54FC794907228B" author="KIRKEGAARD J. B." box="[999,1054,980,1006]" pageId="5" pageNumber="516" refId="ref12294" refString="KIRKEGAARD J. B. 1996. - Havborsteorme II. Sedentaria. Danmarks fauna, 86. Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, Copenhagen, 451 p." type="book" year="1996">1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B78F53F8E61FB99FC794986228A" author="BLAKE J. A." box="[1066,1183,980,1007]" pageId="5" pageNumber="516" pagination="112 - 117" refId="ref10424" refString="BLAKE J. A. 1984. - Polychaeta Oweniidae from Antarctic seas collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program. First International Polychaete Conference, July: 112 - 117." type="proceedings paper" year="1984">Blake 1984</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B78F53F8E61FB18FC7849FB228A" author="BLAKE J. A." box="[1195,1250,981,1007]" pageId="5" pageNumber="516" pagination="97 - 127" refId="ref10457" refString="BLAKE J. A. 2000. - Family Oweniidae Rioja, 1917. In Taxonomic Atlas of the benthic fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and the Western Santa Barbara Channel. The Annelida 4, Polychaeta: Flabelligeridae to Sternaspidae. Santa Barbara Museum Natural History: 97 - 127." type="book chapter" year="2000">2000</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B78F53F8E61FB5EFC794E7A256A" author="IMAJIMA M. &amp; MORITA Y." pageId="5" pageNumber="516" pagination="85 - 102" refId="ref12121" refString="IMAJIMA M. &amp; MORITA Y. 1987. - Oweniidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from Japan. Bulletin of National Science Museum of Tokyo Series A 13 (3): 85 - 102." type="journal article" year="1987">Imajima &amp; Morita 1987</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B78F53F8E61FCC2FC584909256B" author="PARAPAR J." box="[881,1040,1012,1039]" pageId="5" pageNumber="516" pagination="274 - 290" refId="ref12817" refString="PARAPAR J. 2003 b. - Oweniidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from Icelandic waters, collected by the BIOICE project, with a description of Myrioglobula islandica n. sp. Sarsia 88 (4): 274 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00364820310002506" type="journal article" year="2003">Parapar 2003b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAF3689F53F8E61FCF0FBB9481224A8" blockId="5.[811,1457,630,1709]" pageId="5" pageNumber="516">
Currently,
<taxonomicName id="4C104D0AF53F8E61FC09FBB94952254B" ID-CoL="84NR5" authorityName="Kirkegaard" authorityYear="1959" box="[954,1099,1044,1070]" class="Polychaeta" family="Oweniidae" genus="Galathowenia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="516" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B964EA9BF53F8E61FC09FBB94952254B" box="[954,1099,1044,1070]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="516">Galathowenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is featured by having a terminal mouth extending mid-ventrally as an elongated slit, the presence of a breakage groove between the first and the second segments, notopodia with only capillary chaetae on both uniramous and biramous segments, and uncini with a teeth of similar size and generally arranged obliquely (
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B78F53F8E61FA88FB194E7E258B" author="CAPA M. &amp; PARAPAR J. &amp; HUTCHINGS P." pageId="5" pageNumber="516" pagination="236 - 278" refId="ref10642" refString="CAPA M., PARAPAR J. &amp; HUTCHINGS P. 2012. - Phylogeny of Oweniidae (Polychaeta) based on morphological data and taxonomic revision of Australian fauna. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 166 (2): 236 - 278. https: // doi. org / 10.111 1 / j. 1096 - 3642.2012.00850." type="journal article" year="2012">
Capa
<emphasis id="B964EA9BF53F8E61FAC8FB1848A925AB" box="[1403,1456,1204,1230]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="516">et al.</emphasis>
2012
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). Among all genera,
<taxonomicName id="4C104D0AF53F8E61FBE2FB7949FA258B" ID-CoL="84NR5" authorityName="Kirkegaard" authorityYear="1959" box="[1105,1251,1236,1262]" class="Polychaeta" family="Oweniidae" genus="Galathowenia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="516" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B964EA9BF53F8E61FBE2FB7949FA258B" box="[1105,1251,1236,1262]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="516">Galathowenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is more similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C104D0AF53F8E61FC9DFB5E4E862468" ID-CoL="87HQ9" authorityName="Malmgren" authorityYear="1867" box="[814,927,1267,1293]" class="Polychaeta" family="Oweniidae" genus="Myriochele" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="516" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B964EA9BF53F8E61FC9DFB5E4E862468" box="[814,927,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="516">Myriochele</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because of the lack of distal appendages. However, they can also be distinguished by: 1) the truncated and elongated head of
<taxonomicName id="4C104D0AF53F8E61FC40FA9E499D2428" ID-CoL="84NR5" authorityName="Kirkegaard" authorityYear="1959" box="[1011,1156,1331,1357]" class="Polychaeta" family="Oweniidae" genus="Galathowenia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="516" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B964EA9BF53F8E61FC40FA9E499D2428" box="[1011,1156,1331,1357]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="516">Galathowenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; in contrast to the rounded head of
<taxonomicName id="4C104D0AF53F8E61FC31FAFE4EEB2408" ID-CoL="87HQ9" authorityName="Malmgren" authorityYear="1867" box="[898,1010,1363,1389]" class="Polychaeta" family="Oweniidae" genus="Myriochele" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="516" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B964EA9BF53F8E61FC31FAFE4EEB2408" box="[898,1010,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="516">Myriochele</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 2) the absence of acicular notochaetae in
<taxonomicName id="4C104D0AF53F8E61FC9FFADE4EA624E8" ID-CoL="84NR5" authorityName="Kirkegaard" authorityYear="1959" box="[812,959,1395,1421]" class="Polychaeta" family="Oweniidae" genus="Galathowenia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="516" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B964EA9BF53F8E61FC9FFADE4EA624E8" box="[812,959,1395,1421]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="516">Galathowenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which are present in
<taxonomicName id="4C104D0AF53F8E61FB09FADE483224E8" ID-CoL="87HQ9" authorityName="Malmgren" authorityYear="1867" box="[1210,1323,1395,1421]" class="Polychaeta" family="Oweniidae" genus="Myriochele" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="516" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B964EA9BF53F8E61FB09FADE483224E8" box="[1210,1323,1395,1421]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="516">Myriochele</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; and 3) the presence of a breakage groove between segments 1 and
<quantity id="4CE89B6CF53F8E61FA35FA3E48A824C8" box="[1414,1457,1427,1453]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="5" pageNumber="516" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C104D0AF53F8E61FC9EFA1E4EA724A8" ID-CoL="84NR5" authorityName="Kirkegaard" authorityYear="1959" box="[813,958,1459,1485]" class="Polychaeta" family="Oweniidae" genus="Galathowenia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="516" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B964EA9BF53F8E61FC9EFA1E4EA724A8" box="[813,958,1459,1485]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="516">Galathowenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is absent in
<taxonomicName id="4C104D0AF53F8E61FB27FA1E481D24A8" ID-CoL="87HQ9" authorityName="Malmgren" authorityYear="1867" box="[1172,1284,1459,1485]" class="Polychaeta" family="Oweniidae" genus="Myriochele" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="516" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B964EA9BF53F8E61FB27FA1E481D24A8" box="[1172,1284,1459,1485]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="516">Myriochele</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAF3689F53F8E61FCF0FA7E487D27C9" blockId="5.[811,1457,630,1709]" pageId="5" pageNumber="516">
The species discrimination in
<taxonomicName id="4C104D0AF53F8E61FBDEFA7E49EE2488" authorityName="Kirkegaard" authorityYear="1959" box="[1133,1271,1491,1517]" class="Polychaeta" family="Oweniidae" genus="Galathowenia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="516" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B964EA9BF53F8E61FBDEFA7E49EE2488" box="[1133,1271,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="516">Galathowenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is based on: 1) the presence/ absence of eyes on head structures; 2) the number, relative length, and distribution of the anterior uniramous thoracic chaetigers; 3) the relative length of the first biramous abdominal segment; 4) the position of the longest chaetiger; 5) the shape and dentition of the uncini; and 6) through the posterior end which bears a different number and structure of lobes.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>