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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="33138" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.55.11255" ID-GBIF-Dataset="96b59ef6-168f-4e1a-ae02-39c424b9b916" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-55-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFB0FFA5F03D481DFF8A0D2EFFA3FFDC" ID-ZBK="52609DE318634183B137D7B377E30CD1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="575138" ID-ZooBank="52609DE318634183B137D7B377E30CD1" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2017" ModsDocID="1314-2607-55-1" ModsDocOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 55" ModsDocTitle="Subgeneric classification and biology of the leafcutter and dauber bees (genus Megachile Latreille) of the western Palearctic (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae)" checkinTime="1493464724191" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Praz, Christophe J." docDate="2017" docId="B6DCA6F427FC55D2EAD8344297346757" docLanguage="en" docName="JourHymenoptRes 55: 1-54" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 55" docPubDate="2017-04-28" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.55.11255" docTitle="M. (Anodonteutricharaea)" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" id="FFB0FFA5F03D481DFF8A0D2EFFA3FFDC" lastPageNumber="7" masterDocId="FFB0FFA5F03D481DFF8A0D2EFFA3FFDC" masterDocTitle="Subgeneric classification and biology of the leafcutter and dauber bees (genus Megachile Latreille) of the western Palearctic (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae)" masterLastPageNumber="54" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="6" updateTime="1732038998455" updateUser="valdenar">
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<mods:title id="654AA4E5148FE8B89B4A95659F6D8967">Subgeneric classification and biology of the leafcutter and dauber bees (genus Megachile Latreille) of the western Palearctic (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="6EF76A65D95C295B5471DF0CF7E40505" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="6E3A2427D535E42C6A180E8EFE1DC121">Praz, Christophe J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="8172D10E91FFBACBAEA0AF4F98CED101" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2649-3141</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="CE57E47A5E851949ED8993FC2260373F">University of Neuchatel, Institute of Biology, Evolutionary Entomology, Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="83500D2BD830C6DF26CC7B67D9914B45" type="email">christophe.praz@unine.ch</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="E1FA0EBB1A85F8DEBE5007D964CC3131">Journal of Hymenoptera Research</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="EBD10EDA18186B74E03795DEAB77B0CD">
<mods:date id="3D8B210351CC321F94934362A70C0254">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="C794D6B1C48CD17A716ECCD22E9D73C0">2017-04-28</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="B37FD689C9EBE357ABD93948156192A5">55</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="155CE7D7413036EE353AC5BF6FA254D6">1</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="4E27E64BB96295F08ECB6E6EE4EFF420">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="A72EC0A20FB3008D9636D89A1AD9400E" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.55.11255</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="DAA0A94ACDA8B33404B7125F4C0E6CED" type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2607-55-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="B6DCA6F427FC55D2EAD8344297346757" ID-GBIF-Taxon="128834662" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B6DCA6F427FC55D2EAD8344297346757" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B6DCA6F427FC55D2EAD8344297346757" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<subSubSection id="195FD743D28EDEB0CFDD6B34A647A647" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="851F0FC1092B0580D8D0B19C69574F92" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Subgenus
<taxonomicName id="D78D5BB615EE24BEF95B1822C6C21D20" LSID="E510BA20-7C4D-5C44-9575-37842E7A58E9" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Anodonteutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Anodonteutricharaea">Anodonteutricharaea</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E518F45DA208F035E8884ABE8B24B1C7" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="B7DF802BEE69E522231A468AB95039AD" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Diagnosis and description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4BE53CFE38F0F239F6E7ED5480F8A024" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
This subgenus is widely distributed in the Old World (
<bibRefCitation id="CF187E9EC05912AC0B79628D670A383A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.07.004" author="Trunz, V" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="245 - 259" refId="B93" refString="Trunz, V, Packer, L, Vieu, J, Arrigo, N, Praz, CJ, 2016. Comprehensive phylogeny, biogeography and new classification of the diverse bee tribe Megachilini: Can we use DNA barcodes in phylogenies of large genera? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 103: 245 - 259, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.07.004" title="Comprehensive phylogeny, biogeography and new classification of the diverse bee tribe Megachilini: Can we use DNA barcodes in phylogenies of large genera?" url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.07.004" volume="103" year="2016">Trunz et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
). Of the criteria given here, not all will apply to
<taxonomicName id="DFB095883C9CE59DE072638B0B933587" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Anodonteutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" subGenus="Anodonteutricharaea">
<emphasis id="1FDC6169CB9625764BBA113723C4F26E" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Anodonteutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<pageBreakToken id="D2E0603B7EDD4D2860A9AAC68048552C" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="start">outside</pageBreakToken>
the Palearctic; characters that appear constant in this subgenus throughout its range are the elongate basal seta on the claws in the female (Fig.
<figureCitation id="4BC0CD5E76E1478A1969EE2C9FCFF4D2" captionStart="Figures 4–7" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 4 - 7. Claw of hind leg of females; the white lines show the basal seta; the seta is considered elongate in 4, 6 and 7 and modified to a thick process in 5. 4 Megachile (Pseudomegachile) ericetorum 5 M. (Eutricharaea) deceptoria 6 M. (Eurymella) patellimana 7 M. (Anodonteutricharaea) thevestensis." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures4-7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133912" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</figureCitation>
), which is the most salient diagnostic trait to identify the females of
<taxonomicName id="AE96766DB37967416C7394195D59D614" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Anodonteutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" subGenus="Anodonteutricharaea">
<emphasis id="19D00C2DC20FB22866699514F0273DED" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Anodonteutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; and the absence of an inferior projection on the mandible and the characteristic shape of the gonostylus in the male (Fig.
<figureCitation id="7973C20776E42DBA03B2299927606F1D" captionStart="Figures 50–53" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figures 50 - 53. Apex of male metasoma, dorsal view. 50 Megachile (Anodonteutricharaea) sp. aff. inornata 51 M. (Pseudomegachile) ericetorum 52 M. (Pseudomegachile) saussurei 53 M. (Pseudomegachile) foersteri." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures50-53" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133924" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">50</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="D20920AABD3B2D29C77C3C411FAA1FD0" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Females</emphasis>
: Palearctic females of
<taxonomicName id="A058B129AC568453C5075D4184799655" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Anodonteutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" subGenus="Anodonteutricharaea">
<emphasis id="CC5C6E31C6BA44239B054CB139C0B853" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Anodonteutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
agree with
<taxonomicName id="8AB6974B2B07310B50E99C9AF638185E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" subGenus="Eutricharaea">
<emphasis id="367DDAA246F8E38CD634C7FACEAA56E9" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Eutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in their small to medium size, mostly white or yellowish white scopa (although it is orange in
<taxonomicName id="F3D47E56D9CD773BD14F18931E52DE94" baseAuthorityName="Brulle" baseAuthorityYear="1839" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile albohirta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="albohirta">
<emphasis id="9B6FB4EA4CD76EE4648E2D297ADBF969" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Megachile albohirta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The sterna do not have continuous, apical fasciae beneath the scopa. In contrast to
<taxonomicName id="A2046C14A42635463870EEBC06C676D1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" subGenus="Eutricharaea">
<emphasis id="6C924689989AC8B2AADE8CA19241DC1E" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Eutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the mandible is similar to that of the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="A4D62438E0174DAC12CC12D7C362D767" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Megachile)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" subGenus="Megachile">
<emphasis id="1F9F3901A93F1D2D01EEBAEB56B57BC8" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Megachile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s. str. (Figs
<figureCitation id="C05C8E6387D1EA7AC9ABF4ADB8556FC1" captionStart="Figures 30–37" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figures 30 - 37. Female clypeus and mandibles, front view. 30 Megachile (Anodonteutricharaea) albohirta 31 M. (Anodonteutricharaea) thevestensis 32 M. (Megachile) versicolor 33 M. (Megachile) lapponica 34 M. (Megachile) bombycina 35 M. (Xanthosarus) lagopoda 36 M. (Xanthosarus) nigriventris 37 M. (Xanthosarus) willughbiella." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures30-37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133918" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">30-31</figureCitation>
), with a partial cutting edge in the second interspace and no visible cutting edge in the third interspace in the Palearctic species; often in
<taxonomicName id="097E63B9203B9BE2D31668894940FB4A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Anodonteutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" subGenus="Anodonteutricharaea">
<emphasis id="16C44383943337E0FDA5BF5EFBC361D4" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Anodonteutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the cutting edges are entirely recessed and invisible in front view (Fig.
<figureCitation id="1C275A9DA96FFF3BAE9A71E56D1A9D53" captionStart="Figures 30–37" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figures 30 - 37. Female clypeus and mandibles, front view. 30 Megachile (Anodonteutricharaea) albohirta 31 M. (Anodonteutricharaea) thevestensis 32 M. (Megachile) versicolor 33 M. (Megachile) lapponica 34 M. (Megachile) bombycina 35 M. (Xanthosarus) lagopoda 36 M. (Xanthosarus) nigriventris 37 M. (Xanthosarus) willughbiella." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures30-37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133918" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">31</figureCitation>
). Also as in
<taxonomicName id="DD4314026B25DB8F3F9500E4EC954F58" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta">
<emphasis id="3B60331543327E20DB41490F7B71359B" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Megachile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s. str., the mandible is 5-toothed, or if 4-toothed, the upper tooth is truncate and weakly divided into two teeth, thus approaching the 5-toothed condition (Fig.
<figureCitation id="49EA5B235A4E9FC75836978E1CDF6BE0" captionStart="Figures 30–37" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figures 30 - 37. Female clypeus and mandibles, front view. 30 Megachile (Anodonteutricharaea) albohirta 31 M. (Anodonteutricharaea) thevestensis 32 M. (Megachile) versicolor 33 M. (Megachile) lapponica 34 M. (Megachile) bombycina 35 M. (Xanthosarus) lagopoda 36 M. (Xanthosarus) nigriventris 37 M. (Xanthosarus) willughbiella." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures30-37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133918" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">30</figureCitation>
). In some species, there is a straight, carinate ridge in the middle of the interacetabular interspace; this ridge is placed above the outer ridge (see
<bibRefCitation id="847BD4FC13BE159E00B6CF2E1E58F3EF" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3161/000345412X659669" author="Gonzalez, VH" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="599 - 617" refId="B32" refString="Gonzalez, VH, Engel, MS, 2012. African and Southeast Asian Chalicodoma (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae): New subgenus, new species, and notes on the composition of Pseudomegachile and Largella. Annales Zoologici 62: 599 - 617, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3161/000345412X659669" title="African and Southeast Asian Chalicodoma (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae): New subgenus, new species, and notes on the composition of Pseudomegachile and Largella." url="https://doi.org/10.3161/000345412X659669" volume="62" year="2012">Gonzalez and Engel 2012</bibRefCitation>
: Fig.
<figureCitation id="FEDE858244CB4CC5FEE62794E0FB20C3" captionStart="Figures 4–7" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 4 - 7. Claw of hind leg of females; the white lines show the basal seta; the seta is considered elongate in 4, 6 and 7 and modified to a thick process in 5. 4 Megachile (Pseudomegachile) ericetorum 5 M. (Eutricharaea) deceptoria 6 M. (Eurymella) patellimana 7 M. (Anodonteutricharaea) thevestensis." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures4-7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133912" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">5</figureCitation>
) and extends form the mandibular base to the middle of interspace 1 (Figs
<figureCitation id="00AAA491B939BE158DEBFA46B7C0212A" captionStart="Figures 30–37" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figures 30 - 37. Female clypeus and mandibles, front view. 30 Megachile (Anodonteutricharaea) albohirta 31 M. (Anodonteutricharaea) thevestensis 32 M. (Megachile) versicolor 33 M. (Megachile) lapponica 34 M. (Megachile) bombycina 35 M. (Xanthosarus) lagopoda 36 M. (Xanthosarus) nigriventris 37 M. (Xanthosarus) willughbiella." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures30-37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133918" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">30-31</figureCitation>
). In most other group 1 subgenera, this ridge is less visible, less carinate or regularly curved.
<emphasis id="5B1F3C9535E1ADE934E3DE60572A50DF" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Males</emphasis>
: Males of
<taxonomicName id="A10742F0210C2D3D69D97C05D2FC0949" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Anodonteutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" subGenus="Anodonteutricharaea">
<emphasis id="F68C71A5082262EAB123900557E545E7" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Anodonteutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be diagnosed by the absence of projection along the inferior margin of the mandible, unlike most other group 1 subgenera; the mandible is either 3- or 4-toothed. The gonostylus is distinct and diagnostic (Fig.
<figureCitation id="AC31CDCB7EA0B6E4CD844183ED870C67" captionStart="Figures 50–53" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figures 50 - 53. Apex of male metasoma, dorsal view. 50 Megachile (Anodonteutricharaea) sp. aff. inornata 51 M. (Pseudomegachile) ericetorum 52 M. (Pseudomegachile) saussurei 53 M. (Pseudomegachile) foersteri." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures50-53" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133924" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">50</figureCitation>
): it is broadened apically, with numerous hairs on the external surface. In the Palearctic, the few known species are superficially similar to
<taxonomicName id="055DAD87C9415CA66A8EE5CE6BAAC746" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" subGenus="Eutricharaea">
<emphasis id="322B7861FC63A4FA9591B19317E94820" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Eutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the light body vestiture, the presense of a front coxal spine (spine short in
<taxonomicName id="4CEB4A25F9F13B20D96B29E761874C12" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. villipes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="villipes">
<emphasis id="E54F053DA8264FEFC169F094BDCF134B" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. villipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), the T6 with disc covered by dense, white tomentum and multidentate preapical carina, and the small, unmodified T7 (except in
<taxonomicName id="BB2774BF927D52DB4FD592D3ADA9E566" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. albohirta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="albohirta">
<emphasis id="CC3C036C9A5437A9A344CEB4C5670E34" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. albohirta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, where T7 is produced to a short median tooth). In most Palearctic species, the front tarsi are slightly enlarged, yellowish-white or yellowish-brown and have a black macula ventrally on tarsal segments 2 (most species) or 1 and 2 (
<taxonomicName id="AF14321C1A6D4CC4A439AD38FE5E316F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. albohirta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="albohirta">
<emphasis id="672192502D76BC9B371B3E8EFD82EDB9" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. albohirta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Palearctic
<taxonomicName id="18F2C6D5A627E35F053EF10F6EDCAABA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Anodonteutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" subGenus="Anodonteutricharaea">
<emphasis id="F063A1C15F61E8AB9139BB6480651379" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Anodonteutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are readily distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="6E71CF492F0D6CE029AE4AC479DF54EC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" subGenus="Eutricharaea">
<emphasis id="B96CE318C4A24E8D3C31AEE9DBBFCABA" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Eutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the hyaline apical margin of S4 (Fig.
<figureCitation id="DCD29EB3872C73BD0D26C1099C2739CC" captionStart="Figures 10–15" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 10 - 15. Male metasoma, ventral view. 10 Megachile (Eutricharaea) giraudi, metasoma with four exposed sterna, S 4 without hyaline rim, T 7 small, unmodified 11 M. (Creightonella) amabilis, metasoma with six exposed sterna, S 6 with rounded, weakly sclerotized projection 12 M. (Anodonteutricharaea) sp. aff. inornata, metasoma with four exposed sterna, S 4 with apical, hyaline rim (note that S 5 - S 8 are visible in this specimen because the metasoma has been stretched) 13 M. (Megachile) ligniseca, condition as in Fig. 12 14 M. (Eurymella) patellimana, condition as in Fig. 12 15 M. (Chalicodoma) montenegrensis, S 6 partly exposed, with rounded, weakly sclerotized projection." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures10-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133925" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">12</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="530003CA2E9092AB088AE53E818203BA" ID-Zenodo-Dep="988967" doi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures16-23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133915" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="Figures 16–23" startId="F6">
<paragraph id="618715C10929742B5D9F00E9394BF1A8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="EF837CF30E86801A07CE0C6EAA30D71F" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figures 16-23.</emphasis>
Female clypeus and mandibles, front view.
<emphasis id="56C65B208363652443FB0CFF564F70A2" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">16</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C593B1838B13A58A79C011A66FDF1555" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1933" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile (Creightonella) amabilis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="amabilis" subGenus="Creightonella">Megachile (Creightonella) amabilis</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="7080DC934AF6DD4B8BA80B9C88F04517" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">17</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="3FCA33297D603472A7A30341B1E25597" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. (Maximegachile) maxillosa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="maxillosa" subGenus="Maximegachile">M. (Maximegachile) maxillosa</taxonomicName>
; the white line indicates the hypostomal tooth
<emphasis id="4C96626F8786268C7843FE554B11A3E5" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">18</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="71FDC007481657A439B20CAA6B1DAADC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. (Callomegachile) sculpturalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="sculpturalis" subGenus="Callomegachile">M. (Callomegachile) sculpturalis</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="F3B0FB58F3B2BEB8BEE83CDA0FF91349" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">19</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="91A441935EAAD33A409D4BA9B65F0BE4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. (Chalicodoma) hungarica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="hungarica" subGenus="Chalicodoma">M. (Chalicodoma) hungarica</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="511DF273E1C4AAAB479E15E88703F5F0" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">20</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="1F05732D7425499E09AEAAF83454F147" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityYear="1841" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. (Pseudomegachile) ericetorum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="ericetorum" subGenus="Pseudomegachile">M. (Pseudomegachile) ericetorum</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1B1A49D8B47221547BB54F84CE6F391C" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">21</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="CF77765FC963D3C71106BE84E1C6B5B2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. (Pseudomegachile) incana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="incana" subGenus="Pseudomegachile">M. (Pseudomegachile) incana</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="688708F1D60FE0DB3EF7B6CE2EAF3C1D" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">22</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="B7A2A71DBB57D97A33E0DFA92DD83629" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. (Pseudomegachile)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" subGenus="Pseudomegachile">M. (Pseudomegachile</taxonomicName>
) sp. aff.
<taxonomicName id="4C9CECF55DD8D883838C223DC1091591" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="incana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="incana">incana</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="C7CBB3D3052373B2A0409B7708226B7D" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">23</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="407C778661968A2A87C0B478B4E5D3CE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. (Pseudomegachile) foersteri" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="foersteri" subGenus="Pseudomegachile">M. (Pseudomegachile) foersteri</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="07165DEB26F6C03FD162808B0299FE8C" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="species composition">
<paragraph id="F97D7D8BA73FCFF27E2BF97E9DC1E442" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Species composition.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1BD55176A3260EC3801AF59EF0588282" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
The Palearctic species of
<taxonomicName id="99F8B7AC2F5738D8B568F55AA7E88A46" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Anodonteutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" subGenus="Anodonteutricharaea">
<emphasis id="1DEEF2371AE63844DF7083ECC2798181" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Anodonteutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
form a rather homogenous group; how this group relates to the eight species groups recognized by
<bibRefCitation id="18E7F7100E94CAA9206B4BAE739BE6FA" author="Pasteels, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Annales Serie 8, Sciences Zoologiques 137, Tervuren, Belgium" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="B69" refString="Pasteels, JJ, 1965. Revision des Megachilidae (HymenopteraApoidea) de l'Afrique Noire, 1. Les genres Creightoniella [sic], Chalicodoma et Megachile (s. str.). Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Annales Serie 8, Sciences Zoologiques 137, Tervuren, Belgium" title="Revision des Megachilidae (HymenopteraApoidea) de l'Afrique Noire, 1. Les genres Creightoniella [sic], Chalicodoma et Megachile (s. str.)." year="1965">Pasteels (1965)</bibRefCitation>
for the African fauna remains to be investigated. The following western Palearctic species belong to this subgenus:
<taxonomicName id="8F9333C5AD3D8D83DF4C785784B0AB03" baseAuthorityName="Brulle" baseAuthorityYear="1839" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile albohirta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="albohirta">
<emphasis id="59A6395BAE0198FE94675F15891340E1" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Megachile albohirta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="8ED00F44C7EE76CD901323FBD9854B6C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. inornata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="inornata">
<emphasis id="E1C43AD9BBF6426939C113B30F95B8F8" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. inornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="3B5D8BDB441DB161B9E7C0DDDB65D2F3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. thevestensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="thevestensis">
<emphasis id="2637E1BA6BE9FD968F4CF2C598C32217" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. thevestensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="3FF4D4E9EFCFF9A76C42CE15F9DE6427" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. troodica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="troodica">
<emphasis id="15E01283FF38512E008374723555B43C" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. troodica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="D9430FD1751B22E6B13A59620496A313" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. mandibularis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="mandibularis">
<emphasis id="5CEAE0239521596A3605918CDFB8C4B2" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. mandibularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F4766286D6D1C4ED4EF8D215D33CDE93" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. villipes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="villipes">
<emphasis id="34147DD8676625104807AA22A0D4B8A7" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. villipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are probably restricted to Central Asia and records of the latter from the western Palearctic (
<bibRefCitation id="346DFB671A083B3E204B41BC52D6B7BE" author="Schulthess, A von [de]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de l'Afrique du Nord" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="293 - 320" refId="B84" refString="Schulthess, A von [de], 1924. Contribution a la connaissance de la faune des hymenopteres de l'Afrique du Nord. Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de l'Afrique du Nord 15: 293 - 320" title="Contribution a la connaissance de la faune des hymenopteres de l'Afrique du Nord." volume="15" year="1924">Schulthess 1924</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="DBFA27325B7F2F0E5B599DB700EE422E" author="Zanden, G van der" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Abhandlungen, Staatliches Museum fuer Tierkunde Dresden" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="71 - 86" refId="B103" refString="Zanden, G van der, 1989. Neue oder wenig bekannte Arten und Unterarten der palaearktischen Megachiliden (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Apoidea: Megachilidae). Entomologische Abhandlungen, Staatliches Museum fuer Tierkunde Dresden 53: 71 - 86" title="Neue oder wenig bekannte Arten und Unterarten der palaearktischen Megachiliden (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Apoidea: Megachilidae)." volume="53" year="1989">Zanden 1989</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="88697A9595E4A7D02605046CD8FA96BD" author="Oezbek, H" journalOrPublisher="Turkish Journal of Entomology" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="157 - 174" refId="B68" refString="Oezbek, H, Zanden, G van der, 1994. A preliminary review of the Megachilidae of Turkey, Part IV. Megachilini and Lithurgini (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Turkish Journal of Entomology 18: 157 - 174" title="A preliminary review of the Megachilidae of Turkey, Part IV. Megachilini and Lithurgini (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)." volume="18" year="1994">
<normalizedToken id="6B024373E41645E762B617215C7188A6" originalValue="Özbek">Oezbek</normalizedToken>
and Zanden 1994
</bibRefCitation>
) likely refer to other species. I have seen at least three additional, undescribed species in the western Palearctic.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="708C655DDF8DF0BCF764959A1B7BA242" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="F25EF4BA9DE1316FE64A726F0D538513" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C45ED97E623882C7D0288A2160434150" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Very little is known on the biology of this subgenus.
<bibRefCitation id="8036B337F03632DE3DB6E3D6F167D8D6" author="Ferton, C" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="329 - 375" refId="B26" refString="Ferton, C, 1920. Notes detachees sur l'instinct des hymenopteres melliferes et ravisseurs (9eme serie) avec la description de deux especes nouvelles. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 89: 329 - 375" title="Notes detachees sur l'instinct des hymenopteres melliferes et ravisseurs (9 eme serie) avec la description de deux especes nouvelles." volume="89" year="1920">Ferton (1920)</bibRefCitation>
described nests of
<taxonomicName id="5FA5A134D6AE4935FE5F86FB66BC0BD4" authorityName="Ferton" authorityYear="1909" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile thevestensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="thevestensis">
<emphasis id="5341FBD349DF4E45B607FBC75793F745" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Megachile thevestensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The cells were placed individually or in groups of two in existing cavities between rocks or in burrows in the soil; it was unclear whether the female had dug the burrow or used a preexisting burrow. All cells investigated consisted of an external, rigid layer of leaf fragments (not circularly cut as in most other group 1 subgenera) and a layer of petals inside. I have captured
<taxonomicName id="3880886BADC1987472A4BD91351F4AAB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. villipes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="villipes">
<emphasis id="BC17A8A1A393A58F6FF546B37E607EA1" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. villipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on
<taxonomicName id="B61A51DE3E3B41F7684D883B2B2491F7" class="Equisetopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Alhagi" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Alhagi" order="Fabales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Magnoliophyta">
<emphasis id="F9AD495093039BB5C0B298C77E6E93A4" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Alhagi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<pageBreakToken id="0D168D2CD5C6442CE07472CE85AC0257" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
<taxonomicName id="BC05475B8CC9E32D8C1288433831C860" class="Equisetopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Alhagi" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Magnoliophyta">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
) in Uzbekistan, while
<taxonomicName id="A60D65E1596D5411CA7F5F7F4EABE7DD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="M. inornata" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="inornata">
<emphasis id="352CC3443E27CC6C69E3CF547C5D334C" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M. inornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and a closely related, undescribed species appear oligolectic on
<taxonomicName id="67BE2BE200BF32C23D1192EECE5DD5BD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta">Lamiaceae</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="9F5DF901882A17F1CE6FE299669BED3E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="M. troodica" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="troodica">
<emphasis id="D48CD5D94F4B24C2BB34B29833A39746" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M. troodica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also appears to have a distinct or exclusive preference for
<taxonomicName id="CD94A92AF1E719C71D803F05DC040FB5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Lamiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta">Lamiaceae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="9D61CDC00369B8CDB7B39A027615C29C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222935308654482" author="Mavromoustakis, GA" journalOrPublisher="The Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="769 - 781" refId="B52" refString="Mavromoustakis, GA, 1953. On the bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) of Cyprus, Part IV. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 12 (6): 769 - 781, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222935308654482" title="On the bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) of Cyprus, Part IV" url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222935308654482" volume="12" year="1953">Mavromoustakis 1953</bibRefCitation>
), and in
<taxonomicName id="9264046C86ED684C6BA01DE7502FED3B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. thevestensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="thevestensis">
<emphasis id="B2186FC195CA79573E022C44A452F87A" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M. thevestensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and another, undescribed species from Morocco, the hairs on the median parts of the clypeus are short and simple, suggesting pollen collection from nototribic flowers such as
<taxonomicName id="8D45D6B049B1048FE89A44F4491659BA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Lamiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta">Lamiaceae</taxonomicName>
(see comments under the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="33A1DA1E5475109B6017B31BDC57E3FD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Pseudomegachile)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" subGenus="Pseudomegachile">
<emphasis id="7FFE768E723F36E5422B771E03B0C37A" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pseudomegachile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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