554 lines
73 KiB
XML
554 lines
73 KiB
XML
<document id="07E9A4FF50C85A81851A899F3117C356" ID-DOI="10.17348/jbrit.v15.i2.1206" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14111022" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1634280027544" checkinUser="donat" docAuthor="Fawcett, Susan & Smith, Alan R." docDate="2021" docId="03B787F6FFD59B75622B78B3FC5FFD4C" docLanguage="en" docName="2021_ThelypteridaceaeFerns_OACopy3.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Fort Worth, Texas, USA: BRIT Press" docTitle="Macrothelypteris" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="52" masterDocId="FF8EFF8EFFE99B4B602B7D49FFA7FFBB" masterDocTitle="A Generic Classification of the Thelypteridaceae" pageNumber="50" updateTime="1731444927364" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="379274CA21B02A450CD54C5465E24927">
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<mods:title id="BF25E23A2292A80C34AC6334843D4DDA">A Generic Classification of the Thelypteridaceae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="AB54276D2A9893DAA08392666F68C83A" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="1AE2C6378B6294D803D5740C46C95B08">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="5C13081B21E55052D4EF918F220D12AC">Fawcett, Susan</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="8C1075A90BCFA2BF40D246A8A11224BF" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="65B6065DB2CF40E439229E3FDB9B3928">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="732A45F6AF85DC81351957CC29A4E569">Smith, Alan R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="0B335F7BCD1D3A7C79E8786445D2ABFC">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="A59AB0021421B199F37C4747CB9C5064">2021</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="9C18AA57229D0A25E9A2AC18AD42584A">BRIT Press</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="CB7FC3E58E132819560A09C829329DAD">
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<mods:placeTerm id="1F0FEBA93B8A9AB03F2AAF51E1BAD0CC">Fort Worth, Texas, USA</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:classification id="F86A19FC0064E78E1416DDA8117E6E37">book</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="6B04901A98DA8ED657A51C703176D073" type="DOI">10.17348/jbrit.v15.i2.1206</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="04EB97C90D6C6D164BE1B8C8F0058D8F" type="Zenodo-Dep">14111022</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B787F6FFD59B75622B78B3FC5FFD4C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14076472" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14076472" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B787F6FFD59B75622B78B3FC5FFD4C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B787F6FFD59B75622B78B3FC5FFD4C" lastPageId="62" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="60" pageNumber="50">
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<subSubSection id="C304656BFFD59B77622B78B3FC8EF9AF" box="[512,809,1530,1556]" pageId="60" pageNumber="50" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFD59B77622B78B3FC8EF9AF" blockId="60.[97,1224,1530,1617]" box="[512,809,1530,1556]" pageId="60" pageNumber="50">
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<heading id="D0E9818CFFD59B77622B78B3FC8EF9AF" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[512,809,1530,1556]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="60" pageNumber="50" reason="0">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD59B77622B78B3FC8EF9AF" ID-CoL="5JQR" box="[512,809,1530,1556]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="60" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD59B77622B78B3FC8EF9AF" bold="true" box="[512,809,1530,1556]" pageId="60" pageNumber="50">MACROTHELYPTERIS</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C304656BFFD59B77604A7B6BFD75F98C" box="[97,722,1570,1591]" pageId="60" pageNumber="50" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFD59B77604A7B6BFD75F98C" blockId="60.[97,1224,1530,1617]" box="[97,722,1570,1591]" pageId="60" pageNumber="50">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ABF10F1FFD59B77604A7B6BFD69F98C" author="Ching" box="[97,718,1570,1591]" journal="Acta Phytotax. Sin." page="308" pageId="60" pageNumber="50" score="3.863100345872848" volume="8" year="1963">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD59B77604A7B6BFDFDF98C" ID-CoL="5JQR" authority="(H. Ito) Ching, Acta Phytotax. Sin." authorityName="Ching, Acta Phytotax. Sin." baseAuthorityName="H. Ito" box="[97,602,1570,1591]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="60" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD59B77604A7B6BFEB7F98C" bold="true" box="[97,272,1570,1591]" pageId="60" pageNumber="50">Macrothelypteris</emphasis>
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(H. Ito) Ching, Acta Phytotax. Sin.
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</taxonomicName>
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8:308. 1963
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFD59B7762FA7B6CFE98F9EA" pageId="60" pageNumber="50" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFD59B7762FA7B6CFE98F9EA" blockId="60.[97,1224,1530,1617]" pageId="60" pageNumber="50">
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—
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<typeStatus id="54A58842FFD59B7762C97B6CFCA5F98E" box="[738,770,1573,1589]" pageId="60" pageNumber="50">
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||
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFD59B7762C97B6CFCA5F98E" box="[738,770,1573,1589]" pageId="60" pageNumber="50">TYPE</collectionCode>
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</typeStatus>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD59B7763217B6CFBF1F98C" ID-CoL="3XBWD" authority="(Baker) Ching" authorityName="Ching" baseAuthorityName="Baker" box="[778,1110,1573,1591]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="60" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oligophlebia">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD59B7763217B6CFC4FF98D" box="[778,1000,1573,1590]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="50">Macrothelypteris oligophlebia</emphasis>
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(Baker) Ching
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</taxonomicName>
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[=
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD59B7764477B6CFE9CF9EA" ID-CoL="6S8NW" authority="Baker" authorityName="Baker" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Nephrodium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="60" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oligophlebium">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD59B7764477B6CFEADF9EA" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="50">Nephrodium oligophlebium</emphasis>
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Baker
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</taxonomicName>
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]
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C304656BFFD59B7760AA7B2CFD9BF9CC" box="[129,572,1637,1655]" pageId="60" pageNumber="50" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFD59B7760AA7B2CFD9BF9CC" blockId="60.[129,572,1637,1655]" box="[129,572,1637,1655]" pageId="60" pageNumber="50">
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For additional generic synonymy, see
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFD59B7761B77B2FFDADF9CC" author="Holttum" box="[412,522,1638,1655]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="60" pageNumber="50" pagination="5 - 32" part="17" refId="ref109433" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1969. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae. The genera Phegopteris, Pseudophegopteris, and Macrothelypteris. Blumea 17: 5 - 32." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae. The genera Phegopteris, Pseudophegopteris, and Macrothelypteris" type="journal article" year="1969">Holttum,1969</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFD59B77623A7B2FFD90F9CC" author="Holttum" box="[529,567,1638,1655]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="60" pageNumber="50" pagination="17 - 52" part="19" refId="ref109463" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1971. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World. Blumea 19: 17 - 52." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World" type="journal article" year="1971">1971</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFD59B77604A7BC5FE18F979" pageId="60" pageNumber="50" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFD59B77604A7BC5FE18F979" blockId="60.[97,1225,1676,1794]" pageId="60" pageNumber="50">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD59B77604A7BC5FF6CF91A" box="[97,203,1676,1697]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="50">Etymology.</emphasis>
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—Gr.
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD59B7761237BC5FEEBF91A" box="[264,332,1676,1697]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="50">makros</emphasis>
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, large +
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD59B7761887BC5FDB2F91A" box="[419,533,1676,1697]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="50">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD59B7761887BC5FDB7F91A" box="[419,528,1676,1697]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="60" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Thelypteris</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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This genus has some of the largest and most deeply dissected (tripinnate-pinnatifid) fronds in the family.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C304656BFFD59B7660BA7B84FEA3FC4C" lastPageId="61" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="60" pageNumber="50" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFD59B7660BA7B84FEA3FC4C" blockId="60.[97,1225,1676,1794]" lastBlockId="61.[121,1255,162,1783]" lastPageId="61" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="60" pageNumber="50">
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Plants terrestrial, fronds of determinate growth, mostly medium-sized to very large, 50–200+ cm tall;
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD59B7764407B84FB6EF959" bold="true" box="[1131,1225,1741,1762]" pageId="60" pageNumber="50">rhizomes</emphasis>
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||
short-creeping to ascending or suberect, to
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||
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFD59B7761D67BA4FD8BF8BA" box="[509,556,1772,1794]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="60" pageNumber="50" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
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diam., with brown to tan scales, these lanceolate, with scattered hairs along margins and sometimes sparingly on surface;
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7662417DEBFD0AFF0C" bold="true" box="[618,685,162,183]" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">fronds</emphasis>
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||
clustered, monomorphic, evergreen or dying in winter (
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B7664E37DEBFF70FF6D" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="viridifrons">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7664E37DEBFF70FF6D" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">M. viridifrons</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
);
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||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7660C27D8BFE83FF6C" bold="true" box="[233,292,194,215]" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">stipes</emphasis>
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||
to
|
||
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFD49B76616B7D8BFEDBFF6C" box="[320,380,194,215]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" unit="cm" value="80.0">80 cm</quantity>
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||
long,
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||
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFD49B76619F7D8BFE50FF6C" box="[436,503,194,215]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
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||
diam., not grooved adaxially, green or stramineous, less often castaneous (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B7660527DABFEBCFF4C" box="[121,283,226,247]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ogasawarensis">
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||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7660527DABFEBCFF4C" box="[121,283,226,247]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">M. ogasawarensis</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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), sometimes glaucous (e.g.,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B7662017DABFD02FF4C" box="[554,677,226,247]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="torresiana">
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||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7662017DABFD02FF4C" box="[554,677,226,247]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">M. torresiana</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
);
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||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7662917DABFC89FF4D" bold="true" box="[698,814,225,247]" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">stipe scales</emphasis>
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||
lanceolate, stramineous to brown,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFD49B7664A87DABFB45FF4C" box="[1155,1250,226,247]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.2" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="11.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="2.0">2–20 mm</quantity>
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||
long, thickened at their bases, usually with a hairlike tip, typically with marginal and superficial hairs and often with stipitate glands (
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<figureCitation id="13252A65FFD49B7661337C6BFEC7FE8C" box="[280,352,290,311]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[97,105,1615,1635]" captionTargetBox="[144,1177,161,1569]" captionTargetId="figure-8@22.[142,1177,161,1570]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 2. Morphology of the Thelypteridaceae.A. Coryphopteris kolombangarae, SITW07554 (TAIF), glandular indusia.B. Goniopteris yaucoensis, Proctor 43584 (US), stellatehairs along adaxialcosta.C.Pneumatopterisglandulifera,SITW11069 (TAIF),peg-like aerophoresat pinna bases.D.Sphaerostephanospolycarpos,SITW11070 (TAIF),marginally glandular indusia.E.Sphaerostephanos doodioides,SITW05702(TAIF),setoseindusia,spherical glands on indusia,sporangia,and laminar tissue. F. Goniopteris reptans, Wright 813 (US), sori with shriveled, setose indusia, some hairs furcate. G. Macrothelypteris polypodioides, SITW11122 (TAIF), stipe scales. H. Hoiokula pendens, Hobdy 2664 (UC), setulose sporangia. I. Plesioneuron imbricatum, SITW05370 (TAIF), exindusiate sori, sporangia with spherical glands. J. Christella dentata, SITW10525 (TAIF), shriveled,setulose indusia.K. Sphaerostephanos heterocarpos SITW11079 (TAIF),abruptly reduced proximal pinnae,adaxial surface with acicular hairs.L. Coryphopteris subbipinnata, SITW11667 (TAIF),appressed stipe base scales,these marginally setulose.All photos by Cheng-Wei Chen except B,F,and H by Susan Fawcett." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14111046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14111046/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">
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||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7661337C6BFEC7FE8C" bold="true" box="[280,352,290,311]" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">Fig. 2G</emphasis>
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||
</figureCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7661587C68FE12FE8D" bold="true" box="[371,437,289,310]" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">blades</emphasis>
|
||
herbaceous to chartaceous, broadly deltate, to
|
||
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFD49B7663537C6BFC39FE8C" box="[888,926,290,311]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
|
||
long, usually broadest at bases or with proximal pinnae only slightly reduced (always lacking greatly reduced glanduliform pinnae), lacking buds or proliferations, pinnate-pinnatifid to bipinnate- or even tripinnate-pinnatifid, with blade apex gradually tapering and pinnatifid; rachises adaxially not grooved, bearing simple acicular, often septate hairs, sometimes with persistent scales that leave a stump or “wart” when breaking off (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B7662A17CEBFCA0FE0D" box="[650,775,417,439]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7662A17CEBFCA0FE0D" box="[650,775,417,439]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">M. banaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B76633F7CEBFC2DFE0D" box="[788,906,417,439]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiseta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B76633F7CEBFC2DFE0D" box="[788,906,417,439]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">M. multiseta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B7663BC7CEBFC51FE0C" box="[919,1014,418,439]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ornata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7663BC7CEBFC51FE0C" box="[919,1014,418,439]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">M. ornata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B7664287CEBFBCDFE0C" box="[1027,1130,418,439]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="setigera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7664287CEBFBCDFE0C" box="[1027,1130,418,439]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">M. setigera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7664547CEBFB61FE0C" bold="true" box="[1151,1222,418,439]" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">pinnae</emphasis>
|
||
to
|
||
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFD49B7660527C8BFF74FE6C" box="[121,211,450,471]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" unit="cm" value="25.0" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="15.0">15–35cm</quantity>
|
||
, subopposite proximally to alternate distally, subsessile or stalked, distal pinnae increasingly adnate, spreading or obliquely spreading, not grooved adaxially, truncate at bases, acute at tips, to ca. 15(–20) × 2(–3) cm wide, pinnatifid or pinnate-pinnatifid with pinnules adnate and sometimes interconnected at their bases, in larger species free, with or without acroscopic and/or basiscopic, more lobed basal auricles, sessile or nearly so;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7663F27F6BFBA8FD8C" bold="true" box="[985,1039,546,567]" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">veins</emphasis>
|
||
free, often forking in ultimate segments, ± easily visible on both sides, vein ends clavate adaxially and not reaching segment margins;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7660527F28FF4DFDCD" bold="true" box="[121,234,609,630]" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">aerophores</emphasis>
|
||
absent at pinna bases;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7661EF7F2BFD2CFDCC" bold="true" box="[452,651,610,631]" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">indument abaxially</emphasis>
|
||
usually of sparse to moderately dense unicellular or often septate hyaline acicular hairs 0.5–
|
||
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFD49B7661887FCBFE7CFD2C" box="[419,475,642,663]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, in some species also with costal scales (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B7663E87FCBFB87FD2C" box="[963,1056,642,663]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ornata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7663E87FCBFB87FD2C" box="[963,1056,642,663]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">M. ornata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B7664077FCBFB37FD2C" box="[1068,1168,642,663]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="setigera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7664077FCBFB37FD2C" box="[1068,1168,642,663]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">M. setigera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), blades often glabrescent with age, short-stipitate pale yellowish glands sometimes present along costae and costules;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7664557FEBFF7FFD6C" bold="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">indument adaxially</emphasis>
|
||
of hyaline acicular hairs to ca.
|
||
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFD49B7661D67F8BFD92FD6C" box="[509,565,706,727]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
long along costae, sometimes also with hairs and stalked glands on costules and ultimate veins, occasionally on laminar tissue between veins;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7663377FA8FCD4FD4D" bold="true" box="[796,883,737,758]" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">pustules</emphasis>
|
||
absent on laminae between veins;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7664927FABFB46FD4C" bold="true" box="[1209,1249,738,759]" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">sori</emphasis>
|
||
medial to supramedial, round, exindusiate (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B7662307E4BFDD1FCAC" box="[539,630,770,791]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ornata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7662307E4BFDD1FCAC" box="[539,630,770,791]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">M. ornata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or usually with small indusia to ca. 0.3 mm diam. (often hidden in mature sori), sori not confluent at maturity;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7662137E6BFD3AFC8C" bold="true" box="[568,669,802,823]" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">sporangia</emphasis>
|
||
glabrous or with 1–3 short-stipitate glands ca. 0.05 mm long adjacent to annulus on capsule, sporangial stalks short;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7662AD7E08FD6FFCED" bold="true" box="[646,712,833,854]" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">spores</emphasis>
|
||
tan to brown, ± winged or with a fine reticulate network, but lacking a low polygonal network of ridges as in
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B76627E7E28FCA1FCCD" box="[597,774,865,886]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B76627E7E28FCA5FCCD" box="[597,770,865,886]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pseudophegopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pseudophegopteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Perforations in the perine (resembling those of the distantly related
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7661367EC8FE3CFC2D" box="[285,411,897,918]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B7661367EC8FE30FC2D" box="[285,407,897,918]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Amauropelta</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but generally coarser) characterize the genus (although lacking in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B7664017ECBFB0FFC2D" box="[1066,1192,897,919]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="viridifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7664017ECBFB0FFC2D" box="[1066,1192,897,919]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">M. viridifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and distinguish it from other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B76614D7EEBFDB0FC0C" box="[358,535,930,951]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="76" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phegopteridoideae">Phegopteridoideae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFD49B76620A7EEBFD0DFC0C" author="Holttum" box="[545,682,930,951]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" pagination="5 - 32" part="17" refId="ref109433" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1969. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae. The genera Phegopteris, Pseudophegopteris, and Macrothelypteris. Blumea 17: 5 - 32." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae. The genera Phegopteris, Pseudophegopteris, and Macrothelypteris" type="journal article" year="1969">Holttum 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFD49B7662997EEBFC3DFC0C" author="Tryon & Lugardon" box="[690,922,930,951]" firstAuthor="Tryon" journalOrPublisher="Springer-Verlag, New York, U. S. A" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" refId="ref115218" refString="TRYON, A. F. & B. LUGARDON. 1991. Spores of Pteridophyta. Springer-Verlag, New York, U. S. A." title="Spores of Pteridophyta" type="book" year="1991">Tryon & Lugardon 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFD49B7663897EEBFBE6FC0C" author="Patel" box="[930,1089,930,951]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Patel" journalOrPublisher="Int. J. Pl. Sci." pageId="61" pageNumber="51" pagination="1016 - 1035" part="180" refId="ref112729" refString="PATEL, N., S. FAWCETT, M. SUNDUE, & J. BUDKE. 2019 a. Evolution of perine morphology in Thelypteridaceae. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 180: 1016 - 1035." title="Evolution of perine morphology in Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="2019" yearSuffix="a">Patel et al. 2019a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7664657EEBFBFEFC0C" box="[1102,1113,930,951]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">x</emphasis>
|
||
= 31, diploids, triploids, and tetraploids known, with five spp. counted. No hybridization with any other genus has been demonstrated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFD49B766082794BFC3BFACC" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFD49B766082794BFC3BFACC" blockId="61.[121,1255,162,1783]" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B766082794BFE1AFBAD" box="[169,445,1025,1047]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Diagnosis.—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B76610A7948FE1AFBAD" box="[289,445,1025,1046]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Macrothelypteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is most closely related to both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B7662CA7948FC2CFBAD" box="[737,907,1025,1046]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pseudophegopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7662CA7948FC2CFBAD" box="[737,907,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">Pseudophegopteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B7663937948FB86FBAD" box="[952,1057,1025,1046]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7663937948FB86FBAD" box="[952,1057,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">Phegopteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which all share the characteristic of lacking grooves along the rachis and costae adaxially. This separates them from all other genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B766052790BFE87FBEC" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[121,288,1090,1111]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Thelypteridaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B7661417908FE5DFBED" box="[362,506,1089,1110]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7661417908FE5DFBED" box="[362,506,1089,1110]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">Metathelypteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B766276790BFD7AFBEC" box="[605,733,1090,1111]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Leptogramma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B766276790BFD7AFBEC" box="[605,733,1090,1111]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">Leptogramma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, both of which are generally much smaller plants than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B7660527928FEBEFBCD" box="[121,281,1121,1142]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7660527928FEBEFBCD" box="[121,281,1121,1142]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">Macrothelypteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The conspicuous septate hairs, more alternate pinnae, and usually indusiate sori easily separate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B76605279C8FEB2FB2D" box="[121,277,1153,1174]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B76605279C8FEB2FB2D" box="[121,277,1153,1174]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">Macrothelypteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B76616679C8FE51FB2D" box="[333,502,1153,1174]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pseudophegopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B76616679C8FE51FB2D" box="[333,502,1153,1174]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">Pseudophegopteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B76622A79C8FDCCFB2D" box="[513,619,1153,1174]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B76622A79C8FDCCFB2D" box="[513,619,1153,1174]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">Phegopteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a genus of temperate, and high tropical montane environments, not occurring with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B76611179E8FE70FB0D" box="[314,471,1185,1206]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B76611179E8FE70FB0D" box="[314,471,1185,1206]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">Macrothelypteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and has medial pinnae adnate to rachis (vs. mostly free). Tryon and Lugardon (1991) photographed spores of four species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B7662167988FD7DFB6D" box="[573,730,1217,1238]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7662167988FD7DFB6D" box="[573,730,1217,1238]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">Macrothelypteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Spores of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B76636C798BFC43FB6D" box="[839,996,1217,1239]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="polypodioides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B76636C798BFC43FB6D" box="[839,996,1217,1239]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">M. polypodioides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B76643D798BFBDBFB6C" box="[1046,1148,1218,1239]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="setigera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B76643D798BFBDBFB6C" box="[1046,1148,1218,1239]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">M. setigera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFD49B7664A2798BFEAAFB4C" author="Tryon & Lugardon" firstAuthor="Tryon" journalOrPublisher="Springer-Verlag, New York, U. S. A" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" refId="ref115218" refString="TRYON, A. F. & B. LUGARDON. 1991. Spores of Pteridophyta. Springer-Verlag, New York, U. S. A." title="Spores of Pteridophyta" type="book" year="1991">Tryon & Lugardon 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; figs. 151.1–151.4, respectively) are similar and show a fine reticulate perispore, somewhat similar to spores of many neotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B7661AE7848FD8BFAAD" box="[389,556,1281,1302]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7661AE7848FE5BFAAD" box="[389,508,1281,1302]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">Amauropelta</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B76624B7848FD6BFAAC" box="[608,716,1281,1303]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="concinna">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B76624B7848FD6BFAAC" box="[608,716,1281,1303]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">A. concinna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(fig. 149.5); spores of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B766389784BFC59FAAC" box="[930,1022,1282,1303]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ornata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B766389784BFC59FAAC" box="[930,1022,1282,1303]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">M. ornata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B766404784BFB0CFAAC" box="[1071,1195,1282,1303]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="torresiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B766404784BFB0CFAAC" box="[1071,1195,1282,1303]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">M. torresiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(figs. 152.5, 152.7, respectively) have coarser, irregular folds, with small perforations, more like those of the Asian amauropeltoids (fig. 149.16). Even considering this variation, and incomplete sampling,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B76637E7808FC56FAED" box="[853,1009,1345,1366]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B76637E7808FC56FAED" box="[853,1009,1345,1366]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">Macrothelypteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be readily differentiated from both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B7661637828FE15FACD" box="[328,434,1377,1398]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7661637828FE15FACD" box="[328,434,1377,1398]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">Phegopteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B7661CB7828FD2DFACD" box="[480,650,1377,1398]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pseudophegopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7661CB7828FD2DFACD" box="[480,650,1377,1398]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">Pseudophegopteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on spore morphology.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFD49B76608278C8FB0CF90D" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFD49B76608278C8FB0CF90D" blockId="61.[121,1255,162,1783]" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B76608278C8FDF7FA2D" box="[169,592,1409,1430]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Biogeography and ecology.—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B76619F78C8FDF7FA2D" box="[436,592,1409,1430]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Macrothelypteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
comprises about 10 species, which are confined to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFD49B76646878CBFB11FA2C" box="[1091,1206,1410,1431]" name="Madagascar" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the Mascarene Islands in the Indian Ocean,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFD49B76620678EBFDC5FA0C" box="[557,610,1442,1463]" name="India" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and continental eastern Asia,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFD49B7663BA78EBFC4BFA0C" box="[913,1004,1442,1463]" name="Australia" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFD49B7663DD78EBFBE4FA0C" box="[1014,1091,1442,1463]" name="Malaysia" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">Malesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Melanesia, and Polynesia (to the Society and Austral Islands;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFD49B766204788BFD1FFA6C" author="Holttum" box="[559,696,1474,1495]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" pagination="5 - 32" part="17" refId="ref109433" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1969. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae. The genera Phegopteris, Pseudophegopteris, and Macrothelypteris. Blumea 17: 5 - 32." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae. The genera Phegopteris, Pseudophegopteris, and Macrothelypteris" type="journal article" year="1969">Holttum 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFD49B7662EC788BFD70FA6C" box="[711,727,1474,1495]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||
single species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B766341788BFC41FA6C" box="[874,998,1474,1495]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="torresiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B766341788BFC41FA6C" box="[874,998,1474,1495]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">M. torresiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is widely introduced and abundantly naturalized in the New World tropics and subtropics, extending from South Carolina and Arkansas to Florida and Louisiana (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFD49B76614F7B4BFE54F9AC" author="Leonard" box="[356,499,1538,1559]" firstAuthor="Leonard" journalOrPublisher="Amer. Fern J." pageId="61" pageNumber="51" pagination="97 - 99" part="62" refId="ref111063" refString="LEONARD, S. W. 1972. The distribution of Thelypteris torresiana in the southeastern United States. Amer. Fern J. 62: 97 - 99." title="The distribution of Thelypteris torresiana in the southeastern United States" type="journal article" year="1972">Leonard 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFD49B7661D57B4BFDDAF9AC" author="Smith" box="[510,637,1538,1559]" editor="New York, U. S. A. & Oxford, UK" firstAuthor="Smith" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" pagination="206 - 222" part="2" refId="ref114450" refString="SMITH, A. R. 1993 a. Thelypteridaceae. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. Flora of North America North of Mexico. Vol 2. Oxford University Press, New York, U. S. A. and Oxford, UK. Pp. 206 - 222." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Flora of North America Editorial Committee" year="1993" yearSuffix="a">Smith 1993a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), southward into the Antilles, southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFD49B7664387B4BFBF8F9AC" box="[1043,1119,1538,1559]" name="Mexico" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and Central America, and further south through much of South America to northern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B7663067B6BFC2AF98C" box="[813,909,1570,1591]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argentina">Argentina</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFD49B7663907B6BFBA7F98C" box="[955,1024,1570,1591]" name="Bolivia" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
; it is also naturalized in Natal,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFD49B76609C7B0BFE97F9EC" box="[183,304,1602,1623]" name="South Africa" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFD49B7661107B0BFE61F9EC" author="Burrows" box="[315,454,1602,1623]" firstAuthor="Burrows" journalOrPublisher="Frandsen Publishers, Sandton, South Africa" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" refId="ref107068" refString="BURROWS, J. E. 1990. Southern African ferns and fern allies. Frandsen Publishers, Sandton, South Africa." title="Southern African ferns and fern allies" type="book" year="1990">Burrows 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Hawai’i (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFD49B7662037B0BFD02F9EC" author="Palmer" box="[552,677,1602,1623]" firstAuthor="Palmer" journalOrPublisher="University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, U. S. A" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" refId="ref112628" refString="PALMER, D. D. 2003. Hawai'i's ferns and fern allies. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, U. S. A." title="Hawai'i's ferns and fern allies" type="book" year="2003">Palmer 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and perhaps elsewhere. The greatest diversity in the genus is in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFD49B7660837B2BFF41F9CC" box="[168,230,1634,1655]" name="China" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with six species (but only one endemic,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B7662587B2BFD57F9CC" box="[627,752,1634,1655]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="contingens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7662587B2BFD57F9CC" box="[627,752,1634,1655]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">M. contingens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), one with two varieties (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFD49B7663CE7B2BFBD5F9CC" author="Lin" box="[997,1138,1633,1655]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Lin" journalOrPublisher="Science Press, Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, U. S. A." pageId="61" pageNumber="51" pagination="319 - 396" refId="ref111240" refString="LIN, Y. X., Z. Y. LI, K. IWATSUKI, & A. R. SMITH. 2013. Thelypteridaceae. In Z. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven, & D. Y. Hong, eds., Flora of China, Vol. 2 - 3 (Pteridophytes). Science Press, Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, U. S. A. Pp. 319 - 396." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Z. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven, & D. Y. Hong" year="2013">Lin et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B7660527BC8FEB2F92D" box="[121,277,1665,1686]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7660527BC8FEB2F92D" box="[121,277,1665,1686]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">Macrothelypteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occur mainly in forests (but not in deep shade) or along forest margins, along trails and streams, and in shaded wet places, often in areas with some sun or in disturbed areas, at low to middle elevations from
|
||
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFD49B76646E7BEBFB01F90D" box="[1093,1190,1697,1719]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="1050.0" valueMax="2100.0" valueMin="0.0">0–2100 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFD49B7560827B8BFB6EFD8C" lastPageId="62" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFD49B7560827B8BFEBFFF4C" blockId="61.[121,1255,162,1783]" lastBlockId="62.[97,1227,161,759]" lastPageId="62" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7660827B8BFE51F96D" box="[169,502,1729,1751]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies.</emphasis>
|
||
—Both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B7662147B88FD7CF96D" box="[575,731,1729,1750]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7662147B88FD7CF96D" box="[575,731,1729,1750]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">Macrothelypteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD49B7663227B88FC14F96D" box="[777,947,1729,1750]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pseudophegopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD49B7663227B88FC14F96D" box="[777,947,1729,1750]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="51">Pseudophegopteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were first recognized at generic rank by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFD49B7660E37BABFEEEF94C" author="Ching" box="[200,329,1762,1783]" firstAuthor="Ching" journalOrPublisher="Acta Phytotax. Sin." pageId="61" pageNumber="51" pagination="289 - 335" part="8" refId="ref107523" refString="CHING, R. C. 1963. A reclassification of the family Thelypteridaceae from the mainland of Asia. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 289 - 335." title="A reclassification of the family Thelypteridaceae from the mainland of Asia" type="journal article" year="1963">Ching (1963)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Holttum’s studies further clarified their distinction and differences (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFD49B7663F37BABFBC5F94C" author="Holttum" box="[984,1122,1762,1783]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" pagination="5 - 32" part="17" refId="ref109433" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1969. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae. The genera Phegopteris, Pseudophegopteris, and Macrothelypteris. Blumea 17: 5 - 32." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae. The genera Phegopteris, Pseudophegopteris, and Macrothelypteris" type="journal article" year="1969">Holttum 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFD49B7664417BABFB3DF94C" author="Holttum" box="[1130,1178,1762,1783]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="61" pageNumber="51" pagination="17 - 52" part="19" refId="ref109463" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1971. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World. Blumea 19: 17 - 52." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World" type="journal article" year="1971">1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFD49B7664887BABFB79F94C" author="Holttum" box="[1187,1246,1762,1783]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="J. S. African Bot." pageId="61" pageNumber="51" pagination="123 - 168" part="40" refId="ref109577" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1974 a. Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands. J. S. African Bot. 40: 123 - 168." title="Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands" type="journal article" year="1974" yearSuffix="a">1974a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFD79B75604A7DEBFF3AFF0C" author="Holttum" box="[97,157,162,183]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Allertonia" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" pagination="169 - 234" part="1" refId="ref109882" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1977 b. The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia. Allertonia 1: 169 - 234." title="The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia" type="journal article" year="1977" yearSuffix="b">1977b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFD79B75608C7DEBFF7EFF0C" author="Holttum" box="[167,217,162,183]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). See comments under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD79B75619D7DE8FDC7FF0D" box="[438,608,161,182]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pseudophegopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD79B75619D7DE8FDC7FF0D" box="[438,608,161,182]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="52">Pseudophegopteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for distinctions between the two genera. These two genera have retained their rank in publications on the family by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFD79B7562647D8BFD6AFF6C" author="Smith" box="[591,717,194,215]" editor="Kubitzki, K." firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="K. U. Kramer & P. S. Green. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. Pp" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" pagination="263 - 272" refId="ref114359" refString="SMITH, A. R. 1990. Thelypteridaceae. In: Kubitzki, K., ed. The families and genera of vascular plants. I. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Vol. eds. K. U. Kramer & P. S. Green. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. Pp. 263 - 272." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The families and genera of vascular plants. I. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Vol" year="1990">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DAF802FFD79B7562647D8BFD2EFF6C" box="[591,649,194,215]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="62" pageNumber="52">Smith</collectingRegion>
|
||
(1990)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFD79B7562FD7D8BFC2FFF6C" author="Smith" box="[726,904,194,215]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" pagination="705 - 731" part="55" refId="ref114696" refString="SMITH, A. R., K. M. PRYER, E. SCHUETTPELZ, P. KORALL, H. SCHNEIDER, & P. G. WOLF. 2006. A classification for extant ferns. Taxon 55: 705 - 731." title="A classification for extant ferns" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DAF802FFD79B7562FD7D8BFCB7FF6C" box="[726,784,194,215]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="62" pageNumber="52">Smith</collectingRegion>
|
||
et al. (2006)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFD79B7563F87D8BFBE9FF6C" author="PPG I" box="[979,1102,194,215]" firstAuthor="PPG I" journalOrPublisher="J. Syst. Evol." pageId="62" pageNumber="52" pagination="563 - 603" part="54" refId="ref112966" refString="PPG I. 2016. A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns. J. Syst. Evol. 54: 563 - 603." title="A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns" type="journal article" year="2016">PPG I (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as well as in many recent floras.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFD79B7560A47C4BFC12FE4C" blockId="62.[97,1227,161,759]" pageId="62" pageNumber="52">
|
||
In our analyses (Fawcett et al. in press), and also those of He and Zhang (2012),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFD79B75635D7C4BFBEEFEAC" author="Schneider" box="[886,1097,258,279]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Schneider" journalOrPublisher="J. Syst. Evol." pageId="62" pageNumber="52" pagination="61 - 70" part="51" refId="ref113867" refString="SCHNEIDER, H., L-J. HE, J. MARQUARDT, L. WANG, J. HEINRICHS, S. HENNEQUIN, & X-C. ZHANG. 2013. Exploring the origin of the latitudinal diversity gradient: contrasting the sister fern genera Phegopteris and Pseudophegopteris. J. Syst. Evol. 51: 61 - 70." title="Exploring the origin of the latitudinal diversity gradient: contrasting the sister fern genera Phegopteris and Pseudophegopteris" type="journal article" year="2013">Schneider et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFD79B7564537C4BFF77FE8C" author="ALMEIDA, T. E & S. HENNEQUIN & H. SCHNEIDER & A. R. SMITH & J. A. N. BATISTA & A. J. RAMALHO & K. PROITE & K. & A. SALINO" journalOrPublisher="Molec. Phylogen. Evol." pageId="62" pageNumber="52" pagination="688 - 700" part="94" refId="ref106225" refString="ALMEIDA, T. E., S. HENNEQUIN, H. SCHNEIDER, A. R. SMITH, J. A. N. BATISTA, A. J. RAMALHO, K. PROITE, & K. & A. SALINO. 2016. Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 94: 688 - 700." title="Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera" type="journal article" year="2016">Almeida et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD79B7560F37C68FED3FE8D" box="[216,372,289,310]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD79B7560F37C68FED3FE8D" box="[216,372,289,310]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="52">Macrothelypteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is monophyletic and sister to the clade
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD79B7562CF7C68FCE8FE8D" box="[740,847,289,310]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD79B7562CF7C68FCE8FE8D" box="[740,847,289,310]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="52">Phegopteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD79B7563497C68FBACFE8D" box="[866,1035,289,310]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pseudophegopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD79B7563497C68FBACFE8D" box="[866,1035,289,310]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="52">Pseudophegopteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These three genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD79B75604A7C0BFF14FEEC" box="[97,179,322,343]" form="the" genus="The" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" rank="form">form the</taxonomicName>
|
||
subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD79B7561317C0BFC82FEEC" authority="Salino, A. R. Sm. & T. E. Almeida. All" authorityName="Salino, A. R. Sm. & T. E. Almeida. All" box="[282,805,322,343]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phegopteridoideae">Phegopteridoideae Salino, A.R. Sm. & T.E. Almeida.All</taxonomicName>
|
||
are free-veined, often with forked veins, and the veins end before reaching the segment margins. They were clearly understood and delineated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFD79B7564057C2BFB61FECC" author="Holttum" box="[1070,1222,354,375]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" pagination="5 - 32" part="17" refId="ref109433" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1969. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae. The genera Phegopteris, Pseudophegopteris, and Macrothelypteris. Blumea 17: 5 - 32." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae. The genera Phegopteris, Pseudophegopteris, and Macrothelypteris" type="journal article" year="1969">Holttum (1969)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who provided a revision/synopsis of these genera in the same paper.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFD79B7563217CCBFC3BFE2C" author="Holttum" box="[778,924,386,407]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Gardens' Bull. (Singapore)" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" pagination="267 - 298" part="11" refId="ref109375" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1947. New species of vascular plants from the Malay Peninsula. Gardens' Bull. (Singapore) 11: 267 - 298." title="New species of vascular plants from the Malay Peninsula" type="journal article" year="1947">Holttum (1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFD79B75638E7CCBFC71FE2C" author="Holttum" box="[933,982,386,407]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" pagination="5 - 32" part="17" refId="ref109433" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1969. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae. The genera Phegopteris, Pseudophegopteris, and Macrothelypteris. Blumea 17: 5 - 32." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae. The genera Phegopteris, Pseudophegopteris, and Macrothelypteris" type="journal article" year="1969">1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFD79B7563CA7CCBFBB5FE2C" author="Holttum" box="[993,1042,386,407]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) believed the phegopteroid genera in particular, but all of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD79B7561F77CEBFD24FE0C" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[476,643,418,439]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Thelypteridaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, to be related to Cyatheaceae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFD79B7563B67CEBFB83FE0C" author="Holttum" box="[925,1060,418,439]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Gardens' Bull. (Singapore)" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" pagination="267 - 298" part="11" refId="ref109375" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1947. New species of vascular plants from the Malay Peninsula. Gardens' Bull. (Singapore) 11: 267 - 298." title="New species of vascular plants from the Malay Peninsula" type="journal article" year="1947">Holttum 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFD79B7564007CEBFBFBFE0C" author="Holttum" box="[1067,1116,418,439]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" pagination="5 - 32" part="17" refId="ref109433" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1969. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae. The genera Phegopteris, Pseudophegopteris, and Macrothelypteris. Blumea 17: 5 - 32." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae. The genera Phegopteris, Pseudophegopteris, and Macrothelypteris" type="journal article" year="1969">1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFD79B75644F7CEBFB31FE0C" author="Holttum" box="[1124,1174,418,439]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD79B75604A7C8BFEB2FE6C" box="[97,277,450,471]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="62" pageNumber="76" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phegopteridoideae">Phegopteridoideae</taxonomicName>
|
||
do indeed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD79B7561AF7C8BFE7DFE6C" box="[388,474,450,471]" form="the" genus="The" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" rank="form">form the</taxonomicName>
|
||
earliest diverging branch in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD79B7562D37C8BFC07FE6C" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[760,928,450,471]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Thelypteridaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in molecular analyses, but all recent evidence suggests that they are not closely related to, or derived from, Cyatheaceae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFD79B7560BB7F4BFB6EFD8C" blockId="62.[97,1227,161,759]" pageId="62" pageNumber="52">
|
||
All necessary combinations in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD79B7561937F48FDF3FDAD" box="[440,596,513,534]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD79B7561937F48FDF3FDAD" box="[440,596,513,534]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="52">Macrothelypteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been made by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFD79B75633C7F4BFC3FFDAC" author="Ching" box="[791,920,514,535]" firstAuthor="Ching" journalOrPublisher="Acta Phytotax. Sin." pageId="62" pageNumber="52" pagination="289 - 335" part="8" refId="ref107523" refString="CHING, R. C. 1963. A reclassification of the family Thelypteridaceae from the mainland of Asia. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 289 - 335." title="A reclassification of the family Thelypteridaceae from the mainland of Asia" type="journal article" year="1963">Ching (1963)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFD79B7563ED7F4BFBF1FDAC" author="Holttum" box="[966,1110,514,535]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" pagination="5 - 32" part="17" refId="ref109433" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1969. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae. The genera Phegopteris, Pseudophegopteris, and Macrothelypteris. Blumea 17: 5 - 32." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae. The genera Phegopteris, Pseudophegopteris, and Macrothelypteris" type="journal article" year="1969">Holttum (1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFD79B7564747F4BFB36FDAC" author="Holttum" box="[1119,1169,514,535]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). One African species,heretofore included in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD79B7561E77F68FDCFFD8D" box="[460,616,545,566]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD79B7561E77F68FDCFFD8D" box="[460,616,545,566]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="52">Macrothelypteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFD79B7562AD7F6BFCE9FD8C" author="Pichi Sermolli" box="[646,846,546,567]" firstAuthor="Pichi Sermolli" journalOrPublisher="I. Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg." pageId="62" pageNumber="52" pagination="177 - 284" part="53" refId="ref112883" refString="PICHI SERMOLLI, R. E. G. 1983. A contribution to the knowledge of the Pteridophyta of Rwanda, Burundi, and Kivu (Zaire). I. Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 53: 177 - 284." title="A contribution to the knowledge of the Pteridophyta of Rwanda, Burundi, and Kivu (Zaire)" type="journal article" year="1983">Pichi Sermolli (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, is here transferred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD79B7564327F68FB65FD8D" box="[1049,1218,545,566]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pseudophegopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD79B7564327F68FB65FD8D" box="[1049,1218,545,566]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="52">Pseudophegopteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFD79B7560BA7F0BFEC2FD0C" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" type="taxon_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFD79B7560BA7F0BFEC2FD0C" blockId="62.[97,1227,161,759]" pageId="62" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD79B7560BA7F0BFE9CFDEC" box="[145,315,578,599]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="52">Constituent species</emphasis>
|
||
.—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD79B7561737F08FCD8FDEC" authority="(Tardieu & C. Chr.) Christenh." authorityName="Christenh." baseAuthorityName="Tardieu & C. Chr." box="[344,895,577,599]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD79B7561737F08FDE8FDED" box="[344,591,577,598]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="52">Macrothelypteris banaensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Tardieu & C. Chr.) Christenh.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD79B7563AD7F0BFC28FDEC" box="[902,911,578,599]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="52">*</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD79B7563BB7F0BFBE8FDEC" authority="Ching" authorityName="Ching" box="[912,1103,578,599]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="contingens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD79B7563BB7F0BFBAAFDEC" box="[912,1037,578,599]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="52">M. contingens</emphasis>
|
||
Ching
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD79B7564737F0BFF57FDCC" authority="(Baker) Ching" authorityName="Ching" baseAuthorityName="Baker" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiseta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD79B7564737F0BFB6DFDED" box="[1112,1226,577,599]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="52">M. multiseta</emphasis>
|
||
(Baker) Ching
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD79B7560D17F2BFEB7FDCC" box="[250,272,610,631]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="52">**</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD79B75613B7F2BFDC0FDCC" authority="(Nakai) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Nakai" box="[272,615,610,631]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ogasawarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD79B75613B7F2BFE1FFDCC" box="[272,440,610,631]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="52">M. ogasawarensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Nakai) Holttum
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD79B75625A7F2BFDDCFDCC" box="[625,635,610,631]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="52">*</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD79B7562517F2BFC05FDCC" authority="(Baker) Ching" authorityName="Ching" baseAuthorityName="Baker" box="[634,930,609,631]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oligophlebia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD79B7562517F2BFCABFDCD" box="[634,780,609,631]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="52">M. oligophlebia</emphasis>
|
||
(Baker) Ching
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; **
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD79B7563E97F2BFF38FD2C" authority="(Wall. ex Bedd.) Ching" authorityName="Ching" baseAuthorityName="Bedd." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ornata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD79B7563E97F2BFB86FDCC" box="[962,1057,610,631]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="52">M. ornata</emphasis>
|
||
(Wall. ex Bedd.) Ching
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; *
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD79B7560997FCBFE53FD2C" authority="(Hook.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Hook." box="[178,500,641,663]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="polypodioides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD79B7560997FCBFEEAFD2D" box="[178,333,641,663]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="52">M. polypodioides</emphasis>
|
||
(Hook.) Holttum
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFD79B75622A7FCBFDEFFD2C" box="[513,584,642,663]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[97,105,1615,1635]" captionTargetBox="[144,1177,161,1569]" captionTargetId="figure-8@22.[142,1177,161,1570]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 2. Morphology of the Thelypteridaceae.A. Coryphopteris kolombangarae, SITW07554 (TAIF), glandular indusia.B. Goniopteris yaucoensis, Proctor 43584 (US), stellatehairs along adaxialcosta.C.Pneumatopterisglandulifera,SITW11069 (TAIF),peg-like aerophoresat pinna bases.D.Sphaerostephanospolycarpos,SITW11070 (TAIF),marginally glandular indusia.E.Sphaerostephanos doodioides,SITW05702(TAIF),setoseindusia,spherical glands on indusia,sporangia,and laminar tissue. F. Goniopteris reptans, Wright 813 (US), sori with shriveled, setose indusia, some hairs furcate. G. Macrothelypteris polypodioides, SITW11122 (TAIF), stipe scales. H. Hoiokula pendens, Hobdy 2664 (UC), setulose sporangia. I. Plesioneuron imbricatum, SITW05370 (TAIF), exindusiate sori, sporangia with spherical glands. J. Christella dentata, SITW10525 (TAIF), shriveled,setulose indusia.K. Sphaerostephanos heterocarpos SITW11079 (TAIF),abruptly reduced proximal pinnae,adaxial surface with acicular hairs.L. Coryphopteris subbipinnata, SITW11667 (TAIF),appressed stipe base scales,these marginally setulose.All photos by Cheng-Wei Chen except B,F,and H by Susan Fawcett." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14111046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14111046/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD79B75622A7FCBFDEFFD2C" bold="true" box="[513,584,642,663]" pageId="62" pageNumber="52">Fig. 2G</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD79B7562707FCBFCF3FD2C" authority="(Blume) Ching" authorityName="Ching" baseAuthorityName="Blume" box="[603,852,642,663]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="setigera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD79B7562707FCBFD19FD2C" box="[603,702,642,663]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="52">M. setigera</emphasis>
|
||
(Blume) Ching
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; *
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD79B75634C7FCBFB36FD2C" authority="(Gaudich.) Ching" authorityName="Ching" baseAuthorityName="Gaudich." box="[871,1169,642,663]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="torresiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD79B75634C7FCBFC44FD2C" box="[871,995,642,663]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="52">M. torresiana</emphasis>
|
||
(Gaudich.) Ching
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; **
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD79B75649B7FCBFEC2FD0C" authority="(Tagawa) Ching." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="viridifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD79B75649B7FCBFF66FD0D" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="52">M. viridifrons</emphasis>
|
||
(Tagawa) Ching.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFD79B7560BA7F88FC5FFD4C" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFD79B7560BA7F88FC5FFD4C" blockId="62.[97,1227,161,759]" pageId="62" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD79B7560BA7F88FE8CFD6C" box="[145,299,705,727]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="52">Excluded species</emphasis>
|
||
.—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD79B7561627F88FD14FD6C" authority="Pic. Serm." authorityName="Pic. Serm." box="[329,691,705,727]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rammelooi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD79B7561627F88FDF7FD6D" box="[329,592,705,726]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="52">Macrothelypteris rammelooi</emphasis>
|
||
Pic.Serm.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD79B7562E07F88FF63FD4C" authority="(Pic. Serm.) A. R. Sm. & S. E. Fawc." authorityName="A. R. Sm. & S. E. Fawc." baseAuthorityName="Pic. Serm." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pseudophegopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rammelooi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD79B7562E07F88FC47FD6D" box="[715,992,705,726]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="52">Pseudophegopteris rammelooi</emphasis>
|
||
(Pic.Serm.) A.R. Sm. & S.E. Fawc.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD79B7560E07FABFE06FD4C" authority="(Rosenst.)" baseAuthorityName="Rosenst." box="[203,417,738,759]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="uraiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD79B7560E07FABFE9CFD4C" box="[203,315,738,759]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="52">M.uraiensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Rosenst.)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFD79B75618E7FABFE10FD4C" box="[421,439,738,759]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" type="Herbarium">Á</collectionCode>
|
||
. LÖve & D. LÖve =
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFD79B7562427FA8FC5FFD4C" authority="(Rosenst.) Ching" box="[617,1016,737,759]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="62" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="uraiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFD79B7562427FA8FCF6FD4C" box="[617,849,737,759]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="52">Metathelypteris uraiensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Rosenst.) Ching
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |