treatments-xml/data/03/99/87/03998780FFE5762130E1FF35B9B75752.xml

<document id="15812D30D98DFAB2E2EF8E586DCC1073" ID-CLB-Dataset="20018" ID-DOI="10.2478/vzoo-2014-0002" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e88998e1-da5e-43f9-bd14-b625d271dd9b" ID-ISSN="2073-2333" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403889" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1648783395369" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Martynova, K. V. &amp; Fateryga, A. V." docDate="2014" docId="03998780FFE5762130E1FF35B9B75752" docLanguage="en" docName="VestnikZoologii.48.1.11-26.pdf" docOrigin="Vestnik Zoologii 48 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vzoo-2014-0002" docStyle="DocumentStyle:9FE6554C034D0A4D8EA9CEAE255F4368.2:VestnikZoologii.2014-2019.journal_article" docStyleId="9FE6554C034D0A4D8EA9CEAE255F4368" docStyleName="VestnikZoologii.2014-2019.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Omalus sculpticollis : Abeille de Perrin 1878" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="19" masterDocId="FFA0FFF8FFE67629304BFF9ABB2C5068" masterDocTitle="Omalus Sculpticollis As The Main Enemy Of Psenulus Fuscipennis (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae, Crabronidae) In The Crimea, Ukraine" masterLastPageNumber="26" masterPageNumber="11" pageNumber="14" updateTime="1732714993391" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
<mods:mods id="5788BF87C380CE08F7469EBEC78CEE95" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="884F919A6ABFBCAB48ED131A5C16C085">
<mods:title id="F2B97EA0AE5DBEB232E42C92748E3C7F">Omalus Sculpticollis As The Main Enemy Of Psenulus Fuscipennis (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae, Crabronidae) In The Crimea, Ukraine</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="004F2788688F61EDBB2C27897384F02D" type="personal">
<mods:role id="E2F8220804B698E78F5BD4EB45CD1B22">
<mods:roleTerm id="9ADFEFF7873F87EF7BFF458378B927DC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="4DB411368CF3F47034FB743A1141133E">Martynova, K. V.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="98BAC1B835646C3DFD91CF79521857C6" type="personal">
<mods:role id="8355DC6CE28193AB3ED49D08B8B29EEC">
<mods:roleTerm id="FC0CEB2135944A8B63A1771B9BB99074">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="562CA29DB82A8168616F8C7DFF7C949B">Fateryga, A. V.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="1287E9792DA9A99E2D81E0F46747436B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="59F20F92A092A41EFE568656A4C488A0" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="F4840B0FDCB5F40BA15EA9F8E8BF38E4">
<mods:title id="34C167442DD8C3705D565D51A302F257">Vestnik Zoologii</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="421D110EE892F9C6D1C63412110FA79A">
<mods:date id="6A97535E795A3D07048D2D0BB5FA21DF">2014</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="A7522603741537865675DE9357A21BAE" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="4C5F68056499E5C468368A5388135364">2014-02-01</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="F034BE11EEEE010011668FA733C8199A" type="volume">
<mods:number id="F37594C3244CD43E6B3DAEF528166CFD">48</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="B60B35DFD020EAF29928B3B20705AA3D" type="issue">
<mods:number id="72B6F6B1E68A119E699565EFA84D3423">1</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="EE8A45392C281205217417A779473CF7" unit="page">
<mods:start id="A613C0D0A5226DC7C552BD29080A07B8">11</mods:start>
<mods:end id="E6019A6557C11B82FB0E435387FB8CDD">26</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location id="49A42F967510F3D42F8AC18DC88E6B9E">
<mods:url id="6D943329084C0CD803E13896C90675FB">http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vzoo-2014-0002</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="4145BCB5E41CBBEE25F4CAAACE59F2F1">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="46784888A2E156FDA067BC97A2A8E7B2" type="CLB-Dataset">20018</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="39AF080C359617705E521AB76FD855BE" type="DOI">10.2478/vzoo-2014-0002</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="132FE236AB02B29D174F8FEB793E6125" type="GBIF-Dataset">e88998e1-da5e-43f9-bd14-b625d271dd9b</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="0C1E2AD38F4154621899D816D27ABF68" type="ISSN">2073-2333</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="57D266B481ECAA1D686D3AAA13E6A4B8" type="Zenodo-Dep">6403889</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03998780FFE5762130E1FF35B9B75752" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6406068" ID-GBIF-Taxon="194383713" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6406068" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03998780FFE5762130E1FF35B9B75752" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03998780FFE5762130E1FF35B9B75752" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" scope_order="Hymenoptera">
<subSubSection id="C32A651DFFE5762A30E1FF35B82B5092" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFE5762A30E1FF35B91650A1" blockId="3.[170,570,175,202]" box="[170,570,175,202]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">
<heading id="D0C781FAFFE5762A30E1FF35B91650A1" box="[170,570,175,202]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" reason="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE5762A30E1FF35B91650A1" authority="Abeille, 1878" authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[170,570,175,202]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE5762A30E1FF35BAB750A2" bold="true" box="[170,411,175,202]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Omalus sculpticollis</emphasis>
Abeille, 1878
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFE5762A30E1FF7AB82B5092" blockId="3.[170,775,223,250]" box="[170,775,223,250]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">T a x o n o m i c a l a n d m o r p h o l o g i c a l n o t e s</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32A651DFFE5762E3094FE95BF135222" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFE5762A3094FE95BAC251A2" blockId="3.[170,1229,271,1002]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">
The chrysidid wasp found in the 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE5762A323EFE95B9F75141" authorityName="Kohl" authorityYear="1897" box="[629,731,271,297]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE5762A323EFE95B9F75141" box="[629,731,271,297]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Psenulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nests was identified as 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE5762A33B6FE95B91E5121" authority="Abeille, 1878" authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis" subGenus="Chrysellampus">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE5762A33B6FE95BF745141" box="[1021,1112,271,297]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Omalus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE5762A3427FE95BBD35121" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Chrysellampus</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE5762A3144FEB5BAB85121" box="[271,404,303,329]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">sculpticollis</emphasis>
Abeille, 1878
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B67FFE5762A320BFEB5B8055122" author="Linsenmaier, W." box="[576,809,303,330]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 232" refId="ref9140" refString="Linsenmaier, W. Revision der Familie Chrysididae (Hymenoptera) mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der europaischen Spezies // Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. - 1959 a. - 32, N 1. - P. 1 - 232." type="book chapter" year="1959">Linsenmaier 1959 a</bibRefCitation>
, b, 1968, 1987, 1997). This species is easily identifiable for the unique punctuation of the mesosoma and the characteristic shape of the third tergite (
<figureCitation id="130B2A13FFE5762A31DCFEF5BAFA51E2" box="[407,470,367,394]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[170,199,1795,1815]" captionTargetBox="[192,1210,1062,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-358@3.[174,1232,1046,1770]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3. Omalus sculpticollis, female, dorsal view and microsculpture of mesosoma. Рис. 3. Omalus sculpticollis, самка, вид сверху и микроскульптура мезосомы." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403895/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">fig. 3</figureCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE5762A31A5FEF5B9FA51E1" authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[494,726,367,393]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE5762A31A5FEF5B9FA51E1" box="[494,726,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Omalus sculpticollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was transferred into the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE5762A341AFEF5BA6E51C1" authority="Abeille, 1879" authorityName="Abeille" authorityYear="1879" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Philoctetes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE5762A341AFEF5BFE051E1" box="[1105,1228,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Philoctetes</emphasis>
Abeille, 1879
</taxonomicName>
by Kimsey and Bohart (1991). Rosa and Soon (2013) also consider it belonging to the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE5762A3127FE35BACB51A1" authorityName="Abeille" authorityYear="1879" box="[364,487,431,457]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Philoctetes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE5762A3127FE35BACB51A1" box="[364,487,431,457]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Philoctetes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFE5762A3094FE4ABF2F5382" blockId="3.[170,1229,271,1002]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">
It should be noted that Linsenmaier divided the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE5762A3321FE55BF4E5181" authority="Panzer, 1801" authorityName="Panzer" authorityYear="1801" box="[874,1122,463,490]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE5762A3321FE55B8E85181" box="[874,964,463,489]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Omalus</emphasis>
Panzer, 1801
</taxonomicName>
into five subgenera: 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE5762A3165FE75BAA45261" authorityName="Panzer" authorityYear="1801" box="[302,392,495,521]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE5762A3165FE75BAA45261" box="[302,392,495,521]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Omalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27757FFFFE5762A31DBFE6ABAE35262" box="[400,463,496,522]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE5762A3197FE75B82D5261" authority="Mocsary, 1890" authorityName="Mocsary" authorityYear="1890" box="[476,769,495,521]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Holophris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE5762A3197FE75B9605261" box="[476,588,495,521]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Holophris</emphasis>
Mocsáry, 1890
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE5762A3346FE75BF095261" authority="Abeille, 1879" authorityName="Abeille" authorityYear="1879" box="[781,1061,495,521]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Philoctetes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE5762A3346FE75B8A95261" box="[781,901,495,521]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Philoctetes</emphasis>
Abeille, 1879
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE5762A3479FE75BA0D5241" authority="Spinola, 1806" authorityName="Spinola" authorityYear="1806" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Elampus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE5762A3479FE75BFB95261" box="[1074,1173,495,521]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Elampus</emphasis>
Spinola, 1806
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE5762A3100FD8AB9645242" authority="Forster, 1853" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1853" box="[331,584,527,554]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Notozus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE5762A3100FD8ABA845241" box="[331,424,528,553]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Notozus</emphasis>
Förster, 1853
</taxonomicName>
) and 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE5762A32C0FD95B81E5241" box="[651,818,527,553]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Chrysellampus</emphasis>
Semenov-Tian-Shanskij, 1932, and placed 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE5762A30B0FDB5BA505221" authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[251,380,559,585]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE5762A30B0FDB5BA505221" box="[251,380,559,585]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">sculpticollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE5762A31EBFDB5B9635221" box="[416,591,559,585]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Chrysellampus.</emphasis>
The Swiss author considered the original external morphological characters given by Abeille de Perrin to define the subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE5762A33A1FDD5BF4E5201" authorityName="Abeille" authorityYear="1879" box="[1002,1122,591,617]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Philoctetes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE5762A33A1FDD5BF4E5201" box="[1002,1122,591,617]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Philoctetes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as other authors did (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B67FFE5762A3171FDF5BAC852E1" author="Mocsary, A." box="[314,484,623,649]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" refId="ref9465" refString="Mocsary, A. Monographia Chrysididarum orbis Terrestris. - Budapest: Hungarian Academy of Science, 1889. - 643 p." type="book" year="1889">Mocsáry, 1889</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B67FFE5762A31A5FDF5B9FB52E1" author="Radoszkowski, O." box="[494,727,623,649]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" pagination="3 - 40" refId="ref9815" refString="Radoszkowski, O. Revision des armatures copulatrices des males de la tribu des Chrysididae // Horae Soc. Ent. Ross. - 1889 (1888). - 23. - P. 3 - 40." type="journal article" year="1889">Radoszkowski, 1889</bibRefCitation>
; du Buysson, 1891; etc.). Kimsey and Bohart (1991), reviewing the tribe 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE5762A31A3FD15B97852C1" authorityName="Dahlbom" authorityYear="1854" box="[488,596,655,681]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" rank="tribe" tribe="Elampini">Elampini</taxonomicName>
, considered different characters to identify the genera and elevated many subgenera to generic rank. The final result was that part of the former subgenera were elevated to genera, but with different diagnoses and species included, if compared to Linsenmaier’s systematics. Therefore the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE5762A3378FD75BFA95361" authority="sensu Linsenmaier" authorityName="Linsenmaier" box="[819,1157,751,777]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Philoctetes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE5762A3378FD75B8C35361" box="[819,1007,751,777]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Philoctetes sensu</emphasis>
Linsenmaier
</taxonomicName>
is not comparable to 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE5762A311DFC95B8265341" authority="sensu Kimsey, Bohart 1991" authorityName="Kimsey, Bohart" authorityYear="1991" box="[342,778,783,809]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Philoctetes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE5762A311DFC95B93E5341" box="[342,530,783,809]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Philoctetes sensu</emphasis>
Kimsey, Bohart 1991
</taxonomicName>
. Some recent taxonomical publications demonstrated that Kimsey and Bohart’s (1991) genera system needs corrections. Many taxa were recently moved from one genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE5762A3210FCCAB88A5302" authority="Kimsey, Bohart (1991)" authorityName="Kimsey, Bohart" authorityYear="1991" box="[603,934,847,874]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" rank="species" species="sensu">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE5762A3210FCCAB9B55301" box="[603,665,848,873]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">sensu</emphasis>
Kimsey, Bohart (1991)
</taxonomicName>
to other genera (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B67FFE5762A3421FCD5BBC853E1" author="Niehuis, O. &amp; Dathe, A. &amp; Taeger, S. M." pageId="3" pageNumber="14" pagination="119 - 123" refId="ref9636" refString="Niehuis, O. Chrysididae // Entomofauna Germanica 4. Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte / Eds H. H. Dathe, A. Taeger, S. M. Blank. - Dresden, 2001. - 7. - P. 119 - 123." type="book chapter" year="2001">Niehuis, 2001</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B67FFE5762A30A4FCEABAA853E1" author="Rosa, P." box="[239,388,879,906]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 128" refId="ref9903" refString="Rosa, P. La collezione dei Crisidi (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae) del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano // Natura. - 2005 b. - 94, N 2. - P. 1 - 128." type="book chapter" year="2005">Rosa, 2005 b</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B67FFE5762A31DAFCF5BAE753E1" author="Rosa, P. I" box="[401,459,879,905]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" refId="ref9944" refString="Rosa, P. I Crisidi della Valle d'Aosta: Monografie del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali di Saint-Pierre. - Aosta, 2006. - 400 p." type="book" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B67FFE5762A319DFCF5B93C53E1" author="Rosa, P." box="[470,528,879,905]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" pagination="209 - 272" refId="ref9973" refString="Rosa, P. Catalogo dei Tipi dei Crisidi del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale &quot; G. Doria &quot; di Genova (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae) // Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. &quot; G. Doria &quot;. - 2009. - 100. - P. 209 - 272." type="book chapter" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B67FFE5762A3250FCF5B9ED53E2" author="Strumia, F." box="[539,705,879,906]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref10171" refString="Strumia, F. Hymenoptera Chrysididae // Checklist delle specie della fauna italiana / Eds A. Minelli, S. Ruffo, S. La Posta. - Bologna: Calderini, 1995. - 99. - P. 1 - 10." type="book chapter" year="1995">Strumia, 1995</bibRefCitation>
). However, Kimsey and Bohart’s generic system is not accepted by many European and Russian authors (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B67FFE5762A3339FC15B8D753C1" author="Kunz, P. X." box="[882,1019,911,937]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 188" refId="ref9096" refString="Kunz, P. X. Die Goldwespen (Chrysididae) Baden-Wurttembergs. Taxonomie, Bestimmung, Verbreitung, Kartierung und Okologie // Beih. Veroff. Naturschutz Landschaftspflege Baden-Wurtt. - 1994. - 77. - P. 1 - 188." type="book chapter" year="1994">Kunz, 1994</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B67FFE5762A344DFC15BFB753C1" author="Mingo, E." box="[1030,1179,911,937]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" refId="ref9431" refString="Mingo, E. Hymenoptera Chrysididae. Fauna Iberica. Vol. 6. - Madrid: Museo Nacional de Cencias Naturales Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 1994. - 256 p." type="book" year="1994">Mingo, 1994</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B67FFE5762A34EDFC15BA7953A2" author="Vinokurov, N. B." pageId="3" pageNumber="14" pagination="129 - 135" refId="ref10632" refString="Vinokurov, N. B. Fauna of cuckoo wasps (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae) in the interfluve of the Prut and Niester rivers in the Republic of Moldova // Analele stiintifice ale Universitatii &quot; Al. I. Cuza &quot; Din iasi. Lucrarile Simpozionului &quot; Entomofagii si rolul lor in pastrarea echilibrului natural &quot;. - 2008. - P. 129 - 135." type="book chapter" year="2008">Vinokurov, 2008</bibRefCitation>
). A new revisional work on the 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE5762A328BFC35B80653A1" authorityName="Dahlbom" authorityYear="1854" box="[704,810,943,969]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" rank="tribe" tribe="Elampini">Elampini</taxonomicName>
tribe is needed. In the present paper we follow Linsenmaier’s system (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B67FFE5762A3269FC55B8215382" author="Linsenmaier, W." box="[546,781,975,1002]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 232" refId="ref9140" refString="Linsenmaier, W. Revision der Familie Chrysididae (Hymenoptera) mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der europaischen Spezies // Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. - 1959 a. - 32, N 1. - P. 1 - 232." type="book chapter" year="1959">Linsenmaier, 1959 a</bibRefCitation>
, b, 1968, 1987, 1997).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4F661EFFE5762A30E1F899B878572A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403895" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403895/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" startId="3.[170,199,1795,1815]" targetBox="[192,1210,1062,1768]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFE5762A30E1F899B84C577F" blockId="3.[170,864,1795,1815]" box="[170,864,1795,1815]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">
Fig. 3. 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE5762A30A8F899BAA7577E" authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[227,395,1795,1814]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE5762A30A8F899BAA7577E" box="[227,395,1795,1814]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Omalus sculpticollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, female, dorsal view and microsculpture of mesosoma.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFE5762A30E1F8B4B878572A" blockId="3.[170,852,1838,1858]" box="[170,852,1838,1858]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">
Рис. 3. 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE5762A30A2F8B4BABD5729" authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[233,401,1838,1857]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE5762A30A2F8B4BABD5729" box="[233,401,1838,1857]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Omalus sculpticollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, самка, вид сверху и микроскульптура мезосомы.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF4F661EFFE2762D30ECFCF0B95153B6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403897" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403897/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" startId="4.[167,196,874,894]" targetBox="[419,983,191,827]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFE2762D30ECFCF0BAF253F0" blockId="4.[166,1225,874,920]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">
Fig. 4. Sexual dimorphism in 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE2762D31EFFCF0B9615315" authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[420,589,874,893]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE2762D31EFFCF0B9615315" box="[420,589,874,893]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">Omalus sculpticollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE2762D321CFCF1B94D5315" box="[599,609,875,893]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">a</emphasis>
— tergum III, top view; 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE2762D3373FCF0B86E5315" box="[824,834,874,893]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">b</emphasis>
— tergum III, side view; 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE2762D3455FCF1BF0A5315" box="[1054,1062,875,893]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">c</emphasis>
— metasoma, side view; 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE2762D309CFC1FBBCE53F0" box="[215,226,901,920]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">d</emphasis>
— flagellum and pedicellum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFE2762D30EDFC35B95153B6" blockId="4.[166,1225,943,990]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">
Рис. 4. Половой диморфизм у 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE2762D31F1FC35B94E53AA" authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[442,610,943,962]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE2762D31F1FC35B94E53AA" box="[442,610,943,962]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">Omalus sculpticollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE2762D3220FC2AB95953AA" box="[619,629,944,962]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">а</emphasis>
— тергит III, вид сверху; 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE2762D3314FC35B84553AA" box="[863,873,943,962]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">b</emphasis>
— тергит III, вид сбоку; 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE2762D3402FC2ABF7D53AA" box="[1097,1105,944,962]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">с</emphasis>
— метасома, вид сбоку; 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE2762D3142FC50BA0753B5" box="[265,299,970,989]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">d —</emphasis>
жгутик и поворотный членик усика.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFE2762D3090FB9CB8565548" blockId="4.[166,1225,1029,1312]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">
Du Buysson (1891) was the first author to observe the remarkable sexual dimorphism in 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE2762D3083FBBCBA435457" authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[200,367,1061,1088]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE2762D3083FBBCBA435457" box="[200,367,1061,1088]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">O. sculpticollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: females have a more elongated metasoma and the third tergite (T–III) (
<figureCitation id="130B2A13FFE2762D30E5FBDFBBC55408" box="[174,233,1093,1120]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[167,196,874,894]" captionTargetBox="[419,983,191,827]" captionTargetId="figure-395@4.[380,1012,174,845]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4. Sexual dimorphism in Omalus sculpticollis: a — tergum III, top view; b — tergum III, side view; c — metasoma, side view; d — flagellum and pedicellum. Рис. 4. Половой диморфизм у Omalus sculpticollis: а — тергит III, вид сверху; b — тергит III, вид сбоку; с — метасома, вид сбоку; d — жгутик и поворотный членик усика." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403897/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">fig. 4</figureCitation>
, 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE2762D30B9FBDFBA2C5437" box="[242,256,1093,1119]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">b</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE2762D3140FBDCBA3A5437" box="[267,278,1094,1119]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">c</emphasis>
), the T–III is somehow protuberant (
<figureCitation id="130B2A13FFE2762D32F0FBDFB9DA5408" box="[699,758,1093,1120]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[167,196,874,894]" captionTargetBox="[419,983,191,827]" captionTargetId="figure-395@4.[380,1012,174,845]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4. Sexual dimorphism in Omalus sculpticollis: a — tergum III, top view; b — tergum III, side view; c — metasoma, side view; d — flagellum and pedicellum. Рис. 4. Половой диморфизм у Omalus sculpticollis: а — тергит III, вид сверху; b — тергит III, вид сбоку; с — метасома, вид сбоку; d — жгутик и поворотный членик усика." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403897/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">fig. 4</figureCitation>
, 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE2762D32B4FBDCB8215437" box="[767,781,1094,1119]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">a</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE2762D3352FBDFB80B5437" box="[793,807,1093,1119]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">b</emphasis>
), flagellomeres are swollen (
<figureCitation id="130B2A13FFE2762D342DFBDFBF8C5408" box="[1126,1184,1093,1120]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[167,196,874,894]" captionTargetBox="[419,983,191,827]" captionTargetId="figure-395@4.[380,1012,174,845]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4. Sexual dimorphism in Omalus sculpticollis: a — tergum III, top view; b — tergum III, side view; c — metasoma, side view; d — flagellum and pedicellum. Рис. 4. Половой диморфизм у Omalus sculpticollis: а — тергит III, вид сверху; b — тергит III, вид сбоку; с — метасома, вид сбоку; d — жгутик и поворотный членик усика." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403897/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">fig. 4</figureCitation>
, 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE2762D34E2FBDFBF945437" box="[1193,1208,1093,1119]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">d</emphasis>
); seen in dorsal view, the males’ head, main part of pronotum, mesonotum, propodeum, and upper part of metasoma are darker (matt black) (
<figureCitation id="130B2A13FFE2762D3298FB1FB82254C8" box="[723,782,1157,1184]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[170,199,1795,1815]" captionTargetBox="[192,1210,1062,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-358@3.[174,1232,1046,1770]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3. Omalus sculpticollis, female, dorsal view and microsculpture of mesosoma. Рис. 3. Omalus sculpticollis, самка, вид сверху и микроскульптура мезосомы." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403895/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">fig. 3</figureCitation>
). The matt effect on mesosoma in both sexes is originated from a special complex microsculpture, which could be named “coriaceous and punctate, with hairs” according to the terminology given by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B67FFE2762D3335FB5FBF245488" author="Eady, R. D." box="[894,1032,1221,1248]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" pagination="4 - 6" refId="ref8484" refString="Eady, R. D. Some illustrations of microsculpture in the Hymenoptera // Proc. Royal Entomol. Soc. London (A). - 1968. - 43, N 4 - 6. - P. 66 - 72." type="book chapter" year="1968">Eady (1968)</bibRefCitation>
(
<figureCitation id="130B2A13FFE2762D345EFB5FBF635488" box="[1045,1103,1221,1248]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[170,199,1795,1815]" captionTargetBox="[192,1210,1062,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-358@3.[174,1232,1046,1770]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3. Omalus sculpticollis, female, dorsal view and microsculpture of mesosoma. Рис. 3. Omalus sculpticollis, самка, вид сверху и микроскульптура мезосомы." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403895/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">fig. 3</figureCitation>
). It should be noted that the coriaceous microsculpture preserves the structural coloration (except for black zones), but eliminates the iridescence effect in both sexes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFE2762D30EDFAACBAD75538" blockId="4.[166,507,1333,1360]" box="[166,507,1333,1360]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">
<heading id="D0C781FAFFE2762D30EDFAACBAD75538" box="[166,507,1333,1360]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">S u m m a r y o f n e s t d a t a</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFE2762D3090FAFFBFE556F7" blockId="4.[166,1226,1381,1856]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">
Only 
<specimenCount id="9D36FD1FFFE2762D3150FAFCBA985517" box="[283,436,1381,1408]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" type="generic">90 specimens</specimenCount>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE2762D319CFAFCB9545517" authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[471,632,1381,1408]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE2762D319CFAFCB9545517" box="[471,632,1381,1408]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">O. sculpticollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
emerged from the nests overall, but being the larvae they destroyed 435 cells of 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE2762D31ABFA1CB95655F7" baseAuthorityName="Dahlbom" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[480,634,1413,1439]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscipennis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE2762D31ABFA1CB95655F7" box="[480,634,1413,1439]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">P. fuscipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see the discussion below). Therefore the common correlation “one parasitoid individual per one host cell”is not valid.At the moment of laboratory examination chrysidids were at prepupal or pupal stage, enclosed in cocoons, similarly to their hosts. As the examination took place early in spring (after winter stay) we can conclude that also 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE2762D3090F99CBA535677" authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[219,383,1541,1568]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE2762D3090F99CBA535677" box="[219,383,1541,1568]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">O. sculpticollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
overwinters in prepupal stage in the 
<collectingRegion id="49F4F874FFE2762D337BF99FB8A45677" box="[816,904,1541,1567]" country="Ukraine" name="Crimea" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">Crimea</collectingRegion>
. The emergence of imagoes had been taking place from the second decade of May to the first days of June. But two of these 
<specimenCount id="9D36FD1FFFE2762D30EDF9DCBA135637" box="[166,319,1605,1632]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" type="generic">90 specimens</specimenCount>
emerged much earlier, during summertime: we observed one abandoned cocoon and one with dead imago. Therefore these two should be referred to the so called “facultative generation”, and the studied population of 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE2762D32C3F91CB80456F7" authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[648,808,1669,1696]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE2762D32C3F91CB80456F7" box="[648,808,1669,1696]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">O. sculpticollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could be considered as monovoltine.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFE2762C3090F93CBF6253A9" blockId="4.[166,1226,1381,1856]" lastBlockId="5.[174,1233,870,1121]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">
Moreover, we can state the following: in the present study the 698 individuals of 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE2762D30EDF95CBA6B56B7" baseAuthorityName="Dahlbom" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[166,327,1733,1759]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscipennis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE2762D30EDF95CBA6B56B7" box="[166,327,1733,1759]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">P. fuscipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were monovoltine and emerged after winter stay, while other 87 (11.1 %) are referred to facultative generation; correspondingly, 88 individuals of 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE2762D3456F97CBFE55697" authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[1053,1225,1765,1792]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE2762D3456F97CBFE55697" box="[1053,1225,1765,1792]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">O. sculpticollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were monovoltine, while two (2.2 %) emerged without winter stay (gave the facultative generation). These data prove a clear evidence of connection between the host’s life cycle and its chrysidid enemy. In this sense the long-term evolution process becomes obvious, as the development of chrysidid wasp is synchronized with that of host (the dates of emergence are close and the facultative generations are shown in both host and chrysidid).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4F661EFFE3762C30E5FD55B92C532B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6406070" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6406070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6406070/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" startId="5.[174,203,719,739]" targetBox="[266,1182,178,714]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFE3762C30E5FD55BA815295" blockId="5.[174,1232,719,765]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">
Fig. 5. Reproductive success and mortality of 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE3762C327BFD55B9F4528A" box="[560,728,719,738]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Omalus sculpticollis</emphasis>
progeny caused by hyperparasites and unknown affects (in terms of number of cocoons).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFE3762C30E5FC8EB92C532B" blockId="5.[174,1232,788,835]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">
Рис. 5. Репродуктивный успех и гибель потомства 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE3762C32CFFC8EB802534F" authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[644,814,788,807]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE3762C32CFFC8EB802534F" box="[644,814,788,807]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Omalus sculpticollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
от гиперпаразитов и неизвестных причин (в перерасчете на количество коконов).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFE3762C30A8FC5DBF4A5409" blockId="5.[174,1233,870,1121]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">
Not all 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE3762C310FFC5DBADC5388" authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[324,496,966,993]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE3762C310FFC5DBADC5388" box="[324,496,966,993]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">O. sculpticollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
successfully developed into imagoes. As shown in 
<figureCitation id="130B2A13FFE3762C3420FC5CBFE65389" box="[1131,1226,966,993]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[174,203,719,739]" captionTargetBox="[266,1182,178,714]" captionTargetId="graphics-126@5.[266,1018,178,715]" captionText="Fig. 5. Reproductive success and mortality of Omalus sculpticollis progeny caused by hyperparasites and unknown affects (in terms of number of cocoons). Рис. 5. Репродуктивный успех и гибель потомства Omalus sculpticollis от гиперпаразитов и неизвестных причин (в перерасчете на количество коконов)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6406070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6406070/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">figure 5</figureCitation>
, the death of prepupae/pupae in cocoon was registered in five cases, 14 chrysidid cocoons were occupied by 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE3762C31EBFB9CB95F5448" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1839" box="[416,627,1030,1056]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acasta">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE3762C31EBFB9CB95F5448" box="[416,627,1030,1056]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Melittobia acasta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, four cocoons by the ichneumonoid 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE3762C3429FB9CBA435428" baseAuthorityName="Thunberg" baseAuthorityYear="1822" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Perithous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septemcinctorius">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE3762C3429FB9CBA435428" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Perithous septemcinctorius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In total, only the 73.9 % of 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE3762C3299FBBDB8515428" authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[722,893,1062,1089]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE3762C3299FBBDB8515428" box="[722,893,1062,1089]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">O. sculpticollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
emerged in about the same period, as the host. The sex ratio obtained for 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE3762C328DFBDDB8415408" authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[710,877,1094,1121]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE3762C328DFBDDB8415408" box="[710,877,1094,1121]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">O. sculpticollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was almost 1 ♂: 
<specimenCount id="9D36FD1FFFE3762C3473FBDDBF4C5409" box="[1080,1120,1093,1121]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4F661EFFE3762C30E5F9EDBA8F5753" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403899" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403899" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403899/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" startId="5.[174,203,1655,1675]" targetBox="[195,1254,1179,1629]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFE3762C30E5F9EDB84456A8" blockId="5.[174,1232,1655,1728]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">
Fig. 6. Nests of 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE3762C3178F9EDBAF356E2" baseAuthorityName="Dahlbom" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[307,479,1655,1674]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscipennis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE3762C3178F9EDBAF356E2" box="[307,479,1655,1674]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Psenulus fuscipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
containing cocoons of 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE3762C32E2F9EDB87D56E2" authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[681,849,1655,1674]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE3762C32E2F9EDB87D56E2" box="[681,849,1655,1674]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Omalus sculpticollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE3762C3310F9E2B84956E2" box="[859,869,1656,1674]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">a</emphasis>
— one chrysidid cocoon between mass of aphids and two host cells; 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE3762C31DBF908BAB656CD" box="[400,410,1682,1701]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">b</emphasis>
— two chrysidid cocoons, located after host cell; 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE3762C330EF908B86156CC" box="[837,845,1682,1700]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">c</emphasis>
— series of tree cells, destroyed by chrysidid larva (note the cocoon in first cell and remainder of cell partitions with big holes).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFE3762C30E5F94DBA8F5753" blockId="5.[174,1232,1751,1851]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">
Рис. 6. Гнёзда 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE3762C317BF94DBAF15682" baseAuthorityName="Dahlbom" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[304,477,1751,1770]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscipennis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE3762C317BF94DBAF15682" box="[304,477,1751,1770]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Psenulus fuscipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, содержащие коконы 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE3762C32E2F94DB87E5682" authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[681,850,1751,1770]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE3762C32E2F94DB87E5682" box="[681,850,1751,1770]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Omalus sculpticollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE3762C3317F942B84A5682" box="[860,870,1752,1770]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">a</emphasis>
— один кокон хризидиды среди массы тлей и две ячейки хозяина; 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE3762C31EFF968BA82576D" box="[420,430,1778,1797]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">b</emphasis>
— два кокона хризидид, расположенные после ячейки хозяина; 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE3762C33BDF968B8D2576C" box="[1014,1022,1778,1796]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">c</emphasis>
— серия, состоящая из трёх ячеек, разрушенных личинкой хризидиды (см. кокон в первой ячейке и остатки перегородок между ячейками с большими отверстиями).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFE0762F3090FF35B98F51A1" blockId="6.[166,1225,175,778]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE0762F3090FF35BAEE50A1" authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[219,450,175,201]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE0762F3090FF35BAEE50A1" box="[219,450,175,201]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">Omalus sculpticollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found in 54 (56.8 %) of 95 nests constructed by 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE0762F346EFF2ABFEE50A1" baseAuthorityName="Dahlbom" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[1061,1218,175,201]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscipennis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE0762F346EFF2ABFEE50A1" box="[1061,1218,175,201]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">P. fuscipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In each one of these 54 nests we observed that the series of intercellar partitions between the cells were damaged (
<figureCitation id="130B2A13FFE0762F3189FF75B92C5162" box="[450,512,239,266]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[174,203,1655,1675]" captionTargetBox="[195,1254,1179,1629]" captionTargetId="figure-312@5.[195,1211,1173,1644]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 6. Nests of Psenulus fuscipennis containing cocoons of Omalus sculpticollis: a — one chrysidid cocoon between mass of aphids and two host cells; b — two chrysidid cocoons, located after host cell; c — series of tree cells, destroyed by chrysidid larva (note the cocoon in first cell and remainder of cell partitions with big holes). Рис. 6. Гнёзда Psenulus fuscipennis, содержащие коконы Omalus sculpticollis: a — один кокон хризидиды среди массы тлей и две ячейки хозяина; b — два кокона хризидид, расположенные после ячейки хозяина; c — серия, состоящая из трёх ячеек, разрушенных личинкой хризидиды (см. кокон в первой ячейке и остатки перегородок между ячейками с большими отверстиями)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403899" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403899/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">fig. 6</figureCitation>
). The holes in the partitions were rather large, and the spaces of cells in such series appeared to be united. These united cells were always full of aphids and there was only one chrysidid cocoon always present per one series of cells (
<figureCitation id="130B2A13FFE0762F3432FEB5BF965122" box="[1145,1210,303,330]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[174,203,719,739]" captionTargetBox="[266,1182,178,714]" captionTargetId="graphics-126@5.[266,1018,178,715]" captionText="Fig. 5. Reproductive success and mortality of Omalus sculpticollis progeny caused by hyperparasites and unknown affects (in terms of number of cocoons). Рис. 5. Репродуктивный успех и гибель потомства Omalus sculpticollis от гиперпаразитов и неизвестных причин (в перерасчете на количество коконов)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6406070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6406070/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">fig. 5</figureCitation>
). The series included from 2 to 14 cells (average — 5.0). In more than the 50 % of the cases, the nests contained two or three series of cells (respectively two or three 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE0762F3455FEEABFE551E1" authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[1054,1225,367,394]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE0762F3455FEEABFE551E1" box="[1054,1225,367,394]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">O. sculpticollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cocoons per nest were obtained). The location pattern of these series in the nests of host was accidental — no regularity could be shown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFE0762F3090FE55BF9A5222" blockId="6.[166,1225,175,778]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">
There are no doubts that this damage is caused by chrysidids. We did not find any other enemy inside the cell series as there were no extraneous holes found (which could explain the presence of other host enemies). These series were often situated in the “middle of the nest” being surrounded from both sides by cells with normally developing 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE0762F345AFDAABF835221" baseAuthorityName="Dahlbom" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[1041,1199,559,585]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscipennis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE0762F345AFDAABF835221" box="[1041,1199,559,585]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">P. fuscipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFE0762F3090FDD5B9AD5361" blockId="6.[166,1225,175,778]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">
Though, one chrysidid wasp per one host cell was observed in seven cases on 90. Each such cell contained the cocoon of 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE0762F32CAFDEAB80752E1" authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[641,811,623,650]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE0762F32CAFDEAB80752E1" box="[641,811,623,650]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">O. sculpticollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with prepupa/pupa inside and the remainder of an empty 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE0762F3188FD0AB94F52C1" baseAuthorityName="Dahlbom" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[451,611,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscipennis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE0762F3188FD0AB94F52C1" box="[451,611,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">P. fuscipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cocoon with a big hole (there were no aphids). All these facts indicate that chrysidid wasp devoured the mature larva of 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE0762F339EFD2ABF5F52A1" baseAuthorityName="Dahlbom" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[981,1139,687,713]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscipennis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE0762F339EFD2ABF5F52A1" box="[981,1139,687,713]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">P. fuscipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which had already finished the feeding on aphids and spun its own cocoon. The hole in the host cocoon was made by the chrysidid larva.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFE0762F30EDFCAAB9285322" blockId="6.[166,516,815,842]" box="[166,516,815,842]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">
<heading id="D0C781FAFFE0762F30EDFCAAB9285322" box="[166,516,815,842]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">D e s c r i p t i o n o f c o c o o n</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFE0762F3090FCF5BF3853A1" blockId="6.[166,1225,879,1834]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">
The cocoon of 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE0762F31C6FCEAB91A53E1" authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[397,566,879,906]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE0762F31C6FCEAB91A53E1" box="[397,566,879,906]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">O. sculpticollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
looks like a brownish truncated cylinder with rounded posterior end (
<figureCitation id="130B2A13FFE0762F3111FC15BAB753C2" box="[346,411,911,938]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[174,203,1625,1645]" captionTargetBox="[257,1153,651,1596]" captionTargetId="figure-199@7.[257,1153,630,1615]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 7. Cocoon of Omalus sculpticollis: a — general view, part of circular band and excrements are removed; b — scheme of structure (1 — collar, 2 — circular band, 3 — arch, 4 — septum, 5 — nipple, 6 — cocoon proper, 7 — pubescence, 8 — excrements); c — cross section of nipple; d — scheme showing the cocoon after imago’s going out; e — scheme of inverted position of arch. Рис. 7. Кокон Omalus sculpticollis: a — общий вид, часть круговой полосы и экскрементов удалены; b — схема строения (1 — воротничок, 2 — круговая полоса, 3 — свод, 4 — перегородка, 5 — сосочек, 6 — собственно кокон, 7 — опушение, 8 — экскременты); c — поперечный срез через сосочек; d — схема, показывающая кокон после выхода имаго; e — схема инвертированного положения свода." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403901/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">fig. 7</figureCitation>
). Its length can vary from 
<quantity id="4CC89B73FFE0762F32AFFC15B85453C2" box="[740,888,911,938]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.1" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="10.0" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="9.0">9 to 11 mm</quantity>
. The cocoon has a complex structure and consists of two parts, which differ in structure and functions.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFE0762F3090FC55B9BF55E1" blockId="6.[166,1225,879,1834]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">
The apical part consists of a transverse septum, made across the boring of the stem, and a circular band attached to it; the septum can include the remainder of intercellar partitions (constructed by 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE0762F31A6FB8AB9BE5441" baseAuthorityName="Dahlbom" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[493,658,1039,1065]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscipennis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE0762F31A6FB8AB9BE5441" box="[493,658,1039,1065]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">P. fuscipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female) on the periphery. All these structures resemble an “arch with collar” at the cross section of the cocoon (terminology by A. N. Kilimnik, pers. comm.). The collar is formed of the remainder of cell facing. The septum is made of opaque, rather thin, but quite dense yellowish material. A small depression is observed in the center of the septum. The circular band is much thinner, semitransparent, light-brown and it is often torn off during the removal of the cocoon. Functionally the arch serves as a plug or barrier, which separates the chrysidid larva from the mass of aphids and protects it from the superfluous humidity (Kilimnik, pers. comm.). The septum is not always attached to the remainder of cell partitions. When the cocoon is located out of relation to nest structure (in the middle of the cell or partially in one cell and partially in other), its arch could be less distinct, having more rounded forms, but still it preserves the functions.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFE0762E3090FA15BADE5121" blockId="6.[166,1225,879,1834]" lastBlockId="7.[174,1233,175,586]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">
The cocoon proper is thin-walled, varnished, light-brown, cylindrical with rounded ends (oval in cross section). Its apical part is inserted into the arch. The dense thick pubescence observed provides the junction of the cocoon and the circular band of the arch, which in turn fixes all the structures in the stem. The surface of the cocoon bears an abundant pubescence: it consists of thick brownish fibers all around the cocoon, except for the posterior end of the cocoon, where it is quite thin and whitish. According to Kilimnik (pers. comm.), the function of the pubescence is a shock-absorbing fixation of the cocoon to the nest walls. It should be noted, that the small inclusions (possibly excrements and chitinous remainder of host bodies) are observed within the pubescence all over. Excrements are black in color. Sometimes they can be described as the compact dense mass, arranged along the posterior part of the cocoon, otherwise they look like small round pellets laying more roughly. The apical part of the cocoon bears the nipplelike structure about 
<quantity id="4CC89B73FFE0762F31D6F895BACF5742" box="[413,483,1807,1834]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
in diameter (
<figureCitation id="130B2A13FFE0762F32C2F895B9E55742" box="[649,713,1807,1834]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[174,203,1625,1645]" captionTargetBox="[257,1153,651,1596]" captionTargetId="figure-199@7.[257,1153,630,1615]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 7. Cocoon of Omalus sculpticollis: a — general view, part of circular band and excrements are removed; b — scheme of structure (1 — collar, 2 — circular band, 3 — arch, 4 — septum, 5 — nipple, 6 — cocoon proper, 7 — pubescence, 8 — excrements); c — cross section of nipple; d — scheme showing the cocoon after imago’s going out; e — scheme of inverted position of arch. Рис. 7. Кокон Omalus sculpticollis: a — общий вид, часть круговой полосы и экскрементов удалены; b — схема строения (1 — воротничок, 2 — круговая полоса, 3 — свод, 4 — перегородка, 5 — сосочек, 6 — собственно кокон, 7 — опушение, 8 — экскременты); c — поперечный срез через сосочек; d — схема, показывающая кокон после выхода имаго; e — схема инвертированного положения свода." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403901/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">fig. 7</figureCitation>
, 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE0762F329CF88AB9CE5741" box="[727,738,1808,1833]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">c</emphasis>
). The latter is well visible and distinctly differs from the other semitransparent brownish parts of cocoon walls by being whitish and opaque. The minute examination of the nipple showed that it has a double-layer structure in cross section. The innermost lenticular layer is formed of very thin brownish fibers laying in parallel and compactly; instead the outermost one consists of more thick white fibers, laying loosely.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFE1762E30A8FED5B82951C2" blockId="7.[174,1233,175,586]" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">
The emerging in linear nests forces the imagoes of chrysidids to get out of cocoons through their apical parts — by making holes first in the “nipple area” of the cocoon, and then in the transverse septum of the arch (
<figureCitation id="130B2A13FFE1762E32D6FE15B9F651C2" box="[669,730,399,426]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[174,203,1625,1645]" captionTargetBox="[257,1153,651,1596]" captionTargetId="figure-199@7.[257,1153,630,1615]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 7. Cocoon of Omalus sculpticollis: a — general view, part of circular band and excrements are removed; b — scheme of structure (1 — collar, 2 — circular band, 3 — arch, 4 — septum, 5 — nipple, 6 — cocoon proper, 7 — pubescence, 8 — excrements); c — cross section of nipple; d — scheme showing the cocoon after imago’s going out; e — scheme of inverted position of arch. Рис. 7. Кокон Omalus sculpticollis: a — общий вид, часть круговой полосы и экскрементов удалены; b — схема строения (1 — воротничок, 2 — круговая полоса, 3 — свод, 4 — перегородка, 5 — сосочек, 6 — собственно кокон, 7 — опушение, 8 — экскременты); c — поперечный срез через сосочек; d — схема, показывающая кокон после выхода имаго; e — схема инвертированного положения свода." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403901/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">fig. 7</figureCitation>
, 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE1762E32AEFE15B9D851C1" box="[741,756,399,425]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">d</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFE1762E30A8FE35BF135222" blockId="7.[174,1233,175,586]" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">
Sometimes the cocoons of 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE1762E3268FE2AB9E051A1" authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[547,716,431,458]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE1762E3268FE2AB9E051A1" box="[547,716,431,458]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">O. sculpticollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have the inverted structure: the apical part bearing the nipple is not inserted into the arch, instead the bare nipple faces the entrance of the nest tube; additionally the arch is attached to the bottom end of the cocoon proper (
<figureCitation id="130B2A13FFE1762E30FDFD95BBDF5242" box="[182,243,527,554]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[174,203,1625,1645]" captionTargetBox="[257,1153,651,1596]" captionTargetId="figure-199@7.[257,1153,630,1615]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 7. Cocoon of Omalus sculpticollis: a — general view, part of circular band and excrements are removed; b — scheme of structure (1 — collar, 2 — circular band, 3 — arch, 4 — septum, 5 — nipple, 6 — cocoon proper, 7 — pubescence, 8 — excrements); c — cross section of nipple; d — scheme showing the cocoon after imago’s going out; e — scheme of inverted position of arch. Рис. 7. Кокон Omalus sculpticollis: a — общий вид, часть круговой полосы и экскрементов удалены; b — схема строения (1 — воротничок, 2 — круговая полоса, 3 — свод, 4 — перегородка, 5 — сосочек, 6 — собственно кокон, 7 — опушение, 8 — экскременты); c — поперечный срез через сосочек; d — схема, показывающая кокон после выхода имаго; e — схема инвертированного положения свода." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403901/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">fig. 7</figureCitation>
, 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE1762E30B4FD8ABA275241" box="[255,267,528,553]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">e</emphasis>
). Though such structure appeared to be reasonable, as it was revealed in the cases when the mass of aphids was situated behind the posterior part of the cocoon.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF4F661EFFE1762E30E5F9C3B94C5750" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403901" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403901/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="18" startId="7.[174,203,1625,1645]" targetBox="[257,1153,651,1596]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFE1762E30E5F9C3BBDC56D5" blockId="7.[174,1232,1625,1725]" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">
Fig. 7. Cocoon of 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE1762E310CF9C3BADC5604" authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[327,496,1625,1644]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE1762E310CF9C3BADC5604" box="[327,496,1625,1644]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">Omalus sculpticollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE1762E31B1F9C0B9285604" box="[506,516,1626,1644]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">a</emphasis>
— general view, part of circular band and excrements are removed; 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE1762E341AF9C3BF775604" box="[1105,1115,1625,1644]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">b</emphasis>
— scheme of structure (1 — collar, 2 — circular band, 3 — arch, 4 — septum, 5 — nipple, 6 — cocoon proper, 7 — pubescence, 8 — excrements); 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE1762E30B8F915BBD756C9" box="[243,251,1679,1697]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">c</emphasis>
— cross section of nipple; 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE1762E3197F915BACB56CA" box="[476,487,1679,1698]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">d</emphasis>
— scheme showing the cocoon after imago’s going out; 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE1762E338BF915B8E556C9" box="[960,969,1679,1697]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">e</emphasis>
— scheme of inverted position of arch.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFE1762E30E5F94EB94C5750" blockId="7.[174,1233,1748,1848]" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">
Рис. 7. Кокон 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFE1762E3166F94EBAF9568F" authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[301,469,1748,1767]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE1762E3166F94EBAF9568F" box="[301,469,1748,1767]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">Omalus sculpticollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE1762E3194F94FBAC5568F" box="[479,489,1749,1767]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">a</emphasis>
— общий вид, часть круговой полосы и экскрементов удалены; 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE1762E347DF94EBF6C568F" box="[1078,1088,1748,1767]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">b</emphasis>
— схема строения (1 — воротничок, 2 — круговая полоса, 3 — свод, 4 — перегородка, 5 — сосочек, 6 — собственно кокон, 7 — опушение, 8 — экскременты); 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE1762E31EBF890BA845774" box="[416,424,1802,1820]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">c</emphasis>
— поперечный срез через сосочек; 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE1762E32A1F893B9D95774" box="[746,757,1801,1820]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">d</emphasis>
— схема, показывающая кокон после выхода имаго; 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFE1762E30E5F8BFBB9B575F" box="[174,183,1829,1847]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">e</emphasis>
— схема инвертированного положения свода.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF4F661EFFEE762130E1FDBDB8F352F3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403905" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403905/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" startId="8.[170,199,551,571]" targetBox="[258,1152,178,512]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFEE762130E1FDBDBF53523E" blockId="8.[170,1228,551,598]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">
Fig. 8. Cocoons of the chrysidid wasps in the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFEE76213229FDBDB9885252" authorityName="Panzer" authorityYear="1801" box="[610,676,551,570]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE76213229FDBDB9885252" box="[610,676,551,570]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">Omalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE762132E5FDB2B81C5252" box="[686,816,551,571]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">
a — 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFEE7621329DFDB2B81C5252" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[726,816,552,571]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auratus">O. auratus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(from 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B67FFEE76213327FDBDB8F45253" author="Danks, H. V." box="[876,984,551,571]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" pagination="323 - 399" refId="ref8443" refString="Danks, H. V. Biology of some stem-nesting Aculeate Hymenoptera // Transact. Royal Entomol. Soc. London. - 1971 (1970). - 122, N 11. - P. 323 - 399." type="journal article" year="1971">Danks, 1971</bibRefCitation>
); 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE762133ADFDBDBF4B5252" box="[998,1127,551,571]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">
b — 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFEE76213445FDB2BF4B5252" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[1038,1127,551,571]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pusillus">O. pusillus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE7621343AFDB2BBF9523D" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">
c — 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFEE762134DDFDB2BBF9523D" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auratus">O. auratus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE76213094FDD8BA40523D" box="[223,364,578,598]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">
d — 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFEE7621314CFDD8BA40523D" baseAuthorityName="Scopoli" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[263,364,578,597]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="violaceus">O. violaceus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(as 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFEE762131C4FDD8BADA523D" authorityName="Dahlbom" authorityYear="1854" box="[399,502,578,597]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coeruleus">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE762131C4FDD8BADA523D" box="[399,502,578,597]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">O. coeruleus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE76213241FDD8B938523D" box="[522,532,578,597]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">b</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE76213255FDD9B90A523D" box="[542,550,579,597]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">c</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE7621327BFDD8B917523D" box="[560,571,578,597]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">d</emphasis>
— from Buysson, 1891); 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE76213358FDD9B819523E" box="[787,821,578,598]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">e —</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFEE76213372FDD8B8B5523E" box="[825,921,578,598]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE76213372FDD8B857523D" box="[825,891,578,597]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">Omalus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
(from 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B67FFEE7621339FFDD8BF58523E" author="Linsenmaier, W." box="[980,1140,578,598]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" refId="ref9259" refString="Linsenmaier, W. The insects of the world. - New York: McGraw-Hill Company, 1972. - 392 p." type="book" year="1972">Linsenmaier, 1972</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFEE762130E1FDF7B8F352F3" blockId="8.[170,1229,621,667]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">
Рис. 8. Коконы представителей рода 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFEE762131BFFDF7B91A52E8" authorityName="Panzer" authorityYear="1801" box="[500,566,621,640]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE762131BFFDF7B91A52E8" box="[500,566,621,640]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">Omalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE7621320BFDF7B9935217" box="[576,703,621,641]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">
a — 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFEE7621322DFDF7B9935217" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[614,703,621,640]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auratus">O. auratus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(по 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B67FFEE762132ADFDF7B87E52E9" author="Danks, H. V." box="[742,850,621,641]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" pagination="323 - 399" refId="ref8443" refString="Danks, H. V. Biology of some stem-nesting Aculeate Hymenoptera // Transact. Royal Entomol. Soc. London. - 1971 (1970). - 122, N 11. - P. 323 - 399." type="journal article" year="1971">Danks, 1971</bibRefCitation>
); 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE76213314FDF7B8F152E8" box="[863,989,621,641]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">
b — 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFEE762133CEFDF7B8F152E8" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[901,989,621,640]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pusillus">O. pusillus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE762133ADFDF7BF485217" box="[998,1124,621,641]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">
c — 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFEE76213441FDF7BF485217" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1034,1124,621,640]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auratus">O. auratus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE76213426FDF7BBF152F2" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">
d — 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFEE762134DFFDF7BBF152F2" baseAuthorityName="Scopoli" baseAuthorityYear="1763" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="violaceus">O. violaceus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(как 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFEE76213146FD12BA5852F2" authorityName="Dahlbom" authorityYear="1854" box="[269,372,647,667]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coeruleus">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE76213146FD12BA5852F2" box="[269,372,647,667]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">O. coeruleus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE762131C3FD1DBABE52F2" box="[392,402,647,666]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">b</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE762131D7FD12BA8852F2" box="[412,420,648,666]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">c</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE762131E5FD1DBA9552F2" box="[430,441,647,666]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">d</emphasis>
— по: Buysson, 1891); 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE762132C9FD12B98F52F3" box="[642,675,647,667]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">e —</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFEE762132E3FD1DB82452F3" box="[680,776,647,667]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE762132E3FD1DB9C652F2" box="[680,746,647,666]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">Omalus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
(по: 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B67FFEE76213378FD1DB8F852F3" author="Linsenmaier, W." box="[819,980,647,667]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" refId="ref9259" refString="Linsenmaier, W. The insects of the world. - New York: McGraw-Hill Company, 1972. - 392 p." type="book" year="1972">Linsenmaier, 1972</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C32A651DFFEE76213090FD25B9B75752" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFEE76213090FD25BAD65351" blockId="8.[166,1225,703,1146]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">
Analyzing the variation of 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFEE7621325EFD25B99152B1" authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[533,701,703,729]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE7621325EFD25B99152B1" box="[533,701,703,729]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">O. sculpticollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cocoons, we can note the following: the wall thickness, size and coloration can vary considerably; the shape and the structure of the cocoon, the look and colour of the excrements, the presence of “nipple” and “arch” could be considered as stable features.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFEE76213090FCA5BF2D5411" blockId="8.[166,1225,703,1146]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">
On the base of literature data (du Buysson, 1891; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B67FFEE7621336BFCA5B8FB5332" author="Marechal, P." box="[800,983,831,858]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" pagination="27 - 33" refId="ref9397" refString="Marechal, P. Deuxieme note sur l'ethologie des Chrysidides // Bull. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. - 1925. - 65. - P. 27 - 33." type="book chapter" year="1925">Maréchal, 1925</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B67FFEE762133A9FCA5BF535332" author="Grandi, G." box="[994,1151,831,858]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" pagination="239 - 292" refId="ref8677" refString="Grandi, G. Contributi alla conoscenza degli Imenotteri Aculeati. XXVIII // Boll. Ist. Ent. Bologna. - 1959. - 23. - P. 239 - 292." type="book chapter" year="1959">Grandi, 1959</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B67FFEE762134C1FCA5BFE85331" author="Grandi, G." box="[1162,1220,831,857]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 659" refId="ref8711" refString="Grandi, G. Studi di un entomologo sugli Imenotteri superiori // Boll. Ist. Ent. Univ. Bologna. - 1961. - 23. - P. 1 - 659." type="book chapter" year="1961">1961</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B67FFEE762130EDFCC5BA175311" author="Danks, H. V." box="[166,315,863,889]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" pagination="323 - 399" refId="ref8443" refString="Danks, H. V. Biology of some stem-nesting Aculeate Hymenoptera // Transact. Royal Entomol. Soc. London. - 1971 (1970). - 122, N 11. - P. 323 - 399." type="journal article" year="1971">Danks, 1971</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B67FFEE76213103FCC5B9265312" author="Krombein, K. V." box="[328,522,863,890]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" refId="ref9065" refString="Krombein, K. V. Trap-nesting wasps and bees: life histories, nests and associates. - Baltimore: Port City Press, 1967. - 570 p." type="book" year="1967">Krombein, 1967</bibRefCitation>
) we can assume that the similar cocoon structure, as given above, is common for all the species in the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFEE762132A4FCE5BFE453F1" authority="Panzer, 1801 sensu Linsenmaier" authorityName="Panzer" authorityYear="1801" box="[751,1224,895,921]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE762132A4FCE5B86653F1" box="[751,842,895,921]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">Omalus</emphasis>
Panzer, 1801 
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE762133A4FC1ABF0253F1" box="[1007,1070,896,921]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">sensu</emphasis>
Linsenmaier
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="130B2A13FFEE762130E5FC05BBC253D2" box="[174,238,927,954]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[170,199,551,571]" captionTargetBox="[258,1152,178,512]" captionTargetId="figure-506@8.[197,1194,171,520]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 8. Cocoons of the chrysidid wasps in the genus Omalus: a — O. auratus (from Danks, 1971); b — O. pusillus; c — O. auratus; d — O. violaceus (as O. coeruleus) (b, c, d — from Buysson, 1891); e — Omalus sp. (from Linsenmaier, 1972). Рис. 8. Коконы представителей рода Omalus: a — O. auratus (по Danks, 1971); b — O. pusillus; c — O. auratus; d — O. violaceus (как O. coeruleus) (b, c, d — по: Buysson, 1891); e — Omalus sp. (по: Linsenmaier, 1972)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403905/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">fig. 8</figureCitation>
). Though the cocoon of 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFEE76213253FC05B87353D2" authority="(Fabricius, 1787)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1787" box="[536,863,927,954]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeneus">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE76213253FC05B9A753D1" box="[536,651,927,953]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">O. aeneus</emphasis>
(Fabricius, 1787)
</taxonomicName>
, which is stored in the collection of the second author, differs from the cocoon of 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFEE7621335CFC25B89353B1" authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[791,959,959,985]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE7621335CFC25B89353B1" box="[791,959,959,985]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">O. sculpticollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having much more distinct nipple, which has also the membranous cap at the top, and by being smaller in size (length — 
<quantity id="4CC89B73FFEE76213162FC65BA585471" box="[297,372,1023,1049]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
). According to detailed descriptions given by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B67FFEE762133EBFC65BF6E5472" author="Grandi, G." box="[928,1090,1023,1050]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" pagination="239 - 292" refId="ref8677" refString="Grandi, G. Contributi alla conoscenza degli Imenotteri Aculeati. XXVIII // Boll. Ist. Ent. Bologna. - 1959. - 23. - P. 239 - 292." type="book chapter" year="1959">Grandi (1959</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B67FFEE7621341BFC65BFA65472" author="Grandi, G." box="[1104,1162,1023,1050]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 659" refId="ref8711" refString="Grandi, G. Studi di un entomologo sugli Imenotteri superiori // Boll. Ist. Ent. Univ. Bologna. - 1961. - 23. - P. 1 - 659." type="book chapter" year="1961">1961</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B67FFEE762130EDFB85BA445452" author="Marechal, P." box="[166,360,1055,1082]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" pagination="27 - 33" refId="ref9397" refString="Marechal, P. Deuxieme note sur l'ethologie des Chrysidides // Bull. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. - 1925. - 65. - P. 27 - 33." type="book chapter" year="1925">Marechal (1925)</bibRefCitation>
the cocoon of 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFEE7621325FFB85B8775452" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[532,859,1055,1082]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auratus">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE7621325FFB85B9BC5451" box="[532,656,1055,1081]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">O. auratus</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1758)
</taxonomicName>
differs by the white to pale yellow color, the absence of distinct nipple (instead the wall of cocoon proper under arch is more dense, matt and opaque) and the smaller size too (length — 
<quantity id="4CC89B73FFEE762133E0FBC5B8D85411" box="[939,1012,1119,1146]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFEE762130EDFB05BAE354D1" blockId="8.[166,463,1183,1209]" box="[166,463,1183,1209]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">
<heading id="D0C781FAFFEE762130EDFB05BAE354D1" box="[166,463,1183,1209]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">T h e l a r v a l f e a t u r e s</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFEE76213090FB45B89655F1" blockId="8.[166,1225,1247,1850]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">
The cocoons of 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFEE762131D5FB45B9655491" authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[414,585,1247,1273]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE762131D5FB45B9655491" box="[414,585,1247,1273]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">O. sculpticollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
contained the cast off skins of the last instar larvae. The level of sclerotization at mouthparts was high, and it was possible to identify some features of the mature larvae (
<figureCitation id="130B2A13FFEE76213246FA85B9605552" box="[525,588,1311,1338]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[174,203,625,645]" captionTargetBox="[257,1185,202,600]" captionTargetId="figure-299@9.[229,1207,181,615]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 9. Features of the last instar larva of Omalus sculpticollis: a — head, front view; b–d — left mandible (b — external side, c — top view, d — internal view). Рис. 9. Особенности строения личинки последнего возраста Omalus sculpticollis: a — голова, вид спереди; b–d — левая мандибула (b — вид снаружи, c — вид сверху, d — вид изнутри)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403907/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">fig. 9</figureCitation>
): coronal suture and parietal bands present; antennal orbits circular, located below the middle of head; labrum with depression in the middle and with almost strait apical margin; labrum and clypeus punctulate; mandibles fourdentate (symmetrical); maxillae and clypeus with strong, pigmented bands.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F3696FFEE76213090FA05B9B75752" blockId="8.[166,1225,1247,1850]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">
As the last instar larva of 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFEE7621325AFA05B9BC55D1" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[529,656,1439,1465]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auratus">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE7621325AFA05B9BC55D1" box="[529,656,1439,1465]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">O. auratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described in detail (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B67FFEE762133F2FA05BF7D55D1" author="Enslin, E." box="[953,1105,1439,1465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" pagination="116 - 130" refId="ref8528" refString="Enslin, E. Beitrage zur Metamorphose der Goldwespen // Z. Wiss. Insekt. - Biol. - 1929. - 24. - P. 116 - 130." type="book chapter" year="1929">Enslin, 1929</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B67FFEE76213415FA05BA1D55B1" author="Giordani Soika, A." pageId="8" pageNumber="19" pagination="337 - 344" refId="ref8641" refString="Giordani Soika, A. Etude sur les larves des Hymenopteres. II note // Ann. Soc. Entom. France. - 1934. - 53. - P. 337 - 344." type="book chapter" year="1934">Giordani Soika, 1934</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B67FFEE76213176FA25BAF755B2" author="Grandi, G." box="[317,475,1471,1498]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" pagination="239 - 292" refId="ref8677" refString="Grandi, G. Contributi alla conoscenza degli Imenotteri Aculeati. XXVIII // Boll. Ist. Ent. Bologna. - 1959. - 23. - P. 239 - 292." type="book chapter" year="1959">Grandi, 1959</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B67FFEE762131A3FA25B90855B2" author="Grandi, G." box="[488,548,1471,1498]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 659" refId="ref8711" refString="Grandi, G. Studi di un entomologo sugli Imenotteri superiori // Boll. Ist. Ent. Univ. Bologna. - 1961. - 23. - P. 1 - 659." type="book chapter" year="1961">1961</bibRefCitation>
), it could be distinguished from that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFEE7621344AFA25BF8755B1" authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[1025,1195,1471,1497]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE7621344AFA25BF8755B1" box="[1025,1195,1471,1497]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">O. sculpticollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at least by following: the labrum with six (3 + 3) sensillae in the anterior part, distinctly cutout in the middle; clypeus is trapezoidal. The mature larva of 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFEE76213324FA65B8C95671" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1787" box="[879,997,1535,1561]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeneus">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE76213324FA65B8C95671" box="[879,997,1535,1561]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">O. aeneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was also minutely described (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B67FFEE76213162F985B9355652" author="Tormos, J. &amp; Krombein, K. V. &amp; Asis, J. D. &amp; Gayubo, S. F." box="[297,537,1567,1594]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" pagination="151 - 155" refId="ref10437" refString="Tormos, J., Krombein, K. V., Asis, J. D., Gayubo, S. F. Description of preimaginal instars of four species of Elampini, with some notes on the phylogenetic importance of larval characters in this tribe (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) // Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ. - 1999. - 24. - P. 151 - 155." type="book chapter" year="1999">Tormos et al., 1999</bibRefCitation>
). We can propose to differ it by emarginate labrum with six setae and six protuberant marginal sensillae and bidentate mandibles. The same is for 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFEE762130EDF9C5B93A5612" authority="(Buysson, 1891)" baseAuthorityName="Buysson" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[166,534,1631,1658]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biaccinctus">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE762130EDF9C5BA675611" box="[166,331,1631,1657]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">O. biaccinctus</emphasis>
(Buysson, 1891)
</taxonomicName>
, which was studied by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B67FFEE76213366F9C5BF0A5612" author="Tormos, J. &amp; Asis, J. D. &amp; Gayubo, S. F. &amp; Mingo, E." box="[813,1062,1631,1658]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" pagination="56 - 63" refId="ref10369" refString="Tormos, J., Asis, J. D., Gayubo, S. F., Mingo, E. Description of the mature larvae of Chrysis gracillima and Omalus biaccinctus and new data on the biology of Trichrysis cyanea (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) // Florida Entomol. - 1996. - 79, N 1. - P. 56 - 63." type="book chapter" year="1996">Tormos et al. (1996)</bibRefCitation>
: its labrum is emarginate, with 10 short setae and six marginal sensillae, mandibles are tridentate. The drawings of head capsules given by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B67FFEE7621321BF905B82256D2" author="Kilimnik, A. N." box="[592,782,1695,1722]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" refId="ref8952" refString="Kilimnik, A. N. Chrysidid wasps (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae) of north-west Black Sea coastal area (fauna, systematics, bionomy, ecology): Dis. … cand. boil. sci. - Sant-Petrsburg; Odessa, 1993. - 200 p. - Russian: Kiлiмнik A. Н. Oсы-bлiсtiнki (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae) сiviрo-zapadнogo Pрiciрнoмoрьi (фauнa, сiсtiмatika, bioнoмii, ekoлogii)." type="book" year="1993">Kilimnik (1993)</bibRefCitation>
provide the opportunity to differ the larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFEE76213144F925B97E56B2" authority="(Fabricius, 1804)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[271,594,1727,1754]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pusillus">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE76213144F925BAA456B1" box="[271,392,1727,1753]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">O. pusillus</emphasis>
(Fabricius, 1804)
</taxonomicName>
at least by widely cutout labrum and the clypeus much bigger than labrum having the convex posterior margin; of 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D15FFEE76213327F945BF885692" authority="(Buysson, 1887)" baseAuthorityName="Buysson" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[876,1188,1759,1786]" class="Insecta" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="politus">
<emphasis id="B944EA84FFEE76213327F945B8F25691" box="[876,990,1759,1785]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">O. politus</emphasis>
(Buysson, 1887)
</taxonomicName>
by the presence of eight (4 + 4) sensillae on labrum and rugae on the lateral parts of clypeus (labrum is distinctly smaller than clypeus).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>