466 lines
52 KiB
XML
466 lines
52 KiB
XML
<document id="BBD769D3A130160713F441E1BBE34267" ID-DOI="10.17348/jbrit.v15.i2.1206" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14111022" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1634280027544" checkinUser="donat" docAuthor="Fawcett, Susan & Smith, Alan R." docDate="2021" docId="03B787F6FF889B2962077DB6FCC7FDCC" docLanguage="en" docName="2021_ThelypteridaceaeFerns_OACopy3.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Fort Worth, Texas, USA: BRIT Press" docTitle="Strophocaulon" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="88" masterDocId="FF8EFF8EFFE99B4B602B7D49FFA7FFBB" masterDocTitle="A Generic Classification of the Thelypteridaceae" pageNumber="87" updateTime="1731444927364" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0">
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<mods:mods id="39C07A20FD3EFB66F127872E29AEA960" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="E6B8601CB4CBCBA50008BAFF84EF441C">
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<mods:title id="EF239FC4D58B9752BF83BCA7D2A44959">A Generic Classification of the Thelypteridaceae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="72E099503B6F5A6EB97385E3D5C21DBD" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="92A08BA4807C94538A5FA2C4C3FEED70">
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<mods:roleTerm id="138084F965F54F309175F4DE8D170E54">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="4371A734BA40ACFAD96DE2BA5B1B755B">Fawcett, Susan</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="D72CB667171423027D3179CD8E4E90CF" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="10B46174F3BAC8908568D6605BAE8896">
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<mods:roleTerm id="9BA915D06F82803CFE515A2E61483CB0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="32EC78D7E8AB4EE0CF84D7B2F7BE598F">Smith, Alan R.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="515ED23DEC60E657B185DD50C4CC80F9">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:originInfo id="E5A8CC7B4C9945747744B8EC16A6D591">
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<mods:dateIssued id="3F6CF15130E451CAC3EDA192DC6A2E4C">2021</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="324631BAC7817B4C2FB0B235A41FD656">BRIT Press</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="B96999E3D449CCD3D05E05BDE2E4053C">
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<mods:placeTerm id="3CE40B0DBB48480514F851DDF04D2A56">Fort Worth, Texas, USA</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:classification id="F7BA7668CD080E3EE59BD36A8A1EBDD2">book</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="E46C9D428AF2A371036E3C3269CC88C8" type="DOI">10.17348/jbrit.v15.i2.1206</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0399CC3352498B16B65F9783718C3D4A" type="Zenodo-Dep">14111022</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03B787F6FF889B2962077DB6FCC7FDCC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B787F6FF889B2962077DB6FCC7FDCC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B787F6FF889B2962077DB6FCC7FDCC" lastPageId="98" lastPageNumber="88" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">
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<subSubSection id="C304656BFF889B2A62077DB6FC8AFEA2" box="[556,813,255,281]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF889B2A62077DB6FC8AFEA2" blockId="97.[121,1191,255,317]" box="[556,813,255,281]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">
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<heading id="D0E9818CFF889B2A62077DB6FC8AFEA2" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[556,813,255,281]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" reason="0">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A62077DB6FC8AFEA2" ID-CoL="8RTWY" box="[556,813,255,281]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A62077DB6FC8AFEA2" bold="true" box="[556,813,255,281]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">STROPHOCAULON</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C304656BFF889B2A60527C61FDE3FE87" box="[121,580,295,317]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF889B2A60527C61FDE3FE87" blockId="97.[121,1191,255,317]" box="[121,580,295,317]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A60527C61FE41FE86" authority="S.E. Fawc. & A.R. Sm." authorityName="S. E. Fawc. & A. R. Sm." box="[121,486,295,317]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A60527C61FEA9FE86" bold="true" box="[121,270,296,317]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Strophocaulon</emphasis>
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S.E. Fawc. & A.R. Sm.
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A61C67C6EFDE3FE87" bold="true" box="[493,580,295,316]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FF889B2A61C67C6EFDE3FE87" box="[493,580,295,316]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C304656BFF889B2A626F7C62FB00FE87" box="[580,1191,298,316]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF889B2A626F7C62FB00FE87" blockId="97.[121,1191,255,317]" box="[580,1191,298,316]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">
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—
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<typeStatus id="54A58842FF889B2A627D7C62FDD2FE80" box="[598,629,299,315]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">
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<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FF889B2A627D7C62FDD2FE80" box="[598,629,299,315]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">TYPE</collectionCode>
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</typeStatus>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A62557C63FC86FE80" box="[638,801,298,315]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unitum">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A62557C63FC86FE80" box="[638,801,298,315]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Strophocaulon unitum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(L.)
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<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FF889B2A636F7C62FCE9FE87" box="[836,846,299,316]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
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.
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<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FF889B2A637A7C62FCF8FE87" box="[849,863,299,316]" country="United Kingdom" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15670" name="Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" type="Herbarium">E</collectionCode>
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. Fawc.&
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<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FF889B2A63837C62FC11FE87" box="[936,950,299,316]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
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.
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<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FF889B2A63927C62FC61FE87" box="[953,966,299,316]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">R</collectionCode>
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.Sm. [=
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A63D47C63FB29FE80" box="[1023,1166,298,315]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Polypodium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unitum">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A63D47C63FB29FE80" box="[1023,1166,298,315]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Polypodium unitum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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L.]
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C304656BFF889B2A60B27C19FD62FEDA" box="[153,709,336,353]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF889B2A60B27C19FD62FEDA" blockId="97.[153,709,336,353]" box="[153,709,336,353]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">
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For additional species synonymy, see
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF889B2A61987C19FD8CFEDA" author="Holttum" box="[435,555,336,353]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="J. S. African Bot." pageId="97" pageNumber="87" pagination="123 - 168" part="40" refId="ref109577" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1974 a. Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands. J. S. African Bot. 40: 123 - 168." title="Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands" type="journal article" year="1974" yearSuffix="a">Holttum (1974a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF889B2A621A7C19FDC5FEDA" author="Holttum" box="[561,610,336,353]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Allertonia" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" pagination="169 - 234" part="1" refId="ref109882" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1977 b. The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia. Allertonia 1: 169 - 234." title="The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia" type="journal article" year="1977" yearSuffix="b">1977b</bibRefCitation>
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, 1978,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF889B2A62BF7C19FD1CFEDA" author="Holttum" box="[660,699,336,353]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C304656BFF889B2A60527C3EFD63FE17" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF889B2A60527C3EFD63FE17" blockId="97.[121,1251,375,1804]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A60527C3EFF5EFE37" box="[121,249,375,396]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Etymology.—</emphasis>
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Gr.
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A61347C3EFECBFE37" box="[287,364,375,396]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">strophos</emphasis>
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, twisted cord +
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A62277C3EFDEEFE37" box="[524,585,375,396]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">caulon</emphasis>
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, stem, in reference to the tortuous, long-creeping subterranean rhizomes (
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<figureCitation id="13252A65FF889B2A60E87CD1FEB5FE16" box="[195,274,408,429]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="29.[121,129,1704,1724]" captionTargetBox="[118,1248,161,1657]" captionTargetId="figure-8@29.[115,1248,154,1660]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIG. 10.Strophocaulon unitum, Fawcett 641 (VT),A.pinna lobes,abaxial view.B. rhizome.C.laminar apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14111108" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14111108/files/figure.png" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A60E87CD1FEB5FE16" bold="true" box="[195,274,408,429]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Fig. 10B</emphasis>
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</figureCitation>
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), which distinguish it from
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A62307CDEFD18FE17" box="[539,703,407,428]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A62307CDEFD18FE17" box="[539,703,407,428]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C304656BFF889B2A60837CF1FCC9FBB6" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF889B2A60837CF1FCC9FBB6" blockId="97.[121,1251,375,1804]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">
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Plants terrestrial, forming colonies in open sites, medium to large, to> 1.2 m tall;
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A639B7CF1FBA9FE76" bold="true" box="[944,1038,440,461]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">rhizomes</emphasis>
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thick (5+ mm), black, long-creeping, and subterranean, with internodes to 7+ cm long (
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<figureCitation id="13252A65FF889B2A62C27C91FC9EFE56" box="[745,825,472,493]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="29.[121,129,1704,1724]" captionTargetBox="[118,1248,161,1657]" captionTargetId="figure-8@29.[115,1248,154,1660]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIG. 10.Strophocaulon unitum, Fawcett 641 (VT),A.pinna lobes,abaxial view.B. rhizome.C.laminar apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14111108" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14111108/files/figure.png" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A62C27C91FC9EFE56" bold="true" box="[745,825,472,493]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Fig. 10B</emphasis>
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</figureCitation>
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), bearing stramineous to brown, lanceolate, sometimes tortuous scales with setose margins;
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A626F7CB1FD20FDB6" bold="true" box="[580,647,504,525]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">fronds</emphasis>
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arching to erect, monomorphic, pinnate-pinnatifid;
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A64517CB1FB12FDB6" bold="true" box="[1146,1205,504,525]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">stipes</emphasis>
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dull brown to dull stramineous;
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A61AE7F51FE5EFD97" bold="true" box="[389,505,535,557]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">stipe scales</emphasis>
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lanceolate, stramineous, sometimes tortuous, bearing marginal setae;
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A64B47F5EFB46FD97" bold="true" box="[1183,1249,535,556]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">blades</emphasis>
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chartaceous to coriaceous, often bicolorous (drying paler below), often drying reddish-black adaxially, frond apex attenuate (
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A60857F1EFEADFDD7" box="[174,266,599,620]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="invisum">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A60857F1EFEADFDD7" box="[174,266,599,620]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">S. invisum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) or conform (
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A61A57F1EFE43FDD7" box="[398,484,599,620]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Polypodium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unitum">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A61A57F1EFE43FDD7" box="[398,484,599,620]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">S. unitum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13252A65FF889B2A61C57F11FD98FDD6" box="[494,575,600,621]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="29.[121,129,1704,1724]" captionTargetBox="[118,1248,161,1657]" captionTargetId="figure-8@29.[115,1248,154,1660]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIG. 10.Strophocaulon unitum, Fawcett 641 (VT),A.pinna lobes,abaxial view.B. rhizome.C.laminar apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14111108" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14111108/files/figure.png" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A61C57F11FD98FDD6" bold="true" box="[494,575,600,621]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Fig. 10C</emphasis>
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</figureCitation>
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), frond base with pinnae abruptly reduced (
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A63F47F1EFB93FDD7" box="[991,1076,599,620]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Polypodium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unitum">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A63F47F1EFB93FDD7" box="[991,1076,599,620]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">S. unitum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), with many pairs of pinnae reduced to auricles (sometimes only a few mm long), each subtended by an aerophore (auricles rarely lacking;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF889B2A60527FD1FF5AFD16" author="Hayashi" box="[121,253,664,685]" firstAuthor="Hayashi" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" pagination="287 - 292" part="346" refId="ref109211" refString="HAYASHI, T., M. SULEIMAN, H. OKADA, & H. TSUKAYA. 2018. A new variety of fern from Borneo, Sphaerostephanos unitus var. dimorphophylla (Thelypteridaceae). Phytotaxa 346: 287 - 292." title="A new variety of fern from Borneo, Sphaerostephanos unitus var. dimorphophylla (Thelypteridaceae)" type="journal article" year="2018">Hayashi 2018</bibRefCitation>
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), or blades truncate (
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A61ED7FDEFD84FD17" box="[454,547,663,684]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="invisum">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A61ED7FDEFD84FD17" box="[454,547,663,684]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">S. invisum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), proliferous buds absent;
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A630A7FD1FCC0FD16" bold="true" box="[801,871,664,685]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">pinnae</emphasis>
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sessile to short-petiolulate, pinna bases truncate or broadly cuneate, sometimes slightly dilated; margins sharply dentate to incised to 1/3 towards costae;
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A64877FF1FB46FD76" bold="true" box="[1196,1249,696,717]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">veins</emphasis>
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with at least one pair anastomosing at an angle <90 degrees, with an excurrent veinlet running to the sinus, with several pairs of veins forming areoles, running along a deep, narrow sinus membrane, lowest veins sometimes arising from costae, not from costules (
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<figureCitation id="13252A65FF889B2A61527E51FE6DFC96" box="[377,458,792,813]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="29.[121,129,1704,1724]" captionTargetBox="[118,1248,161,1657]" captionTargetId="figure-8@29.[115,1248,154,1660]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIG. 10.Strophocaulon unitum, Fawcett 641 (VT),A.pinna lobes,abaxial view.B. rhizome.C.laminar apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14111108" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14111108/files/figure.png" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A61527E51FE6DFC96" bold="true" box="[377,458,792,813]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Fig. 10A</emphasis>
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</figureCitation>
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);
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A61F47E5EFDF7FC97" bold="true" box="[479,592,791,812]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">aerophores</emphasis>
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inconspicuous;
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|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A62C57E51FC1FFC96" bold="true" box="[750,952,792,813]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">indument adaxially</emphasis>
|
|
of hyaline, spreading, acicular hairs, these restricted to axes, or also present on laminar tissue;
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A62E47E71FC33FCF6" bold="true" box="[719,916,824,845]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">indument abaxially</emphasis>
|
|
of hyaline acicular hairs present on all axes (
|
|
<figureCitation id="13252A65FF889B2A60E67E11FEBAFCD6" box="[205,285,856,877]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="29.[121,129,1704,1724]" captionTargetBox="[118,1248,161,1657]" captionTargetId="figure-8@29.[115,1248,154,1660]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIG. 10.Strophocaulon unitum, Fawcett 641 (VT),A.pinna lobes,abaxial view.B. rhizome.C.laminar apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14111108" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14111108/files/figure.png" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A60E67E11FEBAFCD6" bold="true" box="[205,285,856,877]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Fig. 10A</emphasis>
|
|
</figureCitation>
|
|
), frequently abundant on laminar tissue, often forming a tangled mat of whitish hairs along rachises, spherical yellow or brown glands present on laminar surface, restricted to veins, or glands absent;
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A643C7E3EFBC9FC37" bold="true" box="[1047,1134,887,908]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">pustules</emphasis>
|
|
absent;
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A64927E31FB46FC36" bold="true" box="[1209,1249,888,909]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">sori</emphasis>
|
|
round, discrete or somewhat coalescent with age, supramedial to costular, indusia stramineous to dark brown, persistent, bearing superficial hairs;
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A619C7EF1FDBBFC76" bold="true" box="[439,540,952,973]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">sporangia</emphasis>
|
|
bearing spherical yellow glands (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A63757EFEFC13FC77" box="[862,948,951,972]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Polypodium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unitum">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A63757EFEFC13FC77" box="[862,948,951,972]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">S. unitum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
) or setulae (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A64067EFEFB2DFC77" box="[1069,1162,951,972]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="invisum">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A64067EFEFB2DFC77" box="[1069,1162,951,972]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">S. invisum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
) on capsules;
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A60997E9EFF53FC57" bold="true" box="[178,244,983,1004]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">spores</emphasis>
|
|
brown, perine of low knobby ridges (Patel et. al. 2019a);
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A632D7E9EFCB6FC57" box="[774,785,983,1004]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">x</emphasis>
|
|
= 36, only diploids known based on eight counts, representing both species. No intra- or intergeneric hybrids have been reported.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C304656BFF889B2A6082795EFCD1F9F7" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" type="diagnosis">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF889B2A6082795EFCD1F9F7" blockId="97.[121,1251,375,1804]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A6082795EFEA4FB97" box="[169,259,1047,1068]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
|
.—Although Holttum (1978) treated the two species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A633A795FFC32FB90" box="[785,917,1046,1067]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A633A795FFC32FB90" box="[785,917,1046,1067]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Strophocaulon</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A6398795FFBF0FB90" box="[947,1111,1046,1067]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A6398795FFBF0FB90" box="[947,1111,1046,1067]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, he noted that they were unique in three respects. Unlike most
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A627D797FFCEFFBF6" box="[598,840,1078,1101]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A627D797FFD5CFBF0" box="[598,763,1078,1099]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
|
|
species
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, which are narrowly restricted, both have broad geographic ranges, occur in open habitats (vs. forested habitats), and have long-creeping rhizomes (vs. generally short-creeping, suberect, or erect rhizomes). This last character is the most reliable for distinguishing
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A6477793FFB46FB30" box="[1116,1249,1142,1163]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A6477793FFB46FB30" box="[1116,1249,1142,1163]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Strophocaulon</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A608579DFFEF5FB10" box="[174,338,1174,1195]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A608579DFFEF5FB10" box="[174,338,1174,1195]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Although at least three species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A628E79DFFCEEFB10" box="[677,841,1174,1195]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A628E79DFFCEEFB10" box="[677,841,1174,1195]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A637E79DEFBBDFB16" authority="Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" box="[853,1050,1174,1197]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scandens">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A637E79DEFC67FB10" box="[853,960,1174,1196]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">S. scandens</emphasis>
|
|
Holttum
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A640F79DEFF6AFB76" authority="(Brause) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Brause" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="austerus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A640F79DEFB2DFB17" box="[1060,1162,1175,1196]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">S. austerus</emphasis>
|
|
(Brause) Holttum
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A60D779FEFDB0FB76" authority="(Rosenst.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Rosenst." box="[252,535,1206,1229]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mundus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A60D779FEFEFDFB70" box="[252,346,1206,1228]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">S.mundus</emphasis>
|
|
(Rosenst.) Holttum
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, may have long internodes, they have scandent, not subterranean rhizomes. As noted by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF889B2A60C57991FE37FB56" author="Holttum" box="[238,400,1240,1261]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Allertonia" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" pagination="169 - 234" part="1" refId="ref109882" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1977 b. The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia. Allertonia 1: 169 - 234." title="The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia" type="journal article" year="1977" yearSuffix="b">Holttum (1977b)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, three other species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A624C7991FCABFB56" authorityName=", Ching" authorityYear="1963" box="[615,780,1240,1261]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Thelypteridaceae</taxonomicName>
|
|
share the coarse, long-creeping rhizomes, preference for open habitats, and tendency to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A61D279BEFDFAFAB7" box="[505,605,1271,1292]" form="large" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" rank="form">form large</taxonomicName>
|
|
colonies. These species have often been confused, because of their similar habit, widespread overlapping distributions, and problematic nomenclatural history. Among these,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A6455785FFF46FAF7" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="interruptus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A6455785FFF46FAF7" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Cyclosorus interruptus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
can be distinguished by scales on the abaxial costae of laminae, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A635E787FFB10FAF7" authority="(D. Don) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="D. Don" box="[885,1207,1334,1356]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arida">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A635E787FFBA1FAF0" box="[885,1030,1334,1355]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Christella arida</emphasis>
|
|
(D. Don) Holttum
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A6052781FFE1EFAD7" authority="(Mett.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Mett." box="[121,441,1366,1388]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="harveyi">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A6052781FFEBAFAD0" box="[121,285,1366,1387]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Christella harveyi</emphasis>
|
|
(Mett.) Holttum
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
both bear elongate or pear-shaped (vs. spherical) glands on abaxial laminae and often on sporangial stalks (characteristic of many species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A62A9783FFD7BFA30" box="[642,732,1398,1419]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A62A9783FFD7BFA30" box="[642,732,1398,1419]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Christella</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FF889B2A62C9783EFD5BFA37" box="[738,764,1399,1420]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" sensu="stricto">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A62C9783EFD50FA37" box="[738,759,1399,1420]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">s.s</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|
), and sporangial capsules lacking both glands and setulae (vs. glands present in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A61B578DFFDC9FA17" box="[414,622,1430,1452]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unitum">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A61B578DFFDC9FA17" box="[414,622,1430,1452]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Strophocaulon unitum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and setulae present in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A637078DFFB97FA17" box="[859,1072,1430,1452]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="invisum">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A637078DFFB97FA17" box="[859,1072,1430,1452]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Strophocaulon invisum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
). As in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A64AB78DEFB7CFA17" box="[1152,1243,1431,1452]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unitum">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A64AB78DEFB7CFA17" box="[1152,1243,1431,1452]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">S. unitum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, bicolorous laminae abruptly reduced to many pairs of auriculate pinnae is a characteristic shared by species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A6052789EFEACFA57" authorityName="sensu Holttum. In" authorityYear="1982" box="[121,267,1495,1516]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A6052789EFEACFA57" box="[121,267,1495,1516]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Pneumatopteris</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FF889B2A613A789EFE8CFA57" box="[273,299,1495,1516]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" sensu="stricto">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A613A789EFE81FA57" box="[273,294,1495,1516]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">s.s</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|
, but these species frequently have pustulate laminae, always bear peg-like aerophores, and, when glands are present, they are colorless, not yellow or brown. Both yellowish glands and abruptly reduced, auriculate pinnae are commonly shared by
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A61BB7B5FFD93F990" box="[400,564,1558,1579]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A61BB7B5FFD93F990" box="[400,564,1558,1579]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FF889B2A62127B5EFDF3F997" box="[569,596,1559,1580]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" sensu="stricto">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A62127B5EFDE8F997" box="[569,591,1559,1580]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">s.s</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|
, but the rhizome morphology remains the most reliable character to distinguish them, illustrating the importance of complete herbarium specimens.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C304656BFF889B2A60827B1FFB73F8B7" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" type="biology_ecology">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF889B2A60827B1FFB73F8B7" blockId="97.[121,1251,375,1804]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A60827B1FFE31F9D0" box="[169,406,1622,1643]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Biogeography and ecology</emphasis>
|
|
.—Both species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A62607B1FFD68F9D0" box="[587,719,1622,1643]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A62607B1FFD68F9D0" box="[587,719,1622,1643]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Strophocaulon</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are widespread in the Paleotropics, and often occur in wet open areas, in partial sun, at low elevations; they frequently
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A62F97B3EFCC7F937" box="[722,864,1655,1676]" form="extensive" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" rank="form">form extensive</taxonomicName>
|
|
colonies near rivers or in disturbed sites, although
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A60FF7BDEFE8BF917" box="[212,300,1687,1708]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unitum">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A60FF7BDEFE8BF917" box="[212,300,1687,1708]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">S. unitum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
reaches elevations of
|
|
<quantity id="4CE69B05FF889B2A61D67BDEFDEFF917" box="[509,584,1687,1708]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000 m</quantity>
|
|
in New
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF889B2A62B37BDEFD46F917" box="[664,737,1687,1708]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
|
.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A62C17BDFFC12F917" box="[746,949,1686,1708]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unitum">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A62C17BDFFC12F917" box="[746,949,1686,1708]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Strophocaulon unitum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is distributed in East Africa, in
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF889B2A60527BFEFF09F977" box="[121,174,1719,1740]" name="India" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">India</collectingCountry>
|
|
, throughout
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF889B2A61007BFEFED0F977" box="[299,375,1719,1740]" name="Malaysia" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Malesia</collectingCountry>
|
|
, and into the Pacific, including the
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF889B2A62E57BFEFCCBF977" box="[718,876,1719,1740]" name="Northern Mariana Islands" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Mariana Islands</collectingCountry>
|
|
, the
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF889B2A63B07BFEFB9AF977" box="[923,1085,1719,1740]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
|
|
,
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF889B2A646D7BFEFB79F977" box="[1094,1246,1719,1740]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
|
|
,
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF889B2A60527B9EFF3BF957" box="[121,156,1751,1772]" name="Fiji" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Fiji</collectingCountry>
|
|
, and
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF889B2A60FA7B9EFEB2F957" box="[209,277,1751,1772]" name="Samoa" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Samoa</collectingCountry>
|
|
.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A61357B9FFE52F957" box="[286,501,1750,1772]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="invisum">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A61357B9FFE52F957" box="[286,501,1750,1772]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Strophocaulon invisum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
has a partially overlapping distribution. It is widespread in the Pacific, and reaches its western range limit in Sulawesi, extending southward into New
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF889B2A63697BBEFC2FF8B7" box="[834,904,1783,1804]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
|
and Queensland (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF889B2A641F7BBEFB6EF8B7" author="Holttum" box="[1076,1225,1783,1804]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Allertonia" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" pagination="169 - 234" part="1" refId="ref109882" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1977 b. The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia. Allertonia 1: 169 - 234." title="The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia" type="journal article" year="1977" yearSuffix="b">Holttum 1977b</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C304656BFF8B9B2960BA7DEBFCC7FDCC" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF8B9B2960BA7DEBFE7EFECC" blockId="98.[97,1226,161,631]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2960BA7DEBFE4EFF0D" box="[145,489,161,183]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies</emphasis>
|
|
.—Both species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B29628C7DE8FC97FF0D" box="[679,816,161,182]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B29628C7DE8FC97FF0D" box="[679,816,161,182]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Strophocaulon</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
were recognized in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B2963D47DE8FB0DFF0D" box="[1023,1194,161,182]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2963D47DE8FB0DFF0D" box="[1023,1194,161,182]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8B9B29604A7D8BFF5BFF6C" author="Holttum" box="[97,252,194,215]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="J. S. African Bot." pageId="98" pageNumber="88" pagination="123 - 168" part="40" refId="ref109577" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1974 a. Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands. J. S. African Bot. 40: 123 - 168." title="Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands" type="journal article" year="1974" yearSuffix="a">Holttum (1974a</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8B9B29612E7D8BFEE5FF6C" author="Holttum" box="[261,322,194,215]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Allertonia" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" pagination="169 - 234" part="1" refId="ref109882" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1977 b. The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia. Allertonia 1: 169 - 234." title="The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia" type="journal article" year="1977" yearSuffix="b">1977b</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, 1978,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8B9B2961AC7D8BFE1FFF6C" author="Holttum" box="[391,440,194,215]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), a genus with which they share several morphological features. Based on recent molecular analyses (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8B9B2961097DABFE63FF4C" author="Patel" box="[290,452,226,247]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Patel" journalOrPublisher="Int. J. Pl. Sci." pageId="98" pageNumber="88" pagination="1016 - 1035" part="180" refId="ref112729" refString="PATEL, N., S. FAWCETT, M. SUNDUE, & J. BUDKE. 2019 a. Evolution of perine morphology in Thelypteridaceae. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 180: 1016 - 1035." title="Evolution of perine morphology in Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="2019" yearSuffix="a">Patel et al. 2019a</bibRefCitation>
|
|
; Fawcett et al. in press),
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B2962827DA8FC8AFF4D" box="[681,813,225,246]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2962827DA8FC8AFF4D" box="[681,813,225,246]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Strophocaulon</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is distantly related to
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2963D47DA8FB64FF4C" box="[1023,1219,225,247]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B2963D47DA8FB04FF4D" box="[1023,1187,225,246]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Sphaerostephanos</taxonomicName>
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FF8B9B2964837DABFB64FF4C" box="[1192,1219,226,247]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
, but has no close relatives; its two constituent species are on a long branch, with their position unresolved within the large christelloid clade. This clade includes
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2962277C68FD30FE8D" box="[524,663,289,310]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B2962277C68FD34FE8D" box="[524,659,289,310]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Strophocaulon</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
plus two subclades, the pseudocyclosoroids (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B29647E7C68FB65FE8D" box="[1109,1218,289,310]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Abacopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B29647E7C68FB65FE8D" box="[1109,1218,289,310]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Abacopteris</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B29604A7C08FF4BFEED" box="[97,236,321,342]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amblovenatum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B29604A7C08FF4BFEED" box="[97,236,321,342]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Amblovenatum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FF8B9B2960D97C0BFEABFEEC" box="[242,268,322,343]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" sensu="stricto">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2960D97C0BFEA0FEEC" box="[242,263,322,343]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">s.s</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B2961337C08FED5FEED" box="[280,370,321,342]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2961337C08FED5FEED" box="[280,370,321,342]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Christella</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FF8B9B2961527C0BFE34FEEC" box="[377,403,322,343]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" sensu="stricto">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2961527C0BFE29FEEC" box="[377,398,322,343]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">s.s</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B2961E27C08FDC0FEED" baseAuthorityName="Holttum & Roy" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[457,615,321,342]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pseudocyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2961E27C08FDC0FEED" box="[457,615,321,342]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Pseudocyclosorus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
) and the sphaerostephanoids (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B2963B97C08FBACFEED" authorityName="sensu Holttum. These" authorityYear="1982" box="[914,1035,321,342]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pronephrium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2963B97C08FBACFEED" box="[914,1035,321,342]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Pronephrium</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FF8B9B29643A7C0BFB8CFEEC" box="[1041,1067,322,343]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" sensu="stricto">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B29643A7C0BFB81FEEC" box="[1041,1062,322,343]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">s.s</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B29641C7C0BFB6FFEEC" authorityName="sensu Holttum. In" authorityYear="1982" box="[1079,1224,322,343]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B29641C7C0BFB6FFEEC" box="[1079,1224,322,343]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Pneumatopteris</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FF8B9B29604A7C2BFFDBFECC" box="[97,124,354,375]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" sensu="stricto">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B29604A7C2BFFD1FECC" box="[97,118,354,375]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">s.s</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B2960AD7C28FF51FECD" box="[134,246,353,374]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Reholttumia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2960AD7C28FF51FECD" box="[134,246,353,374]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Reholttumia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B2961027C28FE6CFECD" box="[297,459,353,374]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2961027C28FE6CFECD" box="[297,459,353,374]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF8B9B2960BA7CCBFCC7FDCC" blockId="98.[97,1226,161,631]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2960BA7CCBFF63FE2C" box="[145,196,386,407]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Notes</emphasis>
|
|
.—Four varieties of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B2961A97CC8FDC2FE2C" box="[386,613,385,407]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unitus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2961A97CC8FDC2FE2C" box="[386,613,385,407]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Sphaerostephanos unitus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
have been described, but we make no combinations for them in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B29604A7CE8FF42FE0D" box="[97,229,417,438]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B29604A7CE8FF42FE0D" box="[97,229,417,438]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Strophocaulon</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, pending more detailed study of the variation among these plants throughout their wide range. These include the unlocalized
|
|
<typeStatus id="54A58842FF8B9B2961787C8BFE26FE6C" box="[339,385,450,471]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">type</typeStatus>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B2961A77C8BFE56FE6C" box="[396,497,450,471]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="unitus" variety="unitus">
|
|
var.
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B29619C7C8BFE56FE6C" box="[439,497,450,471]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">unitus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, which exhibits brownish glands on and between veins,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B2964057C8BFEA1FE4C" authority="(Christ) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Christ" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="unitus" variety="mucronatus">
|
|
var.
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2964727C8BFB6EFE6C" box="[1113,1225,450,471]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">mucronatus</emphasis>
|
|
(Christ) Holttum
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, which exhibits yellow glands restricted to veins,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B2962F77CABFC63FE4C" authority="Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" box="[732,964,481,503]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="unitus" variety="papilliferus">
|
|
var.
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B29632F7CA8FCCBFE4D" box="[772,876,481,502]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">papilliferus</emphasis>
|
|
Holttum
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, which has no glands, but a papillose lamina, and is restricted to higher elevations of New
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF8B9B29629B7F4BFD5EFDAC" box="[688,761,514,535]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
|
, and lastly,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B29634E7F4BFB62FDAC" authority="T. Hayashi et al." authorityName="T. Hayashi" box="[869,1221,513,535]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" rank="variety" variety="dimorphophyllus">
|
|
var.
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2963A67F48FB8FFDAD" box="[909,1064,513,534]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">dimorphophyllus</emphasis>
|
|
T. Hayashi et al.
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, which includes plants with fertile fronds bearing peg-like (non-laminar) aerophores, known from a single location in Borneo (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8B9B2960997F0BFECAFDEC" author="Hayashi" box="[178,365,578,599]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Hayashi" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" pagination="287 - 292" part="346" refId="ref109211" refString="HAYASHI, T., M. SULEIMAN, H. OKADA, & H. TSUKAYA. 2018. A new variety of fern from Borneo, Sphaerostephanos unitus var. dimorphophylla (Thelypteridaceae). Phytotaxa 346: 287 - 292." title="A new variety of fern from Borneo, Sphaerostephanos unitus var. dimorphophylla (Thelypteridaceae)" type="journal article" year="2018">Hayashi et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). An unusual specimen from
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF8B9B2962A17F0BFD4CFDEC" box="[650,747,578,599]" name="Singapore" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2962DF7F0BFC22FDED" box="[756,901,577,599]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">
|
|
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FF8B9B2962DF7F0BFCACFDEC" box="[756,779,578,599]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15637" name="Botanische Staatssammlung München" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" type="Herbarium">M</collectionCode>
|
|
. Tan 2011174
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FF8B9B2963BA7F0BFC14FDEC" box="[913,947,578,599]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15545" name="University of Vermont" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" type="Herbarium">VT</collectionCode>
|
|
), has a subconform terminal pinna, pinnae incised 2/5, large indusia, and ruby red glands on abaxial laminae.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |