364 lines
39 KiB
XML
364 lines
39 KiB
XML
<document ID-CLB-Dataset="297059" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.7316535" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bb605a32-1722-403b-9e46-bac664e1a8e5" ID-ISBN="0-8018-8221-4" checkinTime="1670905143547" checkinUser="guido" docAuthor="Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn" docDate="2005" docId="7043235F5AE8B166862A7822433D93E0" docLanguage="en" docName="MammalSpeciesofTheWorld.2005.Cricetidae.955-1189.xml" docOrigin="Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 2, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press" docTitle="Dicrostonyx Gloger 1841" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="05F3D1847A4743C70A50558FE6B48509" lastPageNumber="970" masterDocId="05F3D1847A4743C70A50558FE6B48509" masterDocTitle="Order Rodentia - Family Cricetidae" masterLastPageNumber="1189" masterPageNumber="955" pageNumber="970" updateTime="1716773916032" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="5AA51FBDB37C5EC9CCCCE07DB75ECCB2" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="5AC498E939D5DC85F31EE8DF7082D394">
|
||
<mods:title id="2F3EA4C399635D428D3F6A515DBE844D">Order Rodentia - Family Cricetidae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="4C17B9AACF549D1F2E8755444EF8AD96" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="835944957163B0C8AA15BDC762545FA2">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="D5A184ED9C1FE5E9F14FF12C64089DF7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="647FDC79072BD9A08BA8C72C91DF2B61">Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="5F508FB6C1441D1B20F14F0565D4D948" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="6E885D46D2F0D4ECAEC0C7505C53DBFF">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="F486C5582C251BA8C8AF259CE3F785D8">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="7666541ECE5094D4B28B5104C5EE7315">Reeder, DeeAnn</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="A27BC4C8198589513AB4994C5F52A109">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="B5585C9180C61AB2FA35E23EF51022F1" type="host">
|
||
<mods:originInfo id="71906FCFAEA59736076D715245402769">
|
||
<mods:dateIssued id="79A09D2350B1BC4E373E49DD39F9C977">2005</mods:dateIssued>
|
||
<mods:publisher id="9E9DED235575C1EDC01C8A464B10B896">The Johns Hopkins University Press</mods:publisher>
|
||
<mods:place id="A1A5AF3465F15D0D71844B14AD491B40">
|
||
<mods:placeTerm id="F9299E5EC8DC8417B99816B7E6DB2FD8">Baltimore</mods:placeTerm>
|
||
</mods:place>
|
||
</mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="6689934EAB15A43062002F78C26417FD">
|
||
<mods:title id="8B9FCADFFE0E228244427EEAE2A5EA91">Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 2</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="3B3392D3BA1F7915353338B56A9EA123">
|
||
<mods:extent id="F271008F57FEFAC90E31F0BE46E0B561" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="C4D43016C1DE4E7A0A4D22DDA6424BD4">955</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="07336B85D1DEFD78A490F0B519349915">1189</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="31D385D2B0D805C2C4042868A06BC715">book chapter</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="C4A8A5930DB33CB9492F7D22ACA4005D" type="ISBN">0-8018-8221-4</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="7439B70832C97343002138D1B2AF6F3A" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.7316535</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="7043235F5AE8B166862A7822433D93E0" ID-GBIF-Taxon="231522243" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7043235F5AE8B166862A7822433D93E0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7043235F5AE8B166862A7822433D93E0" lastPageNumber="970" pageNumber="970" sourceUrl="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=13000189">
|
||
<subSubSection id="CC596EA0F44A8E8BFF7FAE7D7F2BDCBB" pageNumber="970" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="D5A57EBD631A139CA88FE089C870E742" pageNumber="970">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4F57D114FB8275EB7857F86B698AFBFD" ID-CoL="44WN" authority="Gloger 1841" authorityName="Gloger" authorityYear="1841" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Dicrostonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="970" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D796D8977D2240A432EF800DD7CF8ABD" italics="true" pageNumber="970">Dicrostonyx</emphasis>
|
||
Gloger 1841
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FB8DB29AF7E383792768AD53823BCF06" pageNumber="970" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="788C65271ACBB0FD913ADA262F3CD86B" pageNumber="970">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="3D2B51B8608EB69461E17ACC2AF6B831" author="Gloger" authority="Gloger 1841" authorityName="Gloger" authorityYear="1841" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Dicrostonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" page="97" pageNumber="970" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" title="Dicrostonyx" volumeTitle="Gemein. Hand.-Hilfsbuch. Nat., Vol. 1" year="1841">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BFDD1A6793196799FDA1EE7A9762E95C" ID-CoL="44WN" authority="Gloger 1841" authorityName="Gloger" authorityYear="1841" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Dicrostonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="970" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0939F5A9403C91A6B59822781E27A237" italics="true" pageNumber="970">Dicrostonyx</emphasis>
|
||
Gloger 1841
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibCitation id="2DF15A708DA1E238D4EA77500D5F8A0E" author="Gloger" pageNumber="970" pagination="97" title="Dicrostonyx" volumeTitle="Gemein. Hand.-Hilfsbuch. Nat., Vol. 1" year="1841">Gemein. Hand.-Hilfsbuch. Nat., Vol. 1: 97</bibCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9FD22D5BBE082F6F788F88AF77EA79FD" pageNumber="970" type="type_taxon">
|
||
<paragraph id="105C8C61E44E1854D66F4AA47375D77A" pageNumber="970">
|
||
<emphasis id="008EF39C8ADBBD4478ACDF2313951CBF" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="970">Type Species:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83851D0DD2BE65BD17A6F2372CF2866E" authority="Pallas 1778" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1778" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="970" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hudsonius">
|
||
<emphasis id="81F4D83B790DE54B4DC7B729A618D482" italics="true" pageNumber="970">Mus hudsonius</emphasis>
|
||
Pallas 1778
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A9612AA2FF6454225A0344007DCCF5C5" pageNumber="970" type="child_taxa">
|
||
<paragraph id="6AB301A97560885085B97FC06BFF0953" pageNumber="970">
|
||
<emphasis id="49713A81EEAB07D22866B95B56090F0E" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="970">Species and subspecies:</emphasis>
|
||
8 species:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="859B0C03026AD42C3371C43E9C16045A" pageNumber="970">
|
||
Species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3853A1F0205D5A147D2BAC8C6D561C2" authority="(Traill 1823)" baseAuthorityName="Traill" baseAuthorityYear="1823" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Dicrostonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="970" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="groenlandicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E95B0A99975F03C2AA07C0BE0FB6E1C8" italics="true" pageNumber="970">Dicrostonyx groenlandicus</emphasis>
|
||
(Traill 1823)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="328A27F85002067B8F36D2C9CBBC303B" pageNumber="970">
|
||
Species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CB9562629401F7C743A0C431B520056" authority="(Pallas 1778)" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1778" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Dicrostonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="970" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hudsonius">
|
||
<emphasis id="D46349C9A9A6D4C223CA392D8BB6F431" italics="true" pageNumber="970">Dicrostonyx hudsonius</emphasis>
|
||
(Pallas 1778)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8255E7F0354A05CC9DBA005784E4EEF0" pageNumber="970">
|
||
Species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9717C39CA3A97B1781F54C76815AA173" authority="Merriam 1900" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1900" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Dicrostonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="970" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nelsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EB855400C38592A71F47AF5D36E8AEC" italics="true" pageNumber="970">Dicrostonyx nelsoni</emphasis>
|
||
Merriam 1900
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4FBB7EF9CFCA9B34542A62D61DC58937" pageNumber="970">
|
||
Species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="96FC964D615B39B465AE8BEB252D246C" authority="Youngman 1967" authorityName="Youngman" authorityYear="1967" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Dicrostonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="970" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nunatakensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E69C0006F10BFBC17A688151F16B0D72" italics="true" pageNumber="970">Dicrostonyx nunatakensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EA69DBA7B88EAA608E01470DA04FF41C" author="Youngman, P. M." refId="ref402038" refString="Youngman, P. M. 1967. A new subspecies of varying lemmings Dicrostonyx torquatus (Pallas), from Yukon Territory (Mammalia, Rodentia). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 80: 31 - 34." year="1967">Youngman 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FA8F42561E3882A2B36D2F29AF10A368" pageNumber="970">
|
||
Species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="161EBE2148456AC8935F9E3DE9D50B5A" authority="Merriam 1900" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1900" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Dicrostonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="970" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="richardsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="AB77D192B73118F3E18062F8AA8DC79D" italics="true" pageNumber="970">Dicrostonyx richardsoni</emphasis>
|
||
Merriam 1900
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B6FFB2E35B26E5773BE308BBE35C3CF0" pageNumber="970">
|
||
Species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7A42EAE9257A2E32226D73F3DD071F2E" authority="(Pallas 1778)" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1778" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Dicrostonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="970" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torquatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3B01F11995797914DF2DC7A32B645E9C" italics="true" pageNumber="970">Dicrostonyx torquatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Pallas 1778)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="91EE730D2C449E9D8E86718671A7B452" pageNumber="970">
|
||
Species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4FF20617AA71E3EEAF8D2785912DAAB5" authority="Merriam 1900" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1900" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Dicrostonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="970" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unalascensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="443788E9B2084ED1AA80CCCD9B3C9A3E" italics="true" pageNumber="970">Dicrostonyx unalascensis</emphasis>
|
||
Merriam 1900
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1CD7D0645B3558F81056A47B914E6E2F" pageNumber="970">
|
||
Species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7E102940433AE8202281640A7929B69" authority="Ognev 1948" authorityName="Ognev" authorityYear="1948" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Dicrostonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="970" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vinogradovi">
|
||
<emphasis id="C02F2854857175FA5606FAFE24CC049B" italics="true" pageNumber="970">Dicrostonyx vinogradovi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="468882E1BE745924373DAE94F0E92708" author="Ognev, S. I." refId="ref264527" refString="Ognev, S. I. 1948. Zveri SSSR i prilezhashchikh stran: Gryzuny (prodolzhenie). (Zveri vostochnoi Evropy i severnoi Azii) [Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries: Rodents (continued). (Mammals of eastern Europe and northern Asia)]. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 6: 1 - 559 (in Russian)." year="1948">Ognev 1948</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1C186B250F2A4E0D1143FB89DC04874E" pageNumber="970" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="573F1C4BE37E124937E1321A9914C92A" pageNumber="970">
|
||
<emphasis id="9903DE01B9E73426339C14653A837B8F" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="970">Discussion:</emphasis>
|
||
<paragraph id="5294E137D8B258417BE1D19BD0AF7AB3" pageNumber="970">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="514893756E26A920C59CF3EECC3F9D93" authority="Poliakov, 1881" authorityName="Poliakov" authorityYear="1881" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Borioikon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="535E1BE92BB5AAA9261B74E48F319F98" italics="true" pageNumber="970">Borioikon</emphasis>
|
||
Poliakov, 1881
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BC917A51BF31FB61C7BC88211C5F611A" authority="Wagler, 1830" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1830" class="Mammalia" family="Cuniculidae" genus="Cuniculus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C7676FAD21A079F4EAA1A4ADAADC2099" italics="true" pageNumber="970">Cuniculus</emphasis>
|
||
Wagler, 1830
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[not of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="17602995672A41C40A413C04D8E96A68" author="Brisson, M. J." refId="ref42298" refString="Brisson, M. J. 1762. Le regnum animale in classes IX distributum, sive synopsis methodica sistens generalem animalium distributionem in classes IX, & duarum primarum classium, quadrupedum scilicet & cetaceorum, particularem dibvisionem in ordines, sectiones, genera & species. T. Haak, Paris, 296 pp." year="1762">Brisson, 1762</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Gronovius, 1763, or Mayer, 1790];
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F078D59068C282D1F31AECB5CC0A45C5" authority="Hensel, 1855" authorityName="Hensel" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Misothermus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9E013581538131096FAB984F802ADE26" italics="true" pageNumber="970">Misothermus</emphasis>
|
||
Hensel, 1855
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1ADD676BCF6BE487933026BAD6C8E42D" authority="Schulze, 1897" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1897" class="Chilopoda" family="Geophilidae" genus="Tylonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geophilomorpha" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8F5596E10C710CE9A80FC4DF54075291" italics="true" pageNumber="970">Tylonyx</emphasis>
|
||
Schulze, 1897
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="77A937B1E17998E257A7512F7F4B1CFC" pageNumber="970">
|
||
Dicrostonychini.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3CD48351175B62B3AF987A8DCAB504F0" authorityName="Gloger" authorityYear="1841" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Dicrostonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="075DF78BAC1B10ED5BA3984ADB5B48C7" italics="true" pageNumber="970">Dicrostonyx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was initially grouped with other lemmings following Miller’s (1896) classic Lemmi-Microti division (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="154B1C70601182519E20E27EF716CECF" author="Ellerman, J. R." refId="ref92857" refString="Ellerman, J. R. 1941. The families and genera of living rodents. Vol. II. Family Muridae. British Museum (Natural History), London, 690 pp." year="1941">Ellerman, 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Hinton, 1926; Ognev, 1963;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0CB1C57EAD94EA73C3D3D49AB26808F4" author="Simpson, G. G." refId="ref328876" refString="Simpson, G. G. 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 85: 1 - 350." year="1945">Simpson, 1945</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A large and diverse information base, however, requires its tribal separation from the true lemmings (Lemmini) and suggests that the cladistic origin of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1503EF88203FD1D9B244CBBD18FE132F" authorityName="Gloger" authorityYear="1841" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Dicrostonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D701FC68641B4736292EE0F3D4BC8415" italics="true" pageNumber="970">Dicrostonyx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
dates to the earliest radiation of arvicolines (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="265E27833E834E579BD651F6FC7522AB" author="Carleton, M. D." refId="ref51433" refString="Carleton, M. D. 1981. A survey of gross stomach morphology in Microtinae (Rodentia, Muroidea). Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde, 46: 93 - 108." year="1981">Carleton, 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4DE5D4B7A8ACDEC33C1FFBC5A3D2BCFD" author="Chaline, J. & J. - D. Graf" refId="ref56950" refString="Chaline, J., and J. - D. Graf. 1988. Phylogeny of the Arvicolidae (Rodentia): Biochemical and paleontological evidence. Journal of Mammalogy, 69: 22 - 33." year="1988">Chaline and Graf, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DDB465FFFD9E4886B5189E2FF1624F34" author="Conroy, C. J. & J. A. Cook" refId="ref64900" refString="Conroy, C. J., and J. A. Cook. 1999. MtDNA evidence for repeated pulses of speciation within arvicoline and murid rodents. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 6: 221 - 245." year="1999">Conroy and Cook, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="58983317E0B1AAC6A8978B87E9CFAFF3" author="Gromov, I. M. & I. Ya. Polyakov" refId="ref130339" refString="Gromov, I. M., and I. Ya. Polyakov. 1977. Fauna SSSR, Mlekopitayushchie, tom 3, vyp. 8 [Fauna of the USSR, vol. 3, pt. 8, Mammals]. Polevki [Voles (Microtinae)]. Nauka, Moscow-Leningrad, 504 pp. (in Russian)." year="1977">Gromov and Polyakov, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="60D0EF4849BE28D852057DAAB2C0FEB7" author="Hinton, M. A. C." refId="ref154024" refString="Hinton, M. A. C. 1926 a. Monograph of the voles and lemmings (Microtinae) living and extinct. Volume 1. British Museum (Natural History), London, 488 pp." year="1926">
|
||
Hinton, 1926
|
||
<emphasis id="C71DCBCA87788EF91117F7F79E87714B" italics="true" pageNumber="970">a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D00D9A8AA17F9B0D3177100497AB554" author="Hooper, E. T. & B. S. Hart" refId="ref158686" refString="Hooper, E. T., and B. S. Hart. 1962. A synopsis of Recent North American microtine rodents. Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 120: 1 - 68." year="1962">Hooper and Hart, 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B38C63017BB55C06D4E71400EEFD4253" author="Kretzoi, M." refId="ref198259" refString="Kretzoi, M. 1969. Skizze einer Arvicoliden-Phylogenie. Vertebrata Hungarica (Budapest), 11: 155 - 193." year="1969">Kretzoi, 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="053A86C59CB6C3D01144352E6BDA0E46" author="Mezhzherin, S. V. & S. Yu. Morozov-Leonov & I. A. Kuznetsova" refId="ref240197" refString="Mezhzherin, S. V., S. Yu. Morozov-Leonov, and I. A. Kuznetsova. 1995. [Biochemical variation and genetic divergence in Palearctic voles (Arvicolidae): Subgenus Terricola, true lemmings Lemmus Link 1975, pied lemmings Dicrostonyx Gloger 1841, steppe lemmings Lagurus Gloger 1842, mole voles Ellobius Fischeer von Waldheim 1814.] Genetika, 31 (6): 788 - 797 (in Russian with English summary)." year="1995">Mezhzherin et al., 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D82497CC3B89EAA5247710E1943C3764" author="Modi, W. S." refId="ref244549" refString="Modi, W. S. 1987. Phylogenetic analyses of chromosomal banding patterns among the Nearctic Arvicolidae (Mammalia: Rodentia). Systematic Zoology, 36: 109 - 136." year="1987">Modi, 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D452ECAE826B2A1C1BF77F6942FBA018" author="Modi, W. S." refId="ref244620" refString="Modi, W. S. 1996. Phylogenetic history of LINE- 1 among arvicolid rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 13: 633 - 641." year="1996">1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Various aspects of taxonomy, karyology, distribution, and ecology are summarized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4B88AAF4A324AC5C92A6CB45589D264A" author="Stenseth, N. C. & R. A. Ims" refId="ref339843" refString="Stenseth, N. C., and R. A. Ims (eds.). 1993. The Biology of lemmings. Linnean Society Symposium Series 15. Academic Press, London, 683 pp." year="1993">Stenseth and Ims (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Pliocene-Pleistocene changes in molar complexity traced by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="661CEB8B5E0F8C4DCFA8668F29AAFA8B" author="Agadzhanyan, A. K." refId="ref1669" refString="Agadzhanyan, A. K. 1986. The history of collared lemmings in the Pleistocene. Pp. 379 - 388, in Beringia in the Cenozoic Era (V. L. Kontrimavichus, ed.). Russian translation series, no. 28. Rotterdam, A. A. Balkema, 724 pp." year="1986">Agadzhanyan (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Quaternary fossils place the generic occurrence in North America far to the south of its present distribution, e.g., in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="6AFD0E4769168109BB3BD5347304FD45" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EC643859E7D6557CCACBC431E12F0653" country="United States of America" name="Iowa">Iowa</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="1A4A8A9B3103075C935C90D5AB6CAF7A" country="United States of America" name="Maryland">Maryland</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="76F0960DA1E4F43148EBCDD32DB1177A" author="Graham, R. W. & E. L. Lundelius, Jr." refId="ref126685" refString="Graham, R. W., and E. L. Lundelius, Jr. 1994. FAUNMAP: A database documenting Late Quaternary distributions of mammal species in the United States. Scientific Papers, Illinois State Museum, 25 (1 and 2): 1 - 690." year="1994">Graham and Lundelius, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="78C99BED6BDBA6961EDFA5E4AEDDCAF3" author="Mead, E. M. & J. I. Mead" refId="ref234402" refString="Mead, E. M., and J. I. Mead. 1989. Quaternary zoogeography of the Nearctic Dicrostonyx lemmings. Boreas, 18: 323 - 332." year="1989">Mead and Mead, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="335CF2D2F99E7C403B7E8A50A0212097" pageNumber="970">
|
||
The simple viewpoint of a single circumpolar species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A2C9F875A2845D028FFB0A4EA17D2956" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1778" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Dicrostonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torquatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E95BA0EE854BFD2CFAA3F3755C9587DD" italics="true" pageNumber="970">D. torquatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as advocated by Ognev (1963) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB6AF8CA20A22E4A315897BB00C1BF1" author="Rausch, R. L." refId="ref297922" refString="Rausch, R. L. 1953. On the status of some Arctic mammals. Arctic (Journal of the Arctic Institute of North America), 6: 91 - 148." year="1953">Rausch (1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1963), was unsettled by karyological and breeding studies in recent decades that implied a geographically partitioned superspecies complex (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="693E2EBC3C2AC3EEBFA40AA33DB0992E" author="Chernyavskii, F. B. & A. I. Kozlovskii" refId="ref59793" refString="Chernyavskii, F. B., and A. I. Kozlovskii. 1980. [Species status and history of Arctic lemmings (Dicrostonyx, Rodentia) on Wrangel Island]. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 59: 266 - 273 (in Russian)." year="1980">Chernyavskii and Kozlovskii, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Gileva, 1983;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9E71BB4EB113CC61219F2344E3FCC5EA" author="Krohne, D. T." refId="ref198375" refString="Krohne, D. T. 1982. The karyotype of Dicrostonyx hudsonius. Journal of Mammalogy, 63: 174 - 176." year="1982">Krohne, 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CB37E79749A651E65CF9AF4D1317EB68" author="Rausch, R. L." refId="ref298080" refString="Rausch, R. L. 1977. On the zoogeography of some Beringian mammals. Pp. 162 - 177, in Uspekhi sovremennoi teriologii [Advances in modern theriology] (V. E. Sokolov, ed.). Nauka, Moscow, 296 pp. (in Russian)." year="1977">Rausch, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="26577017ABF55D49DC8E9252D0688EF9" author="Rausch, R. L. & V. R. Rausch" refId="ref298267" refString="Rausch, R. L., and V. R. Rausch. 1972. Observations on chromosomes of Dicrostonyx torquatus stevensoni Nelson and chromosomal diversity in varying lemmings. Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde, 37: 372 - 384." year="1972">Rausch and Rausch, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The occurrence of collared lemmings in quite different tundra biotopes (e.g., see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8627B6AFABD4631D5555D99F32292DBE" author="Youngman, P. M." refId="ref402081" refString="Youngman, P. M. 1975. Mammals of the Yukon Territory. National Museum of Natural Sciences (Ottawa), Publications in Zoology, 10: 1 - 192." year="1975">Youngman, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) alone disputed the existence of a single species within North America. Later authorities either have listed the North American karyotypic variants as species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="25DE970430396D879FC98314C8D0286B" author="Baker, R. J. & L. C. Bradley & R. D. Bradley & J. W. Dragoo & M. D. Engstrom & R. S. Hoffmann & C. A. Jones & F. Reid & D. W. Rice & C. Jones" refId="ref19103" refString="Baker, R. J., L. C. Bradley, R. D. Bradley, J. W. Dragoo, M. D. Engstrom, R. S. Hoffmann, C. A. Jones, F. Reid, D. W. Rice, and C. Jones. 2003 b. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 2003. Occasional Papers Museum of Texas Tech University, 229: 1 - 23." year="2003">
|
||
Baker et al., 2003
|
||
<emphasis id="0340A40476C16ED30858B34EC16B80AA" italics="true" pageNumber="970">b</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2FE2370FC701ED424F2490464810FAAB" author="Corbet, G. B. & J. E. Hill" refId="ref67916" refString="Corbet, G. B., and J. E. Hill. 1991. A world list of mammalian species. Third ed. British Museum (Natural History) Publications, London, 243 pp." year="1991">Corbet and Hill, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9E0116601A9DCFAF2C4B3D41B0A4A14C" author="Honacki, J. H. & K. E. Kinman & J. W. Koeppl" refId="ref157366" refString="Honacki, J. H., K. E. Kinman and J. W. Koeppl (eds.). 1982. Mammal species of the world, a taxonomic and geographic reference. Allen Press, Inc. and The Association of Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas, 694 pp." year="1982">Honacki et al., 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6AB615BF5EFB9756C702C5C5F87C1B0F" author="Jones, J. K., Jr. & D. C. Carter & H. H. Genoways & R. S. Hoffman & D. W. Rice & C. Jones" refId="ref177074" refString="Jones, J. K., Jr., D. C. Carter, H. H. Genoways, R. S. Hoffman, D. W. Rice, and C. Jones. 1986. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico. Occasional Papers, The Museum, Texas Tech University, 107: 1 - 22." year="1986">Jones et al., 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1997;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E7172B188EF1EF8E25ADF1FC0CA1067C" author="Musser, G. G. & M. D. Carleton" refId="ref252333" refString="Musser, G. G., and M. D. Carleton. 1993. Family Muridae. Pp. 501 - 755, in: Mammal species of the world, a taxonomic and geographic reference, Second ed. (D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D. C., xviii + 1206 pp." year="1993">Musser and Carleton, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); or continued to recognize most as subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="12DB73DC9813019C6C448730077816F7" baseAuthorityName="Traill" baseAuthorityYear="1823" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Dicrostonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="groenlandicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BECD6846161DD4D97DC2E6A400F46D02" italics="true" pageNumber="970">D. groenlandicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, retaining only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D332FC9C5A8D01A7453E4180F8297CEE" authorityName="G. M. Allen" authorityYear="1919" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Dicrostonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exsul">
|
||
<emphasis id="29AFF91E24074854D95FEC0FDA4E251C" italics="true" pageNumber="970">D. exsul</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on St. Lawrence Isl and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="811E6B0726E7014522D2DC41E70A3828" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1778" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Dicrostonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hudsonius">
|
||
<emphasis id="042183D3DD0907A63377D6B1779F3979" italics="true" pageNumber="970">D. hudsonius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the Ungava Peninsula as separate (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0C485D11A0F5BBD7EC7A4E897AD15BD" author="Hall, E. R." refId="ref137310" refString="Hall, E. R. 1981. The mammals of North America. Second ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1: 1 - 600 + 90, 2: 601 - 1181 + 90." year="1981">Hall, 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); or modified Hall’s treatment to yield two New World species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D08B16B319CFCDA276209429B3472FE4" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1778" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Dicrostonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hudsonius">
|
||
<emphasis id="8B3687DA72484E48D5816F44D958E5D8" italics="true" pageNumber="970">D. hudsonius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="631C7B6116A9F9BA31857E8A4B3C4281" baseAuthorityName="Traill" baseAuthorityYear="1823" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Dicrostonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="groenlandicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F455B3F6586240C8C5144B491B674AF8" italics="true" pageNumber="970">D. groenlandicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the latter embracing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="940A84657B046165A0EDE8AEC516393F" authorityName="G. M. Allen" authorityYear="1919" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Dicrostonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exsul">
|
||
<emphasis id="43C16A9647B4C66E7766F15DBFB5A633" italics="true" pageNumber="970">exsul</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D552A9D5A99449291760DD8BA10DB0A" authorityName="Ognev" authorityYear="1948" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Dicrostonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vinogradovi">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0420B154B491F46CE8919028F64474A" italics="true" pageNumber="970">vinogradovi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on Wrangel Isl (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4CA1BE22E33CF6A217B922191A873DC0" author="Jarrell, G. H. & K. Fredga" refId="ref172504" refString="Jarrell, G. H., and K. Fredga. 1993. How many kinds of lemmings? A taxonomic overview. Pp. 46 - 57, in The biology of lemmings (N. C. Stenseth and R. A. Ims, eds.). Linnean Society Symposium Series 15, Academic Press, London, 683 pp." year="1993">Jarrell and Fredga, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="362F68CEC632627BB5D7D366928DF60E" pageNumber="970">
|
||
The kinds of studies needed to settle this indecision emerged in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C6BCCCFC1D35819348FBE9F4C3197706" author="International Union for the Conservation of Nature & Natural Resources" refId="ref168783" refString="International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 1990. 1990 IUCN red list of threatened animals. I. U. C. N., Gland, Switzerland, 228 pp." year="1990">the 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
s (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="895BC266BFC034F19BC72366F3DA85F8" author="Borowik, O. A. & M. D. Engstrom" refId="ref37547" refString="Borowik, O. A., and M. D. Engstrom. 1993. Chromosomal evolution and biogeography of collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx) in the eastern and High Arctic of Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 71: 1481 - 1493." year="1993">Borowik and Engstrom, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1B02E49355536D9976B50737D0269183" author="Eger, J. L." refId="ref91570" refString="Eger, J. L. 1995. Morphometric variation in the Nearctic collared lemming (Dicrostonyx). Journal of the Zoological Society of London, 235: 143 - 161." year="1995">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="A77CCBEB1B4F201EABE3B5312BD30D5D" country="Hungary" name="Eger">Eger</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="24E19AB9A8211F371B475ED5D73A49AE" author="Ehrich, D. & V. B. Fedorov & N. C. Stenseth & C. J. Krebs & A. Kenny" refId="ref91787" refString="Ehrich, D., V. B. Fedorov, N. C. Stenseth, C. J. Krebs, and A. Kenny. 2000. Phylogeography and mitochrondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity in North American collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus). Molecular Ecology, 9: 329 - 337." year="2000">Ehrich et al., 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="82A15B93C2BD5442F539711983058FC4" author="Engstrom, M. D. & A. J. Baker & J. L. Eger & R. Boonstra & R. J. Brooks" refId="ref96041" refString="Engstrom, M. D., A. J. Baker, J. L. Eger, R. Boonstra, and R. J. Brooks. 1993. Chromosomal and mitochrondrial DNA variation in four laboratory populations of collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 71: 42 - 48." year="1993">Engstrom et al., 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="806BE8B9B7D9A8CE77311285BF38D45F" author="Fedorov, V. B. & K. Fredga & G. H. Jarrell" refId="ref98703" refString="Fedorov, V. B., K. Fredga, and G. H. Jarrell. 1999 a. Mitochondrial DNA variation and the evolutionary history of chromosome races of collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx) in the Eurasian Arctic. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 12: 134 - 145." year="1999">
|
||
Fedorov et al., 1999
|
||
<emphasis id="B47F4C2AE917D65B2F37D1F1148A52AF" italics="true" pageNumber="970">a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="61C9CB91A7799C39CF66EE04AF9437BC" author="Van Wynsberghe, N. R. & M. D. Engstrom" refId="ref367378" refString="Van Wynsberghe, N. R., and M. D. Engstrom. 1992. Chromosomal variation in collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx) from the western Hudson Bay region. Musk Ox, 39: 203 - 209." year="1992">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5F9401577A8BECEFB322AD6BE59FA356" country="Turkey" name="Van">Van</collectingRegion>
|
||
Wynsberghe and Engstrom, 1992
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). While the framework for taxonomic understanding is thus much improved, straightforward declarations of synonymy of studied taxa would help much to signal systematic conclusions. As indicated in 1993, the specific recognition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2166ED7E43F7E34CCB9DA5A7B3A2059D" baseAuthorityName="Traill" baseAuthorityYear="1823" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Dicrostonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="groenlandicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EEAC750EAC254059673C0EA0A9097CCC" italics="true" pageNumber="970">D. groenlandicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F514E9A8B5387283E7379A722A9E1995" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1778" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Dicrostonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hudsonius">
|
||
<emphasis id="D675595503BFE0E77243D17DAC62F6A8" italics="true" pageNumber="970">D. hudsonius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0B17CDE0FCA6FC07E66C4B0E253DF9C3" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1900" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Dicrostonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="richardsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="10D6C550B095CC0AA90C6DC2C8034B17" italics="true" pageNumber="970">D. richardsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D527365789852A718351CC8F7420441B" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1900" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Dicrostonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unalascensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="81C69751BDFEB4F53772185D99E375FE" italics="true" pageNumber="970">D. unalascensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is defensible on morphological grounds, and such an interpretation is generally consistent with these recent research contributions. The distinctiveness of other North American taxa, namely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F0314050D8F98F3A3DD6D865C3F3FC2" authorityName="Anderson and Rand" authorityYear="1945" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Dicrostonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kilangmiutak">
|
||
<emphasis id="CA950AD97BBB1014544BE8FCBC4C707F" italics="true" pageNumber="970">kilangmiutak</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="87BA94F3AC964FE21291462002A8B274" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Dicrostonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubricatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EEC6AEA8282A452C5856DD111738B30" italics="true" pageNumber="970">rubricatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, has not been sustained by this body of research, which points to their synonymy under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DA2CCAF7E9C6B963A4EE4DCAF24F6BF7" baseAuthorityName="Traill" baseAuthorityYear="1823" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Dicrostonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="groenlandicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="04CD8E821CF54185C80B39A564A571ED" italics="true" pageNumber="970">D. groenlandicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EA526ACA906E1F574795D6F06E81C2C7" author="Eger, J. L." refId="ref91570" refString="Eger, J. L. 1995. Morphometric variation in the Nearctic collared lemming (Dicrostonyx). Journal of the Zoological Society of London, 235: 143 - 161." year="1995">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4B1A75B27B10147D33BA638161AFB2C2" country="Hungary" name="Eger">Eger</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B4456C3658A51ECE5F76A9DEC33F751C" author="Ehrich, D. & V. B. Fedorov & N. C. Stenseth & C. J. Krebs & A. Kenny" refId="ref91787" refString="Ehrich, D., V. B. Fedorov, N. C. Stenseth, C. J. Krebs, and A. Kenny. 2000. Phylogeography and mitochrondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity in North American collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus). Molecular Ecology, 9: 329 - 337." year="2000">Ehrich et al., 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We continue to provisionally retain as species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="05610621404019AD0B6C9842BF83AD2D" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1900" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Dicrostonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nelsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="4C25356040E957402F1A7B0A290DCE2C" italics="true" pageNumber="970">D. nelsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8C3B603382CCCB541AB55B742D61DDD8" authorityName="Youngman" authorityYear="1967" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Dicrostonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nunatakensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4ABF36761F19948B92EEFA9F5C507DE4" italics="true" pageNumber="970">D. nunatakensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(specimens of latter not seen), examples of which have yet to be critically addressed in the on-going systematic review of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="737747DC840CD0B743E0538253584AED" authorityName="Gloger" authorityYear="1841" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Dicrostonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91A074C231AC8E32B313D5CD59863E5D" italics="true" pageNumber="970">Dicrostonyx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; nor is the evidence for merging
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B37C56DD5DE95758FEEDFE0E35696E54" authorityName="Ognev" authorityYear="1948" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Dicrostonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vinogradovi">
|
||
<emphasis id="A13CBA679C2EA6A3C4ADEA6EB74E7B9A" italics="true" pageNumber="970">D. vinogradovi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as another form of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B3E3FA54EDDA5886A280D7E183998060" baseAuthorityName="Traill" baseAuthorityYear="1823" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Dicrostonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="groenlandicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F9EBED3BA1E317A741802F3E21FFAE0F" italics="true" pageNumber="970">D. groenlandicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as advanced by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C284D255C8E56F787E98752F9E60960" author="Jarrell, G. H. & K. Fredga" refId="ref172504" refString="Jarrell, G. H., and K. Fredga. 1993. How many kinds of lemmings? A taxonomic overview. Pp. 46 - 57, in The biology of lemmings (N. C. Stenseth and R. A. Ims, eds.). Linnean Society Symposium Series 15, Academic Press, London, 683 pp." year="1993">Jarrell and Fredga (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, sufficiently convincing to date
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |