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<document id="74E595764E7D6F2EFF424ED34C9D0B8D" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13949596" ID-ZooBank="27C5E1BE-6443-463E-A75A-154D099A2762" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="valdenar" checkinTime="1729235909469" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia &amp; Menegola, Carla" docDate="2024" docId="503687B62450836CFF5EFCDC78C3F494" docLanguage="en" docName="Zootaxa.5523.4.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5523 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Acarnus hooperi Ozga, Santos &amp; Menegola, 2024, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="409" masterDocId="AC0FFFCE24568364FFC9FF807A30F51D" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species" masterLastPageNumber="422" masterPageNumber="401" pageNumber="407" updateTime="1729619328273" updateUser="valdenar" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="87E0141D74C38E24F011142E7AC114EF">Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="06F7547D8545966AC713E7238DBE8D45">Ozga, Aline Vasum</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="6C19E9B0DCE5FD4742D855E7948C6944">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Bloco IV, Prédio 43433, Sala 214, CEP 91501 - 970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="42EE4AB18FA1377E3EC5BBA7043A6845">Santos, George Garcia</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="0C8B42FD0D6794D1386D28DE727AA602">Universidade Federal do Cariri, Instituto de Formação de Educadores, Rua Olegário Emídio de Araújo, s / n, CEP 63260 - 000, Brejo Santo, Ceará, Brasil. &amp; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Diversidade Biológica e Recursos Naturais (PPGDR), Universidade Regional do Cariri (URCA), Centro de Biológicas e da Saúde (CCBS), Pimenta, CEP 63105 - 000, Crato, Ceará, Brasil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F48DCE4F231898E9838699E76EDF8733">Menegola, Carla</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="1C576B5E9B61B0525A55863571016660">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Bloco IV, Prédio 43433, Sala 214, CEP 91501 - 970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. &amp; Centro de Estudos Costeiros, Limnológicos e Marinhos (CECLIMAR), Campus Litoral Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Tramandaí, 976, CEP 95.625 - 000, Imbé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="4DEFB98844CFB8213E2CFC7C6EB82667">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="EC435D404F6AD02BE4B958BF3B61BB0B">
<mods:date id="6F3383489847AED74702511D3ED1A55A">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B93EB28FE07C549A28B7F23724120DFB">2024-10-17</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="2A394C784284AD316C4A62B4F7C9AC81">5523</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="0F737A3D90D8D93D4EB946D396882DE6">4</mods:number>
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<treatment id="503687B62450836CFF5EFCDC78C3F494" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:503687B62450836CFF5EFCDC78C3F494" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/503687B62450836CFF5EFCDC78C3F494" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="409" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
<subSubSection id="9085652B24508362FF5EFCDC78F3F66B" box="[151,707,859,886]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="D82036A024508362FF5EFCDC78F3F66B" blockId="6.[151,707,859,922]" box="[151,707,859,886]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
<heading id="836881CC24508362FF5EFCDC78F3F66B" bold="true" box="[151,707,859,886]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" reason="1">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FF5EFCDC78F3F66B" bold="true" box="[151,707,859,886]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324508362FF5EFCDC7B52F66B" authorityName="Ozga &amp; Santos &amp; Menegola" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,354,859,886]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hooperi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FF5EFCDC7B52F66B" bold="true" box="[151,354,859,886]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Acarnus hooperi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F1D857C924508362FEA0FCDC7BF7F66B" box="[361,455,860,886]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Santos &amp; Menegola
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9085652B24508362FF5EFC007BB3F687" box="[151,387,896,922]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" type="description">
<paragraph id="D82036A024508362FF5EFC007BB3F687" blockId="6.[151,707,859,922]" box="[151,387,896,922]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
(
<figureCitation id="40A42A2524508362FF56FC007B2CF687" box="[159,284,896,922]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1384,1408]" captionTargetBox="[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Acarnus hooperi sp. nov. (Paratype MNRJ 6491). A, style; B, detail of the style; C, tylotes (a polytyloted form in the right); D, detail of the tylotes with microspined ends; E, cladotylotes I and II; F, detail of the cladotylote I; G, acanthostyles; H, detail of the acanthostyle with blunt spines; I, two toxa II (deeply curved); J, toxa I (accolada); K, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 100µm; 40µm; B, 10µm; C, 100µm; D, 5µm; E, 40µm; F, 5µm; G, 20µm; H, 5µm; I and J, 40µm; K, 5µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949606" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949606/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Fig. 4A–K</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="951D031B24508362FEEEFC007B4AF687" box="[295,378,896,922]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="8.[152,244,440,464]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 2. Comparative table of spicule categories of Acarnus hooperi sp. nov. and Acarnus nicoleae van Soest et al., 1991. Values are expressed in minimum– medium–maximum (µm). *Spicule measurements from the original description." pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Table 2</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9085652B24508362FF5EFC487E2FF153" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="D82036A024508362FF5EFC487E2FF153" blockId="6.[151,1437,968,2039]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FF5EFC487B4EF6FF" bold="true" box="[151,382,968,994]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="68F73CFD24508362FE4AFC487E61F11B" collectingDate="2000-12-30" collectionCode="MNRJ" collectorName="Coll. E. Hajdu &amp; C. Menegola." country="Brazil" determinerName="Det. G. Santos" elevation="3" latitude="-22.954168" location="Vermelha Beach" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-43.163612" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" specimenCode="MNRJ 3942" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio de Janeiro" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="0724880224508362FE4AFC487BC0F6FF" box="[387,496,968,994]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
<specimenCode id="88399EDB24508362FE3EFC4978B1F6FF" box="[503,641,968,995]" collectionCode="MNRJ" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">MNRJ 3942</specimenCode>
,
<collectingCountry id="A088763024508362FD43FC4878E1F6FF" box="[650,721,968,994]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="1A5BF84224508362FD13FC487986F6FF" box="[730,950,968,994]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Rio de Janeiro State</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="DD40607B24508362FC77FC487E47F6FF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:503687B62450836CFF5EFCDC78C3F494:DD40607B24508362FC77FC487E47F6FF" box="[958,1143,968,994]" country="Brazil" latitude="-22.954168" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-43.163612" name="Vermelha Beach" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" stateProvince="Rio de Janeiro">Vermelha Beach</location>
,
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<geoCoordinate id="BDAB506724508362FAC1FC487FA8F6FF" box="[1288,1432,968,994]" degrees="43" direction="west" minutes="09" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" precision="15" seconds="49" value="-43.163612">43°09’49”W</geoCoordinate>
,
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depth
</elevation>
,
<collectorName id="756A537624508362FEE0FC6C7BFCF11B" box="[297,460,1004,1031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Coll. E. Hajdu</collectorName>
, free diving,
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<collectingDate id="BC65E98824508362FD97FC6C78D9F11B" box="[606,745,1004,1030]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" value="2000-12-30">30.XII.2000</collectingDate>
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,
<determinerName id="2DFCDA6424508362FD3DFC6D79A6F11B" box="[756,918,1004,1031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Det. G. Santos</determinerName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="756A537624508362FC70FC6C7E61F11B" box="[953,1105,1004,1030]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">C. Menegola.</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="68F73CFD24508362FB9FFC6D7F6DF137" collectionCode="MNRJ" country="Brazil" elevation="60" latitude="-22.196693" location="Rio de Janeiro State" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-40.49339" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" specimenCode="MNRJ 6460, 6464, 6466, 6491, 6577, 6580" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio de Janeiro" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus id="0724880224508362FB9FFC6D7E8CF11A" box="[1110,1212,1005,1031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
:
<specimenCode id="88399EDB24508362FB0EFC6D7F63F11B" box="[1223,1363,1004,1031]" collectionCode="MNRJ" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">MNRJ 6460</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCode id="88399EDB24508362FA94FC6C7FA8F11B" box="[1373,1432,1004,1030]" collectionCode="MNRJ" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">6464</specimenCode>
,
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,
<specimenCode id="88399EDB24508362FF29FB907B2BF137" box="[224,283,1040,1066]" collectionCode="MNRJ" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">6491</specimenCode>
,
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,
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,
<collectingCountry id="A088763024508362FE72FB907832F137" box="[443,514,1040,1066]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
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, #y1,
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<geoCoordinate id="BDAB506724508362FC21FB907EBDF137" box="[1000,1165,1040,1066]" degrees="40" direction="west" minutes="29" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" precision="1" seconds="36.2" value="-40.49339">40°29’36.2”W</geoCoordinate>
,
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depth
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, coll
</materialsCitation>
.
<collectionCode id="BE8EAE6524508362FAA2FB917F4FF136" box="[1387,1407,1041,1067]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">R</collectionCode>
.
<collectionCode id="BE8EAE6524508362FA4AFB917FA9F136" box="[1411,1433,1041,1067]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
. “Astro Garoupa”, through dredging,
<date id="AC21106024508362FDFAFBB47884F153" box="[563,692,1076,1102]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" value="2002-06-11">
11.
<materialsCitation id="68F73CFD24508362FD99FBB47884F153" box="[592,692,1076,1102]" collectionCode="VI" collectorName="C. Menegola." country="Brazil" determinerName="Det. G. Santos" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio de Janeiro" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectionCode id="BE8EAE6524508362FD99FBB47841F153" box="[592,625,1076,1102]" country="Norway" name="Mykotektet, National Veterinary Institute" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">VI</collectionCode>
.2002
</materialsCitation>
</date>
,
<determinerName id="2DFCDA6424508362FD09FBB57953F153" box="[704,867,1076,1103]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Det. G. Santos</determinerName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="756A537624508362FC4EFBB47E2FF153" box="[903,1055,1076,1102]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">C. Menegola.</collectorName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9085652B24508362FF0EFBD87ED5F18B" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="D82036A024508362FF0EFBD87ED5F18B" blockId="6.[151,1437,968,2039]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FF0EFBD87B71F16F" bold="true" box="[199,321,1112,1138]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324508362FE82FBD87B98F16F" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[331,424,1112,1138]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FE82FBD87B98F16F" box="[331,424,1112,1138]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Acarnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with a combination of blunt spines over acanthostyles, longer and thicker megascleres (style 505/13 µm; tylote 425/8 µm), cladotylotes with less clads (3–4) and larger chelae (~40 µm).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9085652B24508362FF0EFB207820F203" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" type="description">
<paragraph id="D82036A024508362FF0EFB207EE1F057" blockId="6.[151,1437,968,2039]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FF0EFB207B61F1A7" bold="true" box="[199,337,1184,1210]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Description</emphasis>
. Thinly encrusting sponge (
<quantity id="1F679B4524508362FD59FB2078E0F1A6" box="[656,720,1184,1211]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
thick) growing on dead coral fragments (MNRJ 3942). Surface varying from smooth to rough, with spicules protruding externally. Fragile consistency, MNRJ 3942 had a “soft cheese” consistency in life. Color in life red, pale in preservation. The fragments in general are quite damaged, in which oscules and pores are not visible.
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324508362FDAFFA8C7913F03B" authorityName="Ozga &amp; Santos &amp; Menegola" authorityYear="2024" box="[614,803,1292,1318]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hooperi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FDAFFA8C7913F03B" box="[614,803,1292,1318]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Acarnus hooperi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FCE2FA8C79B6F03B" bold="true" box="[811,902,1292,1318]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F1D857C924508362FCE2FA8C79B6F03B" box="[811,902,1292,1318]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
was found in two distinct forms: encrusting in algae thallus (most specimens) and homogeneously amalgamated in sand grains (
<specimenCount id="CE99FD2924508362FBECFAB07EF5F057" box="[1061,1221,1328,1354]" count="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D82036A024508362FF0EFAD47B32F0AB" blockId="6.[151,1437,968,2039]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FF0EFAD47B05F073" bold="true" box="[199,309,1364,1390]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Skeleton.</emphasis>
Ectosome with tangential tylotes. Choanosome with scarce spongin, but echinated plumose tracts are nevertheless formed, ascending from the substrate; echinating spicules (acanthostyles) singly erect on the substrate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D82036A024508362FF0EFA407820F203" blockId="6.[151,1437,968,2039]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FF0EFA407B19F0C7" bold="true" box="[199,297,1472,1498]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Spicules</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="40A42A2524508362FEF4FA407B8CF0C7" box="[317,444,1472,1498]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1384,1408]" captionTargetBox="[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Acarnus hooperi sp. nov. (Paratype MNRJ 6491). A, style; B, detail of the style; C, tylotes (a polytyloted form in the right); D, detail of the tylotes with microspined ends; E, cladotylotes I and II; F, detail of the cladotylote I; G, acanthostyles; H, detail of the acanthostyle with blunt spines; I, two toxa II (deeply curved); J, toxa I (accolada); K, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 100µm; 40µm; B, 10µm; C, 100µm; D, 5µm; E, 40µm; F, 5µm; G, 20µm; H, 5µm; I and J, 40µm; K, 5µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949606" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949606/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Fig. 4A–K</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FE1FFA407841F0C7" bold="true" box="[470,625,1472,1498]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Megascleres:</emphasis>
styles (
<figureCitation id="40A42A2524508362FD19FA40794CF0C7" box="[720,892,1472,1498]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1384,1408]" captionTargetBox="[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Acarnus hooperi sp. nov. (Paratype MNRJ 6491). A, style; B, detail of the style; C, tylotes (a polytyloted form in the right); D, detail of the tylotes with microspined ends; E, cladotylotes I and II; F, detail of the cladotylote I; G, acanthostyles; H, detail of the acanthostyle with blunt spines; I, two toxa II (deeply curved); J, toxa I (accolada); K, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 100µm; 40µm; B, 10µm; C, 100µm; D, 5µm; E, 40µm; F, 5µm; G, 20µm; H, 5µm; I and J, 40µm; K, 5µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949606" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949606/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Fig. 4A and B</figureCitation>
) with rugose spines (319–442.8–505/ 7.9–10– 13.3 µm). Microspined tylotes (
<figureCitation id="40A42A2524508362FDCBFA647898F0E3" box="[514,680,1508,1534]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1384,1408]" captionTargetBox="[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Acarnus hooperi sp. nov. (Paratype MNRJ 6491). A, style; B, detail of the style; C, tylotes (a polytyloted form in the right); D, detail of the tylotes with microspined ends; E, cladotylotes I and II; F, detail of the cladotylote I; G, acanthostyles; H, detail of the acanthostyle with blunt spines; I, two toxa II (deeply curved); J, toxa I (accolada); K, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 100µm; 40µm; B, 10µm; C, 100µm; D, 5µm; E, 40µm; F, 5µm; G, 20µm; H, 5µm; I and J, 40µm; K, 5µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949606" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949606/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Fig. 4C and D</figureCitation>
) with well-developed heads, shaft thoroughly smooth and slightly curved (266–345–425/ 5.3–6.0–7.9 µm). Acanthostyles (
<figureCitation id="40A42A2524508362FCD2F98879F2F33F" box="[795,962,1544,1570]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1384,1408]" captionTargetBox="[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Acarnus hooperi sp. nov. (Paratype MNRJ 6491). A, style; B, detail of the style; C, tylotes (a polytyloted form in the right); D, detail of the tylotes with microspined ends; E, cladotylotes I and II; F, detail of the cladotylote I; G, acanthostyles; H, detail of the acanthostyle with blunt spines; I, two toxa II (deeply curved); J, toxa I (accolada); K, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 100µm; 40µm; B, 10µm; C, 100µm; D, 5µm; E, 40µm; F, 5µm; G, 20µm; H, 5µm; I and J, 40µm; K, 5µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949606" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949606/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Fig. 4G and H</figureCitation>
) slightly curved and spiny on their entire surface, but density of spines varying along the length, base with rounded spines (66.5–97.7–109/ 2.9–3.4–4.8 µm). Cladotylotes I (
<figureCitation id="40A42A2524508362FE81F9D07BD9F377" box="[328,489,1616,1642]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1384,1408]" captionTargetBox="[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Acarnus hooperi sp. nov. (Paratype MNRJ 6491). A, style; B, detail of the style; C, tylotes (a polytyloted form in the right); D, detail of the tylotes with microspined ends; E, cladotylotes I and II; F, detail of the cladotylote I; G, acanthostyles; H, detail of the acanthostyle with blunt spines; I, two toxa II (deeply curved); J, toxa I (accolada); K, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 100µm; 40µm; B, 10µm; C, 100µm; D, 5µm; E, 40µm; F, 5µm; G, 20µm; H, 5µm; I and J, 40µm; K, 5µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949606" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949606/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Fig. 4E and F</figureCitation>
) sparsely spined shaft, stout and strongly hooked, with a cladome more developed than the other, with three to four clads (172–210.7–260/ 8–8.9–10.6 µm). Cladotylotes II (
<figureCitation id="40A42A2524508362FB51F9F47EDEF393" box="[1176,1262,1652,1678]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1384,1408]" captionTargetBox="[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Acarnus hooperi sp. nov. (Paratype MNRJ 6491). A, style; B, detail of the style; C, tylotes (a polytyloted form in the right); D, detail of the tylotes with microspined ends; E, cladotylotes I and II; F, detail of the cladotylote I; G, acanthostyles; H, detail of the acanthostyle with blunt spines; I, two toxa II (deeply curved); J, toxa I (accolada); K, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 100µm; 40µm; B, 10µm; C, 100µm; D, 5µm; E, 40µm; F, 5µm; G, 20µm; H, 5µm; I and J, 40µm; K, 5µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949606" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949606/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
) with the same morphology as cladotylotes I (79–97.8–122/ 2.6–3.3–5.3 µm).
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FCA9F9187E31F3AF" bold="true" box="[864,1025,1688,1714]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Microscleres:</emphasis>
toxas in two categories: toxa I (
<figureCitation id="40A42A2524508362FAA6F9187A81F3CB" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1384,1408]" captionTargetBox="[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Acarnus hooperi sp. nov. (Paratype MNRJ 6491). A, style; B, detail of the style; C, tylotes (a polytyloted form in the right); D, detail of the tylotes with microspined ends; E, cladotylotes I and II; F, detail of the cladotylote I; G, acanthostyles; H, detail of the acanthostyle with blunt spines; I, two toxa II (deeply curved); J, toxa I (accolada); K, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 100µm; 40µm; B, 10µm; C, 100µm; D, 5µm; E, 40µm; F, 5µm; G, 20µm; H, 5µm; I and J, 40µm; K, 5µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949606" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949606/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Fig. 4J</figureCitation>
) elongated, with a slight curvature in the middle (accolada-like) (133–209.5–532 µm); toxa II (
<figureCitation id="40A42A2524508362FB2DF93C7F01F3CB" box="[1252,1329,1724,1750]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1384,1408]" captionTargetBox="[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Acarnus hooperi sp. nov. (Paratype MNRJ 6491). A, style; B, detail of the style; C, tylotes (a polytyloted form in the right); D, detail of the tylotes with microspined ends; E, cladotylotes I and II; F, detail of the cladotylote I; G, acanthostyles; H, detail of the acanthostyle with blunt spines; I, two toxa II (deeply curved); J, toxa I (accolada); K, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 100µm; 40µm; B, 10µm; C, 100µm; D, 5µm; E, 40µm; F, 5µm; G, 20µm; H, 5µm; I and J, 40µm; K, 5µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949606" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949606/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Fig. 4I</figureCitation>
) thin and slightly curved (34.5–109.6–218.1 µm). Oxhorn toxa not observed. Palmate isochelae (
<figureCitation id="40A42A2524508362FBADF9607E8CF3E7" box="[1124,1212,1760,1786]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1384,1408]" captionTargetBox="[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Acarnus hooperi sp. nov. (Paratype MNRJ 6491). A, style; B, detail of the style; C, tylotes (a polytyloted form in the right); D, detail of the tylotes with microspined ends; E, cladotylotes I and II; F, detail of the cladotylote I; G, acanthostyles; H, detail of the acanthostyle with blunt spines; I, two toxa II (deeply curved); J, toxa I (accolada); K, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 100µm; 40µm; B, 10µm; C, 100µm; D, 5µm; E, 40µm; F, 5µm; G, 20µm; H, 5µm; I and J, 40µm; K, 5µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949606" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949606/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Fig. 4K</figureCitation>
) with the alae fused to the shaft (29.2–34.4–39.9 µm).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9085652B24508362FF0EF8A87F0AF25F" box="[199,1338,1832,1858]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D82036A024508362FF0EF8A87F0AF25F" blockId="6.[151,1437,968,2039]" box="[199,1338,1832,1858]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FF0EF8A87B51F25F" bold="true" box="[199,353,1832,1858]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Distribution.</emphasis>
Southwest Atlantic,
<collectingCountry id="A088763024508362FD83F8A878A2F25F" box="[586,658,1832,1858]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. Recorded from Southeast
<collectingCountry id="A088763024508362FC09F8A87E34F25F" box="[960,1028,1832,1858]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Brazil</collectingCountry>
in the
<collectingRegion id="1A5BF84224508362FB98F8A87F06F25F" box="[1105,1334,1832,1858]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Rio de Janeiro State</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9085652B24508362FF0EF8CC7B74F2B2" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="D82036A024508362FF0EF8CC7B74F2B2" blockId="6.[151,1437,968,2039]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FF0EF8CC7B7EF27B" bold="true" box="[199,334,1868,1894]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Etymology.</emphasis>
Named
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324508362FE64F8CC7820F27B" authorityName="Ozga &amp; Santos &amp; Menegola" authorityYear="2024" box="[429,528,1868,1894]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hooperi">
“
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FE70F8CC7820F27B" box="[441,528,1868,1894]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">hooperi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”. This species is named in honor of Dr. John N.A. Hooper, from the
<collectingRegion id="1A5BF84224508362FAD1F8CC7FACF27B" box="[1304,1436,1868,1894]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Queensland</collectingRegion>
Museum, Brisbane,
<collectingCountry id="A088763024508362FEBFF8F07BD0F297" box="[374,480,1904,1930]" name="Australia" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Australia</collectingCountry>
, for his remarkable contribution to the progress of sponge taxonomy, especially of the
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324508362FF5EF8147AC4F2B3" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[151,244,1940,1966]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FF5EF8147AC4F2B3" box="[151,244,1940,1966]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Acarnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9085652B2450836CFF0EF83878C3F494" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="409" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="D82036A024508363FF0EF8387AC0F281" blockId="6.[151,1437,968,2039]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,1598,2021]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="408" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FF0EF8387B0BF2CF" bold="true" box="[199,315,1976,2002]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Remarks.</emphasis>
Concerning the spicule set,
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324508362FD75F83879B5F2CF" authorityName="Ozga &amp; Santos &amp; Menegola" authorityYear="2024" box="[700,901,1976,2002]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hooperi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FD75F83879B5F2CF" box="[700,901,1976,2002]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Acarnus hooperi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FC50F8387E30F2CF" bold="true" box="[921,1024,1976,2002]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F1D857C924508362FC50F8387E30F2CF" box="[921,1024,1976,2002]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
belongs to the
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324508362FB28F8387F0DF2CF" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1952" box="[1249,1341,1976,2002]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="souriei">“souriei</taxonomicName>
” group due the possession of acanthostyles. Currently, there are twelve species described worldwide (
<tableCitation id="951D031B24508362FAFAF85C7FA4F2EB" box="[1331,1428,2012,2038]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="14.[151,243,522,548]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="TABLE 4. General table of measurements of the spicular set of Acarnus species. Values are expressed in minimum–medium–maximum (µm)." pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Table 4</tableCitation>
) belonging to the
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FE95F9BE7B85F345" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1952" box="[348,437,1598,1624]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="souriei">“souriei</taxonomicName>
group”.
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FDD5F9BF78EAF345" authorityName="Ozga &amp; Santos &amp; Menegola" authorityYear="2024" box="[540,730,1598,1625]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hooperi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FDD5F9BF78EAF345" box="[540,730,1598,1625]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Acarnus hooperi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FD2DF9BE7970F345" bold="true" box="[740,832,1598,1624]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F1D857C924518363FD2DF9BE7970F345" box="[740,832,1598,1624]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is morphologically similar to
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FB56F9BF7F2FF345" box="[1183,1311,1598,1625]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nicoleae">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FB56F9BF7F2FF345" box="[1183,1311,1598,1625]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">A. nicoleae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However,
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FF5EF9E37B26F361" box="[151,278,1634,1661]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nicoleae">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FF5EF9E37B26F361" box="[151,278,1634,1661]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">A. nicoleae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has toxas in three categories and smaller chelae, while
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FC41F9E37E74F361" authorityName="Ozga &amp; Santos &amp; Menegola" authorityYear="2024" box="[904,1092,1634,1661]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hooperi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FC41F9E37E74F361" box="[904,1092,1634,1661]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Acarnus hooperi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FB85F9E27E96F361" bold="true" box="[1100,1190,1634,1660]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F1D857C924518363FB85F9E27E96F361" box="[1100,1190,1634,1660]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
has two categories of toxas and larger chelae, about twice in size (14.4–21 µm against 29–39.9 µm) (
<tableCitation id="951D031B24518363FBCAF9067E7DF3BD" box="[1027,1101,1670,1696]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="8.[152,244,440,464]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 2. Comparative table of spicule categories of Acarnus hooperi sp. nov. and Acarnus nicoleae van Soest et al., 1991. Values are expressed in minimum– medium–maximum (µm). *Spicule measurements from the original description." pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Tab. 2</tableCitation>
). Other similar species are the Mediterranean
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FE8BF92B78BDF3D9" authority="(Vacelet, 1960)" baseAuthorityName="Vacelet" baseAuthorityYear="1960" box="[322,653,1706,1733]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="levii">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FE8BF92B7BE7F3D9" box="[322,471,1706,1733]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Acarnus levii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="BC0E4B5124518363FE2FF92A78B5F3D9" author="Vacelet, J." box="[486,645,1706,1732]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" pagination="257 - 272" refId="ref16742" refString="Vacelet, J. (1960 a) Eponges de la Mediterranee nord-occidentale recoltees par le ' President Theodore Tissier' (1958). Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Peches maritimes, 24 (2), 257 - 272." type="journal article" year="1960">Vacelet, 1960</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, the Pacific
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FCD0F92B7EEAF3D9" authority="van Soest et al. 1991" authorityName="van Soest" authorityYear="1991" box="[793,1242,1706,1733]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="peruanus">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FCD0F92B79D5F3D9" box="[793,997,1707,1733]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Acarnus peruanus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="BC0E4B5124518363FC24F92B7EEAF3D9" author="van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Hiemstra, F." box="[1005,1242,1706,1733]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" pagination="49 - 88" refId="ref16830" refString="van Soest, R. W. M., Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Hiemstra, F. (1991) Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of the marine sponge genus Acarnus (Porifera: Poecilosclerida). Beaufortia, 42 (3), 49 - 88." type="journal article" year="1991">
van Soest
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FBABF92B7EABF3D9" box="[1122,1179,1706,1732]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">et al.</emphasis>
1991
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and Indo-Pacific
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FF5EF94F783FF3F5" authority="Hoshino, 1981" authorityName="Hoshino" authorityYear="1981" box="[151,527,1742,1769]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bicladotylotus">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FF5EF94F7B69F3F5" box="[151,345,1742,1769]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">A. bicladotylotus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="BC0E4B5124518363FEADF94E783FF3F5" author="Hoshino, T." box="[356,527,1742,1768]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref15550" refString="Hoshino, T. (1981) Shallow-water Demosponges of western Japan. Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University, 29 (1 - 2), 47 - 205 + 207 - 276." type="journal article" year="1981">Hoshino, 1981</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FDD7F94F7915F3F5" authorityName="Hoshino" authorityYear="1981" box="[542,805,1742,1769]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bicladotylotus">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FDD7F94F7915F3F5" box="[542,805,1742,1769]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Acarnus bicladotylotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has three categories of toxas, megascleres and chelae smaller, while
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FEF3F9737BC5F211" authorityName="Ozga &amp; Santos &amp; Menegola" authorityYear="2024" box="[314,501,1778,1805]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hooperi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FEF3F9737BC5F211" box="[314,501,1778,1805]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Acarnus hooperi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FE35F9727865F211" bold="true" box="[508,597,1778,1804]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F1D857C924518363FE35F9727865F211" box="[508,597,1778,1804]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
has two categories of toxas and very larger chelae (
<tableCitation id="951D031B24518363FB5BF9727EEBF211" box="[1170,1243,1778,1804]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="14.[151,243,522,548]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="TABLE 4. General table of measurements of the spicular set of Acarnus species. Values are expressed in minimum–medium–maximum (µm)." pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Tab. 4</tableCitation>
). The differences between
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FF35F8977B7BF22D" baseAuthorityName="Vacelet" baseAuthorityYear="1960" box="[252,331,1814,1841]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="levii">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FF35F8977B7BF22D" box="[252,331,1814,1841]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">A. levii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FE90F8977BD0F22D" box="[345,480,1815,1841]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="peruanus">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FE90F8977BD0F22D" box="[345,480,1815,1841]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">A. peruanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FDDEF89778E3F22D" authorityName="Ozga &amp; Santos &amp; Menegola" authorityYear="2024" box="[535,723,1814,1841]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hooperi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FDDEF89778E3F22D" box="[535,723,1814,1841]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Acarnus hooperi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FD13F8967904F22D" bold="true" box="[730,820,1814,1840]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F1D857C924518363FD13F8967904F22D" box="[730,820,1814,1840]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
are minimal and reduced to spicular dimensions of the megascleres, toxas and chelae (
<tableCitation id="951D031B24518363FE3CF8BA780EF249" box="[501,574,1850,1876]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="14.[151,243,522,548]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="TABLE 4. General table of measurements of the spicular set of Acarnus species. Values are expressed in minimum–medium–maximum (µm)." pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Tab. 4</tableCitation>
). However, due to the vast geographic distances between all species (western Mediterranean, eastern Central Pacific, Indo-Pacific and the southern Atlantic) they are unlikely to be the same species.
</paragraph>
<caption id="8CE0662824518363FF5EFAE87EC6F0F1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949606" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13949606" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949606/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" startId="7.[151,250,1384,1408]" targetBox="[254,1334,181,1360]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="D82036A024518363FF5EFAE87EC6F0F1" blockId="7.[151,1437,1384,1516]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FF5EFAE87B23F09D" bold="true" box="[151,275,1384,1408]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FED3FAE87BF4F09D" authorityName="Ozga &amp; Santos &amp; Menegola" authorityYear="2024" box="[282,452,1384,1408]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hooperi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FED3FAE87BF4F09D" box="[282,452,1384,1408]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Acarnus hooperi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FE02FAE8782CF09D" bold="true" box="[459,540,1384,1408]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F1D857C924518363FE02FAE8782CF09D" box="[459,540,1384,1408]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(Paratype MNRJ 6491). A, style; B, detail of the style; C, tylotes (a polytyloted form in the right); D, detail of the tylotes with microspined ends; E, cladotylotes I and II; F, detail of the cladotylote I; G, acanthostyles; H, detail of the acanthostyle with blunt spines; I, two toxa II (deeply curved); J, toxa I (accolada); K, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 100µm; 40µm; B, 10µm; C, 100µm; D, 5µm; E, 40µm; F, 5µm; G, 20µm; H, 5µm; I and J, 40µm; K, 5µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D82036A02451836CFF0EF8277911F400" blockId="7.[151,1437,1598,2021]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,393]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="409" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">
From the
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FEFCF8267BA0F2DD" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1952" box="[309,400,1958,1984]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="souriei">“souriei</taxonomicName>
” species group, six species have cladotylotes in one category:
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FB99F8277F33F2DD" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1952" box="[1104,1283,1959,1985]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="souriei">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FB99F8277F33F2DD" box="[1104,1283,1959,1985]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Acarnus souriei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FAD8F8277FA5F2DD" baseAuthorityName="Boury-Esnault" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[1297,1429,1958,1985]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="radovani">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FAD8F8277FA5F2DD" box="[1297,1429,1958,1985]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">A. radovani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FF5EF84B7BF1F2F9" authority="Tanita, 1963" authorityName="Tanita" authorityYear="1963" box="[151,449,1994,2021]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tener">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FF5EF84B7B02F2F9" box="[151,306,1995,2021]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Acarnus tener</emphasis>
Tanita, 1963
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FE00F84B7F3DF2F9" authority="Aguilar-Camacho, Carballo &amp; Cruz-Barraza, 2013" authorityName="Aguilar-Camacho, Carballo &amp; Cruz-Barraza" authorityYear="2013" box="[457,1293,1994,2021]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="michoacanensis">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FE00F84B78EDF2F9" box="[457,733,1994,2021]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Acarnus michoacanensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="BC0E4B5124518363FD16F84A7F3DF2F9" author="Aguilar-Camacho, J. M. &amp; Carballo, J. L. &amp; Cruz-Barraza, J. A." box="[735,1293,1994,2020]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" pagination="677 - 696" refId="ref14125" refString="Aguilar-Camacho, J. M., Carballo, J. L. &amp; Cruz-Barraza, J. A. (2013) Acarnidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida) from the Mexican Pacific Ocean with the description of six new species. Scientia Marina, 77 (4), 677 - 696. https: // doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 03800.06 A" type="journal article" year="2013">Aguilar-Camacho, Carballo &amp;Cruz-Barraza, 2013</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D232451836CFADCF84B7B0AF5AC" authority="(Dendy, 1896)" baseAuthorityName="Dendy" baseAuthorityYear="1896" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="409" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="guentheri">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FADCF84B7FACF2F9" box="[1301,1436,1994,2021]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">A. guentheri</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="BC0E4B51245E836CFF56FF177B01F5AC" author="Dendy, A." box="[159,305,151,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" pagination="14 - 51" refId="ref14607" refString="Dendy, A. (1896) Catalogue of Non-Calcareous Sponges collected by J. Bracebridge Wilson, Esq., M. A., in the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads. Part II. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 8, 14 - 51." type="journal article" year="1896">Dendy, 1896</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245E836CFEBBFF1779BEF5AC" authority="Hiemstra &amp; Hooper, 1991" authorityName="Hiemstra &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="1991" box="[370,910,151,177]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="primigenius">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245E836CFEBBFF17786DF5AD" box="[370,605,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">Acarnus primigenius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="BC0E4B51245E836CFDACFF1779BEF5AC" author="Hiemstra, F. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A." box="[613,910,151,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" pagination="205 - 217" refId="ref15274" refString="Hiemstra, F. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A. (1991) Additions to the Indges of the Santa-Marta area, Colombia, with description of a new species. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 61 (4), 205 - 217. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 26660644 - 06104002" type="journal article" year="1991">Hiemstra &amp; Hooper, 1991</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Furthermore,
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245E836CFBFDFF177E92F5AD" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1952" box="[1076,1186,151,177]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="souriei">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245E836CFBFDFF177E92F5AD" box="[1076,1186,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">A. souriei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245E836CFB13FF177F6FF5AC" baseAuthorityName="Boury-Esnault" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[1242,1375,151,177]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="radovani">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245E836CFB13FF177F6FF5AC" box="[1242,1375,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">A. radovani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have two categories of acanthostyles and toxas in three sizes.
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245E836CFCD2FF3B798BF5C9" authorityName="Tanita" authorityYear="1963" box="[795,955,187,213]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tener">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245E836CFCD2FF3B798BF5C9" box="[795,955,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">Acarnus tener</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an encrusting to massive sponge with a plumose skeleton formed by ascending tracts.
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245E836CFD6EFF5F798FF5E4" authorityName="Aguilar-Camacho, Carballo &amp; Cruz-Barraza" authorityYear="2013" box="[679,959,223,249]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="michoacanensis">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245E836CFD6EFF5F798FF5E4" box="[679,959,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">Acarnus michoacanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has smaller megascleres and chelae (
<tableCitation id="951D031B245E836CFAA3FF5F7A98F400" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="14.[151,243,522,548]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="TABLE 4. General table of measurements of the spicular set of Acarnus species. Values are expressed in minimum–medium–maximum (µm)." pageId="8" pageNumber="409">Tab. 4</tableCitation>
). Finally,
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245E836CFED1FE837B8DF401" authorityName="Hiemstra &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="1991" box="[280,445,259,285]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="primigenius">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245E836CFED1FE837B8DF401" box="[280,445,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">A. primigenius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has only one category of toxas.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D82036A0245E836CFF0EFEA778C3F494" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,393]" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245E836CFF0EFEA778FCF45C" authority="Hooper &amp; Levi, 1993" authorityName="Hooper &amp; Levi" authorityYear="1993" box="[199,716,295,321]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="caledoniensis">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245E836CFF0EFEA77BF7F45C" box="[199,455,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">Acarnus caledoniensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="BC0E4B51245E836CFE18FEA778FCF45C" author="Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Levi, C." box="[465,716,295,321]" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" pagination="1221 - 1302" refId="ref15499" refString="Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Levi, C. (1993) Poecilosclerida (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the New Caledonia Lagoon. Invertebrate Taxonomy, 7 (5), 1221 - 1302. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IT 9931221" type="journal article" year="1993">Hooper &amp; Lévi, 1993</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
has two categories of acanthostyles and is spherical in shape. In comparison to other three species known to
<collectingCountry id="A0887630245E836CFD65FECB78C3F478" box="[684,755,331,357]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245E836CFCC9FECB799AF479" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[768,938,331,357]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="innominatus">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245E836CFCC9FECB799AF479" box="[768,938,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">A. innominatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245E836CFC73FECB7E1CF479" authorityName="Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="1973" box="[954,1068,331,357]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="toxeata">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245E836CFC73FECB7E1CF479" box="[954,1068,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">A. toxeata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245E836CFBACFECB7F3DF479" authorityName="Nascimento &amp; Pinheiro" authorityYear="2023" box="[1125,1293,331,357]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="microxeatus">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245E836CFBACFECB7F3DF479" box="[1125,1293,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">A. microxeatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245E836CFF5EFEEF7B63F494" authorityName="Ozga &amp; Santos &amp; Menegola" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,339,367,393]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hooperi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245E836CFF5EFEEF7B63F494" box="[151,339,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">Acarnus hooperi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245E836CFE93FEEF7B83F494" bold="true" box="[346,435,367,393]" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F1D857C9245E836CFE93FEEF7B83F494" box="[346,435,367,393]" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
in not having acanthostyles.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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