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<document id="74E595764E7D6F2EFF424ED34C9D0B8D" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13949596" ID-ZooBank="27C5E1BE-6443-463E-A75A-154D099A2762" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="valdenar" checkinTime="1729235909469" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia &amp; Menegola, Carla" docDate="2024" docId="503687B62450836CFF5EFCDC78C3F494" docLanguage="en" docName="Zootaxa.5523.4.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5523 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Acarnus hooperi Ozga, Santos &amp; Menegola, 2024, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="409" masterDocId="AC0FFFCE24568364FFC9FF807A30F51D" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species" masterLastPageNumber="422" masterPageNumber="401" pageNumber="407" updateTime="1729619328273" updateUser="valdenar" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="87E0141D74C38E24F011142E7AC114EF">Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="06F7547D8545966AC713E7238DBE8D45">Ozga, Aline Vasum</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="6C19E9B0DCE5FD4742D855E7948C6944">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Bloco IV, Prédio 43433, Sala 214, CEP 91501 - 970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="42EE4AB18FA1377E3EC5BBA7043A6845">Santos, George Garcia</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="0C8B42FD0D6794D1386D28DE727AA602">Universidade Federal do Cariri, Instituto de Formação de Educadores, Rua Olegário Emídio de Araújo, s / n, CEP 63260 - 000, Brejo Santo, Ceará, Brasil. &amp; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Diversidade Biológica e Recursos Naturais (PPGDR), Universidade Regional do Cariri (URCA), Centro de Biológicas e da Saúde (CCBS), Pimenta, CEP 63105 - 000, Crato, Ceará, Brasil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F48DCE4F231898E9838699E76EDF8733">Menegola, Carla</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="1C576B5E9B61B0525A55863571016660">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Bloco IV, Prédio 43433, Sala 214, CEP 91501 - 970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. &amp; Centro de Estudos Costeiros, Limnológicos e Marinhos (CECLIMAR), Campus Litoral Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Tramandaí, 976, CEP 95.625 - 000, Imbé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="6F3383489847AED74702511D3ED1A55A">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="2A394C784284AD316C4A62B4F7C9AC81">5523</mods:number>
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<paragraph id="D82036A024508362FF5EFCDC78F3F66B" blockId="6.[151,707,859,922]" box="[151,707,859,886]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
<heading id="836881CC24508362FF5EFCDC78F3F66B" bold="true" box="[151,707,859,886]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" reason="1">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FF5EFCDC78F3F66B" bold="true" box="[151,707,859,886]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324508362FF5EFCDC7B52F66B" authorityName="Ozga &amp; Santos &amp; Menegola" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,354,859,886]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hooperi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FF5EFCDC7B52F66B" bold="true" box="[151,354,859,886]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Acarnus hooperi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F1D857C924508362FEA0FCDC7BF7F66B" box="[361,455,860,886]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Santos &amp; Menegola
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9085652B24508362FF5EFC007BB3F687" box="[151,387,896,922]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" type="description">
<paragraph id="D82036A024508362FF5EFC007BB3F687" blockId="6.[151,707,859,922]" box="[151,387,896,922]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
(
<figureCitation id="40A42A2524508362FF56FC007B2CF687" box="[159,284,896,922]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1384,1408]" captionTargetBox="[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Acarnus hooperi sp. nov. (Paratype MNRJ 6491). A, style; B, detail of the style; C, tylotes (a polytyloted form in the right); D, detail of the tylotes with microspined ends; E, cladotylotes I and II; F, detail of the cladotylote I; G, acanthostyles; H, detail of the acanthostyle with blunt spines; I, two toxa II (deeply curved); J, toxa I (accolada); K, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 100µm; 40µm; B, 10µm; C, 100µm; D, 5µm; E, 40µm; F, 5µm; G, 20µm; H, 5µm; I and J, 40µm; K, 5µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949606" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949606/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Fig. 4A–K</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="951D031B24508362FEEEFC007B4AF687" box="[295,378,896,922]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="8.[152,244,440,464]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 2. Comparative table of spicule categories of Acarnus hooperi sp. nov. and Acarnus nicoleae van Soest et al., 1991. Values are expressed in minimum– medium–maximum (µm). *Spicule measurements from the original description." pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Table 2</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9085652B24508362FF5EFC487E2FF153" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="D82036A024508362FF5EFC487E2FF153" blockId="6.[151,1437,968,2039]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FF5EFC487B4EF6FF" bold="true" box="[151,382,968,994]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="68F73CFD24508362FE4AFC487E61F11B" collectingDate="2000-12-30" collectionCode="MNRJ" collectorName="Coll. E. Hajdu &amp; C. Menegola." country="Brazil" determinerName="Det. G. Santos" elevation="3" latitude="-22.954168" location="Vermelha Beach" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-43.163612" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" specimenCode="MNRJ 3942" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio de Janeiro" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="0724880224508362FE4AFC487BC0F6FF" box="[387,496,968,994]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
<specimenCode id="88399EDB24508362FE3EFC4978B1F6FF" box="[503,641,968,995]" collectionCode="MNRJ" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">MNRJ 3942</specimenCode>
,
<collectingCountry id="A088763024508362FD43FC4878E1F6FF" box="[650,721,968,994]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="1A5BF84224508362FD13FC487986F6FF" box="[730,950,968,994]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Rio de Janeiro State</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="DD40607B24508362FC77FC487E47F6FF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:503687B62450836CFF5EFCDC78C3F494:DD40607B24508362FC77FC487E47F6FF" box="[958,1143,968,994]" country="Brazil" latitude="-22.954168" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-43.163612" name="Vermelha Beach" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" stateProvince="Rio de Janeiro">Vermelha Beach</location>
,
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,
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depth
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,
<collectorName id="756A537624508362FEE0FC6C7BFCF11B" box="[297,460,1004,1031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Coll. E. Hajdu</collectorName>
, free diving,
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<collectingDate id="BC65E98824508362FD97FC6C78D9F11B" box="[606,745,1004,1030]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" value="2000-12-30">30.XII.2000</collectingDate>
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,
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&amp;
<collectorName id="756A537624508362FC70FC6C7E61F11B" box="[953,1105,1004,1030]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">C. Menegola.</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="68F73CFD24508362FB9FFC6D7F6DF137" collectionCode="MNRJ" country="Brazil" elevation="60" latitude="-22.196693" location="Rio de Janeiro State" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-40.49339" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" specimenCode="MNRJ 6460, 6464, 6466, 6491, 6577, 6580" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio de Janeiro" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus id="0724880224508362FB9FFC6D7E8CF11A" box="[1110,1212,1005,1031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
:
<specimenCode id="88399EDB24508362FB0EFC6D7F63F11B" box="[1223,1363,1004,1031]" collectionCode="MNRJ" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">MNRJ 6460</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCode id="88399EDB24508362FA94FC6C7FA8F11B" box="[1373,1432,1004,1030]" collectionCode="MNRJ" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">6464</specimenCode>
,
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,
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,
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,
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,
<collectingCountry id="A088763024508362FE72FB907832F137" box="[443,514,1040,1066]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
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, #y1,
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depth
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, coll
</materialsCitation>
.
<collectionCode id="BE8EAE6524508362FAA2FB917F4FF136" box="[1387,1407,1041,1067]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">R</collectionCode>
.
<collectionCode id="BE8EAE6524508362FA4AFB917FA9F136" box="[1411,1433,1041,1067]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
. “Astro Garoupa”, through dredging,
<date id="AC21106024508362FDFAFBB47884F153" box="[563,692,1076,1102]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" value="2002-06-11">
11.
<materialsCitation id="68F73CFD24508362FD99FBB47884F153" box="[592,692,1076,1102]" collectionCode="VI" collectorName="C. Menegola." country="Brazil" determinerName="Det. G. Santos" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio de Janeiro" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectionCode id="BE8EAE6524508362FD99FBB47841F153" box="[592,625,1076,1102]" country="Norway" name="Mykotektet, National Veterinary Institute" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">VI</collectionCode>
.2002
</materialsCitation>
</date>
,
<determinerName id="2DFCDA6424508362FD09FBB57953F153" box="[704,867,1076,1103]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Det. G. Santos</determinerName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="756A537624508362FC4EFBB47E2FF153" box="[903,1055,1076,1102]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">C. Menegola.</collectorName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9085652B24508362FF0EFBD87ED5F18B" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="D82036A024508362FF0EFBD87ED5F18B" blockId="6.[151,1437,968,2039]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FF0EFBD87B71F16F" bold="true" box="[199,321,1112,1138]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324508362FE82FBD87B98F16F" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[331,424,1112,1138]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FE82FBD87B98F16F" box="[331,424,1112,1138]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Acarnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with a combination of blunt spines over acanthostyles, longer and thicker megascleres (style 505/13 µm; tylote 425/8 µm), cladotylotes with less clads (3–4) and larger chelae (~40 µm).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9085652B24508362FF0EFB207820F203" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" type="description">
<paragraph id="D82036A024508362FF0EFB207EE1F057" blockId="6.[151,1437,968,2039]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FF0EFB207B61F1A7" bold="true" box="[199,337,1184,1210]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Description</emphasis>
. Thinly encrusting sponge (
<quantity id="1F679B4524508362FD59FB2078E0F1A6" box="[656,720,1184,1211]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
thick) growing on dead coral fragments (MNRJ 3942). Surface varying from smooth to rough, with spicules protruding externally. Fragile consistency, MNRJ 3942 had a “soft cheese” consistency in life. Color in life red, pale in preservation. The fragments in general are quite damaged, in which oscules and pores are not visible.
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324508362FDAFFA8C7913F03B" authorityName="Ozga &amp; Santos &amp; Menegola" authorityYear="2024" box="[614,803,1292,1318]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hooperi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FDAFFA8C7913F03B" box="[614,803,1292,1318]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Acarnus hooperi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FCE2FA8C79B6F03B" bold="true" box="[811,902,1292,1318]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F1D857C924508362FCE2FA8C79B6F03B" box="[811,902,1292,1318]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
was found in two distinct forms: encrusting in algae thallus (most specimens) and homogeneously amalgamated in sand grains (
<specimenCount id="CE99FD2924508362FBECFAB07EF5F057" box="[1061,1221,1328,1354]" count="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D82036A024508362FF0EFAD47B32F0AB" blockId="6.[151,1437,968,2039]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FF0EFAD47B05F073" bold="true" box="[199,309,1364,1390]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Skeleton.</emphasis>
Ectosome with tangential tylotes. Choanosome with scarce spongin, but echinated plumose tracts are nevertheless formed, ascending from the substrate; echinating spicules (acanthostyles) singly erect on the substrate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D82036A024508362FF0EFA407820F203" blockId="6.[151,1437,968,2039]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FF0EFA407B19F0C7" bold="true" box="[199,297,1472,1498]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Spicules</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="40A42A2524508362FEF4FA407B8CF0C7" box="[317,444,1472,1498]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1384,1408]" captionTargetBox="[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Acarnus hooperi sp. nov. (Paratype MNRJ 6491). A, style; B, detail of the style; C, tylotes (a polytyloted form in the right); D, detail of the tylotes with microspined ends; E, cladotylotes I and II; F, detail of the cladotylote I; G, acanthostyles; H, detail of the acanthostyle with blunt spines; I, two toxa II (deeply curved); J, toxa I (accolada); K, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 100µm; 40µm; B, 10µm; C, 100µm; D, 5µm; E, 40µm; F, 5µm; G, 20µm; H, 5µm; I and J, 40µm; K, 5µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949606" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949606/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Fig. 4A–K</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FE1FFA407841F0C7" bold="true" box="[470,625,1472,1498]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Megascleres:</emphasis>
styles (
<figureCitation id="40A42A2524508362FD19FA40794CF0C7" box="[720,892,1472,1498]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1384,1408]" captionTargetBox="[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Acarnus hooperi sp. nov. (Paratype MNRJ 6491). A, style; B, detail of the style; C, tylotes (a polytyloted form in the right); D, detail of the tylotes with microspined ends; E, cladotylotes I and II; F, detail of the cladotylote I; G, acanthostyles; H, detail of the acanthostyle with blunt spines; I, two toxa II (deeply curved); J, toxa I (accolada); K, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 100µm; 40µm; B, 10µm; C, 100µm; D, 5µm; E, 40µm; F, 5µm; G, 20µm; H, 5µm; I and J, 40µm; K, 5µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949606" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949606/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Fig. 4A and B</figureCitation>
) with rugose spines (319–442.8–505/ 7.9–10– 13.3 µm). Microspined tylotes (
<figureCitation id="40A42A2524508362FDCBFA647898F0E3" box="[514,680,1508,1534]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1384,1408]" captionTargetBox="[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Acarnus hooperi sp. nov. (Paratype MNRJ 6491). A, style; B, detail of the style; C, tylotes (a polytyloted form in the right); D, detail of the tylotes with microspined ends; E, cladotylotes I and II; F, detail of the cladotylote I; G, acanthostyles; H, detail of the acanthostyle with blunt spines; I, two toxa II (deeply curved); J, toxa I (accolada); K, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 100µm; 40µm; B, 10µm; C, 100µm; D, 5µm; E, 40µm; F, 5µm; G, 20µm; H, 5µm; I and J, 40µm; K, 5µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949606" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949606/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Fig. 4C and D</figureCitation>
) with well-developed heads, shaft thoroughly smooth and slightly curved (266–345–425/ 5.3–6.0–7.9 µm). Acanthostyles (
<figureCitation id="40A42A2524508362FCD2F98879F2F33F" box="[795,962,1544,1570]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1384,1408]" captionTargetBox="[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Acarnus hooperi sp. nov. (Paratype MNRJ 6491). A, style; B, detail of the style; C, tylotes (a polytyloted form in the right); D, detail of the tylotes with microspined ends; E, cladotylotes I and II; F, detail of the cladotylote I; G, acanthostyles; H, detail of the acanthostyle with blunt spines; I, two toxa II (deeply curved); J, toxa I (accolada); K, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 100µm; 40µm; B, 10µm; C, 100µm; D, 5µm; E, 40µm; F, 5µm; G, 20µm; H, 5µm; I and J, 40µm; K, 5µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949606" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949606/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Fig. 4G and H</figureCitation>
) slightly curved and spiny on their entire surface, but density of spines varying along the length, base with rounded spines (66.5–97.7–109/ 2.9–3.4–4.8 µm). Cladotylotes I (
<figureCitation id="40A42A2524508362FE81F9D07BD9F377" box="[328,489,1616,1642]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1384,1408]" captionTargetBox="[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Acarnus hooperi sp. nov. (Paratype MNRJ 6491). A, style; B, detail of the style; C, tylotes (a polytyloted form in the right); D, detail of the tylotes with microspined ends; E, cladotylotes I and II; F, detail of the cladotylote I; G, acanthostyles; H, detail of the acanthostyle with blunt spines; I, two toxa II (deeply curved); J, toxa I (accolada); K, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 100µm; 40µm; B, 10µm; C, 100µm; D, 5µm; E, 40µm; F, 5µm; G, 20µm; H, 5µm; I and J, 40µm; K, 5µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949606" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949606/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Fig. 4E and F</figureCitation>
) sparsely spined shaft, stout and strongly hooked, with a cladome more developed than the other, with three to four clads (172–210.7–260/ 8–8.9–10.6 µm). Cladotylotes II (
<figureCitation id="40A42A2524508362FB51F9F47EDEF393" box="[1176,1262,1652,1678]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1384,1408]" captionTargetBox="[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Acarnus hooperi sp. nov. (Paratype MNRJ 6491). A, style; B, detail of the style; C, tylotes (a polytyloted form in the right); D, detail of the tylotes with microspined ends; E, cladotylotes I and II; F, detail of the cladotylote I; G, acanthostyles; H, detail of the acanthostyle with blunt spines; I, two toxa II (deeply curved); J, toxa I (accolada); K, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 100µm; 40µm; B, 10µm; C, 100µm; D, 5µm; E, 40µm; F, 5µm; G, 20µm; H, 5µm; I and J, 40µm; K, 5µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949606" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949606/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
) with the same morphology as cladotylotes I (79–97.8–122/ 2.6–3.3–5.3 µm).
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FCA9F9187E31F3AF" bold="true" box="[864,1025,1688,1714]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Microscleres:</emphasis>
toxas in two categories: toxa I (
<figureCitation id="40A42A2524508362FAA6F9187A81F3CB" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1384,1408]" captionTargetBox="[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Acarnus hooperi sp. nov. (Paratype MNRJ 6491). A, style; B, detail of the style; C, tylotes (a polytyloted form in the right); D, detail of the tylotes with microspined ends; E, cladotylotes I and II; F, detail of the cladotylote I; G, acanthostyles; H, detail of the acanthostyle with blunt spines; I, two toxa II (deeply curved); J, toxa I (accolada); K, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 100µm; 40µm; B, 10µm; C, 100µm; D, 5µm; E, 40µm; F, 5µm; G, 20µm; H, 5µm; I and J, 40µm; K, 5µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949606" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949606/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Fig. 4J</figureCitation>
) elongated, with a slight curvature in the middle (accolada-like) (133–209.5–532 µm); toxa II (
<figureCitation id="40A42A2524508362FB2DF93C7F01F3CB" box="[1252,1329,1724,1750]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1384,1408]" captionTargetBox="[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Acarnus hooperi sp. nov. (Paratype MNRJ 6491). A, style; B, detail of the style; C, tylotes (a polytyloted form in the right); D, detail of the tylotes with microspined ends; E, cladotylotes I and II; F, detail of the cladotylote I; G, acanthostyles; H, detail of the acanthostyle with blunt spines; I, two toxa II (deeply curved); J, toxa I (accolada); K, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 100µm; 40µm; B, 10µm; C, 100µm; D, 5µm; E, 40µm; F, 5µm; G, 20µm; H, 5µm; I and J, 40µm; K, 5µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949606" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949606/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Fig. 4I</figureCitation>
) thin and slightly curved (34.5–109.6–218.1 µm). Oxhorn toxa not observed. Palmate isochelae (
<figureCitation id="40A42A2524508362FBADF9607E8CF3E7" box="[1124,1212,1760,1786]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1384,1408]" captionTargetBox="[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[254,1334,181,1360]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Acarnus hooperi sp. nov. (Paratype MNRJ 6491). A, style; B, detail of the style; C, tylotes (a polytyloted form in the right); D, detail of the tylotes with microspined ends; E, cladotylotes I and II; F, detail of the cladotylote I; G, acanthostyles; H, detail of the acanthostyle with blunt spines; I, two toxa II (deeply curved); J, toxa I (accolada); K, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 100µm; 40µm; B, 10µm; C, 100µm; D, 5µm; E, 40µm; F, 5µm; G, 20µm; H, 5µm; I and J, 40µm; K, 5µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949606" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949606/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Fig. 4K</figureCitation>
) with the alae fused to the shaft (29.2–34.4–39.9 µm).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9085652B24508362FF0EF8A87F0AF25F" box="[199,1338,1832,1858]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D82036A024508362FF0EF8A87F0AF25F" blockId="6.[151,1437,968,2039]" box="[199,1338,1832,1858]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FF0EF8A87B51F25F" bold="true" box="[199,353,1832,1858]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Distribution.</emphasis>
Southwest Atlantic,
<collectingCountry id="A088763024508362FD83F8A878A2F25F" box="[586,658,1832,1858]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. Recorded from Southeast
<collectingCountry id="A088763024508362FC09F8A87E34F25F" box="[960,1028,1832,1858]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Brazil</collectingCountry>
in the
<collectingRegion id="1A5BF84224508362FB98F8A87F06F25F" box="[1105,1334,1832,1858]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Rio de Janeiro State</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9085652B24508362FF0EF8CC7B74F2B2" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="D82036A024508362FF0EF8CC7B74F2B2" blockId="6.[151,1437,968,2039]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FF0EF8CC7B7EF27B" bold="true" box="[199,334,1868,1894]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Etymology.</emphasis>
Named
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324508362FE64F8CC7820F27B" authorityName="Ozga &amp; Santos &amp; Menegola" authorityYear="2024" box="[429,528,1868,1894]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hooperi">
“
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FE70F8CC7820F27B" box="[441,528,1868,1894]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">hooperi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”. This species is named in honor of Dr. John N.A. Hooper, from the
<collectingRegion id="1A5BF84224508362FAD1F8CC7FACF27B" box="[1304,1436,1868,1894]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Queensland</collectingRegion>
Museum, Brisbane,
<collectingCountry id="A088763024508362FEBFF8F07BD0F297" box="[374,480,1904,1930]" name="Australia" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Australia</collectingCountry>
, for his remarkable contribution to the progress of sponge taxonomy, especially of the
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324508362FF5EF8147AC4F2B3" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[151,244,1940,1966]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FF5EF8147AC4F2B3" box="[151,244,1940,1966]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Acarnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9085652B2450836CFF0EF83878C3F494" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="409" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="D82036A024508363FF0EF8387AC0F281" blockId="6.[151,1437,968,2039]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,1598,2021]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="408" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FF0EF8387B0BF2CF" bold="true" box="[199,315,1976,2002]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Remarks.</emphasis>
Concerning the spicule set,
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324508362FD75F83879B5F2CF" authorityName="Ozga &amp; Santos &amp; Menegola" authorityYear="2024" box="[700,901,1976,2002]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hooperi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FD75F83879B5F2CF" box="[700,901,1976,2002]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Acarnus hooperi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224508362FC50F8387E30F2CF" bold="true" box="[921,1024,1976,2002]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F1D857C924508362FC50F8387E30F2CF" box="[921,1024,1976,2002]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
belongs to the
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324508362FB28F8387F0DF2CF" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1952" box="[1249,1341,1976,2002]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="souriei">“souriei</taxonomicName>
” group due the possession of acanthostyles. Currently, there are twelve species described worldwide (
<tableCitation id="951D031B24508362FAFAF85C7FA4F2EB" box="[1331,1428,2012,2038]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="14.[151,243,522,548]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="TABLE 4. General table of measurements of the spicular set of Acarnus species. Values are expressed in minimum–medium–maximum (µm)." pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Table 4</tableCitation>
) belonging to the
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FE95F9BE7B85F345" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1952" box="[348,437,1598,1624]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="souriei">“souriei</taxonomicName>
group”.
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FDD5F9BF78EAF345" authorityName="Ozga &amp; Santos &amp; Menegola" authorityYear="2024" box="[540,730,1598,1625]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hooperi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FDD5F9BF78EAF345" box="[540,730,1598,1625]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Acarnus hooperi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FD2DF9BE7970F345" bold="true" box="[740,832,1598,1624]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F1D857C924518363FD2DF9BE7970F345" box="[740,832,1598,1624]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is morphologically similar to
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FB56F9BF7F2FF345" box="[1183,1311,1598,1625]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nicoleae">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FB56F9BF7F2FF345" box="[1183,1311,1598,1625]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">A. nicoleae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However,
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FF5EF9E37B26F361" box="[151,278,1634,1661]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nicoleae">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FF5EF9E37B26F361" box="[151,278,1634,1661]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">A. nicoleae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has toxas in three categories and smaller chelae, while
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FC41F9E37E74F361" authorityName="Ozga &amp; Santos &amp; Menegola" authorityYear="2024" box="[904,1092,1634,1661]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hooperi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FC41F9E37E74F361" box="[904,1092,1634,1661]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Acarnus hooperi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FB85F9E27E96F361" bold="true" box="[1100,1190,1634,1660]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F1D857C924518363FB85F9E27E96F361" box="[1100,1190,1634,1660]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
has two categories of toxas and larger chelae, about twice in size (14.4–21 µm against 29–39.9 µm) (
<tableCitation id="951D031B24518363FBCAF9067E7DF3BD" box="[1027,1101,1670,1696]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="8.[152,244,440,464]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 2. Comparative table of spicule categories of Acarnus hooperi sp. nov. and Acarnus nicoleae van Soest et al., 1991. Values are expressed in minimum– medium–maximum (µm). *Spicule measurements from the original description." pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Tab. 2</tableCitation>
). Other similar species are the Mediterranean
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FE8BF92B78BDF3D9" authority="(Vacelet, 1960)" baseAuthorityName="Vacelet" baseAuthorityYear="1960" box="[322,653,1706,1733]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="levii">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FE8BF92B7BE7F3D9" box="[322,471,1706,1733]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Acarnus levii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="BC0E4B5124518363FE2FF92A78B5F3D9" author="Vacelet, J." box="[486,645,1706,1732]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" pagination="257 - 272" refId="ref16742" refString="Vacelet, J. (1960 a) Eponges de la Mediterranee nord-occidentale recoltees par le ' President Theodore Tissier' (1958). Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Peches maritimes, 24 (2), 257 - 272." type="journal article" year="1960">Vacelet, 1960</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, the Pacific
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FCD0F92B7EEAF3D9" authority="van Soest et al. 1991" authorityName="van Soest" authorityYear="1991" box="[793,1242,1706,1733]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="peruanus">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FCD0F92B79D5F3D9" box="[793,997,1707,1733]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Acarnus peruanus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="BC0E4B5124518363FC24F92B7EEAF3D9" author="van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Hiemstra, F." box="[1005,1242,1706,1733]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" pagination="49 - 88" refId="ref16830" refString="van Soest, R. W. M., Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Hiemstra, F. (1991) Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of the marine sponge genus Acarnus (Porifera: Poecilosclerida). Beaufortia, 42 (3), 49 - 88." type="journal article" year="1991">
van Soest
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FBABF92B7EABF3D9" box="[1122,1179,1706,1732]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">et al.</emphasis>
1991
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and Indo-Pacific
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FF5EF94F783FF3F5" authority="Hoshino, 1981" authorityName="Hoshino" authorityYear="1981" box="[151,527,1742,1769]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bicladotylotus">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FF5EF94F7B69F3F5" box="[151,345,1742,1769]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">A. bicladotylotus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="BC0E4B5124518363FEADF94E783FF3F5" author="Hoshino, T." box="[356,527,1742,1768]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref15550" refString="Hoshino, T. (1981) Shallow-water Demosponges of western Japan. Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University, 29 (1 - 2), 47 - 205 + 207 - 276." type="journal article" year="1981">Hoshino, 1981</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FDD7F94F7915F3F5" authorityName="Hoshino" authorityYear="1981" box="[542,805,1742,1769]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bicladotylotus">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FDD7F94F7915F3F5" box="[542,805,1742,1769]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Acarnus bicladotylotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has three categories of toxas, megascleres and chelae smaller, while
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FEF3F9737BC5F211" authorityName="Ozga &amp; Santos &amp; Menegola" authorityYear="2024" box="[314,501,1778,1805]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hooperi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FEF3F9737BC5F211" box="[314,501,1778,1805]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Acarnus hooperi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FE35F9727865F211" bold="true" box="[508,597,1778,1804]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F1D857C924518363FE35F9727865F211" box="[508,597,1778,1804]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
has two categories of toxas and very larger chelae (
<tableCitation id="951D031B24518363FB5BF9727EEBF211" box="[1170,1243,1778,1804]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="14.[151,243,522,548]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="TABLE 4. General table of measurements of the spicular set of Acarnus species. Values are expressed in minimum–medium–maximum (µm)." pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Tab. 4</tableCitation>
). The differences between
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FF35F8977B7BF22D" baseAuthorityName="Vacelet" baseAuthorityYear="1960" box="[252,331,1814,1841]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="levii">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FF35F8977B7BF22D" box="[252,331,1814,1841]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">A. levii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FE90F8977BD0F22D" box="[345,480,1815,1841]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="peruanus">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FE90F8977BD0F22D" box="[345,480,1815,1841]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">A. peruanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FDDEF89778E3F22D" authorityName="Ozga &amp; Santos &amp; Menegola" authorityYear="2024" box="[535,723,1814,1841]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hooperi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FDDEF89778E3F22D" box="[535,723,1814,1841]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Acarnus hooperi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FD13F8967904F22D" bold="true" box="[730,820,1814,1840]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F1D857C924518363FD13F8967904F22D" box="[730,820,1814,1840]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
are minimal and reduced to spicular dimensions of the megascleres, toxas and chelae (
<tableCitation id="951D031B24518363FE3CF8BA780EF249" box="[501,574,1850,1876]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="14.[151,243,522,548]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="TABLE 4. General table of measurements of the spicular set of Acarnus species. Values are expressed in minimum–medium–maximum (µm)." pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Tab. 4</tableCitation>
). However, due to the vast geographic distances between all species (western Mediterranean, eastern Central Pacific, Indo-Pacific and the southern Atlantic) they are unlikely to be the same species.
</paragraph>
<caption id="8CE0662824518363FF5EFAE87EC6F0F1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949606" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13949606" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949606/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" startId="7.[151,250,1384,1408]" targetBox="[254,1334,181,1360]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="D82036A024518363FF5EFAE87EC6F0F1" blockId="7.[151,1437,1384,1516]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FF5EFAE87B23F09D" bold="true" box="[151,275,1384,1408]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FED3FAE87BF4F09D" authorityName="Ozga &amp; Santos &amp; Menegola" authorityYear="2024" box="[282,452,1384,1408]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hooperi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FED3FAE87BF4F09D" box="[282,452,1384,1408]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Acarnus hooperi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FE02FAE8782CF09D" bold="true" box="[459,540,1384,1408]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F1D857C924518363FE02FAE8782CF09D" box="[459,540,1384,1408]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(Paratype MNRJ 6491). A, style; B, detail of the style; C, tylotes (a polytyloted form in the right); D, detail of the tylotes with microspined ends; E, cladotylotes I and II; F, detail of the cladotylote I; G, acanthostyles; H, detail of the acanthostyle with blunt spines; I, two toxa II (deeply curved); J, toxa I (accolada); K, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 100µm; 40µm; B, 10µm; C, 100µm; D, 5µm; E, 40µm; F, 5µm; G, 20µm; H, 5µm; I and J, 40µm; K, 5µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D82036A02451836CFF0EF8277911F400" blockId="7.[151,1437,1598,2021]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,393]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="409" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">
From the
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FEFCF8267BA0F2DD" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1952" box="[309,400,1958,1984]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="souriei">“souriei</taxonomicName>
” species group, six species have cladotylotes in one category:
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FB99F8277F33F2DD" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1952" box="[1104,1283,1959,1985]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="souriei">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FB99F8277F33F2DD" box="[1104,1283,1959,1985]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Acarnus souriei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FAD8F8277FA5F2DD" baseAuthorityName="Boury-Esnault" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[1297,1429,1958,1985]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="radovani">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FAD8F8277FA5F2DD" box="[1297,1429,1958,1985]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">A. radovani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FF5EF84B7BF1F2F9" authority="Tanita, 1963" authorityName="Tanita" authorityYear="1963" box="[151,449,1994,2021]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tener">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FF5EF84B7B02F2F9" box="[151,306,1995,2021]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Acarnus tener</emphasis>
Tanita, 1963
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D2324518363FE00F84B7F3DF2F9" authority="Aguilar-Camacho, Carballo &amp; Cruz-Barraza, 2013" authorityName="Aguilar-Camacho, Carballo &amp; Cruz-Barraza" authorityYear="2013" box="[457,1293,1994,2021]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="michoacanensis">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FE00F84B78EDF2F9" box="[457,733,1994,2021]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Acarnus michoacanensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="BC0E4B5124518363FD16F84A7F3DF2F9" author="Aguilar-Camacho, J. M. &amp; Carballo, J. L. &amp; Cruz-Barraza, J. A." box="[735,1293,1994,2020]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" pagination="677 - 696" refId="ref14125" refString="Aguilar-Camacho, J. M., Carballo, J. L. &amp; Cruz-Barraza, J. A. (2013) Acarnidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida) from the Mexican Pacific Ocean with the description of six new species. Scientia Marina, 77 (4), 677 - 696. https: // doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 03800.06 A" type="journal article" year="2013">Aguilar-Camacho, Carballo &amp;Cruz-Barraza, 2013</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D232451836CFADCF84B7B0AF5AC" authority="(Dendy, 1896)" baseAuthorityName="Dendy" baseAuthorityYear="1896" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="409" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="guentheri">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB224518363FADCF84B7FACF2F9" box="[1301,1436,1994,2021]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">A. guentheri</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="BC0E4B51245E836CFF56FF177B01F5AC" author="Dendy, A." box="[159,305,151,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" pagination="14 - 51" refId="ref14607" refString="Dendy, A. (1896) Catalogue of Non-Calcareous Sponges collected by J. Bracebridge Wilson, Esq., M. A., in the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads. Part II. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 8, 14 - 51." type="journal article" year="1896">Dendy, 1896</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245E836CFEBBFF1779BEF5AC" authority="Hiemstra &amp; Hooper, 1991" authorityName="Hiemstra &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="1991" box="[370,910,151,177]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="primigenius">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245E836CFEBBFF17786DF5AD" box="[370,605,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">Acarnus primigenius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="BC0E4B51245E836CFDACFF1779BEF5AC" author="Hiemstra, F. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A." box="[613,910,151,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" pagination="205 - 217" refId="ref15274" refString="Hiemstra, F. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A. (1991) Additions to the Indges of the Santa-Marta area, Colombia, with description of a new species. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 61 (4), 205 - 217. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 26660644 - 06104002" type="journal article" year="1991">Hiemstra &amp; Hooper, 1991</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Furthermore,
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245E836CFBFDFF177E92F5AD" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1952" box="[1076,1186,151,177]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="souriei">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245E836CFBFDFF177E92F5AD" box="[1076,1186,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">A. souriei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245E836CFB13FF177F6FF5AC" baseAuthorityName="Boury-Esnault" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[1242,1375,151,177]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="radovani">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245E836CFB13FF177F6FF5AC" box="[1242,1375,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">A. radovani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have two categories of acanthostyles and toxas in three sizes.
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245E836CFCD2FF3B798BF5C9" authorityName="Tanita" authorityYear="1963" box="[795,955,187,213]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tener">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245E836CFCD2FF3B798BF5C9" box="[795,955,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">Acarnus tener</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an encrusting to massive sponge with a plumose skeleton formed by ascending tracts.
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245E836CFD6EFF5F798FF5E4" authorityName="Aguilar-Camacho, Carballo &amp; Cruz-Barraza" authorityYear="2013" box="[679,959,223,249]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="michoacanensis">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245E836CFD6EFF5F798FF5E4" box="[679,959,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">Acarnus michoacanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has smaller megascleres and chelae (
<tableCitation id="951D031B245E836CFAA3FF5F7A98F400" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="14.[151,243,522,548]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="TABLE 4. General table of measurements of the spicular set of Acarnus species. Values are expressed in minimum–medium–maximum (µm)." pageId="8" pageNumber="409">Tab. 4</tableCitation>
). Finally,
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245E836CFED1FE837B8DF401" authorityName="Hiemstra &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="1991" box="[280,445,259,285]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="primigenius">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245E836CFED1FE837B8DF401" box="[280,445,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">A. primigenius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has only one category of toxas.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D82036A0245E836CFF0EFEA778C3F494" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,393]" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245E836CFF0EFEA778FCF45C" authority="Hooper &amp; Levi, 1993" authorityName="Hooper &amp; Levi" authorityYear="1993" box="[199,716,295,321]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="caledoniensis">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245E836CFF0EFEA77BF7F45C" box="[199,455,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">Acarnus caledoniensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="BC0E4B51245E836CFE18FEA778FCF45C" author="Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Levi, C." box="[465,716,295,321]" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" pagination="1221 - 1302" refId="ref15499" refString="Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Levi, C. (1993) Poecilosclerida (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the New Caledonia Lagoon. Invertebrate Taxonomy, 7 (5), 1221 - 1302. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IT 9931221" type="journal article" year="1993">Hooper &amp; Lévi, 1993</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
has two categories of acanthostyles and is spherical in shape. In comparison to other three species known to
<collectingCountry id="A0887630245E836CFD65FECB78C3F478" box="[684,755,331,357]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245E836CFCC9FECB799AF479" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[768,938,331,357]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="innominatus">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245E836CFCC9FECB799AF479" box="[768,938,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">A. innominatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245E836CFC73FECB7E1CF479" authorityName="Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="1973" box="[954,1068,331,357]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="toxeata">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245E836CFC73FECB7E1CF479" box="[954,1068,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">A. toxeata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245E836CFBACFECB7F3DF479" authorityName="Nascimento &amp; Pinheiro" authorityYear="2023" box="[1125,1293,331,357]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="microxeatus">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245E836CFBACFECB7F3DF479" box="[1125,1293,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">A. microxeatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245E836CFF5EFEEF7B63F494" authorityName="Ozga &amp; Santos &amp; Menegola" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,339,367,393]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hooperi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245E836CFF5EFEEF7B63F494" box="[151,339,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">Acarnus hooperi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245E836CFE93FEEF7B83F494" bold="true" box="[346,435,367,393]" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F1D857C9245E836CFE93FEEF7B83F494" box="[346,435,367,393]" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
in not having acanthostyles.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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with apically spined tylotes forming a tangential ectosomal skeleton (emended from Hooper, 2002; according
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Encrusting, massive, flabellate or digitate growth forms, sometimes burrowing, many genera producing fistules. Ectosomal skeleton composed of tylotes, strongyles or modified tylote spicules bearing microspined bases forming tangential and/or paratangential tracts, often irregular or halichondroid in arrangement. Choanosomal megascleres are styles or modified styles (anisoxeas) forming reticulate structures in massive forms (isodictyal, isotropic, anisotropic or more irregular skeletons) or plumose or hymedesmioid skeletons in encrusting growth forms. Echinating spicules present or absent, consisting of acanthostyles, unique cladotylotes
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Identification key for the Western Atlantic species of
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(Details of spicule set in
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</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D82036A0245B8369FF5EFC257FACF6A7" blockId="13.[151,1437,904,1424]" box="[151,1436,933,955]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="636E9595245B8369FF5EFC257FACF6A7" box="[151,1436,933,955]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
1b. Four or more
<typeStatus id="07248802245B8369FEAEFC257BAAF6A7" box="[359,410,933,954]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">types</typeStatus>
of megascleres........................................................................ 3
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="636B2E05245B8369FF5EFC427FADF6E8" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<paragraph id="D82036A0245B8369FF5EFC427FACF6C5" blockId="13.[151,1437,904,1424]" box="[151,1436,962,984]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="636E9595245B8369FF5EFC427FACF6C5" box="[151,1436,962,984]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">2a. Megascleres as styles, tylotes, cladotylotes................................................................. 5</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D82036A0245B8369FF5EFC607FADF6E8" blockId="13.[151,1437,904,1424]" box="[151,1437,992,1014]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="636E9595245B8369FF5EFC607FADF6E8" box="[151,1437,992,1014]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
2b. Megascleres as tylotes, cladotylotes I and acanthostyles..............................................
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245B8369FAE2FC607FADF6E8" baseAuthorityName="Boury-Esnault" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[1323,1437,992,1013]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="radovani">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245B8369FAE2FC607FADF6E8" box="[1323,1437,992,1013]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">A. radovani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="636B2E05245B8369FF5EFC7D7FACF132" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<paragraph id="D82036A0245B8369FF5EFC7D7FACF10F" blockId="13.[151,1437,904,1424]" box="[151,1436,1021,1043]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="636E9595245B8369FF5EFC7D7FACF10F" box="[151,1436,1021,1043]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">3a. Megascleres as styles, tylotes, cladotylotes and acanthostyles.................................................. 4</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D82036A0245B8369FF5EFB9A7FACF132" blockId="13.[151,1437,904,1424]" box="[151,1436,1050,1072]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="636E9595245B8369FF5EFB9A7FACF132" box="[151,1436,1050,1072]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
3b. Megascleres as styles, tylotes, cladotylotes and tylostyles................................
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245B8369FB45FB9B7F7AF12D" authorityName="Ozga &amp; Santos &amp; Menegola" authorityYear="2024" box="[1164,1354,1051,1072]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tupiniquim" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245B8369FB45FB9B7F7AF12D" box="[1164,1354,1051,1072]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Acarnus tupiniquim</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245B8369FA99FB9A7FACF132" bold="true" box="[1360,1436,1050,1071]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F1D857C9245B8369FA99FB9A7FACF132" box="[1360,1436,1050,1071]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="636B2E05245B8369FF5EFBB87FADF176" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<paragraph id="D82036A0245B8369FF5EFBB87FACF153" blockId="13.[151,1437,904,1424]" box="[151,1436,1080,1102]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="636E9595245B8369FF5EFBB87FACF153" box="[151,1436,1080,1102]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">4a. Two categories of cladotylotes.......................................................................... 6</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D82036A0245B8369FF5EFBD57FADF176" blockId="13.[151,1437,904,1424]" box="[151,1437,1109,1131]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="636E9595245B8369FF5EFBD57FADF176" box="[151,1437,1109,1131]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
4b. A single category of cladotylotes.................................................................
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245B8369FAF6FBD57FADF176" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1952" box="[1343,1437,1109,1131]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="souriei">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245B8369FAF6FBD57FADF176" box="[1343,1437,1109,1131]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">A. souriei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="636B2E05245B8369FF5EFBF27FADF1B8" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<paragraph id="D82036A0245B8369FF5EFBF27FACF195" blockId="13.[151,1437,904,1424]" box="[151,1436,1138,1160]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="636E9595245B8369FF5EFBF27FACF195" box="[151,1436,1138,1160]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">5a. Cladotylotes I spined.................................................................................. 7</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D82036A0245B8369FF5EFB0F7FADF1B8" blockId="13.[151,1437,904,1424]" box="[151,1437,1167,1190]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="636E9595245B8369FF5EFB0F7FADF1B8" box="[151,1437,1167,1190]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
5b. Cladotylotes I smooth......................................................................
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245B8369FAC2FB107FADF1B8" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[1291,1437,1168,1189]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="innominatus">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245B8369FAC2FB107FADF1B8" box="[1291,1437,1168,1189]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">A. innominatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="636B2E05245B8369FF5EFB2D7FACF1FD" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<paragraph id="D82036A0245B8369FF5EFB2D7FACF1DF" blockId="13.[151,1437,904,1424]" box="[151,1436,1197,1219]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="636E9595245B8369FF5EFB2D7FACF1DF" box="[151,1436,1197,1219]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
6a.
<specimenCount id="CE99FD29245B8369FF2BFB2D7B75F1DF" box="[226,325,1197,1218]" count="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" type="generic" typeStatus="types">Two types</specimenCount>
of microscleres (toxas and chelae)............................................................... 8
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D82036A0245B8369FF5EFB4A7FACF1FD" blockId="13.[151,1437,904,1424]" box="[151,1436,1226,1248]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="636E9595245B8369FF5EFB4A7FACF1FD" box="[151,1436,1226,1248]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
6b.
<specimenCount id="CE99FD29245B8369FF2BFB4A7B63F1FD" box="[226,339,1226,1248]" count="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" type="generic" typeStatus="types">Three types</specimenCount>
of microscleres (toxas, chelae and microxeas)..........................................
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245B8369FAC4FB4B7FACF1FD" authorityName="Nascimento &amp; Pinheiro" authorityYear="2023" box="[1293,1436,1227,1248]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="microxeatus">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245B8369FAC4FB4B7FACF1FD" box="[1293,1436,1227,1248]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">A. microxeatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="636B2E05245B8369FF5EFB687FADF006" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<paragraph id="D82036A0245B8369FF5EFB687FACF1E0" blockId="13.[151,1437,904,1424]" box="[151,1436,1256,1278]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="636E9595245B8369FF5EFB687FACF1E0" box="[151,1436,1256,1278]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">7a. Two categories of toxas................................................................................ 9</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D82036A0245B8369FF5EFA857FADF006" blockId="13.[151,1437,904,1424]" box="[151,1437,1285,1307]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="636E9595245B8369FF5EFA857FADF006" box="[151,1437,1285,1307]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
7b. Three categories of toxas........................................................................
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245B8369FAF2FA857FADF006" authorityName="Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="1973" box="[1339,1437,1285,1307]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="toxeata">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245B8369FAF2FA857FADF006" box="[1339,1437,1285,1307]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">A. toxeata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="636B2E05245B8369FF5EFAA27FACF048" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<paragraph id="D82036A0245B8369FF5EFAA27FACF02A" blockId="13.[151,1437,904,1424]" box="[151,1436,1314,1336]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="636E9595245B8369FF5EFAA27FACF02A" box="[151,1436,1314,1336]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
8a. Palmate isochelae &lt;21µm (14.4–21µm)...........................................................
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245B8369FAF9FAA37FACF02A" box="[1328,1436,1314,1336]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nicoleae">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245B8369FAF9FAA37FACF02A" box="[1328,1436,1314,1336]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">A. nicoleae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D82036A0245B8369FF5EFAC07FACF048" blockId="13.[151,1437,904,1424]" box="[151,1436,1344,1366]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="636E9595245B8369FF5EFAC07FACF048" box="[151,1436,1344,1366]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
8b. Palmate isochelae&gt; 21µm (29.2–39.9µm)..............................................
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245B8369FB60FAC07F7AF048" authorityName="Ozga &amp; Santos &amp; Menegola" authorityYear="2024" box="[1193,1354,1344,1365]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hooperi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245B8369FB60FAC07F7AF048" box="[1193,1354,1344,1365]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Acarnus hooperi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245B8369FA99FAC07FACF048" bold="true" box="[1360,1436,1344,1365]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F1D857C9245B8369FA99FAC07FACF048" box="[1360,1436,1344,1365]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="636B2E05245B8369FF5EFADD7FACF092" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<paragraph id="D82036A0245B8369FF5EFADD7FACF06F" blockId="13.[151,1437,904,1424]" box="[151,1436,1373,1395]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="636E9595245B8369FF5EFADD7FACF06F" box="[151,1436,1373,1395]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
9a. Toxas I (accolada) and II (deeply-curved) present.....................................................
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245B8369FA8BFADD7FACF06F" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1892" box="[1346,1436,1373,1394]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tortilis">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245B8369FA8BFADD7FACF06F" box="[1346,1436,1373,1394]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">A. tortilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D82036A0245B8369FF5EFAFA7FACF092" blockId="13.[151,1437,904,1424]" box="[151,1436,1402,1424]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<keyLead id="636E9595245B8369FF5EFAFA7FACF092" box="[151,1436,1402,1424]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
9b. Toxas II (deeply-curved) and III (oxhorn) present..................................................
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245B8369FADDFAFB7FACF092" box="[1300,1436,1402,1424]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245B8369FADDFAFB7FACF092" box="[1300,1436,1402,1424]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">A. deweerdtae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
</key>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>