<documentid="15812D30D98DFAB2E2EF8E586DCC1073"ID-CLB-Dataset="20018"ID-DOI="10.2478/vzoo-2014-0002"ID-GBIF-Dataset="e88998e1-da5e-43f9-bd14-b625d271dd9b"ID-ISSN="2073-2333"ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403889"IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi"IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi"checkinTime="1648783395369"checkinUser="felipe"docAuthor="Martynova, K. V. & Fateryga, A. V."docDate="2014"docId="03998780FFE5762130E1FF35B9B75752"docLanguage="en"docName="VestnikZoologii.48.1.11-26.pdf"docOrigin="Vestnik Zoologii 48 (1)"docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vzoo-2014-0002"docStyle="DocumentStyle:9FE6554C034D0A4D8EA9CEAE255F4368.2:VestnikZoologii.2014-2019.journal_article"docStyleId="9FE6554C034D0A4D8EA9CEAE255F4368"docStyleName="VestnikZoologii.2014-2019.journal_article"docStyleVersion="2"docTitle="Omalus sculpticollis : Abeille de Perrin 1878"docType="treatment"docVersion="8"lastPageNumber="19"masterDocId="FFA0FFF8FFE67629304BFF9ABB2C5068"masterDocTitle="Omalus Sculpticollis As The Main Enemy Of Psenulus Fuscipennis (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae, Crabronidae) In The Crimea, Ukraine"masterLastPageNumber="26"masterPageNumber="11"pageNumber="14"updateTime="1732714993391"updateUser="ExternalLinkService"zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
<mods:titleid="F2B97EA0AE5DBEB232E42C92748E3C7F">Omalus Sculpticollis As The Main Enemy Of Psenulus Fuscipennis (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae, Crabronidae) In The Crimea, Ukraine</mods:title>
<taxonomicNameid="4C304D15FFE5762A30E1FF35B91650A1"authority="Abeille, 1878"authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin"authorityYear="1878"box="[170,570,175,202]"class="Insecta"genus="Omalus"higherTaxonomySource="GBIF"kingdom="Animalia"order="Hymenoptera"pageId="3"pageNumber="14"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="sculpticollis">
<paragraphid="8B8F3696FFE5762A30E1FF7AB82B5092"blockId="3.[170,775,223,250]"box="[170,775,223,250]"pageId="3"pageNumber="14">T a x o n o m i c a l a n d m o r p h o l o g i c a l n o t e s</paragraph>
<taxonomicNameid="4C304D15FFE5762A33B6FE95B91E5121"authority="Abeille, 1878"authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin"authorityYear="1878"class="Insecta"genus="Omalus"higherTaxonomySource="GBIF"kingdom="Animalia"order="Hymenoptera"pageId="3"pageNumber="14"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="sculpticollis"subGenus="Chrysellampus">
<bibRefCitationid="EFA14B67FFE5762A320BFEB5B8055122"author="Linsenmaier, W."box="[576,809,303,330]"pageId="3"pageNumber="14"pagination="1 - 232"refId="ref9140"refString="Linsenmaier, W. Revision der Familie Chrysididae (Hymenoptera) mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der europaischen Spezies // Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. - 1959 a. - 32, N 1. - P. 1 - 232."type="book chapter"year="1959">Linsenmaier 1959 a</bibRefCitation>
, b, 1968, 1987, 1997). This species is easily identifiable for the unique punctuation of the mesosoma and the characteristic shape of the third tergite (
<figureCitationid="130B2A13FFE5762A31DCFEF5BAFA51E2"box="[407,470,367,394]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="3.[170,199,1795,1815]"captionTargetBox="[192,1210,1062,1768]"captionTargetId="figure-358@3.[174,1232,1046,1770]"captionTargetPageId="3"captionText="Fig. 3. Omalus sculpticollis, female, dorsal view and microsculpture of mesosoma. Рис. 3. Omalus sculpticollis, самка, вид сверху и микроскульптура мезосомы."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403895"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403895/files/figure.png"pageId="3"pageNumber="14">fig. 3</figureCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="4C304D15FFE5762A31A5FEF5B9FA51E1"authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin"authorityYear="1878"box="[494,726,367,393]"class="Insecta"genus="Omalus"higherTaxonomySource="GBIF"kingdom="Animalia"order="Hymenoptera"pageId="3"pageNumber="14"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="sculpticollis">
<taxonomicNameid="4C304D15FFE5762A30B0FDB5BA505221"authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin"authorityYear="1878"box="[251,380,559,585]"class="Insecta"genus="Omalus"higherTaxonomySource="GBIF"kingdom="Animalia"order="Hymenoptera"pageId="3"pageNumber="14"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="sculpticollis">
<bibRefCitationid="EFA14B67FFE5762A3171FDF5BAC852E1"author="Mocsary, A."box="[314,484,623,649]"pageId="3"pageNumber="14"refId="ref9465"refString="Mocsary, A. Monographia Chrysididarum orbis Terrestris. - Budapest: Hungarian Academy of Science, 1889. - 643 p."type="book"year="1889">Mocsáry, 1889</bibRefCitation>
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, considered different characters to identify the genera and elevated many subgenera to generic rank. The final result was that part of the former subgenera were elevated to genera, but with different diagnoses and species included, if compared to Linsenmaier’s systematics. Therefore the genus
. Some recent taxonomical publications demonstrated that Kimsey and Bohart’s (1991) genera system needs corrections. Many taxa were recently moved from one genus
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<bibRefCitationid="EFA14B67FFE5762A3269FC55B8215382"author="Linsenmaier, W."box="[546,781,975,1002]"pageId="3"pageNumber="14"pagination="1 - 232"refId="ref9140"refString="Linsenmaier, W. Revision der Familie Chrysididae (Hymenoptera) mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der europaischen Spezies // Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. - 1959 a. - 32, N 1. - P. 1 - 232."type="book chapter"year="1959">Linsenmaier, 1959 a</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="4C304D15FFE5762A30A8F899BAA7577E"authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin"authorityYear="1878"box="[227,395,1795,1814]"class="Insecta"genus="Omalus"higherTaxonomySource="GBIF"kingdom="Animalia"order="Hymenoptera"pageId="3"pageNumber="14"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="sculpticollis">
<taxonomicNameid="4C304D15FFE5762A30A2F8B4BABD5729"authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin"authorityYear="1878"box="[233,401,1838,1857]"class="Insecta"genus="Omalus"higherTaxonomySource="GBIF"kingdom="Animalia"order="Hymenoptera"pageId="3"pageNumber="14"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="sculpticollis">
<taxonomicNameid="4C304D15FFE2762D31EFFCF0B9615315"authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin"authorityYear="1878"box="[420,589,874,893]"class="Insecta"genus="Omalus"higherTaxonomySource="GBIF"kingdom="Animalia"order="Hymenoptera"pageId="4"pageNumber="15"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="sculpticollis">
<taxonomicNameid="4C304D15FFE2762D31F1FC35B94E53AA"authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin"authorityYear="1878"box="[442,610,943,962]"class="Insecta"genus="Omalus"higherTaxonomySource="GBIF"kingdom="Animalia"order="Hymenoptera"pageId="4"pageNumber="15"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="sculpticollis">
<taxonomicNameid="4C304D15FFE2762D3083FBBCBA435457"authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin"authorityYear="1878"box="[200,367,1061,1088]"class="Insecta"genus="Omalus"higherTaxonomySource="GBIF"kingdom="Animalia"order="Hymenoptera"pageId="4"pageNumber="15"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="sculpticollis">
<figureCitationid="130B2A13FFE2762D30E5FBDFBBC55408"box="[174,233,1093,1120]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="4.[167,196,874,894]"captionTargetBox="[419,983,191,827]"captionTargetId="figure-395@4.[380,1012,174,845]"captionTargetPageId="4"captionText="Fig. 4. Sexual dimorphism in Omalus sculpticollis: a — tergum III, top view; b — tergum III, side view; c — metasoma, side view; d — flagellum and pedicellum. Рис. 4. Половой диморфизм у Omalus sculpticollis: а — тергит III, вид сверху; b — тергит III, вид сбоку; с — метасома, вид сбоку; d — жгутик и поворотный членик усика."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403897"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403897/files/figure.png"pageId="4"pageNumber="15">fig. 4</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="130B2A13FFE2762D32F0FBDFB9DA5408"box="[699,758,1093,1120]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="4.[167,196,874,894]"captionTargetBox="[419,983,191,827]"captionTargetId="figure-395@4.[380,1012,174,845]"captionTargetPageId="4"captionText="Fig. 4. Sexual dimorphism in Omalus sculpticollis: a — tergum III, top view; b — tergum III, side view; c — metasoma, side view; d — flagellum and pedicellum. Рис. 4. Половой диморфизм у Omalus sculpticollis: а — тергит III, вид сверху; b — тергит III, вид сбоку; с — метасома, вид сбоку; d — жгутик и поворотный членик усика."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403897"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403897/files/figure.png"pageId="4"pageNumber="15">fig. 4</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="130B2A13FFE2762D342DFBDFBF8C5408"box="[1126,1184,1093,1120]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="4.[167,196,874,894]"captionTargetBox="[419,983,191,827]"captionTargetId="figure-395@4.[380,1012,174,845]"captionTargetPageId="4"captionText="Fig. 4. Sexual dimorphism in Omalus sculpticollis: a — tergum III, top view; b — tergum III, side view; c — metasoma, side view; d — flagellum and pedicellum. Рис. 4. Половой диморфизм у Omalus sculpticollis: а — тергит III, вид сверху; b — тергит III, вид сбоку; с — метасома, вид сбоку; d — жгутик и поворотный членик усика."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403897"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403897/files/figure.png"pageId="4"pageNumber="15">fig. 4</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="130B2A13FFE2762D3298FB1FB82254C8"box="[723,782,1157,1184]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="3.[170,199,1795,1815]"captionTargetBox="[192,1210,1062,1768]"captionTargetId="figure-358@3.[174,1232,1046,1770]"captionTargetPageId="3"captionText="Fig. 3. Omalus sculpticollis, female, dorsal view and microsculpture of mesosoma. Рис. 3. Omalus sculpticollis, самка, вид сверху и микроскульптура мезосомы."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403895"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403895/files/figure.png"pageId="4"pageNumber="15">fig. 3</figureCitation>
). The matt effect on mesosoma in both sexes is originated from a special complex microsculpture, which could be named “coriaceous and punctate, with hairs” according to the terminology given by
<bibRefCitationid="EFA14B67FFE2762D3335FB5FBF245488"author="Eady, R. D."box="[894,1032,1221,1248]"pageId="4"pageNumber="15"pagination="4 - 6"refId="ref8484"refString="Eady, R. D. Some illustrations of microsculpture in the Hymenoptera // Proc. Royal Entomol. Soc. London (A). - 1968. - 43, N 4 - 6. - P. 66 - 72."type="book chapter"year="1968">Eady (1968)</bibRefCitation>
<figureCitationid="130B2A13FFE2762D345EFB5FBF635488"box="[1045,1103,1221,1248]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="3.[170,199,1795,1815]"captionTargetBox="[192,1210,1062,1768]"captionTargetId="figure-358@3.[174,1232,1046,1770]"captionTargetPageId="3"captionText="Fig. 3. Omalus sculpticollis, female, dorsal view and microsculpture of mesosoma. Рис. 3. Omalus sculpticollis, самка, вид сверху и микроскульптура мезосомы."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403895"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403895/files/figure.png"pageId="4"pageNumber="15">fig. 3</figureCitation>
). It should be noted that the coriaceous microsculpture preserves the structural coloration (except for black zones), but eliminates the iridescence effect in both sexes.
<taxonomicNameid="4C304D15FFE2762D319CFAFCB9545517"authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin"authorityYear="1878"box="[471,632,1381,1408]"class="Insecta"genus="Omalus"higherTaxonomySource="GBIF"kingdom="Animalia"order="Hymenoptera"pageId="4"pageNumber="15"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="sculpticollis">
(see the discussion below). Therefore the common correlation “one parasitoid individual per one host cell”is not valid.At the moment of laboratory examination chrysidids were at prepupal or pupal stage, enclosed in cocoons, similarly to their hosts. As the examination took place early in spring (after winter stay) we can conclude that also
<taxonomicNameid="4C304D15FFE2762D3090F99CBA535677"authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin"authorityYear="1878"box="[219,383,1541,1568]"class="Insecta"genus="Omalus"higherTaxonomySource="GBIF"kingdom="Animalia"order="Hymenoptera"pageId="4"pageNumber="15"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="sculpticollis">
emerged much earlier, during summertime: we observed one abandoned cocoon and one with dead imago. Therefore these two should be referred to the so called “facultative generation”, and the studied population of
<taxonomicNameid="4C304D15FFE2762D32C3F91CB80456F7"authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin"authorityYear="1878"box="[648,808,1669,1696]"class="Insecta"genus="Omalus"higherTaxonomySource="GBIF"kingdom="Animalia"order="Hymenoptera"pageId="4"pageNumber="15"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="sculpticollis">
<taxonomicNameid="4C304D15FFE2762D3456F97CBFE55697"authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin"authorityYear="1878"box="[1053,1225,1765,1792]"class="Insecta"genus="Omalus"higherTaxonomySource="GBIF"kingdom="Animalia"order="Hymenoptera"pageId="4"pageNumber="15"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="sculpticollis">
were monovoltine, while two (2.2 %) emerged without winter stay (gave the facultative generation). These data prove a clear evidence of connection between the host’s life cycle and its chrysidid enemy. In this sense the long-term evolution process becomes obvious, as the development of chrysidid wasp is synchronized with that of host (the dates of emergence are close and the facultative generations are shown in both host and chrysidid).
<taxonomicNameid="4C304D15FFE3762C32CFFC8EB802534F"authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin"authorityYear="1878"box="[644,814,788,807]"class="Insecta"genus="Omalus"higherTaxonomySource="GBIF"kingdom="Animalia"order="Hymenoptera"pageId="5"pageNumber="16"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="sculpticollis">
<taxonomicNameid="4C304D15FFE3762C310FFC5DBADC5388"authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin"authorityYear="1878"box="[324,496,966,993]"class="Insecta"genus="Omalus"higherTaxonomySource="GBIF"kingdom="Animalia"order="Hymenoptera"pageId="5"pageNumber="16"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="sculpticollis">
<figureCitationid="130B2A13FFE3762C3420FC5CBFE65389"box="[1131,1226,966,993]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="5.[174,203,719,739]"captionTargetBox="[266,1182,178,714]"captionTargetId="graphics-126@5.[266,1018,178,715]"captionText="Fig. 5. Reproductive success and mortality of Omalus sculpticollis progeny caused by hyperparasites and unknown affects (in terms of number of cocoons). Рис. 5. Репродуктивный успех и гибель потомства Omalus sculpticollis от гиперпаразитов и неизвестных причин (в перерасчете на количество коконов)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6406070"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6406070/files/figure.png"pageId="5"pageNumber="16">figure 5</figureCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="4C304D15FFE3762C3299FBBDB8515428"authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin"authorityYear="1878"box="[722,893,1062,1089]"class="Insecta"genus="Omalus"higherTaxonomySource="GBIF"kingdom="Animalia"order="Hymenoptera"pageId="5"pageNumber="16"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="sculpticollis">
<taxonomicNameid="4C304D15FFE3762C328DFBDDB8415408"authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin"authorityYear="1878"box="[710,877,1094,1121]"class="Insecta"genus="Omalus"higherTaxonomySource="GBIF"kingdom="Animalia"order="Hymenoptera"pageId="5"pageNumber="16"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="sculpticollis">
<taxonomicNameid="4C304D15FFE3762C32E2F9EDB87D56E2"authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin"authorityYear="1878"box="[681,849,1655,1674]"class="Insecta"genus="Omalus"higherTaxonomySource="GBIF"kingdom="Animalia"order="Hymenoptera"pageId="5"pageNumber="16"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="sculpticollis">
<taxonomicNameid="4C304D15FFE3762C32E2F94DB87E5682"authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin"authorityYear="1878"box="[681,850,1751,1770]"class="Insecta"genus="Omalus"higherTaxonomySource="GBIF"kingdom="Animalia"order="Hymenoptera"pageId="5"pageNumber="16"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="sculpticollis">
— серия, состоящая из трёх ячеек, разрушенных личинкой хризидиды (см. кокон в первой ячейке и остатки перегородок между ячейками с большими отверстиями).
<taxonomicNameid="4C304D15FFE0762F3090FF35BAEE50A1"authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin"authorityYear="1878"box="[219,450,175,201]"class="Insecta"genus="Omalus"higherTaxonomySource="GBIF"kingdom="Animalia"order="Hymenoptera"pageId="6"pageNumber="17"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="sculpticollis">
<figureCitationid="130B2A13FFE0762F3189FF75B92C5162"box="[450,512,239,266]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="5.[174,203,1655,1675]"captionTargetBox="[195,1254,1179,1629]"captionTargetId="figure-312@5.[195,1211,1173,1644]"captionTargetPageId="5"captionText="Fig. 6. Nests of Psenulus fuscipennis containing cocoons of Omalus sculpticollis: a — one chrysidid cocoon between mass of aphids and two host cells; b — two chrysidid cocoons, located after host cell; c — series of tree cells, destroyed by chrysidid larva (note the cocoon in first cell and remainder of cell partitions with big holes). Рис. 6. Гнёзда Psenulus fuscipennis, содержащие коконы Omalus sculpticollis: a — один кокон хризидиды среди массы тлей и две ячейки хозяина; b — два кокона хризидид, расположенные после ячейки хозяина; c — серия, состоящая из трёх ячеек, разрушенных личинкой хризидиды (см. кокон в первой ячейке и остатки перегородок между ячейками с большими отверстиями)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403899"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403899/files/figure.png"pageId="6"pageNumber="17">fig. 6</figureCitation>
). The holes in the partitions were rather large, and the spaces of cells in such series appeared to be united. These united cells were always full of aphids and there was only one chrysidid cocoon always present per one series of cells (
<figureCitationid="130B2A13FFE0762F3432FEB5BF965122"box="[1145,1210,303,330]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="5.[174,203,719,739]"captionTargetBox="[266,1182,178,714]"captionTargetId="graphics-126@5.[266,1018,178,715]"captionText="Fig. 5. Reproductive success and mortality of Omalus sculpticollis progeny caused by hyperparasites and unknown affects (in terms of number of cocoons). Рис. 5. Репродуктивный успех и гибель потомства Omalus sculpticollis от гиперпаразитов и неизвестных причин (в перерасчете на количество коконов)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6406070"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6406070/files/figure.png"pageId="6"pageNumber="17">fig. 5</figureCitation>
). The series included from 2 to 14 cells (average — 5.0). In more than the 50 % of the cases, the nests contained two or three series of cells (respectively two or three
<taxonomicNameid="4C304D15FFE0762F3455FEEABFE551E1"authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin"authorityYear="1878"box="[1054,1225,367,394]"class="Insecta"genus="Omalus"higherTaxonomySource="GBIF"kingdom="Animalia"order="Hymenoptera"pageId="6"pageNumber="17"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="sculpticollis">
There are no doubts that this damage is caused by chrysidids. We did not find any other enemy inside the cell series as there were no extraneous holes found (which could explain the presence of other host enemies). These series were often situated in the “middle of the nest” being surrounded from both sides by cells with normally developing
<taxonomicNameid="4C304D15FFE0762F32CAFDEAB80752E1"authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin"authorityYear="1878"box="[641,811,623,650]"class="Insecta"genus="Omalus"higherTaxonomySource="GBIF"kingdom="Animalia"order="Hymenoptera"pageId="6"pageNumber="17"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="sculpticollis">
<taxonomicNameid="4C304D15FFE0762F31C6FCEAB91A53E1"authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin"authorityYear="1878"box="[397,566,879,906]"class="Insecta"genus="Omalus"higherTaxonomySource="GBIF"kingdom="Animalia"order="Hymenoptera"pageId="6"pageNumber="17"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="sculpticollis">
<figureCitationid="130B2A13FFE0762F3111FC15BAB753C2"box="[346,411,911,938]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="7.[174,203,1625,1645]"captionTargetBox="[257,1153,651,1596]"captionTargetId="figure-199@7.[257,1153,630,1615]"captionTargetPageId="7"captionText="Fig. 7. Cocoon of Omalus sculpticollis: a — general view, part of circular band and excrements are removed; b — scheme of structure (1 — collar, 2 — circular band, 3 — arch, 4 — septum, 5 — nipple, 6 — cocoon proper, 7 — pubescence, 8 — excrements); c — cross section of nipple; d — scheme showing the cocoon after imago’s going out; e — scheme of inverted position of arch. Рис. 7. Кокон Omalus sculpticollis: a — общий вид, часть круговой полосы и экскрементов удалены; b — схема строения (1 — воротничок, 2 — круговая полоса, 3 — свод, 4 — перегородка, 5 — сосочек, 6 — собственно кокон, 7 — опушение, 8 — экскременты); c — поперечный срез через сосочек; d — схема, показывающая кокон после выхода имаго; e — схема инвертированного положения свода."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403901"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403901/files/figure.png"pageId="6"pageNumber="17">fig. 7</figureCitation>
<quantityid="4CC89B73FFE0762F32AFFC15B85453C2"box="[740,888,911,938]"metricMagnitude="-2"metricUnit="m"metricValue="1.0"metricValueMax="1.1"metricValueMin="0.9"pageId="6"pageNumber="17"unit="mm"value="10.0"valueMax="11.0"valueMin="9.0">9 to 11 mm</quantity>
The apical part consists of a transverse septum, made across the boring of the stem, and a circular band attached to it; the septum can include the remainder of intercellar partitions (constructed by
female) on the periphery. All these structures resemble an “arch with collar” at the cross section of the cocoon (terminology by A. N. Kilimnik, pers. comm.). The collar is formed of the remainder of cell facing. The septum is made of opaque, rather thin, but quite dense yellowish material. A small depression is observed in the center of the septum. The circular band is much thinner, semitransparent, light-brown and it is often torn off during the removal of the cocoon. Functionally the arch serves as a plug or barrier, which separates the chrysidid larva from the mass of aphids and protects it from the superfluous humidity (Kilimnik, pers. comm.). The septum is not always attached to the remainder of cell partitions. When the cocoon is located out of relation to nest structure (in the middle of the cell or partially in one cell and partially in other), its arch could be less distinct, having more rounded forms, but still it preserves the functions.
The cocoon proper is thin-walled, varnished, light-brown, cylindrical with rounded ends (oval in cross section). Its apical part is inserted into the arch. The dense thick pubescence observed provides the junction of the cocoon and the circular band of the arch, which in turn fixes all the structures in the stem. The surface of the cocoon bears an abundant pubescence: it consists of thick brownish fibers all around the cocoon, except for the posterior end of the cocoon, where it is quite thin and whitish. According to Kilimnik (pers. comm.), the function of the pubescence is a shock-absorbing fixation of the cocoon to the nest walls. It should be noted, that the small inclusions (possibly excrements and chitinous remainder of host bodies) are observed within the pubescence all over. Excrements are black in color. Sometimes they can be described as the compact dense mass, arranged along the posterior part of the cocoon, otherwise they look like small round pellets laying more roughly. The apical part of the cocoon bears the nipplelike structure about
<figureCitationid="130B2A13FFE0762F32C2F895B9E55742"box="[649,713,1807,1834]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="7.[174,203,1625,1645]"captionTargetBox="[257,1153,651,1596]"captionTargetId="figure-199@7.[257,1153,630,1615]"captionTargetPageId="7"captionText="Fig. 7. Cocoon of Omalus sculpticollis: a — general view, part of circular band and excrements are removed; b — scheme of structure (1 — collar, 2 — circular band, 3 — arch, 4 — septum, 5 — nipple, 6 — cocoon proper, 7 — pubescence, 8 — excrements); c — cross section of nipple; d — scheme showing the cocoon after imago’s going out; e — scheme of inverted position of arch. Рис. 7. Кокон Omalus sculpticollis: a — общий вид, часть круговой полосы и экскрементов удалены; b — схема строения (1 — воротничок, 2 — круговая полоса, 3 — свод, 4 — перегородка, 5 — сосочек, 6 — собственно кокон, 7 — опушение, 8 — экскременты); c — поперечный срез через сосочек; d — схема, показывающая кокон после выхода имаго; e — схема инвертированного положения свода."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403901"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403901/files/figure.png"pageId="6"pageNumber="17">fig. 7</figureCitation>
). The latter is well visible and distinctly differs from the other semitransparent brownish parts of cocoon walls by being whitish and opaque. The minute examination of the nipple showed that it has a double-layer structure in cross section. The innermost lenticular layer is formed of very thin brownish fibers laying in parallel and compactly; instead the outermost one consists of more thick white fibers, laying loosely.
The emerging in linear nests forces the imagoes of chrysidids to get out of cocoons through their apical parts — by making holes first in the “nipple area” of the cocoon, and then in the transverse septum of the arch (
<figureCitationid="130B2A13FFE1762E32D6FE15B9F651C2"box="[669,730,399,426]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="7.[174,203,1625,1645]"captionTargetBox="[257,1153,651,1596]"captionTargetId="figure-199@7.[257,1153,630,1615]"captionTargetPageId="7"captionText="Fig. 7. Cocoon of Omalus sculpticollis: a — general view, part of circular band and excrements are removed; b — scheme of structure (1 — collar, 2 — circular band, 3 — arch, 4 — septum, 5 — nipple, 6 — cocoon proper, 7 — pubescence, 8 — excrements); c — cross section of nipple; d — scheme showing the cocoon after imago’s going out; e — scheme of inverted position of arch. Рис. 7. Кокон Omalus sculpticollis: a — общий вид, часть круговой полосы и экскрементов удалены; b — схема строения (1 — воротничок, 2 — круговая полоса, 3 — свод, 4 — перегородка, 5 — сосочек, 6 — собственно кокон, 7 — опушение, 8 — экскременты); c — поперечный срез через сосочек; d — схема, показывающая кокон после выхода имаго; e — схема инвертированного положения свода."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403901"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403901/files/figure.png"pageId="7"pageNumber="18">fig. 7</figureCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="4C304D15FFE1762E3268FE2AB9E051A1"authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin"authorityYear="1878"box="[547,716,431,458]"class="Insecta"genus="Omalus"higherTaxonomySource="GBIF"kingdom="Animalia"order="Hymenoptera"pageId="7"pageNumber="18"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="sculpticollis">
have the inverted structure: the apical part bearing the nipple is not inserted into the arch, instead the bare nipple faces the entrance of the nest tube; additionally the arch is attached to the bottom end of the cocoon proper (
<figureCitationid="130B2A13FFE1762E30FDFD95BBDF5242"box="[182,243,527,554]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="7.[174,203,1625,1645]"captionTargetBox="[257,1153,651,1596]"captionTargetId="figure-199@7.[257,1153,630,1615]"captionTargetPageId="7"captionText="Fig. 7. Cocoon of Omalus sculpticollis: a — general view, part of circular band and excrements are removed; b — scheme of structure (1 — collar, 2 — circular band, 3 — arch, 4 — septum, 5 — nipple, 6 — cocoon proper, 7 — pubescence, 8 — excrements); c — cross section of nipple; d — scheme showing the cocoon after imago’s going out; e — scheme of inverted position of arch. Рис. 7. Кокон Omalus sculpticollis: a — общий вид, часть круговой полосы и экскрементов удалены; b — схема строения (1 — воротничок, 2 — круговая полоса, 3 — свод, 4 — перегородка, 5 — сосочек, 6 — собственно кокон, 7 — опушение, 8 — экскременты); c — поперечный срез через сосочек; d — схема, показывающая кокон после выхода имаго; e — схема инвертированного положения свода."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403901"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403901/files/figure.png"pageId="7"pageNumber="18">fig. 7</figureCitation>
). Though such structure appeared to be reasonable, as it was revealed in the cases when the mass of aphids was situated behind the posterior part of the cocoon.
<taxonomicNameid="4C304D15FFE1762E310CF9C3BADC5604"authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin"authorityYear="1878"box="[327,496,1625,1644]"class="Insecta"genus="Omalus"higherTaxonomySource="GBIF"kingdom="Animalia"order="Hymenoptera"pageId="7"pageNumber="18"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="sculpticollis">
<taxonomicNameid="4C304D15FFE1762E3166F94EBAF9568F"authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin"authorityYear="1878"box="[301,469,1748,1767]"class="Insecta"genus="Omalus"higherTaxonomySource="GBIF"kingdom="Animalia"order="Hymenoptera"pageId="7"pageNumber="18"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="sculpticollis">
<bibRefCitationid="EFA14B67FFEE76213327FDBDB8F45253"author="Danks, H. V."box="[876,984,551,571]"pageId="8"pageNumber="19"pagination="323 - 399"refId="ref8443"refString="Danks, H. V. Biology of some stem-nesting Aculeate Hymenoptera // Transact. Royal Entomol. Soc. London. - 1971 (1970). - 122, N 11. - P. 323 - 399."type="journal article"year="1971">Danks, 1971</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFA14B67FFEE7621339FFDD8BF58523E"author="Linsenmaier, W."box="[980,1140,578,598]"pageId="8"pageNumber="19"refId="ref9259"refString="Linsenmaier, W. The insects of the world. - New York: McGraw-Hill Company, 1972. - 392 p."type="book"year="1972">Linsenmaier, 1972</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFA14B67FFEE762132ADFDF7B87E52E9"author="Danks, H. V."box="[742,850,621,641]"pageId="8"pageNumber="19"pagination="323 - 399"refId="ref8443"refString="Danks, H. V. Biology of some stem-nesting Aculeate Hymenoptera // Transact. Royal Entomol. Soc. London. - 1971 (1970). - 122, N 11. - P. 323 - 399."type="journal article"year="1971">Danks, 1971</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFA14B67FFEE76213378FD1DB8F852F3"author="Linsenmaier, W."box="[819,980,647,667]"pageId="8"pageNumber="19"refId="ref9259"refString="Linsenmaier, W. The insects of the world. - New York: McGraw-Hill Company, 1972. - 392 p."type="book"year="1972">Linsenmaier, 1972</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="4C304D15FFEE7621325EFD25B99152B1"authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin"authorityYear="1878"box="[533,701,703,729]"class="Insecta"genus="Omalus"higherTaxonomySource="GBIF"kingdom="Animalia"order="Hymenoptera"pageId="8"pageNumber="19"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="sculpticollis">
cocoons, we can note the following: the wall thickness, size and coloration can vary considerably; the shape and the structure of the cocoon, the look and colour of the excrements, the presence of “nipple” and “arch” could be considered as stable features.
<bibRefCitationid="EFA14B67FFEE762134C1FCA5BFE85331"author="Grandi, G."box="[1162,1220,831,857]"pageId="8"pageNumber="19"pagination="1 - 659"refId="ref8711"refString="Grandi, G. Studi di un entomologo sugli Imenotteri superiori // Boll. Ist. Ent. Univ. Bologna. - 1961. - 23. - P. 1 - 659."type="book chapter"year="1961">1961</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFA14B67FFEE762130EDFCC5BA175311"author="Danks, H. V."box="[166,315,863,889]"pageId="8"pageNumber="19"pagination="323 - 399"refId="ref8443"refString="Danks, H. V. Biology of some stem-nesting Aculeate Hymenoptera // Transact. Royal Entomol. Soc. London. - 1971 (1970). - 122, N 11. - P. 323 - 399."type="journal article"year="1971">Danks, 1971</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFA14B67FFEE76213103FCC5B9265312"author="Krombein, K. V."box="[328,522,863,890]"pageId="8"pageNumber="19"refId="ref9065"refString="Krombein, K. V. Trap-nesting wasps and bees: life histories, nests and associates. - Baltimore: Port City Press, 1967. - 570 p."type="book"year="1967">Krombein, 1967</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="4C304D15FFEE762132A4FCE5BFE453F1"authority="Panzer, 1801 sensu Linsenmaier"authorityName="Panzer"authorityYear="1801"box="[751,1224,895,921]"class="Insecta"genus="Omalus"higherTaxonomySource="GBIF"kingdom="Animalia"order="Hymenoptera"pageId="8"pageNumber="19"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="genus">
<figureCitationid="130B2A13FFEE762130E5FC05BBC253D2"box="[174,238,927,954]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="8.[170,199,551,571]"captionTargetBox="[258,1152,178,512]"captionTargetId="figure-506@8.[197,1194,171,520]"captionTargetPageId="8"captionText="Fig. 8. Cocoons of the chrysidid wasps in the genus Omalus: a — O. auratus (from Danks, 1971); b — O. pusillus; c — O. auratus; d — O. violaceus (as O. coeruleus) (b, c, d — from Buysson, 1891); e — Omalus sp. (from Linsenmaier, 1972). Рис. 8. Коконы представителей рода Omalus: a — O. auratus (по Danks, 1971); b — O. pusillus; c — O. auratus; d — O. violaceus (как O. coeruleus) (b, c, d — по: Buysson, 1891); e — Omalus sp. (по: Linsenmaier, 1972)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403905"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403905/files/figure.png"pageId="8"pageNumber="19">fig. 8</figureCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="4C304D15FFEE7621335CFC25B89353B1"authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin"authorityYear="1878"box="[791,959,959,985]"class="Insecta"genus="Omalus"higherTaxonomySource="GBIF"kingdom="Animalia"order="Hymenoptera"pageId="8"pageNumber="19"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="sculpticollis">
<bibRefCitationid="EFA14B67FFEE7621341BFC65BFA65472"author="Grandi, G."box="[1104,1162,1023,1050]"pageId="8"pageNumber="19"pagination="1 - 659"refId="ref8711"refString="Grandi, G. Studi di un entomologo sugli Imenotteri superiori // Boll. Ist. Ent. Univ. Bologna. - 1961. - 23. - P. 1 - 659."type="book chapter"year="1961">1961</bibRefCitation>
differs by the white to pale yellow color, the absence of distinct nipple (instead the wall of cocoon proper under arch is more dense, matt and opaque) and the smaller size too (length —
<taxonomicNameid="4C304D15FFEE762131D5FB45B9655491"authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin"authorityYear="1878"box="[414,585,1247,1273]"class="Insecta"genus="Omalus"higherTaxonomySource="GBIF"kingdom="Animalia"order="Hymenoptera"pageId="8"pageNumber="19"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="sculpticollis">
contained the cast off skins of the last instar larvae. The level of sclerotization at mouthparts was high, and it was possible to identify some features of the mature larvae (
<figureCitationid="130B2A13FFEE76213246FA85B9605552"box="[525,588,1311,1338]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="9.[174,203,625,645]"captionTargetBox="[257,1185,202,600]"captionTargetId="figure-299@9.[229,1207,181,615]"captionTargetPageId="9"captionText="Fig. 9. Features of the last instar larva of Omalus sculpticollis: a — head, front view; b–d — left mandible (b — external side, c — top view, d — internal view). Рис. 9. Особенности строения личинки последнего возраста Omalus sculpticollis: a — голова, вид спереди; b–d — левая мандибула (b — вид снаружи, c — вид сверху, d — вид изнутри)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403907"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403907/files/figure.png"pageId="8"pageNumber="19">fig. 9</figureCitation>
): coronal suture and parietal bands present; antennal orbits circular, located below the middle of head; labrum with depression in the middle and with almost strait apical margin; labrum and clypeus punctulate; mandibles fourdentate (symmetrical); maxillae and clypeus with strong, pigmented bands.
<bibRefCitationid="EFA14B67FFEE76213415FA05BA1D55B1"author="Giordani Soika, A."pageId="8"pageNumber="19"pagination="337 - 344"refId="ref8641"refString="Giordani Soika, A. Etude sur les larves des Hymenopteres. II note // Ann. Soc. Entom. France. - 1934. - 53. - P. 337 - 344."type="book chapter"year="1934">Giordani Soika, 1934</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFA14B67FFEE762131A3FA25B90855B2"author="Grandi, G."box="[488,548,1471,1498]"pageId="8"pageNumber="19"pagination="1 - 659"refId="ref8711"refString="Grandi, G. Studi di un entomologo sugli Imenotteri superiori // Boll. Ist. Ent. Univ. Bologna. - 1961. - 23. - P. 1 - 659."type="book chapter"year="1961">1961</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="4C304D15FFEE7621344AFA25BF8755B1"authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin"authorityYear="1878"box="[1025,1195,1471,1497]"class="Insecta"genus="Omalus"higherTaxonomySource="GBIF"kingdom="Animalia"order="Hymenoptera"pageId="8"pageNumber="19"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="species"species="sculpticollis">
at least by following: the labrum with six (3 + 3) sensillae in the anterior part, distinctly cutout in the middle; clypeus is trapezoidal. The mature larva of
<bibRefCitationid="EFA14B67FFEE76213162F985B9355652"author="Tormos, J. & Krombein, K. V. & Asis, J. D. & Gayubo, S. F."box="[297,537,1567,1594]"pageId="8"pageNumber="19"pagination="151 - 155"refId="ref10437"refString="Tormos, J., Krombein, K. V., Asis, J. D., Gayubo, S. F. Description of preimaginal instars of four species of Elampini, with some notes on the phylogenetic importance of larval characters in this tribe (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) // Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ. - 1999. - 24. - P. 151 - 155."type="book chapter"year="1999">Tormos et al., 1999</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFA14B67FFEE76213366F9C5BF0A5612"author="Tormos, J. & Asis, J. D. & Gayubo, S. F. & Mingo, E."box="[813,1062,1631,1658]"pageId="8"pageNumber="19"pagination="56 - 63"refId="ref10369"refString="Tormos, J., Asis, J. D., Gayubo, S. F., Mingo, E. Description of the mature larvae of Chrysis gracillima and Omalus biaccinctus and new data on the biology of Trichrysis cyanea (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) // Florida Entomol. - 1996. - 79, N 1. - P. 56 - 63."type="book chapter"year="1996">Tormos et al. (1996)</bibRefCitation>
